Ira Purnamasari   Geraldi Novian   and Mona Fiametta Febrianty   

Judo is a martial art that requires good physical strength abilities and is by its nature. However, observations in the field still rarely apply strength training models other than weight training using strength machines. Specifically, athletes should be given a more specific and varied training model at the train-to-train stage, because it still has significant benefits. This study aims to test a modern training model called functional training on the specific fitness, power, and muscle endurance of Judo athletes at the train-to-train stage. This study used an experimental method by providing a functional training program to 32 judo athletes within six weeks. A one-group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), the Medicine Ball Test (MBT), and the 1-minute Push Up Test (PUT) were used as instruments that were conducted twice by the subjects. This study used the Shapiro-Wilk and t-tests as data analysis methods. The study's findings indicate that while there is no discernible gain in muscle endurance, functional training exercises enhance fitness, particularly Judo power. This study concluded that athletes using functional training strategies showed significant improvements in strength and judo but no significant improvements in muscular endurance. Finding methods to help judo fighters improve their muscular endurance in the train-to-train stage of their careers will require further research.

Ahmed Mamdouh Abdelkader   Ahmed Ali Torad   Hend Mahmoud Riad Khater   Nashwa. E. Elsherif   Saleh M. Aloraini   Nadia Saad Sayed Ahmed El Gressy   Sahar Mahmoud Hassan   Jermeen E. Yousef   and Alaa Anwar Ahmed   

This research sought to evaluate upper limb lymphedema management in post-mastectomy patients by comparing the effectiveness of shoulder exercise programs and pneumatic compression therapy. In this experimental trial, thirty elderly women aged 60–70 participated, with fifteen randomly allocated to each group. Group A completed twelve sessions of intermittent pneumatic compression combined with thrice-weekly shoulder exercises over four weeks, whereas Group B received twelve pneumatic compression sessions under identical conditions but without the exercise component. At baseline, no segment (5 cm above the elbow, elbow level, or 5 cm below the elbow) showed statistically significant differences between the groups, suggesting similar beginning values (all p > 0.835). Overall, there is not enough statistical evidence to draw the conclusion that there is a significant difference between groups based on the pre-specified post-treatment between-group comparisons. This study acknowledges several limitations that should be considered when interpreting its findings. First, the small sample size (N=30) limits statistical power and generalizability, making it difficult to draw broad conclusions about the comparative effectiveness of shoulder exercise programs versus pneumatic compression therapy in the wider elderly post-mastectomy population. Second, the intervention period included only 12 therapy sessions, which may not adequately reflect long-term outcomes or sustainability of the observed effects. Future research could reduce bias and enhance reliability by incorporating multiple outcome measures and more comprehensive comparative designs. Implementing these improvements would help develop stronger management strategies for upper limb lymphedema in this patient group. Despite these constraints, the study offers significant clinical implications. It demonstrates that combining pneumatic compression with shoulder exercises substantially reduces lymphedema and associated morbidity, thereby improving patients' quality of life. This therapeutic approach may also promote long-term self-care for mild to moderate cases by enhancing lymph flow and reducing protein concentration in lymph fluid. Furthermore, encouraging self-help practices in chronic lymphedema aligns with emerging medical humanities principles, emphasizing environmental support and the patient's lived experience in managing chronic conditions.

Yuto Inai   Heng Peng   Nobuhiko Eda   and Takao Akama   

Dehydration is defined as the state in which the total body water content falls below a constant standard. Attempts to objectively quantify hypohydration using salivary samples have been reported. However, previous studies have been confined to laboratory settings and have not extended to competitive athletes or children. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of salivary indices in assessing dehydration in real-world sports settings. Ten collegiate triathletes provided stimulated whole saliva and urine samples before and after a duathlon (approximately 2 h). Salivary flow rate, salivary osmolality, and urine specific gravity (USG) were measured. Twelve elementary school soccer players underwent the same measurements before and after a 90-minute training session. In collegiate triathletes, post-race increases in USG ( < .01), a decrease in salivary flow rate, and an increase in salivary osmolality (both < .01) were observed, suggesting that salivary indices may be useful for dehydration assessment. In contrast, among child soccer players, the USG increased ( < .01), but the salivary indices showed no significant change ( > .05). These differences may reflect differences in hydration behavior, exercise conditions, and age-related physiological characteristics. Future work should establish context- and age-appropriate salivary indices and standardize measurement protocols to enhance the accuracy of these assessments.

Febriansyah Dwi Cahyo   Yudik Prasetyo   Bernadeta Suhartini   and Trisnar Adi Prabowo   

This study aimed to investigate the effect of nervousness on archery accuracy, with consideration of differences across competition distance categories. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed to analyze the relationship between nervousness and accuracy. The study population included all archers who participated in competitions held between December 2024 and February 2025 in Indonesia. The sample comprised participants as follows: 103 athletes (40-meter), 49 athletes (50-meter), and 37 athletes (70-meter). Nervousness was measured using the CSAI-2R instrument, while accuracy scores were obtained from official competition records. Regression analysis revealed significant negative relationships between nervousness and accuracy at 40-meter (p = 0.026; t = -2.031), 50-meter (p = 0.016; t = -2.463), and 70-meter (p = 0.019; t = -2.424). One-way ANOVA showed significant differences across distance groups (F = 44.583; p < 0.001). Post hoc LSD tests indicated that the 50-meter group scored higher than the 70-meter (mean difference = 1.789) and 40-meter groups (mean difference = 2.832). Nervous levels were also higher in the 70-meter group compared to the 40-meter group (mean difference = 1.043). Nervousness significantly and negatively affects archery accuracy across all three distances. Furthermore, the level of Nervous varied by distance, with the highest average observed at 50 meters, followed by 70 meters, and the lowest at 40 meters. Future research should examine potential moderators such as gender and competition categories and consider longitudinal or experimental designs with physiological measures.

Masrun   Ardo Okilanda   Khairuddin   Andra Rizky Putra   and Yovhandra Ockta   

Gross motor skill acquisition during early childhood (ages 5–6 years) is a fundamental basis for physical abilities and readiness to face more complex movement tasks in the future. At this stage, children experience rapid improvement in locomotor abilities and object control, which requires appropriate stimulation through an active and engaging learning environment. However, many early childhood education environments in Indonesia still predominantly use conventional learning methods, which often limit children's opportunities to explore movement actively. Although alternative approaches such as Fun Game-Based Learning and Outdoor Physical Activities are increasingly recommended, empirical studies directly comparing these learning models within a single experimental framework remain limited. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of Fun Games-Based Learning, Outdoor Physical Activities, and traditional instructional methods in improving children's gross motor skills aged 5–6 years. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest approach was used with a sample of 45 kindergarten students from the Padang State University Development School. Participants were allocated to three equal-sized groups (n = 15) using pretest score matching to ensure equivalence in baseline motor abilities. The intervention program was implemented over six weeks, consisting of 16 instructional sessions held three times per week, each lasting 60 minutes. Gross motor skill development was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development–Second Edition (TGMD-2). Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc tests, and normalised gain (N-Gain) analysis. The findings demonstrated significant differences in gross motor skill improvement among the three instructional groups (p < 0.05). Children who participated in Fun Game-Based Learning and Outdoor Physical Activities exhibited markedly greater gains in gross motor skills than those exposed to conventional learning methods. The Outdoor Physical Activities group achieved the highest improvement (N-Gain = 9.25%), followed by the Fun Games group (8.92%), while the Conventional group showed minimal improvement (0.66%). These findings indicate that play-based, outdoor-oriented learning models are more effective than conventional approaches for enhancing gross motor development in early childhood education.

Shukurjon Gaziyev   Georgiy Korobeynikov   Rashid Matkarimov   Zebunniso Gaziyeva   Ali Md Nadzala   Kumushoy Nazarova   Dilshod Baxtiyorov   and Sarbon Nurullaev   

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a popular sport requiring a combination of physical, technical, tactical, and psychological skills. This study examines an integral training approach designed to enhance both general physical preparation (GPP) and special physical preparation (SPP) for MMA fighters. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the improvement in MMA fighters' fitness through integrated training. 20 elite MMA fighters were studied. The study lasted 12 weeks with general (GPP) and specific physical preparation (SPP) training interventions. The variables of strength, aerobic power, VO₂max, speed, agility and mental toughness were examined at the beginning, at week 6 and at the end (at week 12) of training. Results demonstrated significant improvements across multiple performance domains, strength metrics (squat +12.8%, bench press +10.3%, deadlift +13.5%), anaerobic power (+15.2% peak output, -9.7% fatigue index), endurance (+11.6% VO₂max), speed and agility (+7.4% agility, +5.9% sprint performance), technical execution (striking accuracy +17.2%, takedown success rate +14.6%), and psychological attributes (mental toughness +16.8%, cognitive reaction time +9.2%). These findings highlight the effectiveness of an integrated training model in optimizing physical performance, technical proficiency, and mental resilience. The study underscores the necessity of a holistic, evidence-based training approach for sustained athletic development and competitive excellence in MMA. The statistically significant improvements across multiple performance metrics suggest that a well-structured combination of general physical preparation (GPP) and special physical preparation (SPP) contributes to the holistic development of MMA athletes.

Yusuf Hidayat   Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee   Lim Boon Hooi   Yunyun Yudiana   Burhan Hambali   Dywa Ikal Mutaqin   Bimo Subagyo   Nadila Maesara   Devtio Dwiwahyudi   Ümit Doğan Üstün   Rozita Abdul Latif   and Yusandra Md Yusoff   

Background: Goal-setting is a fundamental psychological intervention in sports, yet its effectiveness varies considerably across individuals and contexts, influenced by perfectionism, cultural background, and motivational orientation. A comprehensive synthesis integrating bibliometric trends with systematic evidence over five decades remains lacking. Objective: This study conducted a bibliometric-systematic literature review examining goal-setting strategies in sports psychology and their relationship with perfectionism, motivation, and mental health from 1975 to February 2025. Methods: We analyzed 561 peer-reviewed articles from 298 Scopus-indexed journals using VOSviewer and bibliometrix (R). Quality assessment used the Risk of Bias 2.0 tool (κ=0.847). Six research questions addressed perfectionism dynamics, goal orientation, emotional regulation, rehabilitation contexts, cross-domain transfer, and cultural moderators. Results: Publication trends showed exponential growth from <10 articles annually pre-2010 to 51 in 2024, concentrated in North American and European regions (56%). Six thematic clusters emerged: Motivational Theory, Achievement Goal Theory, Performance Enhancement, Youth Development, Psychological Skills, and Physical Activity. Mastery-approach goal-setting demonstrated significant associations with adaptive motivation, anxiety reduction, and superior long-term performance, whereas ego orientation correlated with increased burnout risk and performance decline. Cultural orientation accounted for substantial variance (18-24%) in goal preferences, with collectivistic cultural contexts showing higher performance-approach goals than individualistic Western contexts. Mastery climate interventions effectively reduced somatic anxiety, worry, and athlete dropout rates. Conclusion: Goal-setting effectiveness critically depends on alignment with athlete perfectionism profiles and cultural backgrounds. We propose three integrative frameworks: a Dual-Pathway Model linking perfectionism and goal orientation to outcomes, a Culture-Congruent Goal-Setting Model, and Mental Health Regulation Mechanisms. Future research should prioritize longitudinal designs with culturally diverse populations.

Natthakitt Yongpraderm   Satida Suntrapichat   Arbthip Khondee   Wariya Kaewprathet   Itsariyaporn Phakrit   and Orawan Prasartwuth   

Background: Bilateral motor asymmetries reflect the hierarchical organization of neuromotor control, where task complexity differentially engages cortical and subcortical systems. Understanding these asymmetries has implications for motor learning, rehabilitation, and performance optimization. Objective: To examine bilateral lower extremity asymmetries across three levels of hierarchical motor control: explosive force generation (automatic control), precision tasks (moderate cognitive control), and complex motor skills (maximal cognitive control). Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, 107 healthy adults (51 males, 56 females; age 21.2±2.1 years) completed three motor tasks. Explosive force was assessed via single-leg drop jumps, measuring peak ground reaction force and jump height (n=55). Precision control was evaluated through ball-kicking accuracy (n=52). Complex motor skills were assessed via ball-dribbling speed through a standardized course (n=52). Leg dominance was determined using validated protocols, and task order was randomized. Results: Explosive force tasks demonstrated no significant bilateral differences in peak ground reaction force (dominant: 19.95±4.49 N/kg vs. non-dominant: 20.08±3.88 N/kg, p>0.05) or jump height (17.94±6.89 cm vs. 16.46±10.12 cm, p>0.05). Precision tasks revealed significant asymmetries favoring the dominant leg in kicking accuracy (3.12±2.25 vs. 1.83±1.67 points, p<0.001). Complex motor skills showed superior dominant leg performance in dribbling speed (26.68±6.61 vs. 29.91±6.89 seconds, p<0.001). Conclusions: These findings are consistent with predictions of hierarchical neuromotor control theory, though interpretation is limited by a non-identical participant group, demonstrating task-dependent bilateral asymmetries that trend toward greater asymmetry in tasks with higher cognitive motor demands. Results suggest symmetrical subcortical control for explosive tasks but pronounced cortical lateralization for precision and complex skills, with implications for targeted motor training and rehabilitation strategies.

Mehmet İleri   and Recep Sürhat Müniroğlu   

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a six-week functional strength training program, applied in addition to regular soccer training, on soccer-specific technical skills, physical performance parameters, and Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores in young soccer players. Thirty male U13–U14 soccer players from MKE Ankaragücü Football Club were randomly assigned to a functional training group (FTG, n = 15) or a control group (CG, n = 15). The FTG performed a structured functional strength training program three times per week for six weeks in addition to routine soccer training, while the CG continued only regular soccer training. Pre- and post-tests included sprint and agility tests (with and without ball), slalom dribbling, Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT), standing and lying medicine ball throws (SMB, LMB), countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and FMS. Independent-samples and paired-samples t-tests were applied, and effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d. Post-intervention analyses revealed significantly greater improvements in the FTG compared to the CG for SMB, LMB, CMJ, SJ, and total FMS score (p < 0.05; large effect sizes). Both groups showed improvements in sprint performance; however, the FTG demonstrated superior gains in movement quality and explosive power. No significant between-group differences were observed in some technical skill parameters. Functional strength training appears to be an effective and safe training approach for enhancing movement quality, explosive performance, and selected technical skills in young soccer players. These findings support the integration of functional training into youth soccer training programs.

Praveen Kumar M   C. M. Balasubramaniam   Josyula Tejaswi   Dilpreet Kaur   Santhiya Chinnathambi   Karuppasamy Govindasamy   Eldawaty   and Farjana Akter Boby   

Smartphone addiction among college students is strongly associated with elevated psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, and chronic stress. While yogic interventions show promise for mental health improvement, limited evidence exists comparing yogic practices alone versus combined with yoga nidra for psychological outcomes in this population. We aimed to evaluate whether yogic practices combined with yoga nidra provide superior psychological benefits compared with yogic practices alone in smartphone-addicted college students. We conducted a single-blind, randomised controlled trial between June and October 2024. College students aged 18-25 years with smartphone addiction (Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version score ≥31 for males, ≥33 for females) were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either yogic practices plus yoga nidra (YP+YN; 90 minutes per session) or yogic practices alone (YP; 60 minutes per session), delivered three times weekly for 16 weeks. Primary outcomes were depression, anxiety, and stress levels measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Secondary outcomes included perceived stress levels (Latha Stress Scale), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), smartphone addiction severity, mindfulness levels (Mindful Attention Awareness Scale), and self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). Outcome assessors were masked to group allocation. Of 156 students assessed for eligibility, 120 were randomised to YP+YN (n=60) or YP (n=60). The overall retention rate was 88.3% (106 of 120 participants). Both groups showed significant improvements in all psychological measures, but the YP+YN group demonstrated superior outcomes. DASS-21 depression scores decreased more substantially in the YP+YN group (mean difference -8.45 [95% CI -9.78 to -7.12] vs -5.23 [-6.41 to -4.05]; between-group difference p<0.001). Similar patterns were observed for anxiety (p<0.001) and stress subscales (p=0.002). All secondary psychological outcomes favoured the YP+YN group, including perceived stress (p<0.001), sleep quality (p=0.008), smartphone addiction severity (p=0.015), mindfulness (p=0.003), and self-esteem (p=0.021). No serious adverse events occurred. Yogic practices combined with yoga nidra provide superior psychological benefits compared with yogic practices alone for smartphone-addicted college students. The addition of yoga nidra significantly enhances improvements in depression, anxiety, stress, and overall psychological well-being. These findings support the integration of comprehensive yogic interventions into mental health programmes targeting technology-related psychological distress.

Thanh Nguyen Duc   and Ha Muoi Anh   

Universities play a pivotal role in shaping students' holistic development by fostering not only intellectual growth but also physical and mental well-being. This study investigates the effects of extracurricular sports participation on the physical fitness and mental health of students at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education (HCMUTE), Vietnam. Employing a mixed-methods design, 200 male students aged 18-22 engaged in structured extracurricular sports clubs (football, volleyball, badminton, martial arts, and athletics) for eight months. Physical performance was measured using five standard tests - sit-up (30 s), hand-grip strength, standing long jump, shuttle run, and 30 m sprint - while mental health was assessed using the SF-36 Quality-of-Life questionnaire. Pre- and post-intervention data were analyzed via ANOVA and paired-sample t-tests. Results revealed statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) across all physical indicators, with gains of 5.5-14.8%, and parallel increases in all eight SF-36 domains, particularly Vitality (+10.6%), Social Functioning (+9.9%), and Mental Health (+11.1%). A moderate-to-strong correlation (r = 0.63, p < 0.01) was observed between physical and psychological improvements, confirming the biopsychosocial interdependence of health. These findings substantiate that sustained extracurricular sports engagement enhances students' muscular strength, endurance, agility, and emotional resilience, thereby reinforcing the holistic-education principle of "Virtue - Intelligence - Body - Beauty." The study contributes novel empirical evidence to Vietnamese higher-education research, where extracurricular wellness initiatives remain underexplored. Practically, it highlights the need for institutional investment in sports infrastructure, standardized health monitoring, and the integration of extracurricular participation into university wellness policies. Socially, the outcomes advocate for active-lifestyle promotion as a means to improve community health and student well-being. Despite limitations related to gender representation and study duration, this research provides a replicable framework for evaluating and optimizing extracurricular sports programs across universities, advancing both educational quality and public-health objectives.

Muhsana El Cintami Lanos   Jujur Gunawan Manullang   Hikmah Lestari   Jum Dapiokta   and Mohammad Fathur Rohman   

This research examined the efficacy of an IoT-integrated Pencak Silat self-defense training program in improving adolescents' motor skills as a preventative measure against sexual violence. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving 96 junior high school students who were split into an experimental group (n = 48), which received IoT-assisted self-defense training, and a control group (n = 48) that followed traditional instruction methods. Motor skills were evaluated using the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2), while the adherence to the intervention was assessed through a structured rubric focusing on session structure, IoT integration, compliance with protocols, and participant involvement. Fidelity was rated as high (≥80%), moderate (60–79%), or low (<60%). The results indicated that the experimental group achieved a high mean fidelity score of 80.8% (SD = 9.4), compared to the control group's moderate score of 63.8% (SD = 7.7). An independent samples t-test revealed a statistically significant difference in motor skill performance between the two groups (p < 0.001). Overall, the IoT-based self-defense program was found to be more effective than traditional training, highlighting the potential of sports and technology as an innovative method for sexual violence prevention among adolescents. The manuscript preparation guidelines are outlined in the template file, which is designed to help streamline the manuscript layout process and facilitate quicker publication.

Layth Mohammed Abdul-Razzaq   Mohannad Talib Abd   Ammar Fleah Rumeeh   and Zeena Abid Ali Al-bayati   

This study aimed to determine the levels of psychological pressure control among referees of the Iraqi Premier Volleyball League and to examine its relationship with officiating performance. It also sought to compare psychological control across demographic and professional variables. Using the Psychological Pressure Control Questionnaire for Volleyball Referees (PPCQ), which covers emotional regulation, cognitive control, coping strategies, and self-confidence/efficacy, the findings indicated a relatively high overall level of psychological control (mean = 3.74, SD = 0.38). The self-confidence/efficacy dimension scored highest (mean = 3.82). Correlation analyses revealed significant positive associations between all psychological control dimensions and both decision accuracy and officiating consistency, alongside negative associations with reported errors (p < 0.01). This indicates that referees with stronger psychological control perform more accurately and consistently while committing fewer errors, supporting prior research. Furthermore, psychological control improved with greater years of experience, higher levels of officiating education, and older age, highlighting the role of experience and maturity. Based on these results, the study recommends developing specialized psychological training programs, promoting advanced officiating education, and leveraging senior referees' experience. Future research is encouraged to explore the influence of psychological control on other officiating aspects.

Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin   Eshelvana Elve Irin   and Nur Syuhadah Othman   

Background and Study Aim: Sports officiating requires a unique integration of cognitive, physical, and tactical competencies. Despite its importance, pedagogical models to systematically train novice referees, particularly in touch rugby, remain underdeveloped in higher education settings. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the REF-TOUCH^TM programme, a four-week pedagogical intervention designed to enhance the officiating competence of university students with minimal prior refereeing experience. The objectives were to examine improvements and retention across five core domains: rule knowledge, signal identification, decision-making, agility, and small-sided game (SSG) performance. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed with 32 sports science undergraduates (M = 21.6 years). Participants underwent pre-, post-, and four-week follow-up assessments using five tools: a referee knowledge test, a signal recognition task, a video-based decision quiz, an agility drill (modified 5-10-5), and a GPAT-R rubric for SSG officiating. The intervention consisted of eight 90-minute sessions that combined theory, simulation, game-based practice, and peer feedback. Results: Statistical analyses revealed significant improvements across all variables from pre- to post-test (p < .001; η² = .34–.48). Retention analyses showed partial decline in signal execution (Mdiff = -8.2%, p < .05), decision accuracy (Mdiff = -10.5%, p < .01), and agility scores (Mdiff = -6.7%, p < .05) at follow-up. Knowledge of laws remained stable. Conclusions: The REF-TOUCH^TM intervention significantly improved officiating competence in both cognitive and physical domains. However, a decline in performance on dynamic tasks at follow-up highlights the need for continued practice and live-match exposure to sustain learning. These results support a structured, simulation-led pedagogy as an effective model for developing referees. Further research should explore the benefits of longitudinal coaching support, integrate wearable technology for performance tracking, and adapt REF-TOUCH^TM for use across different team sports and school curricula to broaden its pedagogical utility.

Linett Velasquez-Jimenez   and Jose Schenone-Bromley   

The integration of biometric sensing and real-time feedback technologies into sports equipment is revolutionizing amateur training methods. This study presents the conceptual design of a smart boxing bag aimed at non-professional users, integrating a sensor matrix for impact monitoring and a wireless feedback system. A modular structure was developed through computer-aided design (CAD), incorporating a cushioning core together with an internal chamber designed to house the sensor matrix. To assess user perception, a mixed-methods approach was applied to a sample of 402 respondents using Likert-scale surveys and open-ended questions. Results showed that over 80% considered vital sign monitoring to be highly useful, and 76% positively valued immediate feedback during training. Qualitative analysis revealed key motivators such as personalization, performance tracking, and gamification, as well as perceived limitations including cost, technical failures, and interoperability. This study advances beyond previous smart boxing prototypes by integrating biometric sensing, IoT connectivity, and user-centered gamification in a modular structure, addressing a technological gap in accessible and interactive sports equipment. The findings highlight a growing interest in affordable, user-centered smart sports devices. Although still in a conceptual phase, this proposal establishes a foundation for future physical prototyping and field validation in combat sports training. This work contributes to the literature by addressing the gap in smart sports equipment research through a user-centered, modular design that combines physiological monitoring, technical performance analysis, and gamification in a single integrated solution.

Ítalo Díaz-Varela   Alberto Warnier-Medina   Manuel Orellana-Rivera   Guillermo Cortés-Roco   and Gladys Orellana-Lepe   

This study aimed to analyze the perceived motivational climate in university sports according to gender and sport discipline among student-athletes from a private university in Chile. A total of 128 student-athletes (62 women and 66 men; mean age = 22.54 years) from seven university teams voluntarily participated. The Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) was used to assess task- and ego-oriented climates and their respective subscales. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc tests, and multiple linear regression models were performed. Results showed that the task-oriented climate was perceived consistently across gender and sport disciplines, with no significant predictors identified (R² = 0.134). In contrast, the ego-oriented climate was significantly predicted by gender and discipline (R² = 0.200), with male athletes reporting higher ego orientation and Taekwondo athletes scoring lower than basketball players. These findings suggest that task climate represents a stable and transversal dimension in university sports, while ego climate is more sensitive to group characteristics. From an applied perspective, strengthening task-oriented motivational strategies appears essential to foster effort, cooperation, and continuous improvement, while gender- and discipline-sensitive interventions may help mitigate the risks associated with ego-involving climates.

Nurul Ihsan   Sepriadi   Donal Syafrianto   Rully Effendi   and Andra Rizky Putra   

Pétanque is a precision sport that requires technical and psychological skills, particularly in shooting. Although it is not physically demanding, shooting ability involves precise concentration, anxiety control, perceptual ability, and problem-solving skills. This research focused on examining the key mental aspects that affect the throwing skills of pétanque players. A quantitative design with path analysis was employed, involving 50 adult athletes as participants. Data were collected through multiple instruments, such as a grid concentration test, a kinesthetic perception test, a standardized shooting ability assessment, and questionnaires measuring anxiety and problem-solving ability. The results showed that concentration (β = 0.752), anxiety (β = 0.209), and problem-solving (β = 0.244) had positive and significant effects, while perceptual ability (β = –0.209) had a negative effect on shooting ability. Collectively, these psychological variables accounted for 50.75% of the variance in shooting ability. These findings indicate the importance of combining psychological training with technical preparation. Coaches and athletes should emphasize concentration, effective anxiety regulation, and problem-solving skills while carefully managing perceptual load to optimize shooting ability in pétanque.

Ikhwanul Arifan   Eri Barlian   Muhammad Sazeli Rifki   Muhammad Ridwan   Fakhrur Rozi   Muhammad Qadavi   Vega Soniawan   and John Arwandi   

In the development of soccer in West Sumatra, many athletes, especially those in the West Sumatra PPLP, are prone to fatigue. It has been proven that many athletes experience fatigue starting from the 30th minute, which is an important concern for coaches aiming to increase VO₂max levels of West Sumatra soccer players. This study aims to improve the Maximum oxygen volume level of soccer players by designing a holistic, role-based physical endurance training model and testing the effectiveness of the designed model. Therefore, this study is classified as a research and development study. The sample in this study consisted of PPLP West Sumatra soccer athletes. The sample was taken using a total sampling technique, which amounted to 25 athletes. Data analysis in this study used the statistical method of comparing mean values (t-test) to see the impact of the training model. The results of the data analysis show that: 1) The endurance training model using the Holistic Role Combination technique can be developed and practiced in soccer training, 2) The impact test data shows that the sum of the t-values (2.19) surpasses the t-table threshold (1.684), thus leading to the conclusion that the soccer endurance training model is effective in increasing the VO₂max of soccer players. From this description, the results lead to the conclusion that to increase the VO₂max capacity of soccer athletes, a holistic or comprehensive training method is needed, where training must be created in accordance with the game situation, as well as a holistic training concept that touches on the elements of sports performance components.

Frizki Amra   Zulbahri   Ade Zalindro   Weny Sasmitha   Edwin Wasril   and Abdur Rohim Fadlan   

The issue addressed in this study pertains to the inadequate lay-up shooting skills exhibited by basketball athletes engaged in the extracurricular program at SMA Negeri 1 Batipuh. This concern is hypothesized to stem from deficiencies in eye-hand coordination as well as low self-confidence in executing lay-up shots. The research adopted a correlational design with the objective of examining the potential relationship between eye-hand coordination, self-confidence, and lay-up shooting performance within the context of the extracurricular basketball program at SMA Negeri 1 Batipuh. Employing a quantitative methodology, the study utilized correlation analysis on a population of thirty athletes. Given that a total sampling technique was employed, the sample comprised thirty athletes as well. Eye-hand coordination was evaluated through the overhead and under arrest throw tests, self-confidence was gauged via a questionnaire, and lay-up shooting proficiency was assessed through an eight-repetition lay-up shooting test. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The findings indicated a significant correlation between eye-hand coordination, self-confidence, and lay-up shooting performance. Statistical analysis demonstrated an F-statistic of 312.860 with a significance level of 0.00, which is less than the criterion of 0.05. Consequently, it can be inferred that enhanced eye-hand coordination correlates with improved lay-up shooting skills; elevated self-confidence is associated with better performance in lay-up shooting; and, when both eye-hand coordination and self-confidence are enhanced, there is a concomitant and significant improvement in lay-up shooting performance.

Liza   Donal Syafrianto   Alimuddin   Ilham   and Fadh Mukhtarsyaf   

Injury prevention is a critical component in optimizing athletic performance and ensuring longevity in competitive sports. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and types of injuries sustained by athletes representing the West Sumatra contingent during the 2024 Aceh–North Sumatra National Sports Event (PON). Utilizing injury surveillance data recorded by the West Sumatra KONI medical team, a total of 261 injury cases were identified across multiple disciplines. Descriptive analysis revealed that the most frequent injuries were hamstring strain (19.17%), ankle injury (17.24%), and shoulder injury (13.41%). These injuries predominantly occurred in kempo, athletics, karate, and Barongsai - sports characterized by high physical contact and dynamic movements. The study employed a quantitative descriptive design, analyzing injury frequency and distribution by type and sport discipline. The findings highlight a considerable injury burden among participating athletes, suggesting inadequate preventive measures and insufficient sport-specific conditioning. This underscores the need for evidence-based injury prevention strategies and structured rehabilitation protocols tailored to the demands of each sport. Furthermore, routine medical surveillance and pre-competition screening should be institutionalized to mitigate injury risks. This study provides a foundation for stakeholders to implement targeted interventions aimed at enhancing athlete safety and performance in future national-level competitions.

Uli Anto Hutagalung   Rosnelli   Novita   Maya Novita Sari   Sabariah   Rufi'i   Gusliana HB   Nuridin Widya Pranoto   and Nikola Radulovic   

This systematic review examines how a demand-driven management model for Field Work Practice (PKL) strengthens vocational students' sports competencies for Indonesia's sports industry. We screened Scopus-indexed studies (2019–2025) using PRISMA procedures and synthesized 30 eligible articles. The thematic analysis covered curriculum alignment, collaboration architectures, assessment practices, and student outcomes. Findings indicate that PKL designed with employers—through co-authored goals, clear task briefings, structured mentoring, and logbook/rubric-based evaluation—consistently improves technical execution, digital literacy, service quality, communication and leadership, and entrepreneurial orientation. Governance features that matter include tri-partite school–industry–government partnerships, agreed supervision routines, and feedback loops that update curricula. Differentiating task scope for large hosts versus SMEs and embedding safe-practice standards help stabilize learning value and signaling to labor markets. In relation to our research questions, the review identifies core features that most reliably align training with employer needs, explains how collaboration and assessment shape competence gains and employability, and specifies contextual factors conditioning effectiveness across regions and segments. Policy and practice should institutionalize comparable supervision standards, strengthen link-and-match mechanisms, and integrate Teaching Factory and digital tools to sustain relevance.

Yaslindo   Eni Rispayanti   Lusi Angelia   Sepriadi   Sri Gusti Handayani   and Anton Komaini   

The rising prevalence of online gaming among children has reduced physical activity, impaired fundamental movement skill development and led to poor motor coordination. This study aims to determine the basic locomotor skills of students in elementary school. This research is a study that describes the importance of physical activity on students using a quantitative approach. A total of 34 students contributed to this study with the sampling technique, namely Proportional Stratified Random Sampling. The instrument used was the Test of Gross Motor Development, 2nd edition (TGMD-2). This study was conducted using 6 test sub-items, namely: run test, gallop test, hop test, leap test, horizontal jump test, and slide test, and then the data was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The results of Pearson's correlation showed a significant relationship between running and sliding (r = 0.438, p < 0.01), running and jumping (r = 0.418, p < 0.05), and jumping and sliding (r = 0.418, p < 0.05). Other skills did not show significant correlations. These findings indicate that some dynamic skills have similar motor interrelationships, which could form the basis of physical education program development.

Eka Purnama Indah   and Lazuardy Akbar Fauzan   

This research aims to produce and test the effect of entry training with dryland entry movement simulation equipment on diving. The method used in this study was Research and Development (R&D). This research model employed the ADDIE development model. The stages of this research include analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. This study involved four experts to assess the developed equipment. The population and sample in this study were diving athletes from the province of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data analysis used in this study was a statistical analysis using SPSS 25. The findings of this study include an analysis of the necessity for developing dryland entry training equipment, which yielded a 96% result, indicating a high level of need. In the assessment of the product’s completeness, a score of 90.2% was achieved, suggesting that the initial product design was highly appropriate. Expert evaluations yielded a score of 93.1%, indicating that the product was of very high quality. A small-group trial of the equipment yielded a score of 87%, reflecting a very good outcome. The large-group trial produced a score of 93%, also indicating very good performance. Finally, an analysis of the equipment’s impact on entry ability, conducted through a paired sample t-test, yielded a Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.000, which is less than 0.05. This indicates a statistically significant effect of the dryland entry training equipment on the entry skills of diving athletes. 1) This research produces a product of entry training equipment on land to train the entry abilities of diving athletes. 2) There is a significant influence of training using entry equipment on land on the entry abilities of diving athletes.

Muhammad Izha Afdwikki   and Amin Akbar   

Football is the sport with the largest fan base in the world, but behind its popularity lies the phenomenon of excessive fanaticism that often triggers aggressive behavior among supporters. Fanaticism, born of emotional attachment and social identity among supporters, not only strengthens loyalty but also has the potential to lead to forms of aggression, both verbal and physical, especially when the team loses or is disadvantaged by external decisions. This study aims to analyze the relationship between fanaticism and aggressive behavior tendencies among football fans and to identify differences in their influence based on gender. Using a quantitative approach with a correlational method, this study involved 192 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a Likert scale questionnaire to measure fanaticism and aggressiveness, then analyzed using SmartPLS 4. The results of the analysis showed that fanaticism had a positive and significant effect on aggressiveness (β = 0.214; p = 0.003), although the predictive power of the fanaticism variable on aggressiveness was relatively low (R^²=0.046). The dominant aspects of fanaticism were interest and love (40.01%) and personal and group attitudes (38.26%), which were closely related to aspects of aggressiveness, including anger (26%) and hostility (25%). Multi-group analysis revealed a significant difference between male and female fans (p = 0.021), where men were more likely to express fanaticism through aggressive behavior, while women tended to be more restrained. These findings confirm that emotional and collective fanaticism can trigger aggressive behavior; therefore, educational strategies for supporters and the strengthening of sportsmanship values are needed to create a healthy culture of support in football.

M. Fransazeli Makorohim   Rasyono   Sasmarianto   and Alficandra   

Pacu Jalur, Indonesia's traditional boat racing sport, embodies significant cultural and athletic value yet faces limitations in performance evaluation due to reliance on subjective assessments. The absence of validated digital tools hampers both scientific analysis and structured athlete development. This study aimed to design and validate a digital performance measurement instrument specifically tailored for Pacu Jalur racing, ensuring its cultural appropriateness while establishing its psychometric reliability and validity. A total of 120 male Pacu Jalur athletes (aged 17–25 years) from eight elite clubs participated. The tool was developed through a Delphi-based expert consultation with coaches, historians, and engineers. Five performance domains were identified: paddling rhythm, synchronization, speed intervals, reaction time, and finishing precision. Validation proceeded through pilot testing (face validity), test-retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Statistical analyses used SPSS 26 and AMOS 24, with Cronbach's α, ICC, CVI, and fit indices as key metrics. The instrument demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.947) and strong test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.891). Content Validity Index averaged 0.92, confirming expert consensus on cultural and performance relevance. CFA supported the five-factor model (=2.147, CFI = 0.934, TLI = 0.921, RMSEA = 0.068, SRMR = 0.052), with factor loadings ≥0.62. Performance differences were observed across experience levels and boat positions, reinforcing construct validity. The validated instrument provides a culturally sensitive, reliable, and objective means of evaluating Pacu Jalur performance. Its application supports athlete training, talent identification, and preservation of cultural sporting heritage. Beyond immediate performance benefits, the methodology offers a transferable framework for integrating digital assessment tools into other traditional sports worldwide.

Anton Komaini   Agus Rusdiana   Sigit Nugroho   Slamet Raharjo   Heru Andika   and Sri Gusti Handayani   

A common obstacle encountered when measuring manipulative motor skills is inaccuracy in recording results, which leads to repeated data collection. This results in ineffective and inconsistent measurements. Advances in sensor and IoT technology have created opportunities for more accurate, efficient, and objective early detection of manipulative skills. Therefore, this study aims to design a sensor- and IoT-based early detection system for manipulative motor skills to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of data collection, resulting in effective and accurate detection. This research and development involved nine experts: three motor experts, three measurement test experts, and three technology experts. Fifty children aged 6-10 years participated in a field trial using a purposive sampling method. After data collection, the Pearson correlation coefficient was analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the analytical tool produced is classified as high across all aspects, and the test-retest reliability test yielded a regression (r = 0.930; P < 0.05), indicating significant performance and a high correlation coefficient. The study's findings indicate that this sensor-based and Internet of Things-based measuring tool can collect more comprehensive motor skill data than manual techniques. This integrated system reduces errors and allows for faster and more precise measurements. Furthermore, this technology is expected to provide tangible benefits for educators and coaches in monitoring children's motor skill development in a more measurable, methodical, and sustainable manner. Therefore, this discovery could be a useful way to improve the standards of motor skill teaching and assessment.

Erick Burhaein   Diajeng Tyas Pinru Phytanza   Elya Marfu'atun   Muhammad Sigit Antoni   Sugeng Purwanto   and Yosi Malatta Madsu   

This study aimed to design and validate a physical activity participation measurement tool for individuals with physical disabilities in Indonesia. This study was motivated by the limited number of measurement tools that are culturally and linguistically appropriate for Indonesia, despite the globally recognized importance of physical activity for the physical and mental health of people with disabilities. The methods used included adaptation of the "Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities" instrument into Indonesian language and culture, and validation through the Delphi method involving nine experts in the fields of psychometrics, sport psychology, and disability sport. Data analysis was conducted using the content validity ratio, which resulted in an average value of 0.880, signifying excellent content validity. The results showed that the developed scale has strong validity to measure physical activity participation in people with physical disabilities. This study concludes that it is important to adapt international measurement tools to suit local contexts. The contribution of this study provides a basis for the development of more inclusive and evidence-based physical activity programs in Indonesia, as well as supporting better health and welfare policies for people with disabilities. Further research is expected to explore factors that influence sports participation in a broader context, such as access to sports facilities and social support.

Nadia Bougrine   Abdelkarim El Haoua   Amine Arfaoui   and Majid Brouziyne   

This study aimed to examine the relationship between personality traits, assessed through the Big Five model, and on-field behavior among Moroccan professional football players. A total of 264 players from 14 BOTOLA Pro1 clubs were assessed using the Moroccan Arabic version of the Big Five Inventory-2 Short Form (BFI-2S). On-field behavior (yellow card) and playing position (FIFA classification) were sourced from official LNFP and club records to examine their links with personality. Yellow card accumulation during the first 13 matchdays of the 2024/2025 season was recorded. Descriptive, correlational, and comparative statistical analyses were performed. The findings reveal that the players who received yellow cards scored significantly higher in neuroticism (=0.02) and openness (=0.03) than those without cards. Moreover, neuroticism was strongly associated with the number of yellow cards received (=0.29, <0.001). Players with four or more cards displayed markedly higher neuroticism compared to others. Playing position, coded from official FRMF match sheets, was significantly associated with both extraversion (=0.04) and yellow card count (=0.01). Post-hoc comparisons indicated that forwards, on average, received significantly more yellow cards than other positions, although this pattern likely reflects positional demands and match context rather than personality alone. Personality traits, particularly neuroticism and openness, are significantly associated with on-field disciplinary behavior in Moroccan professional football. These findings highlight the importance of psychological profiling in player management, talent development, and performance optimization.

Widya Handayani   Perabu Nita   Erma Yuliani   Hikmah Lestari   and Muhsana El Cintami Lanos   

Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior have increasingly been recognized as critical global health challenges, contributing to the development of chronic diseases and diminishing overall quality of life. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a sports tourism–based physical activity program in reducing sedentary lifestyles among adults in Palembang. A quasi-experimental method with a non-equivalent control group design was employed, involving 100 purposively selected participants aged 18–45 years. The experimental group (n = 50) engaged in a 12-week program at the Jakabaring Sport Center, which consisted of walking, cycling, water-based exercises, and group gymnastics, while the control group (n = 50) continued their routine daily activities. Sedentary behavior was measured using a modified Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ) at both the pre-test and post-test stages. Findings indicated that the experimental group experienced a significant decrease in sedentary time, from an average of 8.21 ± 1.32 hours/day at baseline to 6.45 ± 1.21 hours/day after the intervention (p < 0.001), with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.17). In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the control group (p = 0.312). These results demonstrate that integrating physical activities into sports tourism programs not only reduces sedentary behavior but also enhances motivation through recreational and social engagement. In conclusion, sports tourism–based physical activity is an effective and innovative approach to encourage active lifestyles, decrease sedentary patterns, and strengthen public health in urban communities. Future research is suggested to assess the sustainability of these benefits and to explore the incorporation of local cultural elements into sports tourism initiatives.

Abdulmalek K. Bursais   and Ahmed K. Hassan   

Introduction: Extreme conditioning is crucial in sports, especially basketball, where strength, speed, and power must be maximized under extreme conditions. Objective: This study was carried out to examine how extreme conditioning programs (ECPs) affect body composition, muscular power, footwork, and dribbling skills in basketball players. Methodology: A random sample of 30 amateur players was used in the study, whereby 15 players were allotted to the experimental group and 15 players to the control group. The two groups were put through an eight-week experimental process. The second step during the ECP training was the primary phase of the training session among the experimental group. The comparison group used the normal training session that did not encompass ECP training. Results: Our results also showed that the control group did not perform as well across all the variables that were observed in the present study; the percentage differences as measured in our study were 5.96 and 20.65. Conclusion: The experimental program used gave way to increasing the muscle strength, owing to the intensive training program, which enhanced the footwork and dribbling skills of the participants.

Pyae Pyae Mon   Sukanya Eksakulkla   Somnuek Songvanich   and Duangporn Suriyaamarit   

Obstacle crossing is a fundamental locomotor task that requires adaptation of gait and postural control. Obstacle height is commonly normalized to an individual's anthropometrics, most often leg length, but some studies use body height. However, it remains unclear how these two reference measures influence gait outcomes. Therefore, this study examined the effects of using body height versus leg length as reference measures for obstacle height normalization on temporal-spatial gait parameters, postural control, and kinematics in young adults. Thirty-two young adults participated in a cross-sectional study. Participants performed obstacle crossing at 10%, 20%, and 30% of both leg length and body height. Temporal-spatial gait parameters, center of mass (COM) displacement and velocity, and hip, knee, and ankle angles were recorded using a 3D motion capture system. Repeated measure ANOVA was applied to test differences across obstacle heights within each normalization method. When normalized to body height, significant differences across obstacle heights were observed for crossing velocity, crossing time, trailing-limb crossing stride length, leading- and trailing-limb crossing stride time, and leading- and trailing-limb toe clearance, and hip, knee and ankle angles. In contrast, normalization to leg length revealed significant differences only in crossing time, trailing-limb crossing stride time, and leading- and trailing-limb toe clearance, and hip and knee angles. Neither normalization method showed significant effects on COM displacement or velocity. In conclusion, both normalization methods revealed similar overall trends, but body height normalization yielded a greater number of significant temporal-spatial gait changes compared to leg length normalization. These findings suggest that the choice of normalization method can influence the interpretation of gait outcomes and should be considered carefully in both research and clinical settings.

Kusuma Buayai   Prasert Ruannakarn   and Chairat Choosakul   

Sport confidence and achievement goal orientation are crucial determinants of performance in martial arts, where athletes face intense psychological and physical demands. Understanding how confidence is developed and linked to achievement goals is particularly important for collegiate athletes in Thailand, where cultural values emphasize teamwork and respect within the martial arts community. Unlike previous studies conducted in Western contexts, this research focuses on Thai collegiate combat sport athletes, offering culturally specific insights into how confidence mechanisms function in collectivist settings. A total of 360 athletes aged 18–25 years who participated in the 49th Thailand University Games completed standardized questionnaires on Sources of Sport Confidence (SSC), Sport Confidence (SC), and Achievement Goal Orientation (AGO). Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling, and the model showed a good fit to the empirical data. Results revealed that SC had a direct positive effect on AGO, while SSC influenced AGO indirectly through SC, explaining 36.8% of its variance. These findings highlight SC as the key psychological mechanism linking confidence sources to goal achievement, suggesting that coaches should prioritize strategies to enhance athletes' confidence through structured preparation and supportive environments.

Mochamad Yamin Saputra   Nuryadi   Agus Gumilar   Komarudin   Geral Novian   and Dinar Banyuaji   

Mental toughness in adolescents comprises key psychological attributes, including challenge, commitment, self-confidence, and control. Studies show that characteristics of mental toughness begin to develop in childhood, with prosocial behavior and low levels of internalizing and externalizing problems at the age of five predicting mental toughness at the age of fourteen. This study aims to examine mental toughness in adolescent soccer players based on the length of their training experience in a sports club. This study employed a descriptive research design to determine whether participation in soccer activities contributes to the development of mental toughness. The participants were 77 adolescents aged 15 years who were actively involved in soccer clubs and had accumulated between one and ten years of training experience. Based on the data analysis, a statistically significant difference in mental toughness was found between the two groups. Players with more than five years of training experience demonstrated a higher score range, indicating the potential for better mental performance compared to those with less than five years of experience. These findings suggest that integrating sports activities into educational curricula may provide significant benefits for the development of mental toughness in adolescents.

M. Taheri Akhbar   Yusmawati   and Sri Nuraini   

This study aimed to design, develop, and evaluate an interactive multimedia-based football learning model to enhance students' cognitive and psychomotor outcomes in higher education. Using a Research and Development (R&D) design adapted from Borg and Gall, the study consisted of four main stages: (1) needs analysis, (2) product design and expert validation, (3) small- and large-group try-outs, and (4) field implementation through a quasi-experimental design. Participants included 60 male university students enrolled in a football learning course. Data were collected through questionnaires, expert judgment rubrics, interviews, observations, and performance tests. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and N-Gain scores, while qualitative data were thematically analyzed to refine the product across iterations. The results demonstrated that the developed model is valid, practical, and effective. Expert validation reached a "very good" category, while student responses indicated high satisfaction with clarity, interactivity, and engagement. The experimental group showed significant improvement in passing, dribbling, and shooting skills, with an N-Gain score in the medium-to-high category. Qualitative feedback also revealed increased motivation, self-directed learning, and enjoyment during practice. Grounded in constructivist and multimedia learning theories, the model integrates visual, audio, and interactive components to foster active learning. The study contributes to sports pedagogy and football education by providing a replicable framework for technology-enhanced skill acquisition. Future research should expand the participant scope, explore female and youth populations, and examine long-term retention and transfer effects in authentic game settings.

Nugroho Susanto   Anggun Permata Sari   Alimuddin   Arif Fadli Muchlis   Afif Rusdiawan   Agam Akhmad Syaukani   Tri Hadi Karyono   Gema Fitriady   and Jihan Faira Zanada   

This research develops a specialized training model to enhance the shooting performance of beginner petanque players. Preliminary observations revealed that existing training models lacked focus and structure. The technical drills were conducted for a very short duration. Moreover, the lack of consistent coaching or supervision reduced the effectiveness of the training. To address these issues, the present study adopted a research and development (R&D) design to develop a more systematic and diverse model for shooting exercises. Model validation was achieved through consultations with experts in petanque and sports coaching. Data collection involved the use of questionnaires and evaluation forms. The samples were gathered from beginner petanque athletes at the YABNI Foundation in Padang City. They were selected using a total sampling method. Findings demonstrated that the newly designed model significantly improved training effectiveness, as reflected in an average respondent rating of 4.64 with a low standard deviation of 0.66. These figures indicate stable and consistent feedback. Additionally, both small-scale and large-scale trials produced highly positive outcomes, confirming that the model is suitable for practical implementation to enhance the shooting proficiency of beginner athletes. While the findings seem promising, several limitations should still be acknowledged. The limitations include the population level (limited to beginner athletes at the YABNI Foundation in Padang City), the short duration of the training model, and external variables such as weather conditions and individual motivation that were not fully controlled. In addition, the evaluation method remains subjective, relying on a questionnaire. Therefore, further research is recommended to involve a larger population over a longer research duration to assess its long-term effects. Implementing more objective evaluation methods, enriching mental training, and increasing supervision of trainers can also improve the effectiveness of this training model.

Jiangpo Ding   and Wannaporn Sumranpat Brady   

This study examined the effects of a 12-week specialized physical training program on the physical profiles and success rate of skill movement in collegiate sanda athletes, comparing outcomes between experimental and control groups. The participants comprised 40 Sanda athletes including 20 males and 20 females from Sichuan University of Science and Chemical Technology, all actively engaged in university-level competitions and regular training. Using stratified randomization, subjects were assigned to either the experimental or control group after baseline physical fitness assessments. Following the 12-week intervention, within-group (pre-post) and between-group comparisons were conducted. Results indicated that the experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in overall physical fitness profiles and the success rate of skill movement compared to the control group. Specifically, the experimental group outperformed the control group in strength, endurance, flexibility, coordination, and success rate of skill movement. The findings suggest that specialized physical training enhances athletes' foundational fitness capacities, thereby supporting competitive performance. This study not only underscores the efficacy of targeted physical training for sanda athletes' development but also offers practical insights for optimizing training methodologies in combat sports.

Siti Ayu Risma Putri   Putri Cicilia Kristina   Perabu Nita   and Oktariyana   

This research aims to create a Virtual Reality (VR)-based storyboard to support disabled athletes in understanding fundamental volleyball techniques. The foundation of this research stems from the need for adaptive, safe, and inclusive sports training tools to help physically disabled athletes improve their motor skills. VR technology was chosen due to its ability to generate realistic and interactive training environments, allowing participants to learn and repeat basic volleyball movements without the risk of physical injury. This research employs the Research and Development (R&D) method, referring to the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). However, the focus is limited to the first two phases: analysis and design. In the analysis phase, the characteristics, needs, and challenges faced by disabled athletes during training in basic volleyball techniques were identified through interviews and observations. The analysis findings indicate that the required training tools must clearly display movements, be repeatable, and include accessibility features such as high color contrast, large-sized icons, and voice guidance. The design phase produced an organized storyboard, encompassing a training sequence starting from VR media introduction, virtual warm-up, demonstration of four main techniques (serving, passing, smashing, and blocking), to final assessment and motivation sessions. Every segment includes visual and auditory guides to help users grasp the exercises. The study produces a VR storyboard design as its output, which can act as a basis for developing customized sports training media for athletes with disabilities. However, the researcher recognizes the constraints of this work, since it does not encompass the complete stages of the ADDIE model, development, implementation, and evaluation. As a result, upcoming studies will focus on developing a working VR prototype, conducting trials with a broader set of disabled athletes, and evaluating how well the media enhances motor abilities and engagement in learning for the athletes.

Shaybal Chanda   Md. Shahinur Islam   Farjana Akter Boby   Yuni Astuti   Josyula Tejaswi   and Karuppasamy Govindasamy   

Background: Taekwondo, a global Olympic sport, is known for its powerful kicks, punches, discipline, and respect; now, limb-based performance analysis is vital for improving tactics and scoring. Aim: To identify the most effective limbs for scoring, supporting evidence-based coaching, and improving elite athlete performance. Methods: This study analyzed 320 matches from the 2021–2023 World Taekwondo Championships, covering all genders and weight classes from 99 countries. Two national-level players independently reviewed each match frame-by-frame to record points by limb, resolving discrepancies jointly. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used; due to assumption violations, Kruskal-Wallis with post-hoc ( < .05) was applied, showing high power (1− = 0.99 total, 0.93 male/female) and a medium effect size ( = 0.06). Result: Taekwondo athletes score mostly with legs (right 47%, left 43%) and minimally with hands (right 5%, left 4%). Males use legs equally (46%), while females favor the right leg (49%), and hands more (6%). Mean right leg score was 5.79 ( 5.69), left hand 0.51 ( 1.04). Kruskal-Wallis showed significant limb differences ( = .000); Dunn's test confirmed legs scored more than hands ( = .000), with no significant difference between the right and left legs or between the right and left hands. Conclusion: Taekwondo players primarily score using their legs, especially kicks, with women relying more on the right leg, highlighting the importance of strong and well-practiced kicking techniques for success.

Mohammed Yakdhan Saleh   Kessra Ahmed Fathy   Ammar muayad Omar   and Mohammed Twfeq Al Husaen Aga   

Introduction: Futsal is a rapidly growing sport with high-intensity demands and limited recovery time, placing significant strain on players' physical systems. Active water-based recovery (AWBR) has been suggested to enhance physiological recovery and technical performance, but its effectiveness in futsal is not yet well studied. Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the potential effects of bi-weekly aquatic-based recovery (AWBR) incorporated into an intensive-training block on physiological adaptations and skill performance indices in elite futsal players. Design: Twenty-four professional futsal players were purposefully categorized into two matched groups based on anthropometric and fitness characteristics. Both groups performed a six-week high-intensity training block (5 days/week; 85--90% HRmax). The AWBR group completed two sessions of recovery-based aquatics per week (low-intensity aquatic-based exercise; 30--40% HRmax), while the control group passively participated in recovery activities. Physiological measures (VO₂max, VO₂, HR, RQ, LAmax) were quantified using a modified Bruce treadmill test with a COSMED K5 analyzer, while skill performance (speed, accuracy, and total execution) was quantified from a common futsal skill test. Results: The AWBR group showed significant (p < 0.05) improvements in aerobic capacity (VO₂max), recovery kinetics (VO₂, HR, RQ), speed, accuracy, and total execution compared to the control group. Additionally, the intriguingly high lactate levels (LAmax) noticed immediately following the exercise provided further evidence that the AWBR group relied heavily on anaerobic energy sources. Conclusions: Including AWBR in training sessions may aid elite futsal players' physical recovery and ability to retain skills throughout intense training sessions. To refine the application of AWBR and test its efficacy in the real world, more rigorous controlled trials with larger groups of players are needed.

Muh Isna Nurdin Wibisana   Muhammad Atiq Noviudin Pritama   and Husnul Hadi   

Neuroplasticity—the brain's capacity to reorganize and form new neural connections in response to experience—offers critical opportunities to enhance motor learning in students with disabilities. However, research in inclusive education rarely integrates baseline motor mapping as a foundation for neuroplasticity-based intervention design. This preliminary study aimed to assess the fine and gross motor functions of students with disabilities prior to implementing a FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) principle-based exercise program. A descriptive quantitative design was applied to 187 students aged 7–10 years with mild intellectual and hearing disabilities enrolled in inclusive and special schools in Semarang, Indonesia. Fine motor coordination was measured using the Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT), while gross motor performance was evaluated through the locomotor subtest of the Test of Gross Motor Development–Second Edition (TGMD-2). Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results revealed overall low motor performance across both domains. The mean NHPT completion time among students with intellectual disabilities was 41.29 ± 21.11 s for males and 49.71 ± 32.79 s for females, whereas the mean TGMD-2 locomotor scores averaged 14.68 ± 7.56 and 14.11 ± 8.47, respectively. Significant differences were observed in fine motor performance among male groups (p < 0.05), but no significant variation was found in locomotor abilities. These findings indicate delayed manual dexterity and limited coordination likely due to reduced sensorimotor stimulation and minimal engagement in structured physical activities. The study emphasizes that baseline motor mapping should serve as a prerequisite for individualized FITT-based interventions in inclusive schools. Establishing early motor profiles enables the development of adaptive, evidence-based programs that leverage neuroplasticity to enhance functional independence, classroom participation, and quality of life. Despite its pretest-only limitation, this study contributes to bridging the gap between educational practice and neurophysiological theory, providing a practical framework for integrating motor assessment and personalized training within inclusive education settings in Indonesia.

Firas Hussein Fayyad   Yasir Mohammed Hammood   Othman Adham Ali   Ameer Jaber Mushref   Ahmed Khalid Awad   and Yaseen Ali Khalaf   

This research was conducted in order to build a scientific and reliable test for measuring the accuracy of shooting a short aerial ball in football; the aim of the study was to develop a scientific and reliable test for the construction and standardization of directly shooting a short aerial ball test in football. Design, methodology, approach: The research adopted a descriptive survey approach and the test was implemented with a random sample (96) of players representing some of clubs in the Anbar Governorate. The methodological steps involved testing scientific validity and the results showed high validity (content: 0.86; discriminant: 0.85), reliability (0.95; 0.96 objectivity), confirming it to be suitable for measurement properties. Normative levels were also established to classify player performance. Results showed that 70% of the sample negatively clustered at the average and acceptable levels, which is elaborated on as a need for more focused skill training in the discussion. The findings of this study, readily translated to practice for coaches in guiding training toward the identification of talent, and of scientific merit for researchers aiming to replicate and expand past studies in this area, suggest that this systematic approach can serve as a reliable and scientific evaluation tool.

Eko Purnomo   Omar Firdaus   Akhmad Amirudin   Nina Jermaina   Agus Gumilar   Amin Akbar   Irfan Oktavianus   and Andun Sudijandoko   

It is very important for a coach to carry out scheduled confirmations with athletes to ensure that athletes have improved training results, including their psychological condition. This research study explores the important role of coach confirmation in shaping positive youth development outcomes. Through a comprehensive literature review and empirical evidence, this study aims to examine the influence of coach confirmation on various aspects of positive youth development. This correlational descriptive study was conducted with 62 respondents in total, 15 females and 47 males. The research instrument consists of two parts, (1) Coach Confirmation Instrument; and (2) Positive Youth Development Instrument. Correlation analysis was then used to process the study data. The results explained the statistical calculation of 0.030 < 0.05, which means there is an influence of Coach Confirmation on Positive Youth Development. However, if gender and type of sport are included, the calculation results are > 0.05, which means there is no relationship. This means that positive youth development from the results of the coach's confirmation is not influenced by gender or type of sport. Based on these results, it is clear that every coach who confirms with athletes with the aim of positive youth development will have a good influence, regardless of gender or type of sport.

Yadi Sunaryadi   Suherman Slamet   Sagitarius   Rizky Indra Cahyadi   Lutfi Nur   and Arief Abdul Malik   

Focus of attention, external and internal focus feedback has improved motor skill learning, but its effects are still questionable in children and older adults when learning tennis forehand skills. This study aimed to examine the influence of external and internal focus feedback on learning the tennis forehand skill in novice players of different ages. The participants, divided into two groups: children aged 10-12 and older adults aged 55-60, were instructed to focus on their movement patterns (stance, backswing, forward swing to contact point, and follow-through and finish) as well as the effects of their movements (external effect). All participants were novices and had no prior experience with this skill. They were split into four groups based on age and training condition. After 24 practice sessions over 60 days, the participants completed 40 retention trials following a 48-hour rest period. The experimental design used a two-way 2 (age) x 2 (practice group) x 3 (block of trials) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. These findings showed that older adults performed worse than children when using external focus feedback, and they showed superiority in internal focus feedback.

Faisal A. Barwais   

Developing national physical activity guidelines aims to reduce inactivity-related chronic diseases. In 2021, the Saudi Public Health Authority issued recommendations to promote adult physical activity. However, little is known about how the public perceives and understands these recommendations. This study assessed awareness of guidelines and knowledge of activity intensity and weekly recommendations among a Saudi university population. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adult participants affiliated with Umm Al-Qura University. A total of 1,143 participants, including 1,033 university students (549 males and 484 females) and 110 university employees (48 males and 62 females), completed a structured online questionnaire assessing awareness, understanding of intensity, and knowledge of recommended activity levels. The findings revealed that 45.9% of participants reported awareness of the guidelines, with the highest recognition among female students (53.1%) and the lowest among male employees (29.2%). While most respondents demonstrated an adequate conceptual understanding of intensity classifications, their knowledge of the recommended duration and frequency of physical activity was notably lacking. Correct identification of the recommended thresholds for moderate-intensity (≥150 minutes/week), vigorous-intensity (≥75 minutes/week), and muscle-strengthening activities (≥2 days/week) was low across all groups, particularly among male students and employees. Female employees showed the strongest recall of recommended physical activity benchmarks, outperforming other groups, with correct response rates of 24.2% (moderate), 35.5% (vigorous), and 41.9% (strength training). Despite the release of the national physical activity guidelines by the Saudi Public Health Authority, many participants still lacked awareness and a clear understanding of the recommendations, highlighting the need for targeted educational efforts tailored to university populations.

Rika Sepriani   Atradinal   and Hansi Effendi   

The quality of first aid learning in sports still faces challenges in delivering practical and contextual material. This study aims to identify the need for developing Virtual Reality (VR) based learning media using a case study approach in first aid learning for sports students. This study employs a quantitative descriptive method with a survey approach. The sample consists of five first aid lecturers and 268 sports students. The instrument is a closed-ended questionnaire with indicators for learning needs, VR media needs, infrastructure readiness, technological capability, and case-based learning approach. The results showed that lectures had an average level of need for VR media of 87.11% (classified as very high), while students had an average of 79.93% (classified as high). The highest indicators were found in instructors' ability to use technology (90%) and the readiness of VR media as a learning need for first aid. These findings indicate that the development of case-based VR media is highly needed and relevant in enhancing the effectiveness of first aid learning. This study provides important implications for developing more immersive, interactive, and contextual learning media design to support the improvement of first aid competencies among sports students.

Pandu Kresnapati   Ibnu Fatkhu Royana   and Husnul Hadi   

This study aims to develop an adaptive physical education learning module based on augmented reality to improve the motor skills of students with hearing impairments in special schools (SLB). This study is a Research and Development (R&D) study that uses the ADDIE development model. The population and subjects of the study include all primary school students at the Semarang State Special School, Widya Bhakti, and Swadaya in Semarang City. Data collection techniques included interviews, observations, and questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using validity, feasibility, and effectiveness tests. The module validation results showed that the augmented reality-based adaptive physical education learning module was valid based on the ADDIE Development Model, with an average score of 0.86, meeting the high criteria in the Aiken Validation Table. Media experts gave a score of 96% in the trial, subject matter experts gave a score of 76% in the trial, and experts on the characteristics of children with disabilities gave a score of 81% in the trial. The small group trial achieved a score of 80%, while the large-scale trial achieved a score of 89%. In addition, the N-Gain value of 0.86 was considered high (g > 0.75). In conclusion, based on the results of the validity test, practicality by teachers and students, and the effectiveness test, the adaptive physical education teaching module based on augmented reality with the ADDIE model has been proven to be valid, practical, and effective for use in the learning process of children with disabilities at the Semarang City Special School.

Bashar Banwan Hasan   Mustafa Thamer Rashid   and Amer Rashid Shayal   

Background: Adductor Muscle Strain Injuries are a common musculoskeletal injury, particularly in sports that require frequent changes of direction, kicking, and rotational movements, such as football. Purpose: The present study aims to design a therapeutic protocol specifically for amateur football players suffering from groin muscle strains. Method: 55 participants took part in this experimental study. The participants recruited were amateur players with adductor muscle strains in Wasit Governorate, age of 24.8±6, BMI of 66.4±5, and a height of 174.7 cm. Forty participants were right-legged and fifteen were left-legged. Result: the mean pain score significantly decreased from (4.59 ± 0.64) in the pre-test to (0.41 ± 0.25) in the post-test, with a mean difference of 4.18 and a T-value of 8.395 (P = 0.000). Similarly, muscle strength showed a notable improvement, increasing from (4.80 ± 0.80) to (10.08 ± 0.67), with a mean difference of -5.28 and a T-value of -9.275 (P = 0.000). Additionally, flexibility improved significantly, with the mean score reducing from (17.38 ± 1.58) in the pre-test to (3.08 ± 0.72) in the post-test, resulting in a mean difference of 14.29 and a T-value of 7.038 (P = 0.000). Conclusion: The present study confirms the value of a structured therapeutic protocol in managing adductor muscle strains among amateur football players, demonstrating significant improvements in pain reduction, muscle strength, and flexibility. These findings align with existing clinical evidence, underscoring the role of criteria-based rehabilitation in promoting recovery and preventing future injuries. Further research is needed to explore long-term outcomes.

Gumilar Mulya   Anggi Setia Lengkana   Abdumo'min Tursunov   Otepbergenov Genjebay Kutlimuratovich   Didik Purwanto   Subarna   Sandra Jaganda Marbun   and Resty Agustryani   

Physical exercise for children is essential, so it must be done according to their development. Excessive physical exercise will place an excessive burden on the child, thereby hampering the child's development and not having much effect on the child. Exercises must be done according to the program and the child's age. This research aims to apply plyometric activities, which can create a training model for beginner athletes so that they can practice more patterns as a whole. The research was designed through experimental research. The research subjects were beginner tennis players in Tasikmalaya City, Indonesia and Chirchik, Uzbekistan. The instrument used is the Illinois test, which is used to find agility abilities in beginner athletes. From this study, both groups of beginner athletes from Indonesia and Uzbekistan obtained the results that the sig value was 0.000, so (2-tailed) <0.05, which indicates an influence between the initial variable and the final variable. So, there is a significant influence on the treatment given previously. Furthermore, the results of Cohen's d test indicate that plyometric training had an effect size of 1.84 for the Indonesian sample group, which signifies a very large effect. Meanwhile, the effect size for the Uzbek sample group was 3.52, indicating an extremely large effect size.

Nissa Aldani   Alnedral Alnedral   Yanuar Kiram   Tjung Hauw Sin   Padli Padli   Anton Komaini   Yoshua Simamora   Muhamad Sazeli Rifki   Arsil Arsil   Rices Jatra   Deby Tri Mario   and Zikri Muthahari   

Tarung Derajat (TD) martial arts requires excellent footwork skills to support athlete performance, but footwork measurement in the context of TD is still limited to methods that are less accurate and relevant to the dynamic movement characteristics of this sport. Although sensor technology has been applied to other martial arts, footwork measurement instruments that are suitable for TD techniques, such as evasion and positional shifts in combat, have not been widely developed. This study aims to develop and validate a sensor-assisted footwork measurement instrument specifically designed for TD athletes. The initial validation process involved five experts in the fields of instrumentation, sports measurement, TD, information technology, and language, as well as 12 TD athletes for laboratory testing. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlations to assess the feasibility of the tool. The results showed that the average validity score was 85 (very feasible) with an ICC value < p=0.05. Limited testing on 12 TD athletes showed that this tool can provide objective data on the success of athletes in following the rhythm of the sensor movement pattern (r=0.865; p=0.007), which in turn can be used to improve the effectiveness of training and evaluation of athlete performance. This study suggests conducting further trials with a larger number of participants and involving real match conditions, as well as developing tools with additional sensors to improve training and evaluation effectiveness.

Ardi Nusri   Nurul Fadilah Ardi   Asep Prima   Sabaruddin Yunis Bangun   and Puji Ratno   

Football requires mastery of fundamental skills that are not only obtained through core training but also through effective warming up. However, warm-up activities used in learning are often conventional and lack integration with course materials. This study aimed to develop a learning-based football warm-up model using the ball as the main medium, providing physiological, technical, and psychological benefits simultaneously. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach, modified from Borg and Gall's steps into five stages: information gathering, product design, expert validation, small-scale field testing, and large-scale field testing. The subjects were physical education students, consisting of 30 participants in the small-scale trial and 100 participants in the large-scale trial. The instrument used was a basic football skill test by Nusri et al. (2022). The developed warm-up model consisted of 36 activities grouped into five components: ball feeling, passing, dribbling, shooting, and heading. Paired Samples T-Test analysis on five variables (np, nr, nd, nlp, and n_bp) showed significant differences between pretest and posttest scores (p < 0.01). This indicates that the developed warm-up model effectively improved students' fundamental football skills and cardiovascular endurance. The developed warm-up model is proven to be relevant to support learning outcomes in basic football skills and can serve as an innovative alternative in sports courses.

Yuto Inai   Koji Sakaguchi   Keisuke Ohta   Toshihisa Kojima   Yoshiaki Yamanaka   Norio Murase   Fumio Ushijima   and Ryoji Kasanami   

In Japan, cases have occurred in which inadequate home management of medicines contributed to the detection of prohibited substances in athlete samples, resulting in anti-doping rule violations. We aimed to systematically clarify the level of anti-doping (AD) knowledge among parents and guardians of junior triathlon athletes. The target population comprised parents/guardians of athletes competing in junior high school, U19, and U23 triathlon categories (n = 216). An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was distributed during athlete registration (the day before and the day of the competition) and through team outreach, with voluntary participation. The final sample included 75 respondents, none of whom had previously received AD education. The total score for the 10 knowledge items was 4 (range: 0–10) points for parents/guardians and 6 (range: 0–10) points for age-group athletes, with the latter showing significantly higher scores (P <0.01). In response to the question, "Are you interested in recent media coverage of doping?", 49.3% answered "Very interested" or "Interested." Moreover, 12% answered "Yes" to the question, "In your household, do you discuss with your child how prescription and other medications are managed?". These findings indicate that, under the current educational framework, AD information does not adequately reach parents/guardians, who are the athlete support personnel closest to junior athletes. Therefore, the provision of information to parents/guardians regarding AD and medication management should be strengthened.

Irwansyah Siregar   Yan Indra Siregar   Mahmuddin   Bagas Pradana   Sabaruddin Yunis Bangun   Andi Saparia   and Mudayat   

The present study investigated the effects of varied passing exercises on soccer passing performance among physical education students. Passing is a fundamental technical skill in soccer, crucial for maintaining possession, creating scoring opportunities, and enhancing overall team coordination. Despite its importance, many university-level students struggle with accuracy, consistency, and decision-making in passing due to limited exposure to diverse, game-relevant drills. The study aimed to evaluate whether incorporating short, long, and combination passing drills could improve technical performance and adaptability in soccer. A quantitative experimental design employing a one-group pretest–posttest model was conducted with 33 male students (aged 19–21) from the Sports Coaching Education Program at Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia. Participants underwent a four-week structured training intervention, consisting of three weekly sessions, each lasting 45 minutes. The training program progressed from fundamental short passes to dynamic short- and long-passing drills, culminating in combination passing exercises under mild defensive pressure. Passing performance was assessed pre- and post-intervention using standardized scoring on a target wall system. Data were analyzed using paired-sample t-tests and Cohen's dz to determine statistical significance and effect size. The results demonstrated significant improvements across all training types (p < 0.001), with very large effect sizes observed for short (dz = 3.58), long (dz = 2.85), and combination passing (dz = 4.14). The combination passing group achieved the highest gains, with 54.5% of participants reaching the "very high" performance category post-intervention. These findings highlight that structured, varied passing drills not only enhance technical accuracy but also promote perceptual-cognitive development and adaptability in dynamic game situations. In conclusion, the study provides empirical evidence supporting the inclusion of varied, game-relevant passing exercises in soccer training to optimize skill acquisition. Practically, coaches and physical educators are encouraged to implement combination passing drills to improve student engagement, decision-making, and motor adaptability. Limitations include the small, homogeneous sample and the short intervention period, suggesting future research should adopt randomized controlled designs, use larger and more diverse samples, and examine long-term retention and transfer to competitive match contexts. The study contributes to evidence-based pedagogical strategies in university-level soccer training, emphasizing the role of practice variability in fostering technical and cognitive skill development.

Syahril Bais   Padli   Denisha Aprilia Charles   Suci Nanda Sari   Heru Syarli Lesmana   Jeki Haryanto   and Firunika Intan Cahyani   

This study examines the use of hierarchical clustering to identify key factors influencing athletic performance and to enhance coaching strategies at the West Sumatra Student Training Education Center (PPLP). A quantitative approach with total sampling was applied, involving 111 athletes across various sports. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire covering six variables: physical condition, social environment, athlete's character, training environment, coach's influence, and motivation. Reliability and validity were confirmed through exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's Alpha (α > 0.70). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, assumption testing, and hierarchical clustering with the average linkage method based on Euclidean distance. Results revealed five clusters: Cluster 1 (102 athletes) and Cluster 2 (6 athletes) were dominated by motivation; Cluster 3 (1 athlete) highlighted the coach's influence; Cluster 4 (1 athlete) emphasized the training environment; and Cluster 5 (1 athlete) underscored personal characters such as discipline and responsibility. Physical condition was significant mainly in Clusters 2 and 3. Overall, findings suggest that motivation, continuous coach support, and a conducive training environment are critical for optimizing performance. While physical condition remains important, it tends to interact with other factors rather than serve as the primary determinant.

Eko Purnomo   Ali Md Nadzalan   Nina Jermaina   Wiwik Indrayeni   Amin Akbar   I Kadek Suardika   Edy Dharma Putra Duhe   Meyke Parengkuan   Hanny Hafiar   and Eddy Marheni   

This study aims to analyze the effect of two communication methods, verbal and demonstration, in the SMCR communication program on improving high jump ability and team communication effectiveness (SECTS). The research used a quantitative approach with a pretest–posttest experimental design using a paired sample t-test. The sample consisted of 10 athletes with varying Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores divided into two categories: high FMS (≥18) and moderate (<18). The analysis results showed that both methods resulted in significant improvements in physical performance (high jump) and interpersonal communication (SECTS), with a significance value (p) <0.001 for both variables. However, the demonstration method provided higher improvements in athletes with high FMS, while the verbal method was more effective for the moderate FMS group. These findings indicate that the effectiveness of communication methods is highly dependent on the athlete's functional movement capacity. The discussion of the results shows that coach communication serves not only as technical instruction but also as a means of fostering cohesion and communication efficiency within the team. This implies that coaches need to consider the level of motor readiness and individual characteristics when selecting a communication approach. Integrating a pedagogical approach into a sports communication strategy can be key to optimizing the coach-athlete relationship and achieving maximum performance in training and competition.

Jassim Sowaid   Ali Alsandi   Wajud Al Qasimi   and Yousuf Bait Saleem   

This study aimed to examine the attitudes of employees in sports organizations in the Kingdom of Bahrain toward hosting sporting events. A descriptive survey was conducted with 94 employees selected through simple random sampling. The results revealed a strong inclination among employees to support the hosting of various types of sporting events, with a marked preference for small and regional events over large global competitions. Although employees showed a stronger inclination toward smaller-scale events, the generally high response levels across all event types indicate a well-established hosting culture and a clear readiness among staff to support future sporting events of different scales. Economic factors emerged as the most influential motivators, whereas social factors exerted comparatively less influence. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship (p < 0.01) between motivational factors and preferred event types, indicating that higher motivation levels were consistently associated with greater willingness to support event hosting. This relationship suggests that understanding staff motivations can help predict their preferences and guide strategic planning for sports event hosting. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting sustainable and well-planned strategies for hosting sporting events in line with broader development visions, while also encouraging further research on sports event hosting and its sustainability across wider contexts.

Bambang Abdul Jabar   Agus Gumilar   Burhan Hambali   and Nayla Khairunissya   

The problem of student cohesion in high school shows several interrelated aspects. Symptoms of depression often appear among high school students; poor communication between parents and children, negative life experiences, and pressure from academic aspects are closely related to depression. In this study, the author intends to examine the cohesion of students through differentiation of movement tasks in physical education learning for high school students with rhythmic activities. The research design used in this study is a quasi-experimental design. A total of 70 male and female student respondents were selected to be involved in this study, with the experimental group consisting of 34 students (physical education learning differentiation of movement tasks through rhythmic activities) and 36 students in the control group (conventional physical activities without differentiation of movement tasks). The results of this study indicate that the relationship among students has made significant progress thanks to the application of movement task differentiation in sports. The results of the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test confirmed that there was a difference in the increase in cohesion between the experimental group and the control group, with a value of U = 190 and a p-value of 0.001. In this study, the group using movement task differentiation in rhythmic activities showed a significantly higher increase in cohesion compared to the control group, which followed physical education without movement task differentiation in rhythmic activities. This result provides a new innovation in physical education learning in developing students' attitudes.

Papan Mondal   Neptune Ghosh   Pallab Ghosh   Kallol Ghosh   and Sumanta Kumar Mondal   

Cricket performance is influenced not only by player skill but also by the interaction between the ball and the playing surface. The purpose of this study was to examine how different types of cricket balls behave on varied pitch surfaces in terms of their coefficient of restitution (COR). This study investigated the coefficient of restitution (COR) of five types of cricket balls—soft tennis (Cosco and Wilson), hard tennis (Headly), synthetic (SS), and leather (SG)—when dropped from four heights (120 cm, 150 cm, 180 cm, and 200 cm) onto three pitch types: turf, astro turf, and concrete. Bounce heights were recorded using high-speed videography, and data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD tests. Results showed that the soft and hard tennis balls (Cosco, Wilson, and Headly) had significantly higher COR values compared to the synthetic and leather balls (SS and SG) across all pitch types. However, there was no significant difference in COR among the three tennis balls, nor between the synthetic and leather balls. Additionally, pitch type—whether turf, astro turf, or concrete—did not significantly influence the COR for any ball type. The study concludes that ball material and construction notably affect restitution, with tennis balls demonstrating higher bounce. In contrast, the pitch surface has a minimal impact on COR. These insights are useful for coaches, players, and equipment manufacturers in making evidence-based decisions for training and competitive play.

Puji Ratno   Zulfan Heri   Deni Rahman Marpaung   Ichwanul Muslim Karo Karo   and Delia Syelamita   

Swimming is a sport that requires the integration of technical skill, muscular strength, core stability, and cardiovascular endurance to achieve optimal performance. This study aimed to examine the impact of integrating plank exercises with the utilization of swim fins on the 50-meter freestyle swimming speed of adolescent swimmers in a swimming club in Medan, Indonesia. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group was established. Thirty-six swimmers were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 18), which received plank training and used fins during practice, or the control group (n = 18), which continued conventional training. The intervention lasted for 16 sessions. Data was analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk normality tests, Levene's homogeneity test, paired-sample t-tests, and independent-sample t-tests. The results showed that the experimental group observed a statistically significant increase in swimming speed (mean difference: 0.6575 seconds, p < 0.05), greater than that of the control group (mean difference: 0.18875 seconds, p < 0.05). The results suggest that plank exercises and fins utilization contribute to enhanced core stability, improved body alignment, and increased propulsion efficiency during freestyle swimming. This study highlights the potential of integrating dry-land core training and in-water assistive devices to optimize swimming performance. Future research should involve larger sample sizes, longer interventions, and additional biomechanical or physiological assessments to further validate these findings and explore underlying mechanisms.

Boihaqi   Dimyati   Ermawan Susanto   Ngurah Mahendra Dinatha   Sabaruddin Yunis Bangun   Ramadan   Hasbi Asyhari   Nurliani   Rahmat Putra Perdana   and Salmon Runesi   

This study aimed to: (1) develop a model construct of integrated life skills to enhance fair play in football; (2) evaluate the validity of the integrated life skills model; (3) assess the practicality of the model's user guide; and (4) examine the effectiveness of the model in promoting fair play among youth football players. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) design using the 4D model—Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. The validation process involved seven expert validators, while feasibility was assessed by seven coaches from five football academies. The practicality test was conducted by six coaches from three academies. For the effectiveness test, a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group was used, involving 38 players aged 14–17 from two football academies. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, observations, and documentation. Aiken's V was used for content validity analysis, descriptive statistics were applied to analyze feasibility and practicality, and an independent sample t-test was conducted to assess effectiveness. The study successfully developed an integrated life skills-based football training model to foster fair play. The feasibility test yielded an average score of 4.53 in the initial trial and 4.75 in the subsequent trial. The practicality test produced an average score of 4.90. The effectiveness test resulted in a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.004 (p < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant effect of the model on improving fair play among youth football players. Beyond its statistical contribution, the model provides practical guidance for coaches in embedding life skills into training sessions, supports football academies in cultivating ethical behavior among players, and offers policymakers a framework for integrating fair play education into national youth development and coach licensing programs.

Rif'iy Qomarrullah   Fredrik Sokoy   and Lestari Wulandari S   

This study explored the cultural and health significance of paddling as a traditional sport within the Sentani community, utilizing both topographical and ethnographic approaches. The research aimed to examine how paddling is interwoven with the cultural identity, physical fitness, and social well-being of the Sentani people, while analyzing the geographical and social factors that have shaped its practice. Through extensive fieldwork and interviews, the study uncovered the role of paddling in reinforcing community bonds, preserving local wisdom, promoting cardiovascular health, and maintaining a strong connection with the natural environment. The findings revealed that paddling is not merely a form of physical activity but a manifestation of cultural expression deeply rooted in Sentani's social and environmental landscape. Furthermore, traditional paddling contributes to public health by encouraging regular physical exercise and strengthening social cohesion. The study concluded that preserving paddling as a cultural heritage is essential for sustaining both the cultural identity and physical well-being of the Sentani community amid modern challenges. This research contributes to the broader understanding of how traditional sports can serve as vital components of cultural heritage, public health promotion, and community resilience.

Erkan Günay   Esila Durğut Yalin   and İlker Balikçi   

Adolescence is a critical period for swimmers, as it lays the foundation for both biological development and athletic performance. The effects of training loads on physiological, biomechanical, and technical parameters during this period highlight the importance of careful training planning. Water-based training interventions specific to swimming aim to support technical development and contribute to optimal performance. In this context, it is noteworthy that there is a significant gap in the literature regarding the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) approaches on stroke kinematic parameters in adolescent swimmers and the evaluation of these effects in the context of gender differences. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of 12-week HIIT and MICT training interventions on 100 m sprint swimming performance and stroke kinematic parameters and to examine the gender-related differences in these effects. The study included 42 competitive swimmers aged 12–17 (16 females, 26 males), who were randomly assigned to HIIT and MICT groups. Before and after the training period, the swimmers' 100 m performance was measured, along with stroke count (SC), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), stroke index (SI), and stroke coordination (IdC) parameters. Both training protocols improved 100 m sprint performance (HIIT: p = 0.002, MICT: p = 0.007); however, the HIIT protocol showed more pronounced improvements in SI (p = 0.006) and IdC (p = 0.006) parameters, especially in female swimmers. In males, SI improvement was observed as a kinematic parameter in both groups (HIIT: p = 0.028, MICT: p = 0.043). HIIT and MICT training produced gender-specific differences in performance improvements and kinematic reflections in their chronic effects. The findings emphasise the importance of a gender- based approach in training planning for adolescent swimmers.

Charlene N. Lagunilla   Celine D. Noga   Jeah M. Alipio   and Jordan M. Pocaan   

Problem Statement: DOMS has been primarily studied in trained athletes, leaving a significant gap in knowledge about untrained populations. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationships and differences in delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle strength between dynamic warm-up alone and dynamic warm-up with static stretching among untrained female agriculture students. Methods: Thirty-nine out of 76 qualified university students from a state university in the Philippines completed the interventions. The students consist of females enrolled in Physical Activity Towards Health and Fitness from two blocks, supervised by the researchers. The study utilized a mixed model design with two groups; each group underwent five series of similar field tests following the intervention. Results: The study found significant reductions in DOMS for both dynamic warm-up (DWG) and dynamic warm-up with static stretching (DSWG) across various time intervals, with the most notable effects observed from 1 to 12 hours and 48 to 72 hours. Muscle strength recovery showed no significant differences in the first 24 hours for DWG, but improvements were significant from 24 to 72 hours, while no significant changes were observed for DSWG. Additionally, a significant relationship between muscle strength and DOMS emerged in the DWG group from 48 to 72 hours, but no such relationship was found in DSWG. Conclusions: Dynamic warm-up effectively reduces DOMS and promotes muscle strength recovery, particularly between 24 and 72 hours post-exercise, while static stretching does not offer additional benefits for muscle strength recovery.

Charis B. Limbo-Rivera   

Structured physical activity programs are gaining attention as effective approaches for weight management and reducing obesity in universities and workplaces. This study evaluated the Biggest Loser Physical Activity–Based Obesity Program, implemented at a state university in the Philippines. A total of 29 obese employees, varying in terms of sex, age, and marital status, voluntarily participated in the six-week program. The research used an experimental one-group pretest–posttest design, with data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive patterns revealed that women generally lost a higher percentage of their initial body weight compared to men, and single participants showed slightly greater improvements than married participants. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test also showed a significant reduction in Body Mass Index (BMI) after the program, confirming its effectiveness. Further analysis using ANCOVA demonstrated that baseline BMI was the strongest predictor of post-intervention BMI, while sex, age, and marital status had no significant influence. These findings highlight the potential of workplace-based physical activity programs in addressing obesity and underscore the importance of institutionalizing such initiatives within organizational health policies.

Wei Huang   and Watthanapong Khongsuebsor   

This study aimed to develop an evaluation system for assessing gross motor development in children aged 5–6 years based on sensory integration theory. Early identification of motor skill delays is essential for guiding timely interventions in young children. Using the Delphi method across three rounds with 12 experts, 10 key indicators were systematically identified and refined. Pretesting and retesting with 450 children from licensed kindergartens across 14 cities in Guangxi Province, China, demonstrated strong content validity (IOC = 0.80–1.00) and high reliability (Spearman's r = 0.790–0.932, p < 0.05). Revisions to the indicators were made based on expert feedback and test results to ensure clarity, relevance, and practical applicability. The resulting tool offers a reliable and valid framework for educators and therapists to detect developmental delays early and design targeted interventions. Beyond its current application, the model highlights potential for extension to younger children (ages 3–4), cross-cultural testing, and adaptation into digital or app-based formats to enhance accessibility and longitudinal tracking. This research contributes to early childhood education and therapy by embedding sensory integration principles into a comprehensive, multidimensional approach to motor skill assessment.

Siraphatthra Thongsawang   Techid Lersanekwattana   and Sukanya Chorcharoenying   

The principal role of athletes' dietary goals is to achieve high performance. However, the nutritional practices of athletes are influenced by their level of nutrition knowledge, which enables them to make positive changes in their dietary intake, thereby eventually resulting in their maximized exercise capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional knowledge and perception of dietary supplements regarding athletic performance among amateur and professional university-level athletes. A cross-sectional study was performed with 139 university athletes as either amateur (n = 74) or professional (n = 65) athletes. The participants completed a questionnaire about information on their baseline characteristics and sports experience, followed by reporting their consumption behavior, perceptions of dietary supplements, and nutritional knowledge. The results showed that 74% of participants were likely to take dietary supplements on workout day without differences between sport levels. A higher consumption of whey protein was found in professionals than in amateurs, whereas 12% of participants reported never taking any supplements. Professionals considered the use of dietary supplements for recovery and improving strength more than amateurs. Furthermore, greater odds of providing correct responses to the protein and hydration questions were shown in professionals when compared to amateurs (p < 0.05). However, the overall nutritional knowledge demonstrated scores that were below the 75^th percentile, with no differences between the groups. Thus, the evaluation of dietary decisions in athletes depends on their basic nutritional knowledge. However, practical sports nutrition is recommended for all levels of athletes and coaches to promote their health and physical fitness.

El Mahdi Ait Aammi Hadi   Aziz Chokri   Boujemaa Zahi   Abdeljalil Elgot   and Mohamed Barkaoui   

Background: For elite football teams, incorporating recovery strategies during busy schedules is essential to mitigate post-match fatigue, restore optimal performance levels, and minimize injury risks. Football players employed a variety of methods, including natural, nutritional, physical, psychological, and alternative ones. Therefore, our objective was to describe and analyze the use of recovery strategies by Moroccan football teams. Methods: A total of 29 Moroccan football teams, including 16 from Botola Pro D1 and 13 from Botola Pro D2, took part in this study during the 2023-2024 season. Members of the teams' technical or medical staff were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of 12 sections, aiming at evaluating the post-exercise recovery strategies employed after matches and training sessions. Results: Teams utilized various recovery protocols and combinations; three physical strategies were particularly prevalent in post-competition and training sessions: cold therapy (used by 96% of the teams), stretching (89%), and massage (86%). Additionally, 64% implemented recovery strategies immediately following exercise, and 75% personalized recovery plans for each player. A multidisciplinary approach was utilized by 86% of the teams in the design and supervision of recovery protocols. Furthermore, 86% of the teams reported having adequate logistical and economic resources to implement recovery protocols. Conclusion: The survey provided valuable insights into how professional football teams in Morocco are currently employing recovery methods, revealing that most teams are incorporating them to varying extents. However, the implementation of recovery strategies is still not as widespread as it is among teams in other countries.

Volodymyr Naumchuk   Viktor Shandryhos   Oleg Vynnychuk   Roman Vlasiuk   and Mykhailo Vasiruk   

The study aims to identify the specifics of training specialists in physical culture and sports. The specialities 014.11 “Secondary Education (Physical Education)” and 017 “Physical Education and Sports” train teachers, coaches, methodological instructors and lecturers. The training of such specialists is influenced by many different factors: distance learning caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic and military operations in the country, the growth of students with special educational needs (SEN) (inclusive environment), the development of innovative and digital technologies, changes in the labour market, educational innovations, etc. The study covered key points such as the analysis of the educational programmes of the above specialities (on the example of the Faculty of Physical Education of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University), the study of the key competencies of physical education and sports specialists. The study showed that the process of training future teachers and trainers addresses the development of basic professional competencies but does not sufficiently include psychological training and the introduction of innovative, interactive technologies. There are no disciplines that provide digital health training and targeted soft skills training. The study also outlined several factors that have a direct impact on the quality of education and training of physical education and sports professionals. Among them are the transition to distance learning, the peculiarities of the material and technical base, the insufficient number of students studying in the dual form, and the decline in student motivation due to stress factors. High-quality training (including updated curricula in line with new professional standards), cooperation with educational institutions and sports facilities (clubs, children's and youth sports schools, sections), an optimal combination of practical training and theoretical education, and participation in competitions at various levels can ensure the high efficiency of training physical education teachers, coaches and instructors.

Nurzhan Temirbay   Aychurok Kaldybaeva   Aigerim Baikulova   Zhambyl Beknazarov   Nurlan Beknurmanov   and Azat Abdrassilov   

The integration of digital technologies into physical education has emerged as a promising approach to enhancing student engagement and promoting long-term physical activity habits. This study investigates the effectiveness of using fitness tracking applications in a university-level physical education setting. The primary objective was to assess whether incorporating autonomy-supportive digital tools could improve students' attitudes toward physical education and sustain their physical activity beyond the classroom. An experimental design was implemented involving two groups: an experimental group that engaged in self-monitored physical activity using mobile applications, and a control group that followed a traditional instructor-led program without digital integration. Data collection included pre- and post-intervention surveys assessing motivation and attitudes, as well as app-based step count logs. Results revealed that the experimental group showed significantly greater improvements in both motivational indices and weekly activity levels compared to the control group. Furthermore, 72% of students in the experimental group continued using the fitness applications during a four-week follow-up period, in contrast to only 39% in the control group. These findings highlight the critical role of self-determination theory in designing digital interventions that support autonomy and competence. The study contributes to the growing field of digital pedagogy by demonstrating the practical value of fitness apps in formal educational contexts. It suggests that strategically implemented digital tools not only improve immediate learning outcomes but also foster sustainable behavioral changes in physical activity. This research offers a scalable and low-cost model for enhancing physical education through personalization, real-time feedback, and autonomous goal-setting, thus bridging the gap between classroom instruction and lifelong fitness behavior.

Islam Mohammad Abbas   

The relationship between the characteristics of addiction severity and physical activity levels within the context of Ramadan, said to bring about remarkable physiological, psychological, and social adaptations, has been examined. In all, 139 subjects were sampled and their physical activity was classified as none, lightly, moderately, and heavily involved. Addiction severity was classified as non-addicted, mildly addicted, moderately addicted, and severely addicted. Descriptive statistics show slight differences across these categories, but there were no clear patterns to suggest that higher levels of physical activity correlate with lower levels of addiction severity. A Chi-Square test confirms that there is no significant association between physical activity and the severity of addiction ( = 7.96, p = 0.538). The relative effect size indicated by Cramer's V (0.138) signals a weak relationship. These findings highlight the suggestion that the influence of physical activity on addictive behaviors during Ramadan may be less pronounced because of the reciprocal influence of cultural, psychological, and physiological factors characteristic of this period. The results suggest the necessity for interventions that are well-rounded and include stress management, social support, lifestyle adaptations, and promotion of physical activity. Future studies should further investigate those interactions in relation to creating culturally adapted prevention strategies.

Waleed M. Shaheen   and Reem Mostafa Mohammad Hammad   

Successful and interactive learning experience environments use 360-degree virtual reality (VR-360°) video that helps the learner engage meaningfully in the learning environment. Swimming is one of the most important and popular sports among university students, so it was necessary to help them master its skills using VR-360° technology. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using VR-360° technology in learning backstroke and breaststroke swimming among Birzeit University students in Birzeit, Palestine. The experimental design was used, and a random sample was selected from students enrolled in the swimming course for the second semester from 19/3/2023 to 1/6/2023 in the Department of Physical Education at Birzeit University, totaling 40 male and female students. The motor skills of swimming to be taught were revealed through video clips, and these skills were filmed using VR-360° technology. The first group of students (20 students) was taught swimming skills using traditional methods, and the second group (20 students) was taught using VR-360° technology with the help of headsets and phones. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS and one-way ANOVA. The t-test was used to compare the levels of swimming learning between the first and second groups. The results of the effectiveness of learning backstroke and breaststroke for participants showed that there were statistically significant differences between the first and second groups for learning swimming skills, and the statistical significance values for the existence of differences between the two groups for learning backstroke (p = 0.0267) and breaststroke (p = 0.0421). The VR-360° was an effective and good tool to enhance students' swimming skills learning. Also, it can be used as a self-learning tool due to its potential to facilitate efficient and accelerated learning.

Daniel Scherrer   Kylie A. Legg   Chris W. Rogers   and Darryl J. Cochrane   

Runners habitually land on the heel or the forefoot during initial ground contact, and this pattern affects how ground reaction forces travel through the lower limbs. Previous literature that explores these different patterns utilises indoor laboratories and tests separate groups of runners. These controlled settings provide limited real-world insights and make it difficult to separate the effects of the foot strike pattern from pre-existing differences between runner groups. To explore strike-dependent loading in a realistic setting, this study used a within participant design on an outdoor track to explore if trained runners were capable of performing both striking patterns. Thirteen nationally competitive male middle-distance runners ran one-minute repetitions at 12, 14, 16 and 18 km h^⁻¹, switching between instructed heel and forefoot landing in identical zero-drop running shoes. Vertical ground reaction forces were measured using in-shoe sensors and analysed by multivariable linear mixed effects models. Heel striking, compared to forefoot striking, increased peak impact force by 1110 ± 20 N, loading rate by 19000 ± 360 N·s^⁻¹, and time to active peak by 0.005 ± 0.001 s (p < 0.001). Forefoot striking elevated active‑peak force by 340 ± 10 N and impulse by 0.024 ± 0.001 N·s (p < 0.001). Step compliance with the instructed pattern was successful when runners used their habitual forefoot strike (median 100 %, Interquartile range [IQR] IQR 100 - 100%). However, compliance dropped markedly when habitual heel runners attempted a forefoot style (median 52.5%, IQR 30.2–69.0%). This study clearly demonstrates that, while most athletes can effectively adhere to strike instructions, the consistent execution of a non-habitual movement pattern is not uniformly achieved across all individuals.

Eun-Young Jeon   Seung-Hyeon Kang   Sung-Yeon Oh   Seo-ha Jeong   Yeon-Gyo Nam   Dong-Yeop Lee   Ji-Heon Hong   Jae-Ho Yu   and Jin-Seop Kim   

This study investigated the effects of a four-week positive self-talk (ST) intervention on standing long jump (SLJ) performance and self-esteem in healthy adults. This research aimed to explore whether positive ST could enhance physical and psychological outcomes in non-athlete populations. Sixty-four healthy adults (36 men, 28 women), screened to exclude any physical limitations, were randomly allocated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed SLJ while engaging in motivational self-talk (e.g., "I can do it!"), whereas the control group performed SLJ without self-talk. The intervention lasted four weeks, with participants performing two to three SLJ trials per week. SLJ performance was measured four times per session, and the best and average distances were recorded. Self-esteem was evaluated using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) before and after the intervention. In the experimental group, SLJ distance and RSE scores significantly improved, but there was no significant change in the control group. These results suggest that incorporating positive self-talk into physical activity can effectively improve physical activity capacity and psychological well-being. In addition, positive self-talk can effectively improve physical activity capacity and self-esteem in non-athletes. This approach can be applied to athlete training, rehabilitation programs, general fitness management, and rehabilitation settings.

Dinar Dinangsit   Tedi Supriyadi   Entan Saptani   Khalmukhamedova Makhbuba Aslanovna   and Abdullaeva Muborak Sobirovna   

This study aims to develop an effective physical education learning model to strengthen the Pancasila Student Profile among elementary school students. The research employed the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate) involving 31 students and 10 elementary school physical education teachers in Sumedang Regency. In the Define stage, students' needs and learning objectives were identified, focusing on the reinforcement of Pancasila values. In the Design stage, the SPARK Model (Strengthening Pancasila Values through Active Role-based Kinetics) was formulated to integrate physical activities with character-building elements such as cooperation, discipline, and empathy. During the development stage, instructional materials and teaching methods were developed, encompassing various relevant sports activities. Finally, the Disseminate stage involved implementing the model in the field and conducting dissemination to teachers and students. The findings indicate that the SPARK model is effective in enhancing students' understanding of Pancasila values as well as their physical skills and character traits. Post-implementation evaluations demonstrated increased student participation and responsibility in the activities conducted. Therefore, this model contributes positively to character formation aligned with the expectations of the Pancasila Student Profile. This study recommends a broader implementation of the SPARK model within the elementary school physical education curriculum.

Heildenberg C. Dimarucot   

The World Health Organization (2022) found that 1.8 billion adults do not reach the prescribed levels of physical activity. To address this persistent issue of low physical activity among adults, the recently established Physical Education (PE) - Physical Activity Towards Health and Fitness 2 (PATHFit) Program has developed a moderate to vigorous fitness program tailored for students in a non-traditional learning context. Thus, this quasi-experimental study aimed to investigate whether there was a significant difference between the results of 140 tertiary male and female students' physical fitness pre- and post-tests under this new course implemented in a hybrid/hyflex mode of instruction. A single pre-test measurement was first taken on Week 1 of the course, followed by implementing the progressive exercise-based fitness model as an intervention. Results revealed that after the 12-week fitness program, participants showed significant improvements with p<0.01 in the Prone Bridge Test, the YMCA 3-minute Step Test, and Wall Squat scores. However, due to the gender gap in improvement, female students need to increase their physical activity (PA) both in school and beyond. The students, especially the less active ones, could benefit from more sound and scientific feedback on their physical fitness status, and this helps them determine if they are prepared for PATHFIT 3 and 4. This study may aid in the evidence-based enhancement of the course and the quality of instruction.

Rika Sepriani   Deswandi   Hilmainur Syampurma   Sepriadi   and Firunika Intan Cahyani   

This study aims to determine the effect of red ginger-infused water immersion time variations on increasing aerobic capacity as measured by VO₂max in sports students. The research method used was an experiment with a pre-test-post-test control group design. In this study, a sample of 24 people was obtained, which was divided into 3 groups, each consisting of 8 sports students. A single blind technique was used, and the groups were divided into three treatment groups with different red ginger-infused water immersion times, namely 6 hours, 9 hours, and 12 hours. VO₂max measurements were taken before and after the intervention using the beep test with a validity of 0.77. The results showed a significant increase in VO₂max (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups after consumption of red ginger-infused water. The average increase in VO₂max in the 6-hour group was 2.55 ± 0.84 ml/kg/min, in the 9-hour group it was 5.52 ± 1.44 ml/kg/min, and in the 12-hour group it was 6.56 ± 1.25 ml/kg/min. However, the One-way ANOVA test results showed no significant difference (p = 0.073 > 0.05) in the increase in VO₂max between immersion time groups. It can be concluded that consuming red ginger-infused water with an immersion time of 6 hours, 9 hours, and 12 hours effectively increases the VO₂max of sports students. However, the difference in effectiveness between immersion times is statistically insignificant. For this reason, infused water can be recommended as a natural ergogenic and increase aerobic capacity in sports students.

Abdur Rohim Fadlan   Robiatun Batubara   and Agung Hilmi Wahdi   

Sleep quality is one of the psychological factors that plays an important role in physical recovery, motor coordination, and sports performance. Sports Education students are required to have good physical fitness and swimming skills, but academic and non-academic activities are one of the causes of sleep quality disorders. This study aims to determine whether or not there is an effect of sleep quality on physical fitness and breaststroke swimming ability. This research model is a comparative quasi-experiment involving 87 active students who have taken swimming courses and are able to do breaststroke swimming for 50 meters without stopping, the sample is divided into 2 groups based on the good sleep quality group and the poor sleep quality group. Sleep quality is measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), while physical fitness is measured by the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI), and breaststroke swimming ability is assessed through a 50-meter swimming time test. Data analysis used the Independent Sample T-Test at a significance level of 0.05. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of sleep quality on physical fitness and breaststroke swimming ability with statistical results of p-value <0.001. These findings emphasize the importance of sleep management as an integral component in a physical training program. For sports educators and coaches, optimal sleep pattern management can improve students' physical readiness and skill performance. Therefore, managing sleep patterns is an important aspect that needs to be considered in the development program for sports education students.

Supriyanto Supriyanto   Setya Rahayu   Rumini Rumini   Hermawan Pamot Raharjo   Heny Setyawati   and Donny Wira Yudha Kusuma   

The basis of this research is the absence of an effective training model in improving the agility of beginner badminton athletes. With the constraints faced, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of the circuit training model in improving the agility of beginner badminton athletes. This study used a quasi-experimental method involving 30 children aged 13-14 years. Ordinally Matching Pairing was used to divide the sample into two groups. The experimental group was given a circuit training model (Ladder Drill, 5x5 meter Shuttle Run, Zig-Zag Cone Run, Bounding, Single-Leg Hop Drill, Medicine Ball Throw + Sprint, T-Drill Agility Test, Reaction Ball Drill), while the control group was given a conventional training model. The collected data was then processed with t-test analysis using IBM SPSS V24. The results of the study conveyed that the use of the circuit training model had a positive effect on improving the agility of beginner badminton athletes, in contrast to the conventional group which only experienced a slower increase than the experimental group. Therefore, the approach with the circuit training model is effective to be applied to the beginner group. Based on the research results, the experimental group had a positive effect on the agility of beginner badminton athletes. Therefore, coaches need to design and implement a circuit training model for beginner athletes. Researchers understand that physical fitness is crucial in badminton, especially agility, such as the ability to change direction quickly and maintain balance when attacking or defending. Furthermore, implementing a circuit training model for beginner athletes helps improve agility and performance during matches.

Krishnakumar S   and Ramakrishnan R   

This study evaluates shadow play, a simulation-based motor imitation technique, for soccer neuromuscular coordination. The need to optimize team sports performance has led researchers and coaches to develop new physical and perceptual-cognitive training methods. Traditional conditioning emphasizes strength and endurance, but neuro-motor synchronization is crucial for quick and accurate game responses. To fill this gap, this research examined how a 12-week shadow play intervention affected agility, reaction time, and hand-eye coordination in NCAA male soccer players. A randomized controlled trial with pretest-posttest design was used to randomly assign 40 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham students from Amritapuri, Kerala, India, to an experimental (shadow play) or control group. Performance characteristics were assessed using standard tests. Data analysis included paired-sample t-tests for within-group differences, and ANCOVA for between-group comparisons, adjusting for baseline scores. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) and Bayes Factors determined effect magnitude and strength. The experimental group exhibited significant gains in all three measures (p < 0.001), with high effect sizes (d > 1.0) and strong Bayes Factors (BF₁₀ > 70), while the control group showed minimal or non-significant changes. ANCOVA results revealed significant between-group differences in post-test performance after adjusting for pre-test scores (p < 0.01, partial η² > 0.2). These results suggest that shadow play enhances neuromuscular coordination by engaging the mirror neuron system and improving anticipatory and reactive abilities. This study contributes to the emerging field of perceptual-motor training by providing empirical evidence on the practical benefits of shadow play. Overall, shadow play presents a promising, neuroscience-informed approach to athletic development.

Nahit Baylan   Murat Tutar   Halil İbrahim Ceylan   Erkan Günay   and Salih Pınar   

Tennis tournaments often require players to compete on consecutive days, leading to muscle damage, DOMS, and performance decrements due to repetitive eccentric movements. This study aimed to examine the effects of a combined recovery protocol on muscle damage, soreness, and performance parameters in junior tennis players during a 4-day tournament. Sixteen elite junior male tennis players were divided into an experimental group (n = 8), which received a recovery protocol and a control group (n = 8), which followed standard post-match routines. Blood samples were collected to analyze CK, LDH, and CRP as biomarkers of muscle damage. Performance metrics sprint, agility, grip, VJ, RJ, and serve velocity were assessed before and after matches and at 48 hours post-tournament. Significant increases in CK (F_(2,26) = 0.611, ηp² = 0.04, p < 0.05) and LDH (F_(2,26) = 1.145, ηp² = 0.08, p<0.05) were observed at post-tournament, with no differences in CRP. Moreover, DOMS increased significantly during the tournament (F_(3,39) = 6.597, ηp² = 0.34, p = 0.001) but was lower in the experimental group at 48 hours post-tournament (d = 1.9, p < 0.05). Sprint (5m: F_(1,13) = 4.843, ηp² = 0.3, d = 1.4; 10m: F_(1,13) = 13.527, ηp² = 0.5, d = 1.2; 20m: F_(1,13) = 20.521, ηp² = 0.6, d = 1.5, p < 0.05) and agility (d = 1.5, p < 0.05) improved in the experimental group post-tournament. The combined recovery protocol effectively reduced DOMS and improved sprint and agility performance at 48 hours post-tournament, providing valuable insights into optimizing recovery in high-intensity, intermittent sports.

Neethu Pranankattil Radhakrishnan   Kuppuswamy Muralirajan   Dilshith Azeezul Kabeer   Wilson Vinu   Aravind Mattuchira Kumaran   Shareef Kalamban Kottarath   Safad Annar Kandi   Alexandru Ioan Băltean   Karuppasamy Govindasamy   Farjana Akter Boby   and Vlad Adrian Geantă   

Background. Middle-distance running performance depends on the body's ability to efficiently utilize oxygen, maintain cardiovascular fitness, and sustain endurance through structured training. However, excessive training can lead to fatigue and a higher risk of injury. Diet and physiological factors like muscle composition and oxygen transport capacity can also affect performance. Objective. This study investigates how training load, aerobic capacity, and cardiovascular efficiency influence performance in middle-distance runners, while also analysing gender-based differences in race outcomes. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 50 amateur middle-distance runners (25 men, 25 women) aged 21 to 28. Data collection included a questionnaire on demographics, race times, and weekly mileage, followed by physiological assessments. VO₂max was measured using the Bruce Treadmill Protocol, and RHR was recorded with a digital heart rate monitor. Weekly mileage was tracked via GPS and manual lap counting. Statistical analyses included t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regressions to determine performance predictors. Results. Higher weekly mileage significantly (p < 0.05) improved 1500m times, while greater VO₂max was correlated with better 800m performance. Lower RHR was linked to enhanced endurance. Males ran faster than females, though no significant gender differences were found in injury rates. Dietary preferences did not significantly impact performance. Conclusion: Structured endurance training, aerobic development, and cardiovascular efficiency assessment are crucial for optimizing middle-distance performance. Implementing evidence-based training strategies can enhance athletic potential while minimizing injury risks.

Rosario Ceruso   Giovanni Esposito   Giuseppe Penna   Vincenzo Manzi   and Gaetano Raiola   

Esports is an industry that has attracted the attention of governments, sports organisations and academics worldwide. However, it is still unclear in the scientific literature what the impact of this growing participation in eSports is on real sports practice, particularly in the football context. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review to assess the impact of eSports on sporting practice, particularly football, focusing on the improvement of social, cognitive and motor, technical and tactical skills in young footballers. Systematic search was conducted using online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus. The process was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The screening process was summarized by means of a flow chart in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Following the screening, 4 articles focused on the relationship and comparison between eSports and sporting activity in general and 5 articles on the influence of video games on young people's cognitive abilities. A positive effect on the stimulation of cognitive skills such as decision making, memory and cognitive flexibility emerges, suggesting that the controlled and targeted use of video games can complement training protocols in sports. In conclusion, the strategic integration of eSports in youth sport activities, especially in football, could represent an opportunity to improve performance both on the technical-tactical and psychophysical level.

Ewendi W Mangolo   and Rif'iy Qomarrullah   

This article examines the role of physical education in fostering peace awareness among students in Papua, a region characterized by social and cultural diversity as well as a history of conflict. This research is based on the premise that sports-based education, particularly physical education (PE), can serve as an effective tool for character development, conflict resolution, and promoting social harmony within educational settings. The primary aim of this research is to assess how physical education contributes to instilling values of peace, tolerance, and inclusivity among students in Papua. By employing a qualitative descriptive method, data was gathered through interviews, observations, and document analysis at several schools in Papua. The findings indicate that physical education, when combined with peace-oriented learning strategies, significantly enhances students' interpersonal skills, empathy, and understanding of diversity. Furthermore, physical education provides a practical setting for students to engage in teamwork, adhere to rules, and develop emotional regulation. Nevertheless, the implementation faces challenges due to insufficient teacher training, a lack of contextual curriculum, and social-political dynamics. This study concludes that physical education has to enhance peace awareness in the educational landscape of Papua; however, it requires systemic support, curriculum innovation, and teacher empowerment to fully realize its impact.

Eki Aldapit   Sulaiman   Rumini   and Hadi   

This study investigates the integration of talent scouting within school-based physical education (PJOK) programs in Lampung Province, Indonesia, with a focus on the roles of PJOK teachers and institutional support in identifying and nurturing young sports talent at the elementary and junior high school levels. Employing a qualitative case study design, the research involves purposive sampling of physical education teachers, school administrators, and local sports development officers. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and direct classroom observations, and analyzed thematically to uncover patterns related to talent identification, challenges encountered, and institutional mechanisms in place. The results reveal substantial gaps in the implementation of talent scouting, primarily due to the absence of teacher training and standardized scouting frameworks. Additionally, weak collaboration between schools and local sports organizations further hinders early talent development. These findings underscore the urgent need for policy intervention to integrate structured talent identification processes into the PJOK curriculum and enhance teacher competencies through targeted professional development. This study contributes scientifically by offering a contextualized model of early-stage talent identification in school settings, and recommends the adoption of SINTO (Sistem Informasi Olahraga Terpadu) as a digital platform to support real-time tracking and coordination across educational and sports institutions. These outcomes provide concrete strategies for building a more systematic and sustainable sports talent development pipeline at the regional level, with potential scalability for national implementation.

Ali N. Alshuraymi   and Peter A. Hastie   

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of two instructional approaches: Traditional Physical Education (PE) and the Sport Education model, on Saudi Arabian middle school students' intrinsic motivation and perceived achievement of Saudi national objectives for PE. Sixty-three male students (aged 11–15) participated in a quasi-experimental design, with 28 in the Sport Education group and 35 in the Traditional PE group. Data were collected through three pre- and post-surveys. Between-group analysis revealed significant differences favoring Sport Education in perceived autonomy, effort, and achievement of Saudi national objectives for PE. No significant differences were found for perceived competence, relatedness, or enjoyment between the two conditions. Within-group analysis revealed that Sport Education participants showed significant improvements across all three psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness), as well as perceived enjoyment and effort from pre- to post-intervention. In contrast, students in the Traditional PE group improved only in perceived competence and enjoyment. These results suggest that Sport Education is more effective than Traditional PE in enhancing students' intrinsic motivation and supporting the achievement of national objectives for PE in Saudi Arabia.

Nina Jermaina   Sari Mariati   Neny Sandrawati   Eliya Pebriyeni   and Eko Purnomo   

Intellectual disability sports remain relatively unfamiliar to the general public, despite their significant potential to promote social inclusion and reshape perceptions of individuals with intellectual disabilities. A lack of awareness and understanding continues to hinder the creation of an inclusive environment. This study aims to analyze the impact of promoting intellectual disability sports on public participation both in terms of quality and quantity and to identify the ongoing challenges in enhancing such participation. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, using data collected from interviews and documentation. A total of 16 respondents participated in the study. The five key informants included two officials from the Youth and Sports Office and three coaches from Special Olympics Indonesia. Additionally, there were 11 supporting respondents consisting of seven members of the general public and four university academics. The findings reveal a significant increase in public participation. In terms of quality, consistent and informative promotion has successfully shifted public perceptions, leading to greater appreciation of the talents and achievements of athletes with intellectual disabilities. In terms of quantity, there has been a rise in the number of sports events dedicated to these athletes, along with increased involvement from communities, companies, and government institutions. However, challenges remain, such as limited public understanding of intellectual disabilities and a lack of accessible, disability-friendly sports facilities. The promotion of intellectual disability sports has proven effective in enhancing public participation both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Fitria Dwi Andriyani   Tri Ani Hastuti   Francis Ries   Indah Prasetyawati Tri Purnama Sari   Sigit Dwi Andrianto   George Thomas   and Stuart J. H. Biddle   

This study investigated the correlates of physical activity among adolescents in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using quota and incidental sampling across 15 junior high schools. Participants (n = 4,719; 52.3% male; Mage = 13.92, SD = 0.92) completed the Indonesian version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) and a modified version of the Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ). Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with sufficient physical activity (PAQ-A score ≥ 3). Overall, 64.5% of students had insufficient physical activity. Sufficient physical activity was significantly associated with school grade, sex, age, participation in sports extracurriculars or clubs, enrolment in special sports classes, television viewing, social media use, and screen-based gaming (p < 0.05). Male students (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.74–2.34), those participating in sports extracurriculars (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.88–2.48), and students in special sports classes (OR = 3.12, 95% CI: 2.43–4.02) were more likely to meet physical activity recommendations. In contrast, more time spent playing screen-based games was associated with lower odds of sufficient physical activity (OR = 0.915, 95% CI: 0.869–0.963). Physical activity interventions should be culturally adapted, targeting girls and those disengaged from structured sports while leveraging school-based and weekend opportunities for active living.

Oman Sukmana   Agus Rianto   Ilham Kauli   Salmin   Laily Hasanah   Sri Susanti   and Fritz Hotman Syahmahita Damanik   

Athletes often experience significant psychological pressures related to body image, influenced by sport-specific ideals, societal expectations, and internalized perfectionism. These factors can lead to body dissatisfaction, disordered eating behaviors, and adverse mental health outcomes. This systematic review aims to assess the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with body image among athletes across different sports, genders, and levels of competition, and to examine the psychological pressures experienced in competitive sports. A secondary aim is to synthesize empirical findings on how these pressures influence athletes' mental well-being and identity formation. A systematic search was conducted across multidisciplinary databases, including Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ScienceDirect. Inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2024 that explored the intersection of body image and psychological pressures in sports. A total of 38 studies were reviewed. The study selection process followed PRISMA guidelines and included a quality assessment of each study. Findings revealed that body image dissatisfaction is prevalent among both male and female athletes, though with sport- and gender-specific variations. Psychological pressures stem from coaching practices, media influence, competition demands, and peer comparisons. These pressures are linked to anxiety, low self-esteem, disordered eating, and burnout. The review highlights the need for cultural and institutional reforms that shift the athletic narrative from external appearance to health and performance.

Zuhair Al Salim   

Regular engagement in physical activity and sports is essential for individuals with disabilities, as it benefits their physical, mental, and social health and ultimately enhances their quality of life. This study aims to compare the quality of life for individuals with physical disabilities according to their gender and engagement in physical activity in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study design was selected to conduct this study. The research involved 76 participants: 33 females and 43 males. Among them, only 17.1% were Saudi national boccia players, while 35.5% were members of sports clubs, and 47.4% were non-athletes. Participants completed the WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire. Physical quality of life (F (2, 70) = 5.83, p = .005, partial η² = .143), mental quality of life (F (2, 70) = 5.62, p = .005, partial η² = .138), and environmental quality of life (F (2, 70) = 11.04, p = .001, partial η² = .240) were all significantly different between the three groups of people who played sports. There were no significant differences between groups of gender on the dependent variables, Wilk's Λ = .981, F (4, 67) = .319, p = .865, partial η² = .019. Adaptive sports could serve as a valuable public health intervention, offering fresh perspectives and encouraging individuals with physical disabilities to take an active role in improving their quality of life. Based on these findings, promoting sports and adaptive sports should be prioritized at the policy level.

Anwar Al-Nuaim   and Mohamed D. Hassan   

Background: Prolonged immobility during air travel contributes to musculoskeletal discomfort, circulatory strain, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Despite awareness efforts, current inflight interventions often lack practicality within constrained cabin environments. Objective: To evaluate passenger awareness of health risks associated with physical inactivity during long-haul flights and assess perceptions of a patented portable exercise device designed for in-cabin use. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 111 adult participants from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain, and Qatar. An expert-validated questionnaire assessed three dimensions: awareness of physical inactivity risks, perceived effectiveness of the proposed device, and the practical need for onboard movement solutions. Responses were rated using a five-point Likert scale, and reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. Results: Participants reported strong awareness of fatigue and discomfort-related risks (overall M = 3.97), while awareness of DVT was lower (M = 3.60). The exercise device was positively perceived for promoting inflight movement and comfort (M = 4.11). The need for compact and ergonomic exercise solutions was strongly supported (M = 4.03). Cronbach's alpha values exceeded 0.92 for all dimensions. Conclusion: The findings validate the proposed device as a practical preventive tool for mitigating immobility-related health risks during long-haul flights. Results emphasize the importance of public education and cabin-compatible wellness innovations. Application: This study informs airline efforts to adopt inflight health strategies by integrating compact exercise tools and increasing passenger awareness of inactivity-related risks.

Lutfi Nur   Mesa Rahmi Stephani   Yopi Kusdinar   Teten Hidayat   Purwati   Andhega Wijaya   Dadi   Dede Iman Suhendra   Arief Abdul Malik   and Fariha Nilan   

Students’ excessive screen time reduces their physical activities and character strengthening. Besides, the massive influence of globalization through technology causes the need to strengthen national character values, especially in elementary school students. One of the efforts to overcome this problem is through the integration of the Sport Education Model (SEM) and local wisdom-based material, which needs to be implemented in schools. SEM based on local wisdom can strengthen the understanding of cultural values and national character, as well as develop social skills such as cooperation, responsibility, and respect for differences. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of SEM based on local wisdom learning materials in improving independent and cooperative attitudes in elementary school students. This study employed a quantitative design with a pre-test and a post-test given to 90 elementary students in three cities in West Java Province (Tasikmalaya, Sukabumi, and Bandung) as the research respondents. The result of the study showed that 84% of the sample experienced a significant increase in independent attitude, while 67% of the respondents experienced an increase in cooperative attitude. Based on this finding, it can be concluded that the implementation of SEM based on local wisdom is significantly effective in shaping students’ independence and social cooperation, especially for elementary students. This study recommends the implementation of SEM as an alternative to strengthen students’ character education as a response to the globalization challenges.

Christina Koutra   Vasiliki J. Malliou   Maria Liga   Katerina Daskalaki   and Manos Stefanakis   

This study examined the effects of a combined hippotherapy and ground exercise program on gait performance, fatigue, energy expenditure, and quality of life (QoL) in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), with a focus on both immediate and sustained outcomes. Twenty participants with MS were divided into an intervention group (IG; n = 11) and a control group (CG; n = 9). The IG underwent a two-month program comprising 13–16 sessions of hippotherapy and ground exercises. Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and six weeks later (follow-up). Outcomes included the Modified 6-Minute Walk Test, Physiological Cost Index (PCI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Visual Analogue Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F), and the MSQoL-54 questionnaire. The IG showed a significant improvement in walking distance (p < .001), without a concomitant increase in state fatigue (VAS-F), which was maintained at follow-up. Trait fatigue significantly decreased (FSS score reduction of 11.36 points, p = .014). PCI remained unchanged. QoL improved significantly in both physical and mental domains (p < .01). No significant changes were observed in the CG. Satisfaction with sexual life did not change in either group. In conclusion, a combined hippotherapy and ground exercise intervention improved walking performance, reduced trait fatigue, and enhanced QoL in people with MS. These benefits were sustained post-intervention, suggesting that such programs can be an effective and lasting non-pharmacological strategy in MS rehabilitation.

Husnul Hadi   Muh Isna Nurdin Wibisana   and Utvi Hinda Zhannisa   

The groundstroke is the basis of the game of court tennis which determines the control of the court and the ability to defend and attack in a match. For professional athletes, mastery of groundstroke technique and consistency are key to controlling the game and winning important points. The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable assessment instrument to measure basic groundstroke technique skills in junior tennis players. This instrument is expected to help coaches evaluate athletes' abilities objectively and develop more effective training programmes. The method used in this research is Development or Research and Development (R&D). The development of this instrument uses the ADDIE model. The samples in this study were 30 beginner-level junior tennis players aged under 15 years. The ADDIE model analyses the target user athlete to ensure the instrument developed is as needed, designs an assessment instrument that includes indicators of basic groundstroke technique skills including the assessment format, measurement scale, and guidelines for use and is tested for validity and reliability through a limited trial. Validation results showed high content validity (Aiken's V= 0.83-1.00) and strong internal consistency (Cronbach'a Alpha =0.864). These findings confirm that the instrument is both valid and reliable for evaluating the technical proficiency of beginner tennis players. The instrument is practical for use in real training settings and offers coaches a structured tool to assess, monitor, and improve players' technical development. Further refinement and testing with a larger sample are recommended to enhance its applicability and reliability.

Andang Rohendi   Heri Yusuf Muslihin   Pulung Riyanto   and Hendra Rustiawan   

This study examined the effects of an empowering coaching climate on exercise tolerance, physiological stress recovery, and psychological adaptation among university-level football athletes in West Java, Indonesia. Using a true experimental pretest-posttest control group design, 40 male athletes (aged 18–21) enrolled in undergraduate programs were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. The experimental group received training integrated with empowering coaching strategies characterized by autonomy support, task involvement, and social support while the control group received conventional instruction without motivational emphasis. Both groups underwent standardized training in volume and intensity. Key psychophysiological indicators were measured, including heart rate variability (HRV: RMSSD and LF/HF), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), and the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport). Additionally, perceptions of the coaching climate were assessed using the EDMCQ-C. Results showed that the empowering coaching group exhibited significantly higher RMSSD, lower LF/HF ratios, reduced RPE, improved stress-recovery balance, and more positive motivational climate perceptions. These findings suggest that an empowering coaching climate facilitates better physiological regulation and psychological resilience during training. Although performance skills were not directly measured, the study provides strong evidence supporting the integration of empowering coaching strategies into youth and university athletic programs to enhance athlete wellbeing and long-term engagement.

Ferry Yohannes Wattimena   Tomoliyus   Abdul Alim   Burhan Basyiruddin   and Yovhandra Ockta   

The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of the mental imagery method and the relaxation method in improving shooting ability at a distance of 20 meters in beginner archers. This research involved 34 students from the Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, as the research subjects. The study used an experimental method with archery performance measured using 3-arrow shooting instruments for 5 series, with a maximum total score of 150. The mental imagery and relaxation interventions were conducted over a specified training period. Data collection tools for mental imagery included guided visualization scripts and imagery training logs, while relaxation was measured using progressive muscle relaxation protocols and participant self-assessment checklists. The results of the study showed: (1) A significant improvement in archery ability in the mental imagery group, with a t-count of 5.100 > t-table 2.119. (2) A significant improvement in the relaxation group, with a t-count of 5.442 > t-table 2.119. (3) A final test comparison between the two methods showed the mental imagery group had a mean score of 32.36 (SD = 18.12; variance = 328.51), while the relaxation group had a mean of 28.95 (SD = 17.81; variance = 317.37), with a t-count of 0.553 > t-table 0.203. These results indicate that the mental imagery method is more effective than the relaxation method in improving shooting ability at a distance of 20 meters for beginner archer.

Albina Volkotrubova   Difeng Fan   Zhi Bin Gao   Da Lin Huang   and Iryna Samokhvalova   

Relevance of the study: The relevance of the study is conditioned by the pressing need to modernize methodological frameworks in physical education in response to the accelerating digital transformation of the educational landscape. The integration of classical and immersive instructional modalities contributes to the comprehensive formation of students' values of physical culture by aligning traditional motor learning with innovative technological engagement. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to empirically evaluate the pedagogical efficacy of classical, immersive, and hybrid instructional models in fostering the values of physical culture among students, using table tennis as a representative physical activity. Methods: The research employed a structured experimental design comprising the following stages: construction of an experimental learning environment; development of differentiated educational programs (classical, immersive, hybrid); implementation of these programs within controlled group settings; and subsequent empirical validation through comparative statistical analysis of performance outcomes. Results obtained: The study, conducted among 105 university students, revealed statistically significant improvements across all groups. The average performance score in the control group increased from 41.963 to 46.686 points (+11.252%), in the immersive group "A" — to 47.943 points (+14.248%), and in the hybrid group "B" — to 51.657 points (+23.099%). The hybrid instructional model demonstrated superior efficacy, outperforming the classical model by a factor of 2.1 and the immersive model by a factor of 1.6, particularly in metrics related to game dynamics and skill integration. Scientific novelty of the study: The scientific novelty lies in the experimental substantiation of a hybrid educational model that synthesizes classical and immersive methods, thereby generating a multidimensional pedagogical effect across technical, cognitive, and motivational domains. This model operationalizes an integrative approach to physical education that aligns with contemporary educational paradigms and learner engagement mechanisms. Prospects for future research: Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to assess the sustainability of the observed outcomes and to examine delayed or cumulative effects of hybrid instruction over time. Moreover, further empirical inquiry is warranted to explore the adaptability and effectiveness of the hybrid model across varied physical disciplines, educational levels, and demographic profiles.

Andi Sultan Brilin Susandi Eka Wahyudhi   Ahmad Nasrulloh   and Sigit Nugroho   

This study analyzes shooting techniques because athletes who have good shooting accuracy can change the dynamics of the game and create new opportunities. Is it important to practice throwing shots on iron, half shot, and lob shot? Differences in the endurance of the arm muscles of each beginner athlete cause changes in movement patterns when performing throwing techniques. The research method is an experiment with a 3x2 factorial pattern. The number of training meetings is 20 with a duration of 60 - 100 hours. Two Way ANOVA was used for analysis. The results showed a sig value of 0,92 > 0.05 so there was no difference in the effect of shot on the iron, half shot, and lob shot training on the accuracy of petanque shooting. There was no difference in the effect of high and low arm muscle endurance on the accuracy of petanque shooting because the sig value was 0.90 > 0.05. There was no difference in the interaction of shot on the iron, half shot, and lob shot training on the accuracy of shooting in terms of arm muscle endurance because the sig value was 0.217 > 0.05. Providing motivation and encouragement is important in instilling positive thoughts, training focus, stress management, training breathing, and increasing the fighting spirit of athletes in participating in training.

Wildan Haru Pradani   Anindra Guspa   Izzanil Hidayati   Wirza Feny Rahayu   and Fidia Oktarisa   

Self-talk conducted by athletes has become an important focus in sport psychology, especially in the context of performance enhancement, emotion regulation, and motivation. This study aims to analyze the development of research on self-talk in sport over the past 30 years. This study explores research related to self talk from 1996-2025. Using information from the Scopus database, this study attempts to map research self-talk using bibliometric analysis. To investigate publishing trends, author partnerships, prominent keywords, and developing research subjects, analysis was done using VOSviewer and R software (Bibliometrix). The results of this study show that there has been significant growth in publications related to self-talk since 2011, with peak productivity in 2018 and 2022. Researchers such as Hatzigeorgiadis A and Latinjak AT stand out as major contributors. The University of Thessaly and Greece were the most productive institutions and countries. Thematic analysis revealed a shift in research focus from general topics such as physiology and verbal behavior to more specific topics such as anxiety, emotion regulation, and athletic performance. These findings indicated the importance of self-talk in improving athlete performance. Further research involving more diverse populations, such as female athletes and younger age groups, as well as team sport contexts, is needed. Overall, this study offers an in-depth overview of developments in the topic of self-talk in sports and its implications for sports psychology practice.

Darkhan Zhumashev   Dinara Numukhanbetova   Adilbay Tastanov   Galia Madieva   and Taiyrzhan Iskakov   

The study aims to address the objective possibilities of organising the recovery process of young boxers after training effects. The basis of the methodological approach in this paper was the construction of a survey, with the analysis of the results and the introduction of changes to the research process, depending on the results of the second survey. A group of 25 boxers, aged 13-15, from the Karken Akhmetov Republican Specialised Boarding School-College of the Olympic Reserve were interviewed, which showed that approximately 50% of the total number of young boxers surveyed showed signs of overtraining and excessive fatigue after completing a three-month summer training camp. The study established that in the mentioned sports and educational institutions the use of various means of recovery of young boxers after training sessions is practised: pedagogical, medical-biological, and psychological. They help achieve a sustainable effect of qualitative recovery of young athletes after physical exertion, which allows them to prepare for the most important competitions in optimal physical condition. In addition, depending on the specific characteristics of the psychophysiological state of young athletes and the peculiarities of their recovery after training loads, a combined combination of these recovery means is practised to achieve the optimal effect. The result of a properly structured recovery process is the removal of fatigue after the training loads endured by boxers – students of the educational institution in question and their bringing to optimal physical conditions by the time of the most important sports competitions, for which the training programme is built.

Habib Noorbhai   

This paper investigates the time available to cricket batters for shot selection against fast and spin bowlers, presenting an analysis to estimate trajectory time of the ball that can infer appropriate decision-making. In this study, data and statistical analyses were conducted using Python (Version 3.12.0) with Jupyter Notebook (Version 7.2). Libraries used for data visualisation included Pandas (Version 2.2.2), NumPy (Version 1.25.1) and Matplotlib (Version 3.9.0). Descriptive (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (independent sample t-test) were computed with a significance level set at 0.05. As expected, fast bowlers produced significantly shorter available reaction time for batters (Mean = 0.45 sec, SD = 0.04) compared to spin bowlers (Mean = 0.75 sec, SD = 0.08). A statistically significant difference between the two groups was observed (p < 0.001), confirming that fast bowlers place greater time pressure on batters to make rapid decisions. Additional factors under such time constraints include the heterogeneity of deliveries being bowled, environmental conditions, flight, swing, dip, spin, post-bounce and ball angle. The findings emphasise the need for advanced anticipatory skills and rapid decision-making to succeed in cricket, with a further understanding of batters visual and neural stimuli.

Jordan M. Pocaan   Alfonso L. Garcia Jr.   Lizel Lerios   Jeremiah Talento   Tomas Encinares   Oliver F. Garbin   and Vince Marion Oro   

Dodgeball is gaining popularity as a recreational sport worldwide. While the Philippines has a strong sports culture, much has focused on more traditional sports such as basketball, volleyball, and athletics. This study evaluates the effect of Filipino dodgeball game on agility, speed, and special endurance of university students and examines the sex difference based on the results. Forty-eight undergraduate students enrolled in the Physical Activity Towards Health and Fitness (PATHFIT) 2 course in the same program and had no existing medical condition participated in the study. Using a nonrandomized trial involving two groups, utilizing pre- and post-tests, the study spanned three phases: (i) one week dedicated to pre-testing and a dry run game for familiarization; (ii) an eight-week game competition; and (iii) one week for post-testing. Similar procedures were applied in both tests. The results showed that the 8-week dodgeball competition significantly influenced the speed, agility, and endurance of participants (p ≤ 0.0001). The agility of male participants greatly improved compared to females (p ≤ 0.05). Meanwhile, the speed of female participants significantly improved compared to male participants (p ≤ 0.001). The improvement in special endurance shows no significant difference between the groups (p ≥ 0.05). The proponents of this study encourage physical educators at the tertiary level to include dodgeball competitions in the course curriculum to improve the physical performance and activity participation of their students as required in PATHFIT courses.

Tanmaya Milind Swati Kapre   Joseph Oliver Raj Alexander   and Tushar J. Palekar   

Mental imagery is used to re-create a sporting scenario in the mind to enhance sporting technique and performance. Less research has been done on internal and external imagery both in combination. The aim of this study was to see the effect of mental imagery in enhancing soccer passing and control skills in male collegiate-level players. The study evaluated 60 male collegiate soccer athletes, allocated into imagery and control groups. Both the groups were tested for their passing and control skills using Loughborough soccer passing test (LSPT) and McDonald Soccer skill test, followed by mental imagery intervention for a period of 3 weeks for the experimental group. Post-intervention LSPT and McDonald soccer test scores were taken again for both the groups. Within group statistical analysis of data was done using Wilcoxon signed rank test for the two means pre- and post-intervention and between groups using Mann-Whitney U test. Results showed that there was a notable improvement in the LSPT and McDonald soccer test score measured pre and post imagery. Mental imagery can be a beneficial technique in improving skill-specific training in collegiate-level athletes, for maintaining focus on skillsets, strength and power post-injury and surgery, during detraining and return to sport.

Pafis George   Malliou Vasiliki   Ispirlidis Ioannis   Koutra Christina   and Katsikas Christos   

Athletic recovery in modern professional football represents a multifactorial process influenced by physiological, psychological, and environmental factors. The intense demands of continuous matches and training sessions, combined with limited recovery time, highlight the urgent need for evidence-based and individualized recovery strategies. The aim of this review is to present the most widely applied methods at the elite level and to evaluate their effectiveness based on scientific data. Among these methods are ice bath therapy, cryotherapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), massage therapy, self-myofascial release using foam rollers, active recovery (especially in water), stretching, compression garments, sleep, and nutrition. The importance of balancing fundamental recovery practices with innovative technologies is emphasized, as is the necessity of tailoring interventions to the individual needs of each athlete. The literature review indicates that no single method is entirely effective on its own; rather, the combined and targeted application of these strategies—at the appropriate time—can enhance performance, reduce fatigue, and lower the risk of injury. Modern recovery requires a multi-layered and flexible model, oriented toward the specific demands of both the sport and the individual football player.

Lola C. A.   Bassa E.   Amanatidou Z.   Papavasileiou A.   Stavropoulou G.   Trigonis I.   and Hatzimanouil D.   

The assessment of motor skills in youth handball athletes is a critical yet underexplored area, particularly regarding the use of standardized, sport-specific tests for technical proficiency. This study addresses a significant gap in the field by validating and establishing the reliability of three handball-specific skill tests—Dribbling, Wall Quick Passing, and Shooting Accuracy—in female athletes aged 12–14. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of a structured, expert-driven rubric for performance evaluation, which enhances objectivity and transparency in assessing complex technical skills, moving beyond traditional physical conditioning tests. Logical and construct validity were established through expert panel evaluations and Spearman's rho correlation analyses between expert ratings and rubric scores, confirming that the tests accurately measure the intended technical abilities. Reliability was rigorously tested using test-retest methodology, Cronbach's Alpha, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs), all demonstrating excellent internal consistency and measurement stability (ICCs > 0.93). The results provide coaches with robust, evidence-based tools for monitoring athlete development and identifying talent, supporting individualized feedback and targeted training interventions. By offering a standardized, transparent framework, the rubric-based assessments promote fairness and objectivity in selection and development processes, addressing long-standing concerns about subjectivity in talent identification. This approach also encourages the adoption of evidence-based practices in youth coaching, contributing to the broader educational mission of fostering skill acquisition, motivation, and self-awareness among young athletes. While the study's limitations include a relatively small sample size and testing in controlled rather than in-game conditions, its findings lay the groundwork for future research into comprehensive, game-relevant skill assessments. Overall, the validated tests and innovative rubric methodology represent a significant advancement in youth handball performance diagnostics, with practical implications for coaching, talent identification, and the promotion of equitable opportunities in youth sports.

Akhila   Vidya S. Rao   Jayalakshmi N. S.   and Krishna Prasad P. R.   

Accurate biomechanical models of the human body were essential for understanding, predicting, and simulating human movement. While complex, multi-segment models offered high fidelity, their computational cost often limited their practical application. This study focused on optimizing a simplified three-link lower limb model to enhance its dynamic performance by incorporating impact of ground reaction forces while maintaining computational efficiency. To address the model's limitations in capturing complex human movements, evolutionary algorithms were employed to refine its parameters. The Ant Lion optimizer, Cuckoo search, Dragonfly algorithm, and Fminsearch algorithm were utilized to determine optimal values for link lengths, mass distribution, and joint stiffness. The model performance was assessed by comparing simulated lower limb with ground reaction forces, joint torques, and angles through experimental data from dynamic tasks. The fitness functions were multi-objective in nature to simultaneously minimize the three lower limb angle prediction errors. The Ant Lion optimizer demonstrated a significant advantage in terms of convergence rate and dynamic model parameter optimization with minimal root mean square error. While the Fminsearch algorithm caused overfitting of parameters, making it unsuitable for the current application, it could be useful in hybrid optimization techniques. This research aimed to identify the most suitable optimization algorithm for improving model accuracy and to explore the trade-offs between model simplicity and dynamic fidelity.

Yendrizal   Angga Okta Pratama   Riang Hari Ramadhan   and Yovhandra Ockta   

Muscle hypertrophy plays a crucial role in supporting physical performance, metabolism, and overall health. Even though Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat are commonly used health indicators, their role in predicting muscle hypertrophy remains underexplored. The purpose of this study is to explore the connection between BMI, body fat, and muscle hypertrophy in physically active individuals. Using a descriptive quantitative design with a correlational approach, the study involved 40 purposively selected students from a total of 126 enrolled in a Sports Coaching specialization program. Data were collected using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) to measure BMI and anthropometric measurement of quadriceps muscle to assess muscle hypertrophy. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a very strong and statistically significant relationship between BMI and muscle hypertrophy (r = 0.970, p = 0.000). These results suggest that individuals with higher BMI tend to experience greater muscle hypertrophy, possibly due to their initial body mass composition. Even though BMI does not distinguish between fat and muscle hypertrophy, this study highlights its potential as a practical predictor in fitness program planning when complemented with body fat analysis. The findings contribute theoretically by supporting existing anthropometric models and offer practical insights for fitness and rehabilitation professionals. However, limitations such as the small sample size and the specific population studied restrict the generalizability of the findings. Future research should include more diverse populations and adopt longitudinal designs to examine long-term changes in muscle hypertrophy, BMI, and body fat, while also considering additional factors such as genetics, diet, and activity level. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the connection between BMI, body fat, and muscle hypertrophy, and encourages more comprehensive evaluation models in health and fitness strategies.

Gaafar A.   Al Yaaribi A.   Al Droushi A R.   Al Kitani M.   Al Jadidi K.   Al Maqbali D. H.   Abunaser F.   Altamimi M.   Alshamy A.   and Sharshouh M.   

This study explores the role of public-private partnerships in supporting talented athletes and enhancing sports development within educational institutions in the Sultanate of Oman. It aims to assess how private sector collaboration contributes to improving sports training facilities, funding specialized programs, and expanding scholarship opportunities for gifted student-athletes. Employing a descriptive survey methodology, the study involved 118 participants, including 95 physical education teachers and supervisors from the Ministry of Education and 23 representatives from the private sector (sponsoring companies and sports investors). Data were collected via a validated questionnaire designed and reviewed by experts in sports education. The findings reveal that private sector companies play a significant role in enhancing athlete performance through financial support, qualified coaching, and participation in local sports events. However, the study also highlights challenges such as lack of sustained funding and limited coordination between companies and educational institutions. These gaps reduce the potential long-term impact of support initiatives. The study concludes that while private sector involvement positively influences the development of talented athletes, more structured, long-term, and collaborative efforts are essential for sustainable sports development in educational settings.

Ridho Bahtra   John Arwandi   Aridhotul Haqiyah   Hadi Pery Fajri   Wilder Geovanny Valencia   Alex Aldha Yudi   and Kartono Pramdhan   

The problem in this research is that the physical condition of soccer players is not yet fully understood, such as their endurance, speed, or other physical characteristics. Therefore, further research is needed to assess and analyze the extent of these soccer players' physical condition. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with a survey approach. The sample in this research was 30 young soccer players. The instruments used were 1) yoyo intermittent recovery test to measure endurance, 2) sprint 30 m to measure speed, 3) standing broad jump to measure leg muscle explosive power, and 4) Illinois agility run test to measure agility. The collected data will be analysed using statistical techniques with SPSS 26 and Microsoft Excel software. From the data analysis that has been carried out, it was obtained that: 1) endurance with an average VO₂Max of 47.08 is in the poor category, 2) speed with an average time of 4.27 seconds is in the good category, 3) leg muscles explosive power with an average jump of 2.35 m is in the moderate category, and 4) agility with an average time of 17.31 seconds is in the moderate category. The results of this study generally indicate that the physical condition of the players is still not in accordance with the standards of physical condition of soccer players required. Coaches must improve the physical condition of the players so that they can compete at a higher level. This data can be a reference for coaches to design and compile more effective training programs. The right training program will help improve the physical condition of the players.

Alexandros Nikolopoulos   Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez   Afroditi Lola   Georgina Stavropoulou   Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez   Vasiliki Manou   and Athanasios A. Dalamitros   

Recognizing the impact of the relative age effect (RAE) in talent selection can help ensure a more equitable and effective athlete development pathway. This study examined the prevalence of the RAE and its potential influences on critical anthropometric and swimming performance metrics in a cohort of talented adolescent athletes participating in the Hellenic Swimming Federation program. The presence of the place of early development effect was also explored. The sample consisted of 129 male and female swimmers born in 2008 (males, =24; females, =26) and 2009 (males, =41; females, =36) during the 2022 annual talent meeting. According to the results, evidence for the prevalence of the RAE for the 14-year-old male participants born in the first quarter (19.4%) and both male and female participants aged 13 (29.2 and 29.0% for male and female swimmers respectively), also born in the first quarter was observed. The impact of the RAE on 50 m and 400 m swimming performance was apparent only in male swimmers (<.05). The anthropometric variables examined did not exhibit a significant impact of the RAE, on either gender, with the exception of sitting height in female participants aged 13. Moreover, the swimmers' representation in the national talent program was influenced by their place of early development, with smaller regions exhibiting higher talent participation. These findings highlight the importance of strategies to mitigate the impact of the RAE and ensure equal access to training resources for all swimmers regardless of their early development location.

Dilshith Azeezul Kabeer   Vinu Wilson   Shareef Kalamban Kottarath   Safad Annar Kandi   Aravind Mattuchira Kumaran   Farjana Akter Boby   Karuppasamy Govindasamy   Robert Çitozi   and Vlad Adrian Geantă   

Background: This study explores the impact of different types of passion, harmonious and obsessive, on burnout among university-level soccer players, with a focus on how motivation mediates these relationships. Understanding how passion influences burnout through motivation can help in developing strategies to improve athlete well-being. Methods: Data were collected from 164 university-level soccer players from Calicut University. The study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 4 software to examine the relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, motivation, and burnout dimensions including physical and emotional exhaustion, reduced accomplishment, and sports devaluation, as well as types of passion such as harmonious and obsessive. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate both direct and indirect effects among these variables. Results: The analysis demonstrated that harmonious passion is negatively related to burnout, emphasizing its protective role. Motivation was identified as a significant mediator in this relationship, suggesting that while passion influences motivation, it does not directly impact burnout. Higher motivation levels were associated with lower burnout, indicating that increasing motivation can help manage burnout effectively. Conclusion: The findings underscore the crucial role of motivation in mediating the relationship between passion and burnout. Harmonious passion reduces burnout primarily by boosting motivation. Enhancing motivation could be a key strategy for managing burnout among athletes, with harmonious passion supporting this process. These findings have practical applications for sports psychologists and coaches in developing motivation-based interventions to reduce athlete burnout.

Alaa Mohamed Elmoatasem Mohamed   Ali Mohamed Ali Ismail   Rania Reffat Ali   Ebtesam A. Ali   Alshaimaa Alsayed Ali   Ramy Salama Draz   Sami Kamal Mohamed Elgendy   Alyaa Abdallah Atallah Ahmed Zaid   Wafaa Atef Abd Allah   Shimaa Hussien Ahmed Roshdy   Moemen Salah Saad Said   Ahmed Yasser Mostafa Marouf   Nadia Saad Sayed Ahmed El Gressy   and Donia M. Elmasry   

Objective: Idiopathic chronic fatigue (ICF) is an annoying debilitating condition with unclear aetiology. Symptoms ICF usually resemble symptoms of post-viral syndromes such as post-COVID syndrome. The symptoms are decreased pulmonary functions, low sleep quality, low quality of life, decreased exercise tolerance, and repeated perception of fatigue. Effective rehabilitation strategies to address multidimensional symptoms in this population of post-COVID syndrome and ICF are limited. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of Baduanjin exercise training (BET) - a traditional Chinese mind-body practice - on fatigue, pulmonary function, psychological well-being, sleep quality, physical performance, and quality of life in ICF patients following recovery from COVID attack. Material and Methods: Forty individuals who were previously diagnosed with ICF prior to contracting COVID-19 were involved in this study. The patients were enrolled after the recovery from COVID. Participants were equally assigned to a 12-week supervised BET group (this group contained twenty patients who received a 60-minute session, six days per week) or a waitlist non-trained control group (n=20 patients). The outcomes of this study included pulmonary functions (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the first one second of expiration), physical fitness (assessed by maximal push-ups, 30-second sit-to-stand test, 6-minute walk test, and Ruffier test), Beck depression inventory, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, physical and mental component summaries of short form 36, modified Borg dyspnea scale, and the Buzhongyiqi-Tang questionnaire. Results: It was reported that participants in the BET group demonstrated statistically significant improvements across all measured outcomes following the 12-week intervention (p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant/detectable changes were observed in the waitlist non-trained control group. Conclusions: In conclusion, BET enhances physical performance, psychological status, sleep quality, life quality, and pulmonary functions in patients with ICF experiencing post-COVID sequelae.

Andreany Kusumowardani   R A Tuty Kuswardhani   I Made Muliarta   and Luh Putu Ratna Sundari   

Frailty is associated with an elevated risk of disability, morbidity, and mortality in older populations. Multicomponent exercise has been identified as a recommended intervention to mitigate the effects of frailty. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a structured multicomponent exercise program (MEP) on frailty status, serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) levels, and functional performance in frail elderly. Elderly over 60 years were assessed for frailty status (Fried's Frailty Phenotype), serum IGF-1, and functional performance (Barthel Index, Tinetti Assessment Tool, handgrip strength, and walking speed), followed by random allocation into exercise group (EG) or control group (CG). EG attended MEP 3 times a week over 12 weeks, as well as regular activity programs, while CG participated in the regular programs only. The MEP contained moderate intensity aerobic, strength, balance, and flexibility exercises, which had been prepared as a training module. Comparison tests were then performed within and between groups using α = 0.05. A total of 33 pre-frail and frail elderly, aged 73.24 + 7.81 years, were recruited and divided into the EG (n = 17) and CG (n = 16). The results indicated significant improvements (p < 0.05) in EG's functional performance, including balance, gait, handgrip strength, and walking speed post-MEP intervention. Compared with CG, EG also had an increase in IGF-1 levels and a reduction in frailty scores. However, functional performance in ADL measured by the Barthel Index was not significantly different. The results indicated that the MEP was effective in reversing frailty status, increasing IGF-1 levels, and improving functional performances of pre-frail and frail elderly. Nevertheless, further research employing larger sample sizes and diverse methodological designs is required to validate these findings.

Nidhi Katharani   Ashish Kakkad   and Yagnik Dave   

Background: Post-stroke wrist and hand dysfunction significantly impacts fine motor control, reducing independence in daily activities. Traditional rehabilitation tools, like pegboards have shown promise but lack personalization and integrated support, which are essential for optimal recovery and sustained motivation. The Neuralease workstation, designed with adjustable pegs of varying sizes, shapes, and weights, along with integrated wrist and hand support, aims to promote isolated and task-specific movements for enhanced motor skill acquisition in stroke patients. Objective: The main objective is to design and test how the Neuralease workstation affects spasticity, motor function, and quality of life in people who have had a subacute stroke and have problems with their wrists and hands when used with traditional therapy. Methods: After obtaining ethical clearance, we designed and developed the Neuralease workstation and filed a patent. Twenty-four subacute stroke patients were randomly divided into two groups (12 each): the intervention group received therapy using Neuralease alongside conventional therapy, and the control group received only conventional therapy. Outcome measures, including the Tardieu Scale, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (wrist and hand), and the Stroke Impact Scale Gujarati version, were assessed pre- and post-intervention over four weeks. Results: Patients in the Neuralease and conventional group showed reductions in spasticity identified, but it was not statistically significant in comparison amongst Groups A and B. But improvements in motor function and quality of life showed more statistically significant differences in Neuralease group than the control group. High user satisfaction was noted for the workstation's adjustability and ease of use, confirming its value as a personalized rehabilitation tool. Conclusion: Combining the Neuralease workstation with regular therapy improved the recovery outcomes for people who had a stroke and had problems with their hands and wrists. Its personalized approach and ease of use make it a promising adjunct for stroke rehabilitation.

Arun C   Sai Aditya Raman   Nimishaanth SS   Thiagarajan KA   and Arumugam Sivaraman   

Background: Previous literature has demonstrated that delivery stride mechanics are linked to performance. However, the pre-delivery stride's impact remains underexplored. Vertical and horizontal impulses generated during fast bowling pose injury risk and this could be affected by variations in stride length. Optimal stride length can minimize injury risk while improving performance. This research examines stride length's relationship with impulses and ball speed to improve performance and reduce injuries. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 40-state-level male fast bowlers aged 18–30 years. Kinetic data, including vertical and horizontal impulses, were measured using force plates, while stride length was recorded using high speed video cameras. Pearson correlation was used to study the relationship between stride length, impulses and ball speed. Results: Stride length showed a positive correlation with horizontal impulse (r = 0.33, p = 0.03) and a negative correlation with vertical impulse (r = -0.31, p = 0.05). A weak non-significant negative correlation was observed between stride length and ball speed (r = -0.24, p = 0.12). Conclusion: Longer stride length is associated with larger braking forces and may improve ball speed. Shorter stride length is associated with larger vertical forces and is a risk for lumbar spine injury. While stride length did not have a significant relationship with ball speed in this study, optimizing the stride length remains a key factor in improving performance and mitigating injury risk in fast bowlers.

Mohammed S. Alibrahim   

Background and Study Aim: Childhood and adolescent obesity are a pressing global health issue with significant implications for long-term health outcomes. Understanding the impact of sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) on body mass index (BMI) is crucial for developing effective interventions. This study examines the divergent effects of PA and SB on BMI among public and private school students in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving 1,510 students (946 public, 564 private) aged 12–18 years. Anthropometric measurements, PA levels, and SB scores were assessed using validated questionnaires. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore associations between SB, PA, and BMI across school types. Results: Public school students demonstrated higher SB scores (p = 0.032, ES = 0.111) and lower PA levels (p < 0.001, ES = 0.265) compared to private school students. Despite this, private school students exhibited higher rates of overweight and obesity (p = 0.044, ES = 0.106). In public schools, increased PA levels were significantly associated with lower BMI (B = -0.091, p < 0.001), while age (B = 0.026, p < 0.001) and greater SB scores, particularly video gaming (B = -0.128, p < 0.001) and laptop use (B = -0.055, p = 0.020), were positively correlated with higher BMI. In contrast, private school students showed a significant positive relationship between overall SB scores and BMI (B = 0.033, p = 0.001), with laptop (B = -0.131, p < 0.001) and video game usage (B = -0.126, p < 0.001) being the strongest predictors. However, no significant association was found between age (B = -0.002, p = 0.840) and PA levels (B = 0.008, p = 0.564) and BMI in private schools. Conclusions: The findings highlight the influence of school environments on adolescent health behaviors. Public schools showed stronger links between PA, SB, and BMI, whereas private schools demonstrated a greater impact of SB on BMI. These results underscore the need for tailored interventions to reduce sedentary behaviors and promote physical activity. Addressing infrastructure disparities, enhancing physical education programs, and fostering healthier lifestyles are critical for combating adolescent obesity in Saudi Arabia.

Kei Maeda   Tadahiko Kato   and Jun Mizushima   

The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the characteristics of side-hand throw compared to overhand throw and to classify throwers based on their performance using both techniques, and (2) to examine whether individuals can be classified into subgroups based on their throwing performance in each technique, potentially reflecting differences in physical constitution and strength in handball throw. Thirty-nine male college students participated in this study. Participants performed two distinct throwing techniques, a side-hand throw and an overhand throw, using a standard handball. In addition, the following variables were measured: height, body weight, arm span, shoe size, hand length, hand width, arm length, leg length, grip strength, and standing long jump. Of these participants, sixteen were randomly selected for biomechanical analysis to assess the velocities of throwing arm and handball. As a result of this study, participants were divided into two groups, one of which had significantly lower overhand throw records compared to side-hand throw (SHT), whereas the other showed little difference between the two techniques (OHT). OHT had greater weight and grip strength than SHT, which may affect the difference in the throwing distance. From the results of comparison of the velocity of the throwing arm, SHT may not have effectively utilized a kinematic-chain, a whip-like motion, or a wrist snapping motion in the overhand throwing technique, typically associated with high-velocity overhand throws. However, they were able to throw farther in the side-hand throwing technique by using more of their trunk and simplifying the segmental sequencing. These findings indicate that individuals may benefit from a throwing technique that takes into account their physical constitution and strength in the side-hand throwing technique.

M. Fransazeli Makorohim   Ricky Fernando   Alficandra Alficandra   Zulkifli Zulkifli   and Martinus   

This study aimed to investigate the link between physical activity and academic performance while considering stress, mental health, demographic variables, and potential improvements for physical education and academic support. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted with 248 undergraduate students (156 males, 92 females; ages 18-25) from the Physical Education College at the University of Riau Province. Data collection utilized validated tools, including questionnaires on participation and activity, stress scales, mental health evaluations, and academic records. Significant positive correlations were found between physical education participation and academic performance metrics, specifically practical course performance (r = 0.48, p < 0.001) and cumulative GPA (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Physical education involvement was identified as a substantial predictor of cumulative GPA (β = 0.28, p < 0.001) after controlling for demographic and activity factors. Students engaging in higher levels of physical activity demonstrated enhanced academic performance relative to their less active peers. Mental health and perceived stress were found to be critical mediators in the relationship between physical education participation and academic achievement. The findings underscore a robust positive correlation between physical education involvement and academic success in a specialized Physical Education College, with mental health and stress as essential mediating factors. Encouraging consistent engagement in physical education may improve both physical fitness and academic performance through enhanced mental health and reduced stress. Higher education physical education programs should focus on promoting psychological well-being in conjunction with the development of physical skills.

Indra Safari   Tedi Supriyadi   and Dewi Susilawati   

While table tennis supports personal development and character building, its role in physical education curricula remains underutilized due to limited understanding of international regulations, inadequate internalization of sportsmanship values, and the lack of digital integration in instructional practices. This study aims to develop and evaluate a holistic pedagogical framework that addresses these challenges by combining international table tennis regulations, multimedia-enhanced instruction, and values-based learning. A mixed-method approach using an exploratory sequential design was employed in three stages: planning, implementation, and evaluation. Thirty pre-service physical education teachers (15 males and 15 females), aged 18–19, were purposively selected from a public university in West Java, Indonesia. Over eight learning sessions, participants engaged with Android-based instructional media featuring interactive simulations, rule-based quizzes, and reflective tasks designed to reinforce sportsmanship values. Data were collected through pre- and post-tests, questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations, and analyzed using SPSS and NVivo software. The results revealed significant improvements in participants' comprehension of international regulations, technical playing proficiency, and the practical application of sportsmanship. As an outcome, the study introduced the CYCLE model—an original five-phase instructional framework (Connecting, Yielding, Creating, Learning, Evaluating)—that integrates digital tools with cognitive, psychomotor, and affective learning objectives. This model contributes a replicable strategy for enhancing quality in sports education through the combined use of rule-based knowledge, values formation, and mobile learning technology.

Ahmad Yani   Sasmarianto   Alficandra   and M. Fransazeli Makorohim   

This study aimed to investigate the relative influence and interaction effects of family members, peers, and coaches on the social development of handball student athletes in Riau Province, Indonesia. The research specifically examined how these three social agents contribute to athletes' social competence, identity formation, and psychological well-being. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, involving 287 handball student athletes (ages 14-19) from 15 schools across Riau Province. Data were collected using validated questionnaires measuring perceived support from family, peers, and coaches, as well as measures of social development outcomes. Path analysis was utilized to examine the direct and indirect relationships between variables. Family support demonstrated the strongest direct effect on athlete identity formation (β = 0.48, p < 0.01), while coach influence was most significant for skill development (β = 0.52, p < 0.01). Peer relationships showed the highest correlation with psychological well-being (β = 0.43, p < 0.01). Significant interaction effects were observed between family and coach influences (β = 0.31, p < 0.05), suggesting synergistic impacts when both support systems are strong. The social development of handball student athletes is optimized when all three social agents (family, peers, and coaches) provide complementary forms of support. The findings highlight the need for integrated approaches in youth sport programs that engage families, leverage peer dynamics, and train coaches in holistic athlete development.

Atradinal   Syahrial Bakhtiar   Roma Irawan   Deby Tri Mario   and Zulbahri   

The application of various training models to improve football technical skills has been widely researched. However, the holistic training model approach that is adjusted based on the category of player development stages is still rarely studied in depth. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of holistic training models on improving football technical skills, especially passing, dribbling, and shooting. This research is an experimental study involving two treatment groups, namely the holistic training group and the conventional training group. The holistic training model was designed by integrating physical, technical, tactical, and mental aspects. The study subjects consisted of 60 boys (aged 8–11 years) from a football school who were recruited randomly and divided into two groups: holistic group (n1=30; age 9.13±0.90 years) and conventional group (n2=30; age 9.40±0.89 years). The training program lasted for ±8 weeks with a frequency of three times per week. The holistic training consisted of five main components: warm-up, introductory skills, component skills, games, and cool-down. Data were collected through passing, dribbling, and shooting skill tests during the pretest and post-test. The results of the analysis showed that both holistic and conventional training models had a significant effect on improving football technical skills (p<0.05). However, the overall skill improvement was higher in the group that followed the holistic training model (p<0.05). In conclusion, the holistic training model can be used to improve football technique skills in children at an introductory stage age. Future research requires comprehensive measurements such as physical, mental, and other aspects.

Sufitriyono   Wawan S Suherman   Cerika Rismayanthy   Irvan   Juhanis   Sudirman   Arga   Muhammad Agusman   Maharani Fatima Gandasari   Hendriana Sri Rejeki   Erwin Zainuddin   and Muh Usbah   

Hand-eye coordination training is vital in enhancing accuracy in sports requiring precise and controlled throwing movements. This study examined the effects of hand-eye coordination exercises on Boccia ball throwing accuracy among athletes with cerebral palsy (categories BC1, BC4, and BC5) at the Boccia Club of Makassar. This quantitative study employed a pretest-posttest experimental design, with eleven participants completing a structured coordination training program. Data were collected using validated observation checklists completed by two expert Boccia coaches. Descriptive statistics showed a significant improvement in accuracy, with mean scores increasing from 7.18 (SD = 1.90) to 9.72 (SD = 1.48). A paired t-test confirmed this improvement was statistically significant (t(10) = 8.47, p < 0.001), reflecting a mean gain of 2.54 points. Moreover, the proportion of athletes achieving "very high" performance rose from 19% to 55% post-intervention. These results support the effectiveness of structured hand-eye coordination training in enhancing motor precision among athletes with neuromotor impairments. The findings underscore the importance of integrating targeted coordination exercises into adaptive sports programs to improve performance and foster inclusive athletic development. Future research should explore long-term effects and investigate other motor and cognitive factors influencing Boccia outcomes.

Daehee Lee   and Hyejoo Jeon   

Sandals have become an increasingly popular choice of footwear due to their comfort and convenience, particularly in casual and warm-weather environments. However, differences in gait patterns between sandals and sneakers may have biomechanical implications. This study aimed to compare lower-limb muscle activation during walking in sandals versus sneakers. Twenty-eight healthy participants in their twenties (12 men and 16 women) participated in this study. Each individual walked a 10-meter distance while wearing both types of footwear, with surface electromyography (EMG) sensors attached to their lower limbs. Muscle activation was recorded for eight muscles: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and soleus. Results indicated significantly lower muscle activity in the lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior when walking in sandals compared to sneakers (p < 0.05), while rectus femoris activation significantly increased (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in walking speed between the two conditions (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that sandals alter lower-limb muscle activation patterns, potentially reducing walking efficiency and dynamic stability. Such changes could have implications for long-term musculoskeletal health, especially in populations with pre-existing gait impairments or balance issues. A key limitation of this study is the relatively homogenous sample of young, healthy adults, which may restrict generalizability to older or clinical populations. Further research should investigate long-term adaptations to different footwear types and their potential influence on joint loading, balance control, and injury risk across diverse populations.

Padli   Firunika Intan Cahyani   Syahril Bais   Amin Akbar   Heru Andika   and Dony Darma Sagita   

Parents are the first teachers for children's motor development, where providing children with the opportunity to have complex motor activities is an important step in providing access to active learning that can help maximize their growth and development. This study aims to analyze parental involvement in the motor development of children aged 3 to 6 years, focusing on the dimensions of engagement, support, and concern. This study utilized a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of how parental involvement impacts children's physical learning activities. These research samples use 75 parents with children aged 3 to 6 years and 11 teachers. The sample included both working and non-working parents, ensuring varying levels of parental engagement. For the quantitative component, a descriptive survey design was employed with 10 questionnaire adaptation by Teques to evaluate the role of parents in their children's sports activities, which has demonstrated strong validity (0.05) and reliability (0.92). In the qualitative component, focus group discussions (FGDs) had 5 questions to gain deeper insights into their perspectives on parental involvement, support, and concern regarding children's movement learning activities. The study's findings indicate that while parents are aware of the benefits of movement activities that can support their children's growth and development, many still do not consider these activities to be of significant importance. Instead, parents continue to prioritize academic activities as the primary means of fostering their children's success. Academic activities are frequently viewed as having more significant potential than children's movement activities. This perspective is often rooted in the misconception among some parents that movement learning activities do not warrant focused attention, leading to a decreased emphasis on their importance. These findings underscore the need for parents to reassess the crucial role of motor development in their children's growth. Offering positive parenting education that highlights the benefits of play activities is a proactive strategy for nurturing a healthy and well-rounded generation.

Praveen Kumar K   Dhanusia S.   S. Yuvarani   Prathap Suganthirababu   Pradeep Balakrishnan   Laveena S.   Vignesh Srinivasan   Priyadarshini K.   Vanitha J.   and Santhanalakshmi S.   

Background: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a prevalent spinal disorder causing pain, mobility restrictions, and functional limitations. Although exercise therapy is a primary conservative treatment, the effectiveness of different methods for LDH remains unclear. While isolated lumbar extension resistance training targets lumbar extensor strength, core stabilization exercises focus on enhancing spinal stability. This study evaluates and compares both approaches in managing pain, disability, and recovery in LDH patients. Methods: Thirty patients with lumbar disc herniation were divided randomly into two groups (15 each). Group A performed lumbar extension resistance exercises, while Group B did core stabilization exercises, both for 25 minutes, three times a week. Pain and function were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale and Oswestry Disability Index. The outcomes were measured at baseline and immediately after the 8-week intervention. Results: Isolated lumbar extension resistance exercise demonstrated superior outcomes, with VAS and ODI mean values of 2.87 and 20.13, respectively, indicating greater pain relief and functional improvement. In contrast, core stabilization exercises resulted in VAS and ODI mean values of 5.94 and 30.80. Both interventions were statistically significant (p < .005), highlighting the greater effectiveness of isolated lumbar extension resistance exercise in managing pain and disability in individuals with LDH. Conclusions: Isolated lumbar extension resistance and core stabilization exercises effectively reduced pain in patients with lumbar disc herniation. However, isolated lumbar extension resistance exercises proved more effective, resulting in greater functional improvement, stability, and pain relief.

Wawan Junresti Daya   Ilham   Reza Hadinata   Ugi Nugraha   Alek Oktadinata   and Yusradinafi   

This research aimed to thoroughly investigate the paradigm shift in sports from a focus on athletic achievement to its potential as a vehicle for promoting societal development. It also aims to show how sports activities can be strategically integrated to cultivate and reinforce the core values outlined in the Pancasila Student Profile, as mandated within the framework of the Indonesian Independent Curriculum. This study aims to critically investigate the paradigm shift in sports from a focus on athletic achievement to its potential as a vehicle for promoting broader societal development. It seeks to demonstrate how structured sports activities can be strategically integrated to cultivate and reinforce the core values articulated in the Pancasila Student Profile, as mandated within the framework of the Indonesian Independent Curriculum. Accordingly, this investigation is considered to be of significant importance, as sports have increasingly been recognized globally as an effective medium for shaping positive character traits in children. Considering this understanding, it becomes necessary to conduct an experimental trial to assess its relevance to the development of Pancasila Student Profile values among elementary school students in Jambi City. In order to achieve the stated objective, a quantitative research method with a one-group pretest posttest experiment design was adopted. The hypothesis posited was that the integration of sports training and small games significantly enhanced the values embodied in the Pancasila Student Profile. Moreover, the data collection instruments included a questionnaire centered on critical thinking for elementary school students, namely the Student Creativity Survey 2.0, and a questionnaire measuring the learning independence of the students. The research results showed that the integration of sports training and small games in education significantly improved the three main competencies of the Pancasila Student Profile, namely independence, critical thinking ability, and creativity. Through engagement in games that require independent decision-making, critical analysis, and creative improvisation, students can be instilled with the capability to develop competencies in a balanced and comprehensive manner, in accordance with the broader educational goals rooted in Pancasila values.

Miftakhul Jannah   Rachman Widohardhono   Nabila Rachman   Ima Fitri Sholichah   Reza Asep Adi Purnomo   Siti Jaroah   and Rifa Hidayah   

Student athletes are required to have good mental abilities to be able to direct their emotions toward optimal performance. But in reality, some athletes are less able to develop their emotions and behavioral strategies when competing, which can cause a decrease in mental toughness in student athletes. This study aims to determine the contribution of emotion regulation to mental toughness in student athletes. A sample of 188 students participated in this study. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling. The scales used for data collection were Indonesian Emotional Regulation for (IERQ4S) and the Mental Toughness Scale. 119 student athletes presented with a moderate mental toughness score of 63.30%. The majority of the emotional regulation of subjects was categorized as moderate, namely 116 student athletes with a percentage of 62,77%. The results of data analysis techniques show a value of R = 0.778, R² = 0.605, and p > 0.01, meaning that emotion regulation contributes to mental toughness by 60.5%. Through emotion regulation, student athletes are able to have positive responses affect their mental toughness. The implication of this research is to provide assistance so that student athletes can develop good emotion regulation related to mental toughness to achieve optimal sports performance.

Agus Supriyanto   Suharjana   Ermawan Susanto   Lismadiana   Ardhika Falaahudin   and Awan Hariono   

This study aims to test the theoretical model of the role of parenting, social support, and self-confidence in the achievement of swimming athletes through the mediator Goal Setting fit. This study used an ex post facto approach, which is a research method that aims to investigate cause-and-effect relationships. The population of this study was 950 swimming athletes who participated in the National Level Inter-Association Swimming Championship. The sampling technique was purposive sampling, and the sample in this study was 120 athletes. The data collection used scales and documentation. The SmartPLS application was used for data analysis in order to test the measurement model's appropriateness with field data. According to test results, parenting, social support, and self-confidence all have a direct, beneficial, and large impact on swimming athletes' success through the mediator goal setting. Social support has the greatest contribution to the achievement of swimming athletes in the 50-meter and 100-meter freestyle numbers compared to parenting and self-confidence. The researchers suggest that future studies should be able to look at a wider range of population coverage. Furthermore, cross-cultural validation is necessary to have a deeper insight and nuanced comprehension of a study's findings.

Yasriuddin   Husriani   Didik Purwanto   Sardiman   Moh Ifkhal Sianto   and Rahmat Putra Perdana   

The development of motor skills during childhood is crucial for overall physical fitness and athletic performance. Traditional games, which hold cultural significance, play a vital role in enhancing fundamental movement skills. However, limited research has examined their direct impact on specific athletic abilities such as long jump performance. This study aims to evaluate the effects of traditional games—Engklek and Lompat Tali—on the long jump performance of elementary school students. A comparative research design was employed, involving a sample of 24 male students from Elementary School SDN Bawakaraeng 1. Participants were randomly assigned to two experimental groups, with 12 students in the Engklek group and 12 in the Lompat Tali group. Motor skills were assessed through standardized tests measuring agility, coordination, explosive power, and speed, while long jump performance was evaluated based on four key components: take-off, push, flight, and landing. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23, starting with homogeneity and normality tests to ensure the validity of the data. A one-way ANOVA test was then performed to determine significant differences between the groups, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in long jump performance between the two groups, indicating that participation in traditional games can effectively enhance motor skills, which in turn improves long jump ability. These findings suggest that incorporating traditional games into physical education (PE) programs can serve as an engaging and culturally relevant method for motor skill development. Additionally, this study underscores the potential of traditional games as alternative training methods for improving athletic performance in school settings. Further research is needed to explore the long-term benefits and broader applications of traditional games across different sports disciplines and age groups.

Sri Santoso Sabarini   Djoko Nugroho   Rony Syaifullah   Hanik Liskustyawati   and Agus Mukholid   

This study aims to determine the interaction between Motion-based learning models consisting of Sports Education Models (SEM) and Fitness Education Models (FEM) with kinesthetic perceptions of the ability to hit a drive in a tennis game. Validity and reliability were applied to measure kinesthetic perception and the method used an experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial design. The population in this study was fourth semester students, Faculty of Sports, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. The sampling technique used was random sampling, and the sample size taken was 116 students. Samples were grouped into four based on the results of kinesthetic perception measurements and ranked with high and low levels with Ordinal Pairing. The data collection technique applied the side arm positional test to measure kinesthetic perception, while the drive stroke ability test used Hewitt's tennis achievement test. The data analysis technique in this study took Two-Way ANOVA which first implemented the prerequisite test of data analysis with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and Levene's homogeneity test using SPSS version 26. The result illustrates that there is no significant interaction between the Sports Education Model (SEM) and the Fitness Education Model (FEM), and Kinesthetic Perception on the ability to hit drives in tennis games, because the P-value (0.061) is greater than 0.05.

Mohamed Masoud Ibrahim Sharaf   Samir Abdelnaby Shaaban Essa   Amira Abdelhamid Shawky Morsy   Hany Esmael Fathallah Abdelmaxoud   Waleed Mohsen Mustafa Nasra   and El-Saied Abd El-Hamid EL-Sayed Salem   

This study aimed to identify the effect of harmonic exercises on some variables of sensory-motor perception and the level of technical performance of the skills of serving and receiving the ball in table tennis. The experimental method was used for its relevance to the nature of the study. The study sample consisted of 42 students of the racket games course at the Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity. They were divided into two equal groups, 21 for the experimental group and 21 for the control group. The harmonic exercises were applied for 8 weeks, with one lecture per week. Each lecture lasts for 100 minutes, and it’s divided into three parts (warm-up part, for about 10 minutes; main preparation part, for about 80 minutes, which is divided into 35 minutes for physical preparation and 45 minutes for technical preparation; and the final part, for about 10 minutes). After analyzing and tabulating the data, the researchers concluded that practicing harmonic exercises led to an improvement in some variables of the sensory-motor perception and the level of technical performance of the skills of serving with the forehand and backhand and receiving the table tennis ball. Also, the students of the experimental group exceeded the students of the control group in reducing the percentage of estimation errors for the factors of power, time, and estimated distance in the techniques. These findings have practical implications for table tennis training, as they demonstrate the effectiveness of harmonic exercises in improving sensory-motor perception and technical performance. Based on the results of the study, the researchers recommend applying the harmonic exercises since they improve the students’ sensory-motor perception and their level of technical performance in the skills of serving with the forehand and backhand and receiving the table tennis ball.

Ria Lumintuarso   Cukup Pahalawidi   Devi Tirtawirya   Zuliswan Ben Abd. Malik   Ilham   Raihan Alfarobi   Bekir Erhan Orhan   and Vlad Adrian Geantă   

Background: Student-athletes in Indonesia and Malaysia face unique challenges balancing their dual careers, striving for academic excellence and athletic achievement. Economic constraints, inconsistent support structures, and limited career transition planning pose significant hurdles, often impacting their long-term prospects beyond competitive sports. Objective: This study compares student-athlete orientation in Indonesia and Malaysia by examining key factors influencing their career development, including academic commitment, athletic aspirations, transition processes, and institutional support. Methods: A survey-based research design incorporated structured questionnaires and follow-up interviews. Data were collected from 94 Indonesian and 48 Malaysian student-athletes, focusing on five dimensions: (1) background experience, (2) transition process, (3) goal clarity, (4) support systems, and (5) personality traits. Quantitative descriptive analysis assessed differences in student-athlete development frameworks across the two countries. Results: The findings reveal notable differences in student-athlete orientation between Indonesia and Malaysia. Malaysian student-athletes benefit from a more structured transition process supported by institutions that facilitate smoother career planning. While both groups demonstrate strong goal clarity, Indonesian student-athletes exhibit greater intrinsic motivation and resilience. Although government and educational institutions play a crucial role in athlete development, disparities in infrastructure, coaching quality, and access to resources remain significant challenges. Conclusions: A range of socio-economic and institutional factors influence student-athlete development in Indonesia and Malaysia. Three critical elements, effective transition processes, strategic career planning, and robust support systems, are essential for fostering long-term success. This study emphasizes the vital role of integrated policies in dual career development by enhancing institutional collaboration and ensuring the sustained academic and athletic success of student-athletes.

Haashwein Moganan   Gunathevan Elumalai   Mohansundar Sankaravel   Wallapa Choeibuakaew   and Rumi Iqbal Dowes   

This study investigates the motivational factors and challenges faced by elite and sub-elite collegiate track and field athletes in Malaysia while balancing dual careers in academics and sports. The study included a group of 54 athletes aged 18–26 years. The study employed a mixed-methods questionnaire to explore strategies for managing dual career demands, as well as support systems and demographic influences. Results revealed that time management emerged as the primary strategy for both elites and sub-elites, underscoring a systemic reliance on self-regulation in the absence of institutionalized support. Gender disparities were notable, with elite females reporting significant challenges compared to males, suggesting socio-cultural and structural inequities. While family and coach support were crucial motivators, academic institutions played a minimal role, with only elite athletes leveraging lecturer support. Demographic trends revealed that higher educational attainment among elite athletes did not alleviate their struggles, exposing gaps in Malaysia's dual career policies. The findings indicate that both elite and sub-elite athletes primarily depend on time management as their fundamental approach, highlighting a systemic dependence on self-regulation due to a lack of strong institutional support systems.

Belkhaoud Mohamed   Yassine Younes   Kamal Elharas   Lamri Driss   El Mahjoub Aouane   and Guerss Fatima-Zahraa   

This study aims to validate the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) and analyze the attitudes and perceptions of 200 Moroccan athletes toward doping, considering sociodemographic factors (age, gender, educational level) and sports experience (measured in years of practice) through this instrument. Factorial analysis highlights three significant dimensions of doping perceptions: recreational use, social pressure to dope, and media influence, with 11 items. Consequently, 65% of male athletes and 55% of participants under 25 showed neutrality or indecision toward doping, compared to only 30% of those with over 10 years of experience. Young athletes or those with less than five years of practice exhibit a high neutrality score (70%) on the doping attitude scale, reflecting increased vulnerability to external influences. In comparison, 45% of athletes with more extensive experience express more defined positions, associating doping with negative values such as cheating or ethical breaches. These findings underscore the importance of developing targeted educational strategies to address this issue. Groups exhibiting more neutral or undecided attitudes may benefit from awareness programs that reinforce moral values and help them resist social and media pressures surrounding doping in sports.

Rashmi Badve   Eswari Varadharajan   Karuppasamy Govindasamy   Anurag Pathak   Vadantee Badve   Subbulakshmi Velusamy   Ibnu Noufal Kambitta Valappil   Corina Dulceanu   and Vlad Adrian Geantă   

Menopause is associated with significant hormonal fluctuations, contributing to various physical and psychological challenges. Yoga has been proposed as a complementary therapy to mitigate these effects. This study evaluates the impact of yoga on key hormonal parameters in menopausal women. This randomized controlled trial included menopausal women (n= 100) allocated into two groups: a yoga intervention group and a control group. The yoga group underwent a 3-month structured yoga program, while the control group received no intervention. Hormonal markers, including cortisol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and progesterone, were measured at baseline and after the intervention. Outcomes were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-tests with effect sizes (Cohen's d). The yoga group demonstrated significant reductions in cortisol levels (485.6 ± 72.4 to 392.3 ± 65.8 nmol/L, p < 0.05, d = 1.24) compared to the control group, which showed no significant change (482.8 ± 71.9 to 478.5 ± 72.1 nmol/L). FSH and LH levels decreased markedly in the yoga group (FSH: 82.4 ± 12.6 to 68.5 ± 10.8 mIU/mL, p < 0.05, d = 1.12; LH: 38.6 ± 8.2 to 29.4 ± 6.8 mIU/mL, p < 0.05, d = 1.09). Estradiol levels increased significantly in the yoga group (18.4 ± 4.6 to 25.2 ± 5.2 pg/mL, p < 0.05, d = 1.41), while progesterone levels rose from 0.42 ± 0.12 to 0.58 ± 0.14 ng/mL (p < 0.05, d = 1.11). Yoga effectively modulates key hormonal parameters in menopausal women, potentially alleviating symptoms associated with menopause. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of yoga as a complementary intervention for managing menopause-related hormonal changes.

Hendra Jondry Hiskya   Guntur   Nur Rohmah Muktiani   Didik Purwanto   Danang Aji Setyawan   and Abu Bakar   

The quality of physical education (PE) is influenced by multiple interrelated factors, including the learning environment, student motivation, and the availability of sports facilities. However, limited research has explored these relationships in the unique context of elementary schools along the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border. This study investigates the associative relationships among these factors and their impact on PE learning outcomes. A total of 200 participants, including 160 students and 40 PE teachers, were surveyed using validated instruments measuring the learning environment, student motivation, sports facilities, and PE learning outcomes. Employing a quantitative, correlational research design, multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the strength of these relationships. The findings indicate that a supportive learning environment fosters student motivation and positively influences learning outcomes. Additionally, the availability of adequate sports facilities enhances student engagement and performance in PE. Student motivation mediates the relationship between the learning environment and PE outcomes, while sports facilities serve as an additional mediator, reinforcing the importance of school infrastructure. These results highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve school facilities and motivational strategies to optimize PE learning. Educators and policymakers should focus on fostering inclusive learning environments and ensuring equitable access to high-quality sports facilities. Future research should employ longitudinal and experimental designs to further validate these findings and explore their long-term impact on student development.

Indra Adi Budiman   Yudy Hendrayana   Yusuf Hidayat   Burhan Hambali   Albadi Sinulingga   Syahruddin   Haris Sofyana   Khairul Hafezad Abdullah   Davi Sofyan   Indrayogi   Maya Nurhayati   Jem Cloyd M. Tanucan   and Walton Wider   

Motor learning plays a vital role in children's acquisition of fundamental abilities and skills essential for their overall development. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and visualization mapping to provide an all-inclusive representation of the research landscape about motor learning in children. Analyzing 685 printed publications on the subject revealed that the United States exhibited the highest research productivity, followed by Canada and the United Kingdom. Notably, the peak of publication activity occurred in 2021, with 87 documents published. Medicine, health professions, and psychology emerged as the primary domains within this research field. The analysis identified the journal "Human Movement Science," published by Elsevier, as the most prolific source of studies on motor learning in children, with 33 documents published. Among authors, Kirton, A. stood out as the most productive, having published 20 papers. Furthermore, the keyword "motor learning" appeared most frequently in 230 instances across the analyzed publications. The most recent keywords emerging after 2020 include "virtual reality," "rehabilitation," and "development coordination disorder". In conclusion, this bibliometric analysis offers valuable insights into the current research on motor learning in children. By highlighting key trends, productive authors, influential journals, and emerging keywords, it provides a roadmap for future research directions. It emphasizes the significance of continued exploration to advance our understanding of motor learning in children and its implications for child development.

Chawin Sarinukul   Taweesak Janyacharoen   Lee David Johnson   Buranat Audsavachulamanee   Thiwaphon Chatprem   Saowanee Nakmareong   Paradee Auvichayapat   and Kittisak Sawanyawisuth   

This study evaluates the inter-session reliability of isokinetic knee extension testing at 60°/s and 180°/s, along with isometric testing, over four weeks in older women. Sixteen participants, averaging 62.75 years, underwent assessments using a Biodex System 4 Pro dynamometer at baseline and after 30 days. The testing protocols included isometric (3 repetitions at 90° knee flexion) and isokinetic (maximal contractions at both speeds) assessments. Results showed non-significant increases in peak torque for isometric (0.92%) and isokinetic (60°/s: 4.13%) tests, while the 180°/s test demonstrated a significant increase (5.24%). Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) ranged from 0.55 to 0.94 for isometric tests and from 0.62 to 0.97 for isokinetic tests, indicating moderate to excellent reliability. The Standard Error of Measurement percentage was lowest for isometric tests (3.24%) and highest for the 180°/s tests (8.23%). Bland-Altman analysis revealed small mean biases across all tests, suggesting that both isometric and isokinetic extension strength assessments exhibit reliable test-retest performance in older women. The findings have significant implications for accurately evaluating the effectiveness of interventions and rehabilitation programs tailored for older women, allowing for precise monitoring of strength changes and progress.

Imam Marsudi   Hari Setijono   Albertus Fenanlampir   Ardi Nusri   Boyke Mulyana   Imran Akhmad   Meirizal Usra   Nyak Amir   Saharudin Itaa   Sukendro   Tandiyo Rahayu   Cemal Özman   Afif Rusdiawan   and Muhammad Kharis Fajar   

The purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of the event and its impact on participant and spectator satisfaction at the 2024 Indonesia National Sports Week (PON) multi-sport event in Indonesia. This study employs a quantitative approach, utilizing an associative causal design, to assess the correlation between event quality factors such as game performance, entertainment, staff quality, and physical surroundings, as well as the satisfaction of both participants and spectators. Data were collected through a Likert questionnaire with scales 1–7 from 650 participants (athletes, contingent managers, and coaches) and 748 spectators. The statistical analysis used was a multiple linear regression test using SPSS v23. The results showed that event quality contributed significantly to participant (R²=0.777) and spectator satisfaction (R²=0.594), with staff quality as the main factor, followed by entertainment in the game and physical surroundings. These results emphasize the importance of staff training to improve professionalism and communication, adding entertainment elements, and improving physical facilities to create a positive and sustainable experience. The implications of this study recommend improvement strategies should focus on humanistic and operational aspects to increase satisfaction and loyalty to national sporting events.

Prajakta Prashant Patwe   and Malarvizhi D.   

Climbing success is best described by trainable factors rather than anthropometric traits. Perceived risk of fall is considered as one such trainable factor and falls are considered risk factors for injuries and dissatisfactory results in the sport. The purpose of this study is to understand the awareness, knowledge and attitude of mountaineers towards perceived risk of fall in the sport that may enhance physiotherapy interventions. Participants in this study are mountaineers from Maharashtra with a minimum of 1 year experience of mountaineering on Indian Terrain, a minimum participation of 2 times per year, an age group of 15-50 years. A self-made questionnaire (validated by experts) was used for the survey based, cross-sectional study with snowball sampling of 63 candidates in mountaineering academics. Consent was taken from the athletes. Data was collected and analyzed. Out of the total 63 participants, 82.5% claimed that they are aware that there exists a high risk of fall in the sport, but individuals who have the actual knowledge of perceived risk of fall in Mountaineering were 35.5%. Only 39.7% of the participants had knowledge about the pre-training programs to reduce risk of fall, while 38.1% were practicing a positive attitude towards reducing the perceived risk of fall in mountaineering.

Haira Azzahra Dwi Nugraha Hendrawan   Mustika Fitri   Herman Subarjah   Hilmy Apriady   and Yovhandra Ockta   

Coach leadership in the context of sports has been widely studied for the past three decades. The leadership styles coaches adopt significantly influence various aspects of athlete development, including personal motivation and their level of engagement in sports activities. This research specifically explores the influence of two different leadership styles, namely transactional and transformational leadership, on the personal motivation and engagement of female athletes in sports, focusing on those who have competed in the Professional League and the Bandung League. Using a quantitative approach with a descriptive design and ANOVA analysis, this study collected data from 34 female futsal athletes. The collected data included information on athletes' perceived preferences of their coach's leadership style and their level of motivation and engagement in sports. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires (DLTI, MSLS, and SMS II) designed to measure perceptions of transactional and transformational leadership, as well as motivation and engagement variables. Statistical analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 showed that transactional leadership has a stronger influence on personal motivation and engagement in sports compared to transformational leadership. This is evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 87% for transactional leadership, which is higher than the correlation coefficient of 82% for transformational leadership. Both leadership styles showed very low significance values (Sig < 0.05), indicating that their influence on the studied variables is highly significant. These findings indicate that elements of transactional leadership, such as incentives, rewards, and strict performance monitoring of athletes, are more effective in enhancing the motivation and engagement of female athletes compared to elements of transformational leadership that prioritize inspiration, vision, and personal development. Specifically, athletes respond better to tangible rewards and direct recognition of their achievements, which are characteristic of transactional leadership.

Jomar B. Esto   Vinus P. Java   Jerum B. Elumaring   Ruben L. Tagare Jr.   Norge D. Martinez   Mark Anthony B. Rosario   Mark Dexter L. Reyes   Mark Anthony R. Dalipe   Mark E. San Pedro   Carl Wayne S. Villarta   Stephen D. Celestial   Jenie Philip S. Saniel   and Christine May T. Mangubat   

This study examines the relationship between physical activity engagement and personal growth initiative among Filipino students. Adopting a quantitative research design, particularly descriptive correlation, the study gathered data from 821 respondents using simple random sampling. The instruments utilized for data collection included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess physical activity engagement and the Personal Growth Initiative Scale to measure the respondents' personal growth initiative. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, were employed to evaluate the relationship between the variables. Results revealed significant relationships between certain dimensions of physical activity engagement and specific areas of personal growth initiative, notably in resource usage. These findings suggest that physical activity positively influences certain aspects of personal growth, especially in areas requiring proactive strategies. The study's implications highlight the importance of incorporating physical activity into educational practices to foster holistic development, emphasizing enhancing students' resourcefulness and self-driven behavior. This research contributes to the broader understanding of how physical activity can catalyze personal development and underscores the importance of aligning physical education programs with personal growth objectives. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that integrating physical activity into educational policies and practices can promote greater student well-being and personal advancement, supporting academic and developmental goals.

Firas Mahmoud Zaid Al-Kilani   and Bahjat Ahmad Abutame   

The study aimed to identify the effectiveness of time management in the performance of female teachers during physical education classes in schools in Ramallah and Al-Bireh governorate in Palestine and the relationship between them. To achieve this, the researchers utilized the correlation descriptive technique and the modified scale used in the study (Khan et al., 2016), and the modified teachers' performance scale used in the study (Al-Dhanibat & Al-Khalidah, 2016) as a tool to collect data and information from a random sample of (97) female teachers. By analyzing the data utilizing the SPSS statistical program, the results of the study showed that the level of teachers' management of the time of implementation of physical education classes was high (4.12). The efficiency of the performance of teachers in the implementation of physical education classes was also at a high level (4.21), and the study's results demonstrated a strong positive correlation between time management and the teachers' effectiveness in the physical education class, where the value of the correlation coefficient was (0.747). The researchers recommended the need to enhance and encourage the effectiveness and efficiency of teachers' management of the time and implementation of physical education classes in schools in Ramallah and Al-Bireh governorate in Palestine with material and moral incentives, which is reflected in increasing the efficiency of their performance and the quality of the outputs of the physical education class.

Ardi Nusri   Asep Prima   Nurul Fadilah Ardi   and Sabaruddin Yunis Bangun   

This study developed the Futsal Basic Skill Test Series (FBSTS), an innovative tool employing a series approach to assessing futsal technical skills in higher education. The research was guided by a Research and Development (R&D) approach based on the Borg and Gall model to develop the Futsal Basic Skill Test Series (FBSTS). The research process consisted of a needs analysis phase through literature review and a survey of 51 respondents (47 students, 4 lecturers) to identify gaps in futsal skill assessment; design and development phase involved constructing tests for passing, dribbling, receiving, and shooting, validated by experts; testing phase included initial and final trials of 15 and 60 students respectively, with validity analyzed using product-moment correlation and reliability assessed through Cronbach's alpha; and revision phase was based on design, development, and testing results, enhancing the accuracy and effectiveness of FBSTS as a futsal skill assessment tool. Statistical analyses indicated high validity (>0.70) and reliability (>0.80), substantiating the FBSTS as a reliable evaluation instrument. The FBSTS integrates fundamental skills (dribbling, passing, receiving, and shooting) within dynamic game scenarios, promoting comprehensive skill assessment. Designed for environments with limited resources, it utilizes basic equipment such as balls, cones, and bounce boards, ensuring accessibility and practicality. The findings underscore the FBSTS's substantial contributions to futsal education, facilitating objective assessments and supporting adaptive learning strategies tailored to diverse student needs. This tool provides educators with a comprehensive framework to enhance technical proficiency and align instruction with contemporary sports education demands. While the FBSTS has demonstrated efficacy, further research is recommended to expand its applicability to broader demographics and settings, with the incorporation of digital technology enhancing operational efficiency and minimizing errors. The FBSTS's social impact is notable, as it fosters inclusivity by democratizing access to quality futsal training, addressing regional disparities, and fostering equitable opportunities in sports education. The research's advancement of the pedagogical framework for futsal is significant, as it bridges gaps in skill assessment, reinforces its role in higher education curricula, and elevates the standards of sports education in Indonesia and beyond.

Ratanyoo Longrak   Witid Mitranun   Watanya Jaidee   Wirat Sonchan   Chayanach Katechard   and Tanyalak Mhokrid   

There was a lack of literature on the effect of high-intensity resistance training on the ankle-brachial index (ABI). This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity and varied-intensity resistance training on vascular parameters: ABI, brachial systolic blood pressure (bSBP), and ankle systolic blood pressure (aSBP), as well as muscle strength in recreational university athletes. Eighteen athletic participants (age: 21.1 ± 0.5 years, body weight: 68.8 ± 11.3 kg, height: 174.1 ± 5.3 cm) were randomly assigned to one of two different training programs: the high-intensity resistance training (HIRT, n = 10) and the varied-intensity resistance training (VIRT, n = 8). Pre-testing and post-testing included maximum strength ratio (MSR) testing of knee extension and preacher curl, ABI, bSBP, and aSBP measurements. A two-way repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare between groups and time effects. The results demonstrated that both groups significantly increased MSR for both preacher curl (∆30.4%, CI95% = 0.10 – 0.17 kg/kg-bw and ∆19.3%, CI95% = 0.05 – 0.17 kg/kg-bw in HIRT and VIRT, respectively, all <0.001) and knee extension (∆18.9%, CI95% = 0.12 – 0.24 kg/kg-bw and ∆25%, CI95% = 0.13 – 0.40 kg/kg-bw in HIRT and VIRT, respectively, all <0.001). Despite similar strength gains, OMNI-RES scores were significantly lower in the VIRT group after the first and second weeks (<0.05). Moreover, no significant change was observed after training for ABI, bSBP, and aSBP in both groups (all >0.05). In conclusion, both HIRT and VIRT did not significantly affect ABI, bSBP, and aSBP in recreational university athletes but significantly improved muscular strength. Interestingly, VIRT induced lower perceived effort during the initial training sessions.

Danil Dychko   Vladislav Dychko   Nadezhda Kushakova   Olexandr Kholodnyi   and Victoria Mukhina   

Problem statement: Athletes' intense physical activity causes stress reactions, which can affect the adaptive processes in the body. These changes are accompanied by changes in the number of blood cells before and after training. The aim of the research is to study the impact of physical activity on the state of adaptive processes in the adolescent futsal athletes' bodies at the final stage of immune system formation. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among futsal boys aged 13-14 years. The experimental group (EG) consisted of 15 adolescent futsal players, with average age of 13.53±0.08 years. The control group (CG) included 15 adolescents who did not play futsal, with an average age of 13.60±0.08 years. All adolescents (n=30) were at the final stage of immune system formation. Adaptive processes were determined by the value of the Adaptation Index. Statistical analysis of the obtained results was carried out by determining the mean values and errors (M±m). The reliability of the data in the sample was calculated using the Student's t-test, and the difference was considered significant at p<0.05. Results: The adolescent futsal players showed a tendency to slightly increase the absolute and relative number of granulocyte leukocytes (P>0.05) and an increase in the number of eosinophilic granulocytes - by 50.00% (P>0.05) compared to the control. A tendency was found to decrease monocytes and lymphocytes, namely their absolute and relative number compared to the control. The index of adaptation was 66,67±14,91% in the zone of calm activation, but it was lower than in CG 86.67±9.43% (P>0,05); in the zone of training, it was higher, 33.38±21.08%, than in CG 13.38±2.40% (P>0,05). Conclusions: Intense physical activity leads to minor stress reactions in adolescent futsal players. The obtained results showed that intensive physical activity of adolescent futsal players leads to a slight tendency to reduce the level of adaptation processes in the body by 10% after physical activity. It is recommended to use the adaptation index in medical practice to monitor the body's protective reactions in athletes.

Charee Jansupom   Tanapol Kaewwong   Surumpa Charoensuk Kaewwong   Parichat Rirermkul   Neranoch Bumrung   and Ashira Hiruntrakul   

The purpose of this study is to study the anaerobic performance response and blood lactate level following core muscle high-intensity interval training in male swimmers. All subjects were randomly divided into two groups: one requested to receive high-intensity interval training group (n = 10), and a control group received a swimming training program only (n = 10). The experimental group performed three days per week of training for six weeks. Before, after weeks 4 and 6, anaerobic function responses were tested with a 30-s maximum cycle test and blood lactate concentration tests at the fingertip with measurement before and immediately after the Wingate anaerobic test. The study result showed significant improvements in anaerobic function response in the experimental group after week 4 and after week 6. In addition, the results of the 30-second Wingate anaerobic test-induced blood lactate levels in experimental groups were significantly able to control the blood lactate levels. The conclusions of this study indicate that the experimental group had better control of anaerobic function and blood lactate levels than the control group after 6 weeks. However, the training in this study can be used by coaches and trainers to plan and guide swimmers in setting goals for appropriate adaptations.

Han Mingxue   Hairul Anuar Hashim   and Adam Abdul Malik   

Background: A valid and reliable measure of correlates of physical activity behavior is crucial in understanding physical activity behaviors. Thus, establishing psychometric evidence of alternative versions may enhance its utility across different populations and cultures. Objectives: This study aims to translate the Children's Physical Activity Correlates (CPAC) scale into Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: The CPAC was translated into Chinese (CPAC-C) using a standardized forward-backward translation method, and evaluated for content validity by 18 experts. Following this, structural validity was examined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using data from 475 secondary school students who completed the CPAC-C. Additionally, Cronbach's α analysis was conducted to assess the internal consistency of the CPAC-C. Results: The scale's content validity index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.833 to 1, and the scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) was 0.972. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) indicated that the four factors explained 63.820% of the total variance, while the CFA results showcased strong model fit indices (/df=1.611; RMSEA=0.036; GFI=0.879; CFI=0.963; RMR=0.024; TLI=0.960; SRMR=0.027). The Cronbach's α values for each dimension ranged between 0.899 and 0.906, and the split-half reliability across dimensions varied from 0.892 to 0.961. Conclusion: The CPAC-C exhibited robust reliability and validity in a Chinese context. It is an appropriate tool for evaluating factors associated with children's physical activity.

Shalu Sinha   Alok Kumar Dubey   Sahil Raj   and Samapika Mohapatra   

Snow cover is a critical resource for ski athletes, particularly in Gulmarg, India, where climate change has resulted in significant reductions in snow cover extent. This study investigates the socio-economic and psychological impacts of snow cover depletion on international-level ski athletes from 2004-2024. This study employs the Sport Ecology Framework and the Geospatial and Socio-Environmental Systems Framework to explore the interplay between environmental changes, sports performance, and mental well-being. Using Landsat data the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) has been calculated in ArcMap 10.1 and correlated with the socio-psychological and economic challenges athletes face through thematically analysed qualitative interviews. Key findings of the study reveal a measurable 14.82% reduction in snow-covered areas, leading to a shortened ski season. Psychological challenges such as demotivation and frustration were observed, alongside heightened financial strain as athletes often resorted to crowdfunding or personal savings to cover training costs due to travel for training to European countries. The findings emphasize the need for targeted policy interventions, including enhanced snow sports infrastructure, improved government support for winter sports, and the use of artificial snowmaking technology. The study underscores the urgency for adaptive strategies, such as indoor ski training facilities and diversified funding models, to ensure the sustainability of competitive skiing in Gulmarg. The research significantly contributes to understanding snow cover depletion in Gulmarg due to climate change impacts on winter sports in general and Ski Athletes in particular, offering practical implications for policymakers, sports authorities, and stakeholders in the skiing industry. It highlights the necessity for comprehensive strategies to support athletes while addressing climate-induced challenges in snow-dependent sports. The study is limited to a specific geographic region and a small sample size, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Further research is recommended to assess long-term impacts and explore cross-regional comparisons to strengthen policy frameworks for winter sports sustainability.

Daniel Lazar L.   and R. Ramakrishnan   

Background: This study investigates the correlation between bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (BKI) and fundamental movement skills (FMS), emphasizing their theoretical and practical relevance in physical education, rehabilitation, and early childhood motor skill development. According to Howard Gardner, BKI involves the efficient application of one's body to achieve objectives, communicate ideas, and solve problems. Despite its importance, practical assessment and integration into developmental psychology and education remain limited. Purpose: The study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis to identify key trends, leading contributors, and research gaps in the relationship between BKI and FMS. It seeks to highlight how BKI can be applied to improve physical education, rehabilitation practices, and motor skill development across diverse settings. Method: Using Scopus as the primary data source, 166 publications from 2015 to 2024 in the fields of Health Professions and Neuroscience were analysed. Key metrics, including annual publication output, source-wise contributions, influenced authors, country-wise contributions, and knowledge evolution, were examined to provide comprehensive insights into the representation of BKI and FMS in current research. Conclusion: The results underscore the significance of integrating BKI into physical education and rehabilitation to enhance motor skill development and cognitive growth. Key findings include the effectiveness of BKI-based early interventions, the role of structured programs in improving motor skills and the necessity for inclusive, tailored approaches for diverse populations. The study emphasizes the need for further research to evaluate the long-term impacts of BKI-focused strategies in educational, athletic, and therapeutic contexts.

Khaled Mortada Shaheen   and Ahmed Kazem Fahd   

This study aims to create and implement a 16-session guidance program to develop the psychological adaptation in football players from the Southern Refineries Sports Club. The study divided participants into two groups of 10: an experimental group that underwent the guidance program at a frequency of two sessions weekly, and a control group that continued to train with their coach as usual. Initially, the experimental group's psychological adaptation scale had an average score of 149.20, with a standard deviation of 7.376. After the guidance program, their average score increased to 159.500, with a standard deviation of 8.343. This change yielded a statistically significant t value of 4.016 at a significance level of 0.003, indicating the effectiveness of the program. Conversely, the control group began with a pretest psychological adaptation average of 143.500 and a standard deviation of 6.819. They saw an insignificant change in the post-test average, which was 145.40 with a standard deviation of 8.395. The t value of 1.430 at a significance level of 0.187 demonstrated no significant improvement. The collected data suggest that the designed 16-session guidance program significantly contributes to the development of psychological adaptation in football players.

Mykola Bezmylov   Oksana Shynkaruk   Liu Yang   Wang Hanpeng   Liang Xiao   Grygoriy Griban   Inna Asauliuk   Svitlana Dmytrenko   Larysa Pustoliakova   Alimia Osmanova   Oleksandr Lohvynenko   and Liudmyla Pohasii   

The aim of the study is to identify the distinctive characteristics of technical and tactical activities of high-qualification teams in 3x3 and 5x5 basketball and to determine their priority impact on achieving successful outcomes in prestigious international competitions. Data were collected from 20 men’s and 20 women’s teams (3x3) and 32 men’s (2023) and 12 women’s (2022) teams (5x5). Performance indicators (field goals, free throws, rebounds, etc.) were normalized per minute of play and analyzed using standard FIBA match protocols. Normality was checked via Shapiro–Wilk test; comparisons were performed with ANOVA or the Kruskal–Wallis H test as appropriate. The research examined the competitive activity of national teams in 3x3 and 5x5 basketball at the 2022 and 2023 World Championships, analyzing data on technical and tactical activities from men’s and women’s 5x5 and 3x3 teams. Results show that 3x3 basketball teams had a higher percentage (p<0.01) of successful close-range shots (61.1±1.624 and 52.50±1.243) compared to 5x5 teams (54.05±1.04 and 44.87±1.736). However, 3x3 basketball teams had lower percentages in successful long-range shots compared to 5x5 teams (p<0.05). The 3x3 teams showed a statistically significant advantage in the frequency of close-range and long-range shot attempts. Women’s 3x3 teams nearly doubled these shooting parameters compared to 5x5 teams (0.912±0.039 vs. 0.513±0.031, p<0.001), and scored similar points per minute (1.763±0.080 in 5x5 vs. 1.630±0.052 in 3x3). In men’s competitions, 5x5 teams recorded a statistically significant higher number of points per minute than 3x3 teams (2.08±0.037 vs. 1.755±0.051, p<0.001). Among the men’s teams that took top places, successful long-range shots correlated with higher rankings (r = -0.510, p<0.01 in 5x5 and r = -0.774, p<0.001 in 3x3). In women’s competitions, close-range shot quality significantly impacted overall success (r = -0.705, p<0.01 in 5x5 and r = -0.482, p<0.05 in 3x3). The findings of this study confirm the value of analyzing teams in both 3x3 and 5x5 formats, as they reveal universal patterns and specific differences in competitive performance, but also show that accounting for gender differences facilitates more precise training planning and tactical decisions.

Dikdik Zafar Sidik   Fitri Rosdiana   and Asep Sumpena   

Periodization of training programs is a stage in the training process that takes place within a certain period of long, medium and short terms by manipulating the intensity and volume of training for adequate adjustment in order to achieve maximum performance at a predetermined and determined event. The periodization model of the training program applied by the trainers is very diverse, which is adjusted to the ability and potential of the athlete, especially in the sport of weightlifting (lifter), namely in this periodization using block periodization especially for snatch, clean and jerk lifts. At the level of national elite athletes, the application of the block periodization model is more likely to maximise the potential possessed by each athlete. This study aims to determine the effect of implementing periodization of training programs on increasing the total maximum power of snatch, clean and jerk training in improving the achievements of Indonesian lifters in international events. The research method used in this study is an experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. This research method is carried out during one macro cycle with two meetings per micro cycle, namely the accumulation, transmutation, and realization phases. The sample in this study were 15 male and female Indonesian national weightlifters. The research instrument is in the form of a maximum Snatch and Clean and Jerk ability test which is seen in every international event. Data analysis: t-test with a significance level of 5% using SPSS software. The results showed an average increase in the ability of maximum force in the maximum force of Snatch and Clean & Jerk. The conclusion of this study is that the block periodization model has an impact on increasing the total ability of the maximum force from the results of the Snatch maximum force and the results of the Clean and Jerk maximum force insignificantly.

Adam Tawfiq Amawi   Hamza Alduraidi   Amani Almasri   Batool Obaid   Nataly Trk   Philippe Boued   Khaled Trabelsi   Haitham Jahrami   and Hadeel Ali Ghazzawi   

Early nutritional knowledge is crucial for trainers and competitors to improve performance and prevent negative experiences. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes among (Taekwondo) TKD cadets and juniors to capture early learning stages. A cross-sectional questionnaire study was designed with 85 elite Jordanian athletes. The tool sections were divided into four categories: hydration level, nutrient intake, meal practices, and supplement intake, along with their attitudes and practices toward nutrition. Among the participants, 57.6% were male, and 42.4% were female. Only 3.5% of the participants reported health problems during the study. A significant difference in knowledge scores was observed between male and female athletes (p value = 0.035), with an average total knowledge score of 5.36 out of 11. Additionally, more than half of the participants reported attempting to modify their weight categories before competitions. These findings underscore the necessity of tailored nutritional education programs to address the specific needs of young athletes, particularly in weight-sensitive sports such as TKD. Emphasizing early intervention and individualized strategies, this research highlights the importance of integrating comprehensive nutritional support into athletic training. These findings support the idea that the individual attributes of athletes should be considered when developing effective weight management and nutritional support strategies.

Eko Purnomo   Syerlie Annisa   Nina Jermaina   Agus Gumilar   Mutiara Felicita Amsal   Andri Gemaini   Amin Akbar   Rila Muspita   Maltha Kharisma   and Nor Eeza Zainal Abidin   

This study seeks to find out if physical education teachers include universal values in schools, rather than examining how deeply these values are implemented. The research suggests that the way where universal values are integrated through physical education at different educational levels leads to varying effects, and as a result, the outcomes or consequences will differ. Therefore, it is important to determine if educators have effectively embedded these universal values within their schools. The study adopted a comparative research design, randomly selecting teachers from elementary, junior high, and senior high schools. In the study, the research sample consisted of 111 elementary school teachers, 35 junior high school teachers, and 23 senior high school teachers. In this study, the researcher used the Universal Values in Sport Instrument with a reliability rating of 0.990, which means that the instrument can be used in this study. The results of the study involving physical education teachers at several school levels obtained a p-value greater than 0.05, which means that there was no impact or difference from the results of the study in the 3 schools. Additionally, the minimal effect size suggests that the variations are not sufficiently substantial to hold practical importance. The study's conclusions reveal that educators at all grade levels have effectively incorporated universal values into their institutions through physical education. This insight is crucial as it raises teachers' awareness about these implementations. Furthermore, these findings underscore the need for educators to continually apply universal values in schools through physical education, given that these principles will have a beneficial impact on future life experiences.

Bujang   Muhammad Zulqarnain Mohd Nasir   Mia Kusumawati   Muhamad Noor Mohamed   Muslimin   Ekowati   Hasan Basri   and Dindin Abidin   

This study aimed to analyze the success rate of back attacks from three different positions (left, center and right). This study used a quantitative research design to analyze the back attacks performed by a group of male volleyball athletes at the 2024 Proliga (the Indonesian professional volleyball competition). We observed 24 matches from the final matches of four teams of the 2024 Proliga. The research was conducted using a survey method with systematic observation techniques on 24 matches from the four final teams of the 2024 Proliga. The total sample included 656 back attacks analyzed using a set of validated observation instruments. The results showed that the attacks from position 8 (center) had the highest success rate with a percentage of 82.13%. The second most successful attacks were conducted at position 9 (right) with a percentage of 68.44%. In contrast, back attacks performed from the position 7 (left) scored a success rate of 37.24%. Statistical analysis showed p<0.05, indicating a significant difference among attacks carried out from the three positions. Higher success from the middle position is associated with various factors such as wider angles of attack, shorter ball travels, and difficulties in blocking opponents while reading the direction of attacks. The correct position ranked second because it had the advantage of sharp attack angles. In contrast, the left position has the lowest success rate due to the limitations of attack angles, making it easier for the opponent's defense to read. The results of this research can be used to develop better strategies for volleyball matches, especially related to the improvement of back attacks among the volleyball athletes. The results of this study imply the need to improve the effectiveness of back attacks and design training programs that can enhance the quality of back attacks, especially in the context of Indonesian volleyball teams.

Badriya Al-Hadabi   Heba El-Ashkar   Suhail Al-Zoubi   and Radhouane Sassi   

Sports and physical activities contribute to developing the kinetic and cognitive abilities of children with intellectual disabilities (IDs). These activities promote physical competence, social inclusion and quality of life for children with IDs. This quasi-experimental study aimed to identify the effect of using a training package (TP) on improving the physical and kinetic abilities of children with IDs. Twenty-six (26) children with disabilities enrolled in a special education center in Muscat, Oman participated in this study. These participants were divided equally into two groups (control and experimental). Children in the experimental group received their sports activities by TP for 8 weeks, while children in the control group received their sports activities via the conventional method used in the center. To measure physical and kinetic abilities, 6 tests were applied to the children in the control and experimental groups as pretests and posttests: Countermovement Jump Test (CMJ), Free Countermovement Jump Test (FCMJ), Static Balance Test, 5m Sprint Test, Hand Grip Test, and Back Lift Strength Test. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the control and experimental groups on all posttests of physical and kinetic ability in favour of children in the experimental group who underwent the TP. The study recommended the use of TP in Omani special education institutions and centers. TP enhances the physical fitness and kinetic and physical skills of children with IDs.

Chonthicha Kaewmee   Darinee Phoothong   and Tuwanan Ratthananinanan   

This quasi-experimental trial investigated the effectiveness of a 12-week Muay Thai training program on body composition and participant satisfaction among overweight adults in Bangkok's Sai Mai district. The study targeted individuals aged 25–45 years with a Body Mass Index (BMI) > 25 kg/m², characterized by sedentary lifestyles. Sixty participants were purposively allocated into experimental (n = 30) and control groups (n = 30). The intervention group engaged in structured Muay Thai sessions (60 minutes, 3 times weekly), emphasizing cardiovascular, strength, and flexibility exercises, while the control group maintained their daily routines. Primary outcomes "Body Mass Index (BMI), percentage of body fat, and skeletal muscle mass" were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Secondary outcomes included attitudes and satisfaction assessed via validated surveys. Results showed significant improvements in the experimental group, with reductions in BMI (p < 0.001) and body fat percentage (p < 0.001) and an increase in muscle mass (p = 0.002). Enhanced motivation, enjoyment, and willingness to continue training were reported (p < 0.001). No significant changes occurred in the control group. This study highlights Muay Thai training as an accessible, culturally relevant intervention for improving body composition and promoting positive health behaviors. Future studies should explore its long-term effects and broader applicability.

Novita Sari Harahap   Diky Setya Diningrat   Nurhamida Sari Siregar   Marsal Rispandi   and Rima Mediyana Sari   

Strenuous physical activity can be harmful because it inhibits physiological processes in the body. Contracting muscles increase electron leakage from mitochondria, leading to the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Oxidative stress induces cellular damage, especially in hepatocytes, shown by lipid peroxidation. The detrimental effects of strenuous physical exercise can be prevented by massage therapy. Massage therapy is one of the complementary treatments. To facilitate the implementation of massage therapy to increase comfort, a lubricant is needed in the form of massage oil in the form of red ginger essential oil. This study investigates the effects of massage therapy with red ginger essential oil on SGOT and SGPT levels in cricketers after strenuous exercise. The study included 27 cricketers who were divided randomly into three groups. The cricketers were given different treatments. Randomly allocate the subjects into three groups; P1: subjects receiving massage therapy with red ginger essential oil as a topical application after strenuous physical exercise; P2: subjects receiving massage therapy with a lotion after strenuous physical exercise; P3: subjects not receiving any massage therapy after strenuous physical exercise. SGOT and SGPT levels were measured in all groups prior to treatment (pre-test) and following treatment (post-test). The examination results indicate that group P1 has the lowest average SGOT levels at 17.56 U/L, in contrast to group P2 at 23.67 U/L and group P3 at 33.56 U/L. This research indicates that the average SGPT level was lowest in group P1 (16.89 U/L) in comparison to group P2 (30.00 U/L) and group P3 (36.00 U/L). The study concludes that a potential solution to reduce the level of oxidative stress in order to improve the liver functions of cricketers resulting from strenuous exercises using red ginger essential oil combined with massage therapy may be considered.

Ronni Yenes   Angga Okta Pratama   Yuni Astuti   Bekir Erhan Orhan   Dilpreet Kaur   Sebastian Beulah   and Ibnu Noufal Kambitta Valappil   

This study aims to see the effect of improving the shooting ability of young basketball athletes using small-side games (SSG) and conventional training. Methods: This study was conducted on 42 young male basketball athletes from West Sumatra who were randomly divided into two research groups: SSG n = 21 people and conventional methods n = 21 people. The study was completed over 12 weeks, where in one week, there were 4 training sessions, and each session was separated by 1 day of recovery. Young West Sumatra basketball athletes with an average age of 14.6 years, an average height of 177.5 cm, and an average body weight of 74.2 kg are trained athletes who attend training on average 3-5 times a week. Results: Based on the data analysis that has been done, the results show a significant difference between the SSG training method and the conventional training method in improving the shooting ability of young West Sumatra basketball athletes (p = 0.000 <0.05). Athletes trained with the SSG training method have an average increase in shooting ability of 10.7, while the average increase in shooting ability of athletes trained with conventional methods is 6.14. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, the two methods used are complementary. This means conventional training can provide a strong foundation in basic shooting techniques, while SSG enriches these skills with a more dynamic game experience. Therefore, combining these two approaches is recommended to maximize the development of shooting ability in young basketball athletes in West Sumatra.

Khaled M. Zahran   Ahmed K. Hassan   Haytham Mohamed Hafez   Abdullah Alomair   and Hammad Eid Hammad Abd Alhakem   

Introduction: Enhancement in the technical execution of the classic lifts is one of the principal objectives of training for weightlifters. Thus, while signifying the technical identity of the technical performance of the classic snatch lift full squat conducted by nearly all weightlifters from around the globe, the presence of numerous technical differences in the implementation of the snatch lift along with the development of strength and speed is uncontrolled, as proved by numerous scientific studies in weightlifting. That is why such a research idea emerges to determine the kinematics of the organization of the snatch lift among weightlifters in the weight. Aims: The purpose of this study is to establish the kinematic features of technical performances among 89 kg weight category natural classification snatch lift players in the Arab Republic of Egypt for the sports period (2023-2024). We can state that the players of this type of Egyptian are almost near the international calibers. Methods: To accomplish the identified research objectives, the researcher employed the descriptive method utilizing the survey method on an intentional eye of those who did not have weight-lifting athletes competing at the Republic Championship in 2023–2024 and it only comprised 8 weightlifter's players since there were not many outstanding lift players in this weight class. Results: The quantities of times, offsets, and speeds of the main stages of the kidnapping lift for all the players are established in seven stages according to the reference model for this study. The bar paths of the players are different, and the average performance of given calculated metrics is almost the same as the reference model in this study. Recommendations: Based on these procedures and results, the following suggestions are made within the limits of the research procedures and findings: Carry out more studies with different samples to identify the structural differences between them in the kinematic and kinetic properties of the classical rises. There is a need to work on developing training programs individually based on the capacities of the players and their technical performance characteristics. Compare the Egyptian digital levels and the global levels in the technical aspect, biomechanical.

Hendri Neldi   Ishak Aziz   and Yeni Erita   

The increasing adoption of augmented reality (AR) in education has transformed traditional teaching methods, particularly in skill-based sports like basketball. AR offers real-time feedback, enhanced visualization, and immersive learning environments, making it a promising tool for improving skill acquisition and performance. However, research on AR's role in basketball education, especially for novice players in educational settings, remains limited. This systematic literature review aims to explore how AR is utilized in basketball teaching, its impact on skill acquisition, performance improvement, and engagement, and the challenges associated with its implementation. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in Scopus and ERIC databases. Studies published between 2014 and 2024 that focused on AR's application in basketball teaching were included. A total of 17 studies were analyzed, with data extracted on performance improvements, AR application types, and participant demographics. Quantitative and qualitative data were synthesized to answer key research questions. The quantitative data indicated performance improvements ranging from 12% to 25% across various AR applications, with significant gains in free-throw accuracy, spatial awareness, and decision-making skills. Qualitative data showed that AR enhanced student engagement and motivation, although some studies reported challenges such as over-reliance on AR feedback and difficulties in applying skills to real-world game situations. The review revealed AR's potential to improve basketball teaching, particularly through real-time feedback and immersive learning. However, the findings also highlight a gap in understanding AR's long-term effectiveness and its integration in dynamic game environments. This study fills a gap by focusing on novice players in educational settings, providing insights into AR's broader pedagogical value. For educators and coaches, AR should be used as a complementary tool alongside traditional methods to maximize its benefits. Stakeholders must balance the use of AR to avoid over-reliance on technology and ensure skills transfer to real-world scenarios.

Raffly Henjilito   Zulkifli   Ahmad Yani   Budi Arif Setiawan   and Herli Pardilla   

The assessment of discus throwing competencies in educational settings has historically lacked standardized measurement protocols and reliability metrics. While throwing events are fundamental to physical education curricula, limited research exists on the systematic evaluation of technical performance among physical education students. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of discus throwing performance measures, analyze gender-specific technical patterns, and identify key biomechanical predictors of throwing success among physical education students. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 273 physical education students (142 males, 131 females; aged 17-20 years). Participants completed six throwing trials using standardized implements (1kg females, 1.5kg males). Performance was assessed using high-speed video analysis (240fps), measuring throwing distance, release angle, hip-shoulder separation, angular velocity, and technical execution scores. Three certified coaches independently evaluated technical components using a standardized rubric. High between-trial reliability was observed for throwing distance (ICC = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.83-0.91) and technical execution scores (Cronbach's α = 0.84). Significant gender differences were found in throwing distance (d = 1.89, p < 0.001) and rotational dynamics (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis identified technical execution (β = 0.48, p < 0.001) and hip-shoulder separation (β = 0.35, p < 0.001) as the strongest performance predictors (R^² = 0.83). The study established reliable assessment protocols for discus throwing in educational settings, demonstrating strong relationships between technical execution and performance outcomes. Gender-specific patterns in technical components suggest the need for differentiated instructional approaches. The findings support emphasis on technique development over power training in youth athletics.

Jongbaek Lee   Wooho Chun   and Kihyuk Lee   

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength values for major muscle groups across different sports disciplines in male national athletes from Korea. We analyzed the 1RM strength values of 322 athletes measured at the National Training Center from 2017 to 2019. The analyzed 1RM values included the bench press, bench pull, back squat, deadlift, and power clean. The sports disciplines were categorized into ball sports (N = 54), combat sports (N = 155), and record-based sports (N = 113) for analysis. One-way ANOVA was conducted to analyze the three groups, and post-hoc analysis was performed when significant differences were found. The results indicated significant differences among the groups in 1RM values for the bench pull (p < 0.05), power clean (p < 0.001), and deadlift (p < 0.001). Record-based sport athletes showed the highest 1RM values in the bench pull and power clean, while combat sport athletes had the highest values in the deadlift. The ratio of 1RM values by exercise type revealed a significant difference in the bench press/bench pull ratio across the three groups, with ball sport athletes showing the highest ratio. In conclusion, the 1RM values for elite national-level athletes vary by sports discipline, highlighting the need for resistance training programs tailored to the specific demands of each sport.

Lianna Abrahamyan   

The aim of this article is to study strategies and approaches to managing the integration of people with disabilities in the sports environment. The aim was achieved by using a comprehensive approach to questionnaires and interviews, as well as descriptive statistics and correlation analysis of the obtained results. The analysis of the reliability of the measurement tools was carried out using the Pearson's chi-squared test, the root mean square deviation, and the statistical significance of the results p. The results of the study showed that the successful integration of people with physical disabilities in sports depends on a number of factors, including the availability of sports infrastructure, adaptive training programmes, professional training of coaches and social support. Sports clubs that implement inclusive practices and provide opportunities for socialization were found to demonstrate higher rates of satisfaction and engagement among members with disabilities. The conducted research gave grounds to conclude that the integration of people with physical disabilities into the sports environment requires a comprehensive approach that incorporates both material and non-material aspects.

Angela Polevaia-Secareanu   Wojciech J. Cynarski   Georgiy Korobeynikov   Markus Raab   Rashid Matkarimov   Fikrat Kerimov   Lesia Korobeinikova   Elena Mokrousov   and Hilitanu Remus-Lucian   

Recent evidence suggests that approximately 1 out of 100 children around the world is diagnosed with autism disorder. One of the effective ways to improve the cognitive abilities and general condition of children with autism is sports. The study involved 17 young healthy people (age 12.23; SD=2.58) and 10 young people with autism (age 13.52; SD=2.32) practicing judo. We used a test battery that has been previously applied in young athletes. A study of sensory-motor reactions revealed a slowdown in visual response against the background of moderate emotional stress in autistic athletes. In contrast, healthy athletes show a quick visual response to non-verbal information. A similar result was obtained when autistics performed visual search. At the same time, healthy athletes show fast decision-making of non-verbal information. The decision-making test correlates with the ability to perceive and process information as an indicator of cognitive development. The result was faster perception and decision-making in healthy athletes compared to autistic athletes that show slow decision-making time. A heart rate variability study found that athletes with autism had higher levels of sympathetic activation. Since the children in this project were average children with autism, it can be assumed that judo classes have a positive effect on the psychophysiological state of children. As a result, autistic athletes showed an optimization of the emotional state during mental anxiety. This corresponded to the predominance of sympathetic activation of the autonomic nervous system in autistic athletes. At the same time, autistic athletes showed a slowdown in decision-making and an improvement in the quality of processing non-verbal information.

Endang Murti Sulistyowati   Wawan Sudawan Suherman   Endang Rini Sukamti   Ilham   Bekir Erhan Orhan   and Vlad Adrian Geantă   

Rhythmic gymnastics has yet to be sufficiently popularized and remains relatively unfamiliar, particularly in D.I. Yogyakarta Elementary Schools, Indonesia. Therefore, developing specialized test instruments that primarily address psychological aspects related to children's interests is essential to enhance their awareness and engagement in learning. Objective: This study employs a research and development (R&D) approach to create an identification test instrument deliberately modified to incorporate psychological aspects, specifically focusing on self-efficacy in children. The test is designed to assist sports coaches and teachers in identifying children's potential for rhythmic gymnastics. It is comprised primarily of anthropometric and physical condition tests and self-efficacy dimensions to determine their influence. Materials and Methods: The study population included all elementary school students aged 7-9 years, with the sample restricted to female students, divided into two groups: a small-scale trial (n=33) and a large-scale trial (n=252). Seven experts conducted assessments to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed test. Results: The results drawn indicate that the Android-based identification test developed has demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability, with internal consistencies of 0.844 and 0.761 in both small and large groups, respectively. Several anthropometric factors, such as sitting height and arm span, significantly influenced rhythmic gymnastics skills (p<0.05). Physical component factors, including bridge, sit-and-reach, sit-up, and vertical jump, also significantly affected rhythmic gymnastics performance (p<0.05). However, the 20-meter run did not show significance in the T-test. Notably, self-efficacy was found to have a significant impact (p<0.05) on rhythmic gymnastics skills. Conclusions: The regression analysis further provided a relative contribution that is the basis for weighting or proportioning each independent variable in rhythmic gymnastics training for children aged 7-9.

Kinjal Bagthariya   and Ashish Kakkad   

Background: One of the most common orthopedic and neuromuscular disorders worldwide is neck pain. Neck pain impacts musculature contractions in several ways limiting functional capacities. Examining cervical musculature by electromyography (EMG) in individuals with neck pain is clinically significant as EMG offers important insights into the functional activity and coordination of cervical muscles, aiding in the identification of specific muscle imbalances, exhaustion patterns, or neuromuscular dysfunctions linked to neck pain. Aim: The study intended to evaluate and compare the Electromyography (EMG) activity of neck-cervical spine musculature with Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC) in young individuals with and without neck pain. Methodology: 200 young adults aged between 20 and 30 years with and without neck pain who fulfilled the criteria of selection were selected for the study. After acquiring written and informed consent, all participants were given a detailed description of the study's purpose and demonstrated the process of recording muscular activity. After familiarization, the participants were instructed to perform MVIC in each direction. The highest rate of the amplitude of MVIC was taken as the final amplitude for analysis. Statistical Analysis: Analysis of Data was conducted with SPSS 26.0 software. Shapiro-Wilk test was employed to assess normality. The Mann-Whitney U test was employed between MVIC of Persons with and without Neck Pain, as the data were non-parametric. Results: The results revealed significant differences in MVIC values of all cervical extensors (p<0.05), side-flexors (p<0.05) along with Platysma (p<0.05) but no significant difference in sternocleidomastoids (p>0.05). Conclusions: The study concluded that superficial cervical spine musculature including cervical flexors (except platysma), extensors, and side-flexors shows a reduction in MVIC capacities with neck pain and definitive of weakness in all the superficial cervical musculatures in individuals suffering from subacute-to-chronic-neck-pain compared to asymptomatic individuals. The conclusion alerts physiotherapists to address the neck musculature in young adults with neck pain to prevent various neck pathologies. Comprehending the distinct roles of superficial musculature in addition to deep musculature of the cervical spine region can improve assessment and treatment techniques with targeted interventions leading to more efficient rehabilitation programs.

Florian Riedmüller   Hans-Dieter Gerner   and Sofia Adrianzén Díaz   

The long-term development of membership numbers in sports clubs and federations is well documented through statistical surveys, such as annual sports development reports. However, studies dedicated to analyzing membership developments have a considerable time lag due to their retrospective approach, which poses a risk for future member acquisition and retention strategies. Modern market research methods attempt to address this challenge by using econometric approaches to deliver solid explanations and forecasts based on identified systematic patterns. Share of Search (SoS) analyses are already successfully used in various industries to forecast the development of market shares. This involves measuring the effect of the development of online search queries in Google and other search engines in one period on the change of market shares in the following period. For the first time, this approach is transferred to a pilot study that observes the membership development of 20 sports federations in Germany. This study shows that online search queries have a high explanatory power for membership development in sports. Therefore, SoS studies can be used accordingly as a relevant indicator for future planning in sports management.

Rodrigo Gallardo-Rodríguez   Laura Léniz-Maturana   Felipe Poblete-Valderrama   Sandra Vesga-Oviedo   Guillermo Cortés-Roco   Ruby Miranda-Osorio   and Viviana Rodas-Kürten   

The impact of physical activity parents perform on their children, which can positively affect their development, has recently been studied with greater emphasis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between the levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior of mothers and fathers and that of their preschool and school-age children. A sociodemographic questionnaire and two questionnaires to estimate physical activity and sedentary behavior (MAFYCS and IPAQ) were applied to a total of 34 girls and 25 boys aged 4 to 10 years, together with their mothers and fathers, all residents of the Biobío Region, Chile. The results showed that children whose mothers and fathers were more physically active and walked more were more involved in active play and participated in organized sports (r=0.523; p<0.001), (r=0.678; p<0.001). Likewise, children whose mothers were more physically active participated more in organized sports (r=0.296; p=0.026). In addition, the children of mothers who were more sedentary spent more time in front of a computer (r=0.279; p=0.036). Regular physical activity in mothers and fathers may significantly influence their children by positively transferring their habits. This could also be mediated by the intensity, type of activity performed, and overall family engagement in physical pursuits and lifestyle habits.

Michael Michaelidis   Konstantinos N. Papakonstantinou   Andreas Galanopoulos   Konstantinos Exintavelonis   Anastasia Giatra   Marios Gaoutsis   and Eleni Liva   

Non-specific chronic neck pain commonly affects office workers. Previous studies have explored various forms of physical exercise as therapies to alleviate pain and improve function. However, limited research has investigated stretching as an isolated intervention among office workers, with only one study demonstrating promising results. This pilot study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a 4-week static stretching protocol as a standalone treatment for reducing self-reported pain levels and improving pressure pain threshold (PPT) in women experiencing chronic non-specific neck pain. Sixty-six employed women with moderate to severe chronic neck pain were randomly assigned to either the static stretching (SS) or control group (CG). The SS group performed six neck muscle stretching exercises regularly for 4 weeks. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated before treatment initiation and at the end of the 4-week treatment period using the 11-point numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) and pressure pain threshold (PPT). Significant findings revealed a decrease in PPT in favor of the SS group, indicating reduced pressure pain sensitivity (p=0.013). However, there was no significant difference in NPRS between the two groups at the 4-week assessment (p=0.798). Our findings suggest that static stretching leads to a decrease in PPT but does not influence NPRS in women with chronic non-specific neck pain. Further evaluation of static stretching in a larger population with non-specific chronic neck pain is warranted. Additionally, future studies should investigate the optimal training dosage required to induce physiological and neuromuscular changes potentially linked to decreased neck pain and increased PPT levels.

Vinosh Kumar Purushothaman   Chow Wai Sin   Ambusam Subramaniam   Sivakumar Chinnusamy   Madhan Kumar Soutallu Janakiram   Arun Vijay Subbarayalu   Baala Sharmma   Rajkumar Krishnan Vasanthi   and Bekir Erhan Orhan   

Background: Basketball relies heavily on jumping. Insufficient hamstring flexibility and quadriceps weakness can increase the risk of muscle injuries when landing after vertical jumps. Additionally, dynamic balance plays a crucial role in both athletic performance and injury prevention. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between hamstring flexibility, quadriceps strength and dynamic balance with landing mechanics in recreational basketball players. Methods: 153 basketball players were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Hamstring flexibility, quadriceps strength, dynamic balance, and landing mechanics were analyzed using a sit-and-reach test, dynamometer, Y-balance test, and Landing error scoring system (LESS) respectively. Pearson correlation test was utilized to analyze the relationship between hamstring flexibility, quadriceps strength and dynamic balance with landing mechanics among recreational basketball players. Results: The study found a strong correlation between dynamic balance and LESS in dominant (D) and non-dominant legs (ND), with negative correlations observed for anterior (r = -0.859, p <.001(ND), r = -0.835, p <.001(D)), posteromedial (r = -0.836, p <.001 (ND), r = -0.853, p <.001(D)) and posterolateral (r = -0.863, p <.001(ND), r = -0.844, p <.001(D)) leg positions. No significant association was found between hamstring flexibility and LESS, (r = -0.145, p= 0.077), whereas quadriceps muscle strength showed significant positive relationship with LESS, (r = 0.300, p<.001) (D) and (r = 0.287, p<.001) (ND). Conclusion: The significant association between dynamic balance and LESS indicates that training programs should focus on improving dynamic balance to enhance performance and prevent health risk related injuries, while hamstring flexibility does not directly influence landing mechanics.

Ardhika Falaahudin   Suharjana   Sumarjo   Devi Tirtawirya   Dody Tri Iwandana   Padli   Yovhandra Ockta   and Muhamad Ichsan Sabillah   

This study aims to develop a physical condition testing application for age group 1 swimmers using the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) model. The research emphasizes the importance of physical fitness in enhancing athletic performance, particularly in swimming. Through analysis, surveys, and interviews with athletes and coaches, a significant need for assistive media to improve the assessment of swimmers' physical condition was identified. The designed application includes features to measure key physical attributes such as muscle strength, maximum oxygen volume, and endurance, all of which are crucial for achieving competitive performance. The methodology used is the ADDIE model, consisting of five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. In the analysis phase, data were collected through surveys and interviews with athletes and coaches to identify the primary needs in assessing swimmers' physical conditions. The application was validated by experts in content, media, and linguistics, and its practicality was tested with athletes and educators. The validation results showed an Aiken's V value of 0.88, indicating very high validity. Practicality tests with athletes and educators yielded average scores above 85%, confirming the application's effectiveness and user-friendliness. Revisions were made based on feedback received, including improvements to the application interface and the addition of exercise examples. This research contributes positively to the development of swimming athletes by enhancing the quality of training. The application aims to be an effective tool for coaches in designing training programs tailored to the physical needs of athletes and continuously monitoring their fitness progress.

Silvia Alisti   Mustika Fitri   Sandey Tantra Paramitha   Hilmy Apriady   and Yovhandra Ockta   

The importance of psychological factors such as mental health, pre-competitive anxiety, and self-confidence can influence and support performance enhancement in athletes. This article aims to explore the relationship between mental health, pre-competitive anxiety, and self-confidence among male and female athletes in Pencak Silat from PAL Kota Bandung and the West Java Pencak Silat PON team. The sample selection utilized Total Sampling technique encompassing the entire population based on gender. Through a quantitative descriptive approach, the study included 28 athletes. Instruments used were the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire, Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2R, and Self-confidence in Sport Competition Questionnaire. Data analysis involved correlation tests and descriptive statistics. The correlation results for male athletes showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.919 and a significance value of 0.000 between mental health and self-confidence. The correlation between pre-competitive anxiety and self-confidence for males indicated a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.526 with a significance of 0.053. For female athletes, the correlation between mental health and self-confidence revealed a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.797 with a significance of 0.001, while pre-competitive anxiety and self-confidence showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.091 with a significance of 0.759. Descriptive statistical results indicated differences in mean values between males and females in mental health, pre-competitive anxiety, and self-confidence. In conclusion, self-confidence in Pencak Silat athletes is significantly influenced by their mental health, with a stronger and more significant relationship observed among males compared to females. Pre-competitive anxiety also has an influence, though weaker and non-significant, especially among female athletes.

Maylana Sudharma   Moch. Asmawi   and Johansyah Lubis   

This study aims to analyze managerial strategies that can be applied to increase millennial generation participation in physical activity and sports, as well as provide practical insights for stakeholders in the field of sports management. Using a mixed methods approach, this study combines quantitative and qualitative data with an explanatory sequential design. Quantitative data were obtained through a survey involving 300-500 millennial generation respondents, to identify the level of participation, motivational factors, and barriers faced in exercising. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 10-15 sports managers to explore managerial strategies that can be applied. The results of the study indicate that millennial participation in sports is still low, with the main influencing factors being limited time, cost, and accessibility. Health, aesthetic, and social motivations are the main drivers of participation. Suggested managerial strategies include the development of flexible technology-based sports programs and the creation of inclusive sports communities. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis for quantitative and qualitative data. This study provides policy recommendations to increase sports participation among millennials with a more relevant and adaptive approach.

Diu Ha Minh   and Thanh Nguyen Duc   

The purpose of this study is to evaluate physical education students' current status of chess opening practice skills, thereby selecting solutions to contribute to improving students' chess playing skills in various opening forms. In this study, a pre-, mid-, and post-test design for two experimental and control groups was used. The experimental subjects were 60 students studying chess at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Hanoi National University of Education 2 (Vietnam) divided into 2 groups (control group and experimental group with na=nb=30). In which the control group learned chess according to the old program (currently consisting of 60 lessons), while the experimental group was instructed and used the Stockfish Chess Engine software for a period of time equivalent to 60 lessons. The parallel comparison method was performed with a paired sample t-test that was used on 3 specialized tests (including Determining opening strategies; Handling opening advantages; Playing 30-minute active chess games). The results showed that the identified opening skills of the control group and the experimental group had a significant difference with a clear advantage belonging to the experimental group (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the Stockfish Chess Engine software has shown to be more effective in practicing opening skills than the old training program currently applied. Chess instructors and coaches are encouraged to deploy and use the Stockfish Chess Engine software as a step towards developing physical education students' opening chess playing ability.

Masood Badri   Mugheer Alkhaili   Hamad Aldhaheri   Guang Yang   Muna Albahar   Asma Alrashdi   Saad Yaaqeib   and Alanoud Alsawai   

This study examines the associations between participation in different sports and key well-being indicators, including physical and mental health, social connections, and life satisfaction, among residents of Abu Dhabi. A large-scale cross-sectional survey was conducted in Abu Dhabi. Participants reported the type of sports they regularly engage in, and various well-being indicators were measured. A total of 25 sport types were analysed, focusing on determining the association of each sport with specific well-being indicators. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings reveal that walking was the most practiced sport, followed by jogging, running, and CrossFit. Team sports like football, volleyball, and cricket were strongly associated with well-being indicators such as mental health, satisfaction with family life and social relationships. In contrast, individual sports like running and cycling were more closely tied to physical health outcomes. Sports such as Jiu-Jitsu and fencing, though less commonly practiced, were found to contribute positively to mental resilience and emotional regulation. Gender differences were evident, with males participating more in high-intensity sports, while females favoured walking and dance, reflecting cultural preferences. The study highlights the diverse benefits of different types of sports on well-being. Team-based sports offer broader social and emotional benefits, while individual sports are linked more closely to personal health improvements. These findings emphasize the importance of promoting various sports to enhance different dimensions of well-being across the population. The results suggest that public health initiatives should tailor sports programs to address both social and individual health needs. Encouraging greater participation in a range of sports can help foster improved physical, mental, and social well-being across diverse demographic groups in Abu Dhabi.

Osa Maliki   Wawan Sundawan Suherman   Yudik Prasetyo   Galih Dwi Pradipta   Dewangga Yudhistira   Paryadi   Wildan Ubay Dillah   and Rizal Eka Wibisono   

Background: Attacking and defending along with jumping aggressively are needed by volleyball players. Methods to increase leg muscle power include bodyweight training and plyometrics. However, the application of this method is limited to knowing the effect of one model only, and previous studies claimed that the jump height as power means that it is not suitable. Important aspects such as training dosage settings, and exercise variations still need further research. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of body weight training and plyometrics on leg muscle power. Materials and Methods: The research method used in this study was experimental with a pretest-posttest control design. The participants of this study were male volleyball players aged 16-17 years totaling 30 people, who were selected by purposive sampling. The research instrument used was the vertical jump test. Data collection techniques include field tests, analysis of relevant articles, and observation. Data analysis was carried out using the Harman formula to determine power, assisted by Excel. Furthermore, the results of the study were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis formula with the help of SPSS version 23. Results: Peak power was found to have a significance value of 0.002<0.05, the difference between mean body weight and plyometrics was 404.11, and the mean difference between the control group and plyometrics was 229.16. Conclusions: The plyometrics method group was better than the control group and body weight training group on increasing peak power on the leg muscle power of young volleyball players.

Oki Candra   Winarno   Ahmad Rahmadani   Toktong Parulian   and Harris Kamal Kamarudin   

The urgency of this research focuses on developing innovative approaches and learning in basketball shooting techniques by paying attention to basic motion parameters and biomechanics. With the rapid development of technology, android-based applications are the leading choice for facilitating effective and efficient learning for students. This research aims to create an interactive android-based application to support the learning process, especially in learning basketball shooting techniques at Al Azhar Syifa Budi Pekanbaru II High School. This research can also be applied to learning basic movements and biomechanical principles in basketball. The method used in this research is research and development. This research leads to developing and creating a particular product that will later be utilized in solving a problem. The process in this study involves application development, planning, evaluation, and effective product utilization per the desired objectives. The approach used in this research is ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). Data analysis uses an effectiveness test by comparing the results of the free test and post-test. The results showed that there was an increase in the pre-test and post-test results of the three shooting techniques. In the free throw shooting test, the average value obtained by students was 79.12, while the pre-test increased to 90.31, an increase of 55.23%. In the second test shooting jump shoot, the average value obtained by students was 78.50 when the pre-test increased to 91.33 and 59.66%. Furthermore, the average value of the third test shooting layup shoot was 77.77. When the pre-test increased to 90.60, there was an increase of 56.46%. Of the three, shooting is categorized as quite effective. This research is an innovative solution to develop a technology-based learning process, specifically in basketball learning.

Harlyn Mae S. Ompoc   and Jerrwin C. Aguinaldo   

Artificial intelligence (AI) has proved its potential in various educational settings. However, its application in exercise-based learning remains unexplored. It is vital as some countries (e.g., the Philippines) have a high prevalence of physical inactivity, and most youth do not meet the recommended levels for maintaining health. Thus, this study investigates how incorporating AI-driven applications into tertiary physical education classes affects students' physical fitness performance. A non-randomized two-group design was utilized to compare pre- and post-test scores. Standardized tests measured cardiovascular endurance (CVE), upper body (UBS), core (CS), and lower body strength (LBS). An 8-week intervention with AI-driven exercise was implemented. Post-test scores showed that the AI-enhanced group (AG) performed significantly better than the traditional group (TG), with CVE at p<0.01 and UBS, CS, and LBS at ≤ 0.001. The TG showed improvement only in CVE and LBS p≤0.01. Conversely, the AG showed significant improvements in CVE, UBS, and LBS (p < 0.001) and CS (p < 0.01). These mean that using AI-driven applications during exercise has a favourable effect on students' physical fitness. Further research is recommended to encompass a variety of populations and educational settings while addressing AI literacy and ethical concerns to maximize its potential in promoting lifelong physical activity participation for overall fitness improvement.

Pham Nhu Hieu   and Dao Chanh Thuc   

Background: The physical demands of Karate, particularly in disciplines like Kumite and Kata, emphasize the importance of explosive strength in executing offensive and defensive maneuvers. Muscle imbalances between flexor and extensor groups, particularly in major joints, pose significant risks to performance and injury prevention. Despite the growth of Karate in Vietnam, limited research has explored targeted strength training interventions for Vietnamese Karate athletes. Method: This study involved 20 male Karate athletes from Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), divided into an experimental group (EG, n=11) and a control group (CG, n=9). The EG participated in an 8-week strength training program, comprising an anatomical adaptation phase (weeks 1–4, 60–75% 1RM) and a maximum strength phase (weeks 5–8, 90–95% 1RM). The CG continued their standard training. Peak torque of flexor muscles at the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints was assessed pre- and post-intervention using the Biodex System 4Pro-2012. Statistical analysis included paired and independent t-tests, growth rates (W%), and ANOVA. Result: The EG demonstrated significant improvements in flexor peak torque across all joints, with notable increases in the right thigh (31.3%, p=0.015) and left shoulder (28.94%, p=0.005). In contrast, the CG exhibited minimal, non-significant changes. Conclusion: The 8-week strength training program effectively enhanced peak torque and reduced muscle imbalances in Vietnamese Karate athletes. These findings support the implementation of structured, periodized strength interventions to optimize athletic performance and reduce injury risks.

Ridho Bahtra   Fahrur Rozi Harahap   Andri Gemaini   Hadi Pery Fajri   Wilder Geovanny Valencia   and Bekir Erhan Orhan   

The problem with this research is that many players still have low endurance. Low endurance will interfere with a player's performance on the field. This research aims to determine the difference in the effect of circuit and interval training on the endurance abilities of soccer players. This type of research is quasi-experimental research with a two-group pretest-posttest Design. The sample in this study was 30 U-18 soccer players. The sample grouping is first carried out before treatment is given to the sample. The sample grouping is determined based on ranking (ordinally matching pairing). The test instrument used is the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (YO-YO IR Test). Data analysis in this study used the statistical method of mean difference test (t-test) and before testing the hypothesis, a normality test was first carried out using Lilliefors. From the results of the data analysis that has been carried out, the results obtained are t_count (5.08) > t_table (2.04) which indicates that there is a difference between circuit training and interval training. Meanwhile, the analysis of the average increase in players' endurance showed that the average increase in circuit training data was 2.45 and interval training was 1.77. From these results, it can be concluded that circuit training is more effective than interval training in increasing the endurance of soccer players.

Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin   Soon Sing Bikar Singh   Mohd Firdaus Abdullah   and Wan Ahmad Munsif Wan Pa   

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of the SUPER Rugby Program in enhancing youth athletes' self-efficacy, mental skills, emotional management, and rugby-specific skills. The program implemented as an eight-week intervention, integrated rugby-specific training with mental and emotional skill development. The study objectives included examining participant engagement, learning outcomes, and program applicability, as well as analysing pre- and post-test results for both experimental and control groups. Utilizing a randomized experimental design, the research involved 30 male youth rugby players aged 13-15, evenly assigned to experimental and control groups. Assessment tools comprised the Physical Self-Efficacy Scale (PSES), Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool-3 (OMSAT-3), Life Skills Transfer Survey (LSTS), and rugby skill evaluations. Results demonstrated that participants in the experimental group experienced statistically significant improvements in self-efficacy (t = -33.23, p < 0.001), mental skills (t = -58.92, p = 0.001), emotional management (t = -8.08, p < 0.001), and rugby-specific skills (t = -20.03, p < 0.001) compared to the control group. While some participants noted variability in enjoyment and the quality of program presentation, high levels of learning and practical application of acquired skills were reported. In conclusion, the SUPER Rugby Program effectively enhanced both the physical and psychological competencies of youth athletes. Future studies should investigate the program's long-term impact and consider refining its visual and instructional components to further improve participant engagement and overall enjoyment.

Shreya Hegde   Deepak Hegde   Ravi Gupta   and Roma Mascarenhas   

Purpose: Injuries to the orofacial region are very common experiences during sports in teens and adults. This paper emphasizes on prevalence of dental injuries in the course of sporting actions, functions of mouth guards in prevention of sports injury, properties and types of mouth guards. The development of abilities for processing biological and sports-pedagogical information for masters of physical education and sports is a pressing need in higher education. The article's goal is to raise the theoretical and practical proficiency in statistical data processing among masters of physical education and sports by using the test of the normal law of distribution hypothesis for observed values as an example. Methodology: Researching, assessing, organizing professional and scientific literature, extrapolating knowledge from science, education, and real-world experience, and conducting pedagogical experiments are some of the techniques employed in the research process. The pressure-laminated mouth guard, a custom-fabricated type, is the most satisfactory when compared with other types of mouth guards. Therefore, it is important to endorse the use of mouth guards to safeguard the smile. Contribution and Advice: Mouth guards are a valuable instrument for sports injuries, and their application in biomedical and sports-pedagogical research guarantees the advancement of the sports sciences. It demonstrates the various types of mouth guards and its implication and its use in dental field to avoid any injuries.

Saharullah   Elkana Pranata Surbakti   Iwan Hermawan   Ketut Yoda   Nur Abidah Idrus   and Indra Kasih   

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and the student's acceptance of an android-based application developed for independent karate kata training. The study is the evaluation phase of a research and development study that follows the ADDIE approach. To conduct the evaluation, two experts, content and media quality experts, assessed the feasibility of the application. Besides, participants from the karate extracurricular program at Medan 9 Methodist Private Middle School in Medan City gauged students' acceptance. The researchers collected the study data using questionnaires, with responses analyzed quantitatively. The content expert's assessment showed that the application is highly feasible, indicating that the learning materials are appropriate for karate kata training. The media quality expert also confirmed that the application meets all necessary criteria for an effective learning tool. Moreover, the evaluation using the Technology Acceptance Model revealed that students found the application useful and easy to use, which encouraged their intention to use it for learning karate kata. In conclusion, the study revealed that the Android-based application is a viable and well-received tool for karate kata training.

Rizki Barokah Purnamasari   Ira Purnamasari   and Geraldi Novian   

Futsal athletes need overall excellent physical condition, specifically, speed and lower body strength are the dominant components used in futsal games. However, unfortunately, often these components are not in prime condition because the training methods used to improve these components tend to be monotonous. Various physical training methods have been proven to have a positive effect on increasing the speed and strength of athletes' lower bodies, one of which is the contrast training method. This study aims to examine the impact of the contrast training method on the speed and lower body strength of futsal athletes. The research method used is an experimental method using a pretest-posttest control group design, where the experimental group is given the contrast training method and the control group is given the conventional method. A total of 20 female futsal athletes were involved as subjects of this research who were given training program for 8 weeks (3 sessions/week). The instruments used in this research were the 20-meter sprint test to measure speed and the 1 maximum repetition squat test to measure lower body strength. The t-test was used in this research for data analysis. The research results showed a significant effect of the contrast training method on the speed and lower body strength of futsal athletes, while conventional training methods did not have a considerable impact. However, both groups experienced an increase in ability, where the experimental group experienced an increase in speed of 3.21% and lower body strength of 3.67%, while the control group only experienced an increase in speed of 0.06% and lower body strength of 0.2%. This research concludes that the contrast training method is scientifically proven to be able to provide a significant increase in the speed and lower body strength of futsal athletes. So, we recommend using the contrast training method in the training process for futsal athletes because it has been proven to provide positive benefits.

Dai Haojie   Yang Lei   and Tanima Bhattacharya   

This study investigates the effectiveness of exercise-based rehabilitation protocols for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) patients within the Chinese healthcare system, addressing the rising need for evidence-based recovery interventions tailored to diverse patient needs. ACL injuries are among the most prevalent sports-related injuries, often leading to prolonged recovery times and a significant risk of re-injury. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, optimized rehabilitation remains crucial for restoring knee function and preventing long-term complications. This research focuses on assessing the impact of specific rehabilitation exercises on key parameters such as muscle strength, proprioception, functional stability, range of motion (ROM), pain relief, and re-injury risk reduction. The study involved a comparative analysis of rehabilitation outcomes among patients receiving a combination of targeted exercises, such as Nordic hamstring exercises, aquatic therapy, suspension training, and eccentric isokinetic training, versus those undergoing electrotherapy alone. Clinical assessments utilized the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, alongside measurements of muscle strength and ROM. Patients undergoing combination therapies demonstrated superior recovery outcomes, achieving IKDC scores of 80 and flexor strength increases exceeding 200 N, compared to the electrotherapy-only group. Suspension training emerged as particularly effective in enhancing functional stability and facilitating a safe return to play, while eccentric kinetic exercises improved ROM and significantly mitigated pain and re-injury risk. The findings underscore the importance of integrating targeted exercise-based rehabilitation into ACL recovery protocols, highlighting its potential to improve clinical outcomes and patient quality of life. This study contributes to the field by presenting evidence-based recommendations for optimized ACL rehabilitation strategies, emphasizing the role of multimodal therapies. However, limitations include the absence of long-term follow-up data and the need for larger, more diverse cohorts. Future research should address these gaps to validate findings further. Practical and social implications suggest that adopting such strategies could reduce healthcare costs and enhance recovery outcomes within resource-constrained healthcare systems like China's.

Edi Kurniawan   Mujriah   Maulidin   and Johan Irmansyah   

The growing prevalence of sedentary lifestyle, especially among adolescents, presents serious health concerns, including obesity, heart disease, and cognitive impairment. This study investigates the effectiveness of a physical literacy model based on traditional games in decreasing sedentary lifestyle in adolescents aged 12 to 16. A quasi-experimental design was used, with 238 participants divided into two groups: an experimental group that participated in traditional games for 12 weeks, and a control group that adhered to the standard physical education curriculum. Data were collected using the Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ) and analyzed using independent t-tests and paired sample t-tests. The results showed a significant reduction in sedentary time among the experimental group, with an average decrease from 329.50 minutes in the pre-test to 219.50 minutes in the post-test. In contrast, the control group showed minimal change. These findings highlight the potential of traditional games to reduce sedentary lifestyle and improve physical, cognitive, and social skills. The study suggests that incorporating traditional games into physical education curricula could be an effective strategy for promoting active lifestyles among adolescents. Future studies should consider larger and more diverse samples to generalize the findings and explore additional benefits of traditional games.

Rices Jatra   Alnedral   Kamal Firdaus   Syahrial Bahtiar   Yendrizal   Damrah   Masrun   Yovhandra Ockta   and Ince Abdul Muhaemin Mangngassai   

Training models commonly used by athletes can sometimes lead to boredom and a decrease in motivation, which in turn affects their performance. Therefore, it is crucial to implement training variations that not only provide physical benefits but also enhance technical skills. This study aims to explore the impact of forehand training with a holistic approach on improving agility in tennis athletes over a period of six weeks. The research utilized a quasi-experimental design featuring a pre-test and post-test control group model, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the intervention's effectiveness. The sample consisted of 11 tennis athletes in the experimental group and 11 in the control group, selected through purposive sampling based on criteria of age (14-18 years) and technical proficiency. The forehand training program included 10 models with a holistic approach, which were certified as suitable for use in training programs. The tool used to measure agility was the shuttle run test (4 x 10 meters), effective for assessing improvements in motor capacity. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, tests for normality and homogeneity, and the Mann-Whitney test comparing the Post-Test results between the experimental and control groups. The results indicate that the forehand training model with a holistic approach significantly improved agility in tennis athletes aged 14-18 after six weeks of training, with a p-value <0.05. The Mann-Whitney test comparing the Post-Test results between the experimental and control groups yielded U = 20.5 and p-value = 0.009 (p < 0.05). This indicates a significant difference between the Post-Test results of the experimental group, which used the holistic approach, and the control group, which used standard training. The significant difference in Post-Test scores between the two groups suggests that the holistic training approach had a significantly different effect on agility improvement compared to the standard training approach applied in the control group.

Najada Quka   Marsela Shehu   Orkida Kosta   Rigerta Selenica   and Dritan Sallaku   

Athletes' posture development is a very important and complex issue that many researchers have recently focused on for a better performance. The purpose of our study is to determine the influence of sport on athletes' postural characteristics compared to those of non-athletes. In order to identify the postural parameters among the participants of the study, we used the "Posture Screen Mobile" software. Participants in our study were students from Sports University of Tirana aged 20±2 years (N=60 Bachelor's students; 52% males and 48% females). Based on the aim of our study, they were divided into two groups athletes (N=30; 60% male; 40% female) and non-athletes (N=30; 47% male; 53% female). The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20, focusing on a descriptive analysis and the Anova test. In our study, results show significant differences in postural curvatures between athletes and non-athletes (p-value < 0.05). Athletes reported higher scoliosis and lordosis curvatures, respectively forward lordosis with 3.2 ± 1.2 degrees and lateral curvature/scoliosis with 2.8 ± 1.2 degrees in their shoulders, compared to non-athletes (1.8 ± 0.9 and 2.1 ± 1.1 degrees). While between athletes, our results showed that basketball players (3.1 (±1.2) hip/lordosis; 2.8 (±1.2) head/kyphosis) exhibit higher sagittal plane curvatures for both lordosis and kyphosis compared to football players (2.8 (±1.1) hip/lordosis; 2.6 (±1.1) head/kyphosis) and volleyball players (2.7 (±1.0) hip/lordosis; 2.8 (±1.2) head/kyphosis). Based on our findings and conclusions, the study underlines that when the movement model does not correspond to the proper action during exercise, muscle imbalance and incorrect postural behavior occur. Training with tasks that correct muscle imbalance has a direct impact on the postural deficits that athletes exhibit as a result of asymmetric exercises. The coach's obligation continues to control the strength at unilateral levels and compare them so that the indicators are comparable.

Rahmat Iqbal   Nofi Marlina Siregar   Samsudin   Dhika Bayu Mahardhika   and Firdaus Hendry Prabowo Yudho   

Objective: This study aims to measure the validity and reliability of the basketball ability test and the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) as a tool for assessing motor and basketball abilities in early childhood. Methods: Research subjects consisted of 21 young basketball players from clubs and academies in the Jakarta Region, with x̅ age of 5.9 years old (SD ± .831) and x̅ BMI of 16.2 (SD ± 1.23). The basketball ability test includes running, jumping, changing direction, and throwing and catching the ball. TGMD is used to assess locomotor skills and object control. Results: The results of the analysis show that both tests have high validity and reliability in measuring children's basketball and motor skills. Correlations between tests indicate effectiveness in evaluating important aspects of motor skills. A significant relationship between test results and measured motor abilities supports construct validity. High reliability shows the consistency of test results over time. Conclusion: The basketball ability test and TGMD were proven to be valid and reliable for assessing motor skills and basketball in early childhood. Both tests can be used in physical education and motor skill development, providing valuable insight for coaches and educators. Further research is needed to test the applicability of this test to a broader population.

Dede Nurodin   Samsudin   and Moch. Asmawi   

This research aims to make a new contribution in developing jump serve skills in volleyball among physical education students at FKIP UNSAP Sumedang, with a focus on hand-eye coordination. This research approach is based on a correlational design which aims to explore the relationship between eye-hand coordination as an independent variable and jump serve skills as a dependent variable. The data collection method involved a ball throwing test to measure eye-hand coordination, while jump serve skills were measured through a serve test using the jump serve technique. This research uses a quantitative approach with descriptive statistical data analysis techniques to describe sample characteristics and data distribution, as well as inferential statistics to test hypotheses and identify a significant relationship between eye-hand coordination and jump serve skills. The main findings show a significant positive relationship between hand-eye coordination and service accuracy and strength, with a correlation coefficient reaching 0.655. These results confirm that improving hand-eye coordination has the potential to increase consistency and effectiveness in the jump serve technique. The implication of this research is the importance of including exercises that focus on developing visual-motor perception in volleyball training programs. This holistic integration not only enhances technical skills but also supports the athlete's comprehensive development on the field. Thus, these findings may aid in the development of more effective and evidence-based training methodologies to improve serve quality in volleyball in academic settings.

Nana Suryana Nasution   Ramdan Pelana   Yusmawati   and Dira Fauzi   

Badminton is a sport that requires high technical skills. Training in basic badminton techniques is an important first step for players to develop their abilities. However, effective and efficient training methods are often challenges for coaches and players. In this case, the use of machine learning technology can be an innovative solution to increase the effectiveness of basic badminton technique training. This research aims to develop a machine learning-based basic badminton technique training model that can help players improve their skills in a more targeted and personalized way. This research method uses the R & D (Research and Development) research method. The results of this research state that the machine learning-based basic badminton technique training model developed shows effectiveness in improving the technical skills of badminton players. By leveraging personalized training data and tailored feedback, players can identify areas for improvement and refine their technique more efficiently. The conclusion of this research is to produce an innovative and effective basic badminton technique training model based on machine learning. It is hoped that the use of this technology can help badminton coaches and players improve the quality of their training and overall performance. Thus, the implementation of this model has the potential to have a positive impact on the development of badminton skills at both individual and team levels.

Enver Tahiraj   and Erlinda Hakaj   

This scientific review delves into the effectiveness of gun massage in supporting athletes by examining its impact on muscle soreness, flexibility, performance enhancement, and injury risk. Through an extensive review of encompassing relevant articles, the effects of gun massage were scrutinized. Utilizing meta-analytic techniques for data synthesis, the study unveiled a positive correlation between gun massage and reductions in muscle spasms as well as enhancements in flexibility. However, potential risks including skin injury, bruising, and nerve damage were identified as associated with gun massage. To evaluate the advantages of gun massage for athletes, a variety of statistical methods such as meta-regression, effect sizes, and confidence intervals were applied. The results highlighted that gun massage has the potential to elevate athletic performance while concurrently mitigating the risk of injuries. The findings suggest that gun massage can elevate athletic performance and mental acuity while reducing injury risk, benefiting athletes of all skill levels when combined with preventive strategies like stretching, nutrition, and adequate rest. In conclusion, gun massage emerges as a promising modality for optimizing athletic performance. Nevertheless, additional research is imperative to validate its efficacy and safety conclusively. Athletes are strongly advised to seek consultation from healthcare professionals before incorporating gun massage into their regimen to ascertain its suitability and efficacy in aligning with their individual requirements.

Ikhwanul Arifan   Eri Barlian   M. Sazeli Rifki   Haripah Lawanis   Ardo Okilanda   Muhammad Qadafi   Vega Soniawan   Syahril Bais   Oca Fernandes   and Yovhandra Ockta   

VO₂Max is very important in football games. Currently, the average Student Training Education Center (PPLP) West Sumatra football player has a low VO₂Max capacity, so an exercise method is needed that can increase the athlete's VO₂Max capacity. In this case, the researcher provides a small game training method to raise the VO₂Max of players. The study's sample consisted of 40 people aged 14-17 years, using purposive sampling based on the researcher's own considerations. The players in this study sample have also been practicing for a long time, approximately 9 years. The average rise in scores between the first and final tests was found by statistical testing. It falls into the effective category with a minimum N Gain Score value of 0.4 and a maximum value of 0.9, and the pretest-posttest test results yielded a t-count value of -26.645 with a significance value of <0.01. If the sig value (2-tailed) < 0.05, then there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results. So to increase good endurance in athletes, realistic exercises such as small side games are needed, so that the athlete's VO₂Max capacity can increase properly. So it is highly recommended for football players to improve their endurance by using this small side game method. Small side games training, in addition to developing technical play, also greatly improves the physical condition of athletes. It is important for coaches to apply this training method to improve abilities.

Antoine Droh   Moustapha Sylla   Beva BI Innocent   and Droh B. Méasseu Débora   

Côte d'Ivoire is characterized by a predominantly young population. However, the ongoing demographic transition leads to significant changes in the size and structure of this population. In this context, maintaining regular physical activity appears essential for reducing the incidence of chronic diseases and improving quality of life, particularly among older persons. The objective of this study is to identify the policies and strategies implemented by public authorities to promote physical activity among older persons. To achieve this objective, the researchers adopted a mixed methodology, combining quantitative and qualitative surveys with 96 older persons. The results reveal that the services offered do not meet the expectations of this population. Public authorities pay little attention to the practice of physical activities among older persons. Sports infrastructures, when they exist, often remain inaccessible. Furthermore, sociocultural barriers, such as the fear of judgment from others and the perception of physical activity as unsuitable, hinder the participation of older adults in these activities. The study highlights the need for greater public involvement in adapting infrastructures and developing health programs that address the specific needs of older persons. It is also recommended that local communities play an active role in this dynamic, particularly by implementing initiatives that promote the inclusion of older persons in regular physical activities, which could transform perceptions and enhance access. This research provides valuable insights into the challenges associated with promoting physical activity among older persons in Côte d'Ivoire and suggests avenues for developing more appropriate public health policies, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of the country. Nevertheless, the sample size and limited geographical coverage represent limitations that may restrict the generalization of the results.

Zainal Arifin   Ramdani Amrullah   Muhammad Suhairi   Suriani Sari   and Tri Aji   

Resistance band is an easier alternative to strength training for young athletes in stimulating neural adaptation, enhancing hypertrophy, muscle capacity, strength and power. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the body chest rig resistance band training model on student athletes. Methods: This study used a pseudo-experimental research design with a pretest-posttest control group design. The subjects of this study were student athletes from various sports in Pontianak, specifically martial arts, athletics, and volleyball. The sample comprised student athletes aged 15-17 years, enrolled in junior and senior high schools. A total of 58 student athletes participated, divided equally into two groups: the experimental group and the control group, with 29 participants in each group. Analysis: Quantitative data analysis was performed using strength test instruments (psychomotor), including push-pull and back-leg dynamometers. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 2025. Results: The results indicated that adding load through resistance exercises using body chest rig resistance bands, with exercise loading stages adjusted by band color and additional weight, significantly impacted muscle strength in student-athletes aged 15-17 years. The statistical analysis revealed that the average strength test scores in the experimental group increased from 73.52 before treatment to 83.83 after receiving the body chest rig resistance band strength training model. Conclusion: Body chest rig resistance band training is effective in enhancing muscle strength among student-athletes. The findings suggest that the benefits of body chest rig resistance bands are comparable to those of traditional isotonic machines and free weights.

Ratanyoo Longrak   and Wirat Sonchan   

This study aimed to investigate the regional hypertrophic effects of two different once-weekly resistance training programs on the quadriceps muscle. Eighteen untrained men (Age: 21.1±0.5 years, Height: 174.1±5.3 cm, Body weight: 68.8±11.3 kg) with no prior resistance training experience were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two once-weekly training programs: a Mechanical Tension program (TN) or a Mechanical Tension with Metabolic Stress program (TS), both progressively designed over 6 weeks. Quadriceps muscle cross-sectional areas (QCSA) were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at three regions—proximal, middle, and distal—before and after training. The finding demonstrated that QCSA significantly increased in the proximal region (∆9.97%, ES = Moderate, and ∆8.9%, ES = Moderate), middle region (∆8.19%, ES = Moderate, and ∆8.42%, ES = Moderate), and distal region (∆7.73%, ES = Moderate, and ∆7.76%, ES = Moderate) for the TN and TS groups, respectively. Maximum strength also significantly increased in both group (∆26.83% in TS and ∆19.82% in TN with ES = Large). Additionally, strong to very strong positive correlations were found among the different regions (r = 0.82–0.94, p = 0.000), which may suggest that measuring a single region could be sufficient for those with budgetary constraints. In conclusion, both training programs effectively induced quadriceps hypertrophy, as well as resulting in increased maximum strength, in untrained participants, highlighting the effectiveness of one-weekly training in promoting muscle growth. Additionally, the knee extension exercise demonstrated the ability to induce relatively uniform hypertrophy across all quadriceps regions.

Nikolay Nikolov   Teodora Koynova   Nikolay Kolev   and Nikolay Natchev   

Fencing is the only discipline, which was part of all modern Olympic games. Elite fencing is a sport demanding high-end physical performance, top motor control and coordination. In the present study, we investigated the kinematics of execution of a special technique in foil fencing – the flick. This is a rather complex motoric system including the movement of the upper body, the shoulder, the elbow, the wrist and proper bending of the blade. The physics of the flick was described in detail in previous experiments based on the use of a rather bendable "model" foil. In the present study, we investigate the kinematical patterns in six fencers (two elite male fencers, two female fencers and two under-15 male fencers) when using competition foils. We used high speed videography by 1000 fps and calculated a total of 43 variables for every run. The main goal of the investigation was to study the motorics of the anatomical structures of the fencer and the blade in a situation simulating a real encounter. On the base of our calculations, we were able to understand which elements of the execution of the flick are crucial for its successful implementation. In addition, we developed an operational test algorithm for the evaluation of the quality of every single trial. It may be used by trainers to quantify the skills of their students in performing foil flick.

Samsudin   Moch. Asmawi   Sudradjat Wiradihardja   and Shela Ginanjar   

This research aims to determine the impact of collaborating the Teaching Games for Understanding model with tag-games on learning long jump for elementary school students. This research was conducted at SDN Kotabaru, West Bekasi, Bekasi. The method used was an experiment randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The population is 24 classes, with 520 students at SDN Kotabaru, West Bekasi, Bekasi. Samples were taken using the random sampling technique and classes 5D and 5B were determined with 52 students each. In practice, class 5D studied with Teaching Games for Understanding Model collaborated with Tag-Games and class 5B studied with the conventional model. The instrument used is the long jump test used modified Likert scale in its assessment. The results show that the Teaching Games for Understanding model with tag games has a better influence on long jump skills in elementary schools. The learning process is fun because there are games at the start of the lesson and the packaging of long jump material with the Teaching Games for Understanding model. Students not only learn happily but are always actively involved in challenging learning to obtain better results. This is clearly needed in long jump learning because learning is fun, and students concentrate when studying so that learning objectives can be achieved well. For future research, the Teaching Games for Understanding model with Tag-Games needs to be tried in students' favorites sports such as badminton, football, basketball, or volleyball to get an idea of the strengths and weaknesses that may arise in its implementation.

Siti Khadijah Ab Rahman   Mohd Rizal Md Razali   Yeo Wee Kian   Nurhamizah Rahmat   and Nor Azhani Abd Hazis   

The use of banned substances to enhance athletic performance is prohibited by most international sports federations. Despite this, athletes often resort to these substances as a shortcut to achieve their goals, such as recovering from injuries, accelerating muscle growth, boosting energy and performance, improving endurance, or losing weight. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of doping cases in Malaysian sports over 17 years, from 2005 to 2022. The data sources include reports on the suspension of Malaysian athletes, anti-doping testing figures and other published materials. The findings reveal that doping remains a persistent challenge, particularly during major sporting events such as the SEA Games, Asian Games, and Sukma Games, where doping incidents tend to spike. These trends suggest that competitive pressure may drive athletes to use performance-enhancing substances. While recent declines in cases can be linked to improved anti-doping measures, like the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP), and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the resurgence of doping in 2021 and 2022 underscores that the issue persists. A higher incidence of doping among male athletes mirrors global patterns, highlighting the need for gender-specific education and prevention strategies. The study also shows that anabolic agents are the most frequently detected substances in Malaysia, followed by stimulants, diuretics, and masking agents, in line with international trends. Sports most affected by doping in Malaysia include bodybuilding, weightlifting, athletics, and cycling. These findings reinforce the need for sustained anti-doping education, comprehensive testing, and stricter regulation enforcement to safeguard athlete health and preserve the integrity of sports. The role of Anti-Doping Agency of Malaysia (ADAMAS), alongside the broader involvement of coaches, medical professionals, and athletes, remains vital in promoting a culture of clean and fair competition in Malaysian sports.

Ahmed K. Hassan   Mohammed S. Alibrahim   and Badry E. Hammad   

Taekwondo, which mainly involves kicking and flexibility exercises, demands physical fitness of strength, endurance, and power. Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects on muscle strength, endurance, and jump kick performance of using 4D PRO® Bungee Trainer and Battle Rope for training in Taekwondo. Methods: The study included 40 male Taekwondo players aged 16-18, and the participants were divided into two comparable groups: the first group of subjects (experimental group) underwent training with 4D Pro and Battle Ropes (n = 20, mean ± SD, age 16. 95 ± 0.96 years, height 168.95 ± 1.28 cm, weight 67.55± 1.54 kg, training experience 3.30 ± 0.47 years). The second set of subjects (control group) included subjects who underwent traditional training without 4D Pro and Battle Rope (n = 20, mean ± SD, age 17.00 ± 0.73 years, height 168.90 ± 1.52 cm, weight 67.50 ± 0.95 kg, and training experience 3.35 ± 0.49 years). It was carried out using pre- and post-measurements, with ten weeks of training. In the EG, the program was designed to enhance muscle strength, endurance, and jump kick performance, with sessions conducted three times a week. Each training session was between 60-90 minutes and the training repetition duration was 50 to 90 seconds. The tool requires 30-60 minutes for a session and the load intensity level is between 60-85% maximum heart rate. The training program for the CG matched the program without 4D PRO® Bungee Trainer and Battle Rope exercises. Results: This study revealed that there was a significant difference between the pre and post-tests of the EG. This meant that the Cohen’s d values for the EG were above 0.8 thus implying a very large effect size. The EG had a higher mean score than the CG in the measurements being used in this study. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of using 4DPro and Battle Rope in providing quality training programs to develop muscle strength, endurance, and jump kick performance in Taekwondo.

Kihyuk Lee   and Minkyung Choi   

The implementation of revised rules in modern field hockey has emphasized the importance of high-intensity movements such as short sprints, accelerations, and decelerations. This study aimed to analyze the effects of short-term plyometric training on high-intensity movement-related variables in elite female field hockey players. For this study, 20 collegiate female field hockey players were divided into two groups of 10: the Continuous Training Group (CTG) and the Plyometric Training Group (PTG). Each group underwent their respective training protocols for 60 minutes, three times a week, over a six-week period. To analyze the impact of these programs on high-intensity movement-related variables, simulated matches were conducted before and after the training period to measure high-intensity movement-related variables and athletic performance. The effectiveness of the programs was assessed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed significant improvements in high-intensity movement-related variables for the PTG group compared to the CTG group in maximum velocity, sprint distance, and the number of acceleration bouts, with significant group × time interactions (all, p < 0.05). In terms of athletic performance, significant improvements were found in the 10m sprint, 20m sprint, and arrowhead agility test, with significant group × time interactions (all, p < 0.05). This study concludes that plyometric training is more effective than continuous and agility training in improving high-intensity movement-related variables and athletic performance in elite female field hockey players.

Gatot Jariono   Nurhidayat Nurhidayat   Agam Akhmad Syaukani   Eko Sudarmanto   Haris Nugroho   Satria Yudi Gontara   and Uzizatun Maslikah   

Playing games can also help primary school pupils become more physically healthy. Conventional games are owned by a collective group and maintain their traditions and customs throughout generations. Furthermore, circuit play is an educational strategy tailored to children's needs through conventional play, with five posts created using a game model. Finding out how Madrasah Ibtidayah Muhammadiyah Wonorejo students in Indonesia select their physical fitness components in response to traditional sports treatment based on circuit games was the main objective of this study. This study used a quantitative approach using a pretest-posttest control group experimental design. For the study, fifty pupils between the ages of ten and twelve were selected at random. There were twenty-five students in the experimental group and twenty-five in the control group. The control group did not get circuit game-based exercise therapy, whereas the experimental group did. The three components of traditional exercise treatment with circuit games consist of forty-minute weekly sessions. Over twelve weeks, tests, including dangling bent elbows, 600-meter sprints, vertical jumps, and 30-second sits, were given. The data for the study were analyzed using SPSS Version 26. The investigation employed an independent, paired sample difference test with a significance value of 0.05. This exam is conducted twice, once before and once after. Traditional sports therapy with circuit games improved physical fitness for twelve weeks. These results could help PE teachers create traditional exercise therapy that allows students to become healthier using circuit games. The study suggests that students in elementary school may be healthier with traditional sports therapy that uses circuit games. Since the study involved only male respondents, care must be considered. A more significant sample number should be used for research, and more research should be done on students' physical health, social environment, and other elements.

Ayesha Siddiqua Syeda   Radhika Hedaoo   Keren Susan Cherian   Mansi Patil   Sammita Jadhav   and Anuja Mohile   

Orthorexia nervosa (ON), an emergent eating disorder, presents as an obsession with healthy eating among nutrition and sports professionals as well as fitness enthusiasts. However, it often goes unmonitored. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ON, an obsession with healthy eating, and its association with the extent of health concerns, exercise addiction, and depression among fitness enthusiasts. Data was collected from 154 respondents aged 18-30 years (45.5% males and 54.5% females) categorized as gym enthusiasts, weight-sensitive sports athletes, and nutritionists using validated questionnaires -ORTO-15, Health Concern Scale, Exercise Addiction Inventory, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The prevalence of ON was assessed and the association between ON and other variables was determined using logistic regression. The overall prevalence of ON was 53.24% across the study groups, with the highest prevalence among gym-enthusiasts (63.8%) followed by weight-sensitive athletes (56.1%) and nutritionists (40%) respectively. The ORTO-15 scores showed a significant negative correlation with BMI (r=-0.215), Health Concern Scale (r=-0.438), and Exercise Addiction Inventory (r= -0.370), irrespective of gender and the study group. A significant association between higher health concern scores and the development of ON was observed (71.8% probability, p value=0.002). Orthorexia tendencies were prevalent across the study groups. This highlights the severity of the phenomena. An excessive preoccupation with healthy eating and dietary restrictions may result in mental health consequences, the risk of nutritional deficiencies despite appearing health-conscious, and contribute to an unhealthy fixation on body image.

Ahmed K. Hassan   Mohammed S. Alibrahim   and Badry E. Hammad   

Introduction: Information regarding the breathing masks and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is quite appealing to the field of athletic performance. Aims: The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of High-Intensity Interval Training with Breathing Mask (HIIT-M) on physiological and chemical parameters and on the level of Taekwondo performance. Methods: The sample of the study was 30 participants who were allocated into an experimental group of 15 participants and a control group of 15 participants. The experimental group included the following characteristics: ((n=15), (mean ± SD) height 171.33 ± 2.32 cm, weight 68.47 ± 2.47 kg, training experience 3.47 ± 0.52 years), and the control group included similar characteristics: ((n=15), (mean ± SD) height 171.60 ± 2.03 cm, weight 69.07 ± 2.71 kg, training experience 3.53 ± 0.54 years). A variety of HIIT-M exercises was employed during eight weeks, with three training sessions per week. Results: The findings suggested that HIIT-M training had a significant impact on the improvement of physiological and chemical values as well as Taekwondo skill in the experimental group when compared to the control group. When the results were analyzed, it was found that all the above-mentioned variables were significantly improved (P<0. 001). The effect sizes (Cohen's d) for the physiological variables (HR, HR R, VO₂Max, SBP, DBP) ranged from 1.20 to 3.41, with percentage improvement differences ranging from 1.92% to 12.08%. In contrast, the biochemical variables (Po4, Hb, BLCRBe, BLCR at 0 min, 3 min, 6 min, 9 min, 12 min, and 30 min) ranged from 1.40 to 13.67, with percentage improvement differences ranging from 3.1% to 27.88%. For the skill variables (RK, BRK, CVK), the effect sizes ranged from 2.41 to 3.80, with percentage improvement differences ranging from 25.37% to 34.13%. Conclusion: According to the study, the implementation of HIIT-M training for Taekwondo athletes is effective for improvement of physiological and chemical variables, along with skills in Taekwondo. Recommendations: The mentioned exercises are recommended by the researchers to increase the physical, physiological, psychological, and skill power of the athletes and achieve better performance.

Heildenberg C. Dimarucot   and Julia Pearl M. Arroyo   

One of the things that set elite athletes apart from novice ones is their ability to focus on a target at the perfect time through the proper anticipation and sustained concentration, or what is known as the quiet eye (QE), until they can decide on better body positioning, stance, and timing of action. Unfortunately, no studies have been reviewed on applying QE training to high-performance sports. Thus, this systematic review summarized what worked and what did not in the training or intervention programs used to improve QE across 15 studies on this subject for the past five years. This review largely followed Rico-Gonzalez et al.'s (2022) guidelines for conducting a systematic review in sports science. Most common gaze control and QE training methods were successfully implemented using eye-tracking technology and advanced simulations that provided precise feedback on the athletes' performance while training. However, identifying the appropriate sample size and duration for their training, using explicit and constructive feedback, and exposing athletes to authentic game situations alongside eye-tracking technology are crucial considerations for the success of the training regimen. Developing cheaper eye-tracking technology affordable for athletes and coaches in third-world countries would be promising so they could have an equal chance to compete against their counterparts in first-world countries. However, while this is still not feasible, coaches need to be trained to develop their athletes' external focus of attention instead and acquire new gaze control and QE training methods.

Ketut Chandra Adinata Kusuma   Made Agus Dharmadi   Syarif Hidayat   I Wayan Artanayasa   and I Ketut Semarayasa   

Currently, a training model that can effectively enhance players' performance according to the demands of competitive soccer is needed. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Small-Sided Games (SSG) training model on soccer player performance through a systematic literature review. The review is conducted using the ScienceDirect and PubMed databases following the PRISMA method. A total of 13 international articles published between 2020 and 2024 were examined to synthesize the research objectives. The current findings include two articles analyzing the impact on body composition and physical aspects, six articles analyzing the impact on players' physiological and physical aspects, as well as other articles analyzing mental and technical, physiological and psychological, physical and motivational, tactical, and locomotor profile aspects. It is concluded that SSG, as part of training with a holistic approach, effectively improves the physical, technical, tactical, and mental components of soccer players. It is recommended for soccer coaches to implement this training model as it comprehensively enhances player performance according to the demands of official matches, and future researchers can use it as a preliminary study to develop training models in soccer.

Kumju Lee   

The purpose of this study was to diagnose balance ratio of the dominant (extensor) and antagonist (flexor) muscles, and balance the ratio between the left and right sides in collegiate women's hockey players, and to provide strength training prescriptions for individual athletes who were evaluated as having an imbalance. The subjects of this study were six female hockey players from K-University who had an imbalance in knee strength assessment in Seoul. After measuring their body composition, isokinetic muscle function of the knee joint was measured at an angular velocity of 180°/sec. The results for each athlete were as follows. First, the balance of the ipsilateral flexion-extension ratio (H/Q) was evaluated in lower; in the right leg of athlete A, in the left leg of athlete B, in the left leg of athlete C, in the left leg of athlete D, in the left leg of athlete E, and as normal leg of athlete F, respectively. Second, the balance of bilateral left-right strength ratio (L/R) was evaluated in lower; in flexor of Player A, as normal of Player B, in flexor of Player C, in flexor of Player E, and as normal of Player D and Player F, respectively. Considering the above overall individual cases, as previously mentioned in this study, regular isokinetic muscle function tests should be performed to evaluate whether there is an imbalance of ipsilateral and bilateral balance ratio or not, and then appropriate strength training, especially hamstring muscle strengthening training, is thoroughly required for each individual cases.

Seungmin Shin   Rakesh Tomar   Seoungeun Kim   and Yongho Lee   

This study aimed to investigate the sensitivity of wearable sensors in detecting fatigue induced by low-intensity football training among university players. Twenty healthy male university football players participated in the study, undergoing gait analysis using wearable sensors before and after a 90-minute football training session. Data were collected using shoe-type IMU sensors for gait analysis, GPS trackers for exercise monitoring, and heart rate monitors for heart rate assessment. Results showed significant changes in various gait parameters post-exercise, including decreased cadence, increased percentage of double support, decreased percentage of single support, and increased time of toe-off. However, parameters like stride length remained unchanged. Center of gravity parameters did not show significant differences except for an increase in the medial to later (ML-Y) acceleration post-exercise. Study results suggest that even low to moderate-intensity exercise can induce fatigue, impacting walking dynamics, and providing valuable insights into athletes' physical deterioration during daily activities. This method could be crucial for monitoring fatigue and preventing injuries among athletes engaged in various sports activities. Nonetheless, the study highlights the effectiveness of wearable IMU sensor gait tests in detecting fatigue induced by low to moderate-intensity exercises, emphasizing the importance of monitoring fatigue for injury prevention and performance optimization in athletes.

Aravinth L.   and Sowmiya M.   

Background: The WHO has declared 2021–2030 to serve as a decade of healthy aging, highlighting the importance of addressing conditions like osteoarthritis that significantly impair quality of life and functional ability. In osteoarthritis cases, few studies have stressed how important it is to evaluate kinematics in addition to pain. This is the only study to find out the relationship between the classifications of mild to moderate and moderate to severe osteoarthritis based on pain and Kinematic asymmetry. Objective: This study aims to determine the correlation between pain and kinematic asymmetry of gait in patients with mild-to-moderate versus moderate-to-severe unilateral knee osteoarthritis. Methodology: The study employed a non-experimental, cross-sectional design with a convenient sampling method, resulting in a sample size of 50. For six months, we selected 25 patients from Group A (mild-to-moderate pain intensity) and 25 from Group B (moderate-to-severe pain intensity) using the inclusion and exclusion criteria evaluated using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale and GaitOn software. Results: The present investigation found a positive correlation between gait kinematic asymmetry and pain in patients with unilateral mild-moderate or moderate-severe knee osteoarthritis. Conclusion: The study concluded that gait kinematic asymmetry has a significant impact on pain, necessitating its assessment and correction to halt the disease's progression.

Bekir Erhan Orhan   Veysel Koç   Aydın Karaçam   and Yuni Astuti   

This study explores attitudes towards physical activity and self-efficacy among students aged 9-12, considering various demographic variables. The research utilized a descriptive relational screening model. The sample comprised 484 students (48.97% female, 51.03% male), selected through appropriate sampling methods. Data were collected via face-to-face administration in school settings, with parental consent. The instruments included a personal information form, the Physical Activity Attitude Scale for Children and Adolescents (YPAAS), and the Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Scale for Children (PASSC). After excluding 77 responses outside the 9-12 age range, statistical analysis was performed with a .05 significance level. The study concludes that there is a moderate, positive linear relationship between attitudes towards physical activity and physical activity self-efficacy among students aged 9-12. Sex does not significantly impact attitudes or self-efficacy scores. However, BMI significantly affects self-efficacy, not attitudes towards physical activity. Sleep duration influences self-efficacy but not attitudes, while daily screen time affects attitudes but not self-efficacy. Additionally, attitudes and self-efficacy significantly vary with daily physical activity levels, with higher activity levels associated with more positive attitudes and greater self-efficacy. Participation in different sports branches significantly influences self-efficacy, particularly between football and other sports, but does not significantly affect attitudes. The findings underscore these variables' critical role in shaping young students' physical activity behaviours, highlighting the multifaceted nature of physical activity motivation and enjoyment.

Ilham Kamaruddin   Muhammad Husni   Fitri Annisa   Alek Andika   Loso Judijanto   Aulia Asman   Supriyanto   Made Sri Astika Dewi   Abdul Manap   Singgih Prastawa   Naela Khusna Faela Shufa   Tito Pangesti Adji   Pius Weraman   I Putu Agus Dharma Hita   Elsa Ariestika   and Emmanuel Nizeyumukiza   

There is growing evidence in the literature that sport presents a ground for effective and less costly interventions for improving mental health of individuals. Further, previous research has consistently associated physical activity with better health outcomes. However, there is scarce evidence from large community samples. In addition, most of the evidence comes from western countries, and there is little evidence from eastern communities. This study aimed to address the links between sport and mental health in a sample of Indonesian adults. This study used data from an Indonesian community survey. This survey collected information at the national level using stratified random sampling. A total sample of 21,948 individuals (mean age = 39.56, SD = 13.45, range = 18-90, 50.4% of females) was used in this study. Since individual data were nested within communities across Indonesia, hierarchical linear models were used to investigate the links between sport and depression and life satisfaction. The main results showed that engaging in sports was associated with lower levels of depression and increased satisfaction with life. These associations were established taking into account random effects and control variables. These findings suggest that a population that engages in some forms of sports may get mental health benefits and encourage sport participation in rural and urban Indonesian communities.

Sofia Papadopoulou OLY   Krinanthi Gdonteli   and Konstantinos Georgiadis   

Olympic Education has evolved into a peak educational approach worldwide in the past few years. Despite the value of spreading Olympic ideals through PE, it seems that Olympians and elite athletes have not been exploited as role models to further increase the effects on students. The present study aims to explore whether Olympic athletes can be role models for young students and if they have the skills to promote Olympic Values via PE. Interviews based on Bandura's social learning theory were done with 8 sports education executives as a pilot study and subsequently with 64 Greek OLYs. Moreover, interviews with 30 students after a one-month sailing program and lectures on Olympic Ideals by an OLY were conducted for the triangulation process. Results showcased that the Olympian's abilities, skills, and motor skills need to be integrated into the framework of the PE program along with scientific and technical knowledge. As a result, this project offers a solid initiative based on philosophical-theoretical pedagogical principles that are put to use in a real-world setting, improving the comprehension of the contemporary science of PE. The results are intended to be used to develop guidelines as a component of a curriculum for young students to promote athletic values.

Mohamed D. Hassan   Hassan A. Khater   Marwa M. Hassan   Mohamed A. Deef   Tarek M. Aboelella   Abdulmalek K. Bursais   Mahmoud A. Bakr   and Ahmed A. Al Dagher   

The kinematics of soccer throw-in skills has gained increased attention, but the Kinematic Release parameters in various throw-in types remain insufficiently established. This study assessed and compared four types of soccer throw-ins performed in a field environment. Twelve junior soccer players (mean age 13.6±0.6 years, height 1.61±0.21 m, weight 44.42±2.78 kg, and training history 2.14±0.89 years) participated in. The four throw-in skills included two approaches with two feet apart (AFA), feet side by side (AFS), and two standing types (standing with two feet apart -SFA, standing with feet side by side -SFS). Three-dimensional cameras (4K@60 fps) and SkillSpector (version 1.3.2) were used for recording and analysis. Release speed, angle, height, swipe times, and range were evaluated, with correlations assessed from three sets or trials of every player in a total of 144 throw-ins. Results showed higher release speed and average range in approaching and/or stepping types compared to stationary and/or aligned leg types. The average range for (AFA) and (AFS) surpassed (SFS) and (SFA). Release angle (RA) was approximately 33.5° in (AFS), (AFA), and (SFA), while (SFS) exhibited lower values. A predictive equation for ball ranges was developed based on release parameters, including released speed, angle, height, and backwards and forward arm swing times (BAST and FAST).

Paraskevopoulos Eleftherios   

Various mobilization techniques have been shown to affect muscle activation in both healthy and injured individuals, particularly in the lower extremities. The mechanisms behind this effect seem to be related to the stimulation of sensory receptors around the joints, thereby influencing the central nervous system. Reviewing such techniques, like pelvic mobilization, is crucial for understanding their outcomes. This review assessed especially the impact of pelvic compression on extensor torque production and quadriceps activation. The review encompasses studies investigating pelvic compression and related techniques beyond compression for pelvic stability. Inclusion criteria comprised randomized and non-randomized trials published exclusively in English, without a minimum follow-up duration. Participants included healthy individuals and those with various pathologies, with interventions ranging from specialized belts to mobilization techniques. Outcome measurements focused on EMG of target muscle groups or torque through isokinetic dynamometry. A systematic electronic search strategy was employed, primarily utilizing Medline, CINAHL Plus, Scopus and Google Scholar. The studies confirm that compression forces on the Sacroiliac joint can influence electromyographic (EMG) characteristics and improve stability and motor control. The findings suggest that pelvic compression belts can enhance neuromuscular performance, reduce pain, and increase functional outcomes such as walking speed and muscle strength in both clinical and athletic populations. However, the exact mechanism of operation remains unclear. Pelvic compression affects electromyographic characteristics and muscle strength, with effective use in cases of low back pain and sacroiliac dysfunction.

I Gede Putu Wahyu Mahendra   Luh Putu Ratna Sundari   Nur Basuki   N. Adiputra   RA Tuty Kuswardhani   and I Gusti Ayu Widianti   

Background: Inadequate muscle strength and balance impair the mobility of the elderly and increase their risk of falling. An effective sort of exercise is required to increase mobility and minimize the risk of falls in the elderly. Aims: The purpose of this study was to show that simple balance exercises (SBE) are as good as twelve balance exercises (TBE) in improving functional mobility and decreasing fall risk in the elderly. Participants and Methods: The research was a randomized control trial. The participants were 22 old people screened following inclusion and exclusion criteria and then grouped into two groups. Group 1 was administered SBE, whereas Group 2 was given TBE. Each group practiced three times each week for a total of six weeks. The timed up and go test (TUGT) is used for assessing functional mobility, while the berg balance scale (BBS) is used to assess the risk of falling. Results: Both groups showed significant increases in mean TUGT and BBS scores before and after exercise (paired sample t-test, P < 0.05). The independent t-test TUGT and BBS yielded a P > 0.05, indicating that there is no significant difference between the two groups' mean TUGT and BBS values after training. Conclusions: According to the results, SBE is equally effective as TBE in improving functional mobility and minimizing the risk of falls in elderly women.

Ana Adriana Huamani-Huaracca   Mariana Nicanora Zela-Garcia   Mayra Marianela Rojas-Villarreal   Flor De Maria Quinteros-Domínguez   Ana Milagritos Flores-Hiyo   and Juan Morales   

Objectives: To explore the presence of muscle dysmorphia (MD) and its relationship with body image satisfaction. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in two districts of Lima, Peru (2023). The population consisted of gym users, of both sexes, over 18 years of age. MD was assessed using the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS), and Stunkard body silhouette method was used to assess body image. Results: A total of 348 subjects participated, 57.8% (n=201) males and 42.2% (n=147) females. Of the sample, 65.2% (n=227) presented MD, and variables associated with MD were age (p=0.007), frequency of gym attendance (p<0.001) and risk of diabetes mellitus (p=0.006). Regarding satisfaction with body image, 7.5 % (n=26) were satisfied, 54 % (n=188) wished to be thin and 38.5 % (n=134) wished to increase their muscle mass. The variables associated with body image were age (p<0.001), educational level (p=0.004), pathological history (p=0.037) and risk of diabetes mellitus (p<0.001). An association of MD with perceived body image (p<0.001) and desired body image (p=0.044) was found. Conclusions: MD is a common problem, occurring mainly in young people and regular gym-goers. Gym users also show dissatisfaction with their body image. There is an association between MD and body image. It requires making the appropriate surveillance decisions for this specific population.

Ahmad Chaeroni   Mottakin Ahmed   Kamal Talib   Bekir Erhan Orhan   and Karuppasamy Govindasamy   

This research is based on the fact that one aspect of soccer is the physical fitness level of players. This study reviews the extent of the level of physical fitness in soccer athletes. The research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive approach. The sample in this study consisted of 18 soccer players, whose physical abilities were measured through: 1) standing broad jump to measure leg muscle explosiveness, 2) upright jump test to measure leg muscle endurance for 30 seconds, 3) dodge run test to measure agility, and 4) bleep test to measure aerobic endurance. The data analysis technique used quantitative descriptive analysis with the Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) program version 29.0. Based on the results of the study, it was found that: 1) the level of agility of soccer players averaged 25.13 seconds, indicating a moderate level; 2) the explosive power of the leg muscles, with an average value of 219 cm, shows good potential; 3) strength endurance through the upright jump test for 30 seconds results in an average of 20 jumps with a standard deviation of 5.59, which is in the moderate category; and 4) the results of the bleep test show an average Maximum Oxygen Volume (VO₂Max) value of 32.9, indicating most players fall into the moderate to less category in aerobic endurance. In this study, the physical condition of soccer players shows strength in several areas but still requires improvement in other areas through strategically designed training. The importance of continuous evaluation and monitoring of players' physical condition is highlighted to design effective training programs aimed at enhancing players' physical performance and overall performance on the field.

Dao Chanh Thuc   and Do Tan Phong   

Objective: To assess the influence of movement games aimed at enhancing the physical fitness and vestibular stability of primary school students in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, aged 8 to 9 years. The researchers conducted the study at a boarding primary school in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The study involved 125 students from the 3rd and 4th grades, and they were categorised into four groups: experimental group (EG) boys and girls, male and female control groups (CG). Results: The control group demonstrated noteworthy enhancements in the physical fitness and vestibular parameters of 8- to 9-year-old students both before and after engaging in physical games during physical education (PE) sessions. The experimental group exhibited superior physical fitness and vestibular stability indicators compared to the control group, along with a significant confidence level (p < 0.05). Therefore, the current study demonstrates that kinesthetic games that match students' characteristics, their interests, and how to organise them in practice are extremely important and practical. This study selected five new movement games for students aged 8 to 9 years old, using scientific research methods common in physical education. The purpose of these games is to help students stabilise their vestibules and develop physical fitness. Researchers conducted the study in two ways: outside of class and outside of physical education. The results showed that the exercise games selected for elementary school students from 8 to 9 years old in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, created vestibular stability and physical fitness development, as well as interest in physical education classes for 8- to 9-year-old students.

Rama Kurniawan   Yusuf Hidayat   Annisaa   Lokananta Teguh Hari Wiguno   Ari Wibowo Kurniawan   Ikbal Gentar Alam   Carsiwan   Rozita Abdul Latif   and Mimi Haetami   

Mental health disorders are a threat to adolescents, and in Indonesia, awareness of the importance of mental health among adolescents is still low. Regular, high-intensity physical activity interventions play a role in preventing mental health disorders in adolescents. This article aims to analyze the effect of physical activity on adolescent mental health in Indonesia. This research is a literature review using the PRISMA diagram method. The articles used were sourced from several SINTA and Scopus-indexed scientific journals in the last 5 years. Of the 1470 articles obtained during the article search process, further identification, screening, article eligibility assessment, and overall article assessment were carried out. The review results obtained eight articles that were relevant to the inclusion criteria and the accuracy of the research study. Five studies showed that high-intensity physical activity had an effect on mental health, emotional intelligence, and reduced levels of stress, depression, and anxiety, while the other three studies showed that daily physical activity with mild to moderate intensity and inconsistent intensity did not have a positive impact on adolescents' mental health. Exercise or physical activity of at least moderate intensity and conducted consistently is one of the attempts adopted by those suffering from mental health issues.

Yuni Astuti   Bekir Erhan Orhan   Aydın Karaçam   and Karuppasamy Govindasamy   

This study investigates the relationship between physical activity enjoyment and exercise addiction, considering gender, age, sports licensure, and exercise frequency. Using a correlational survey model and convenience sampling, data were collected from 560 participants (201 females, 359 males, average age 23.52 years) through the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) and the Exercise Addiction Scale (EAS). Results indicate significant gender differences in exercise addiction, with males scoring higher in overall exercise addiction and its sub-dimensions (excessive focus, emotional change, postponement of social needs). Both genders, however, reported similar levels of enjoyment from physical activities. Licensed athletes exhibited higher scores in both enjoyment and exercise addiction, implying that structured, goal-oriented routines enhance motivation and adherence to exercise. A positive correlation was found between exercise frequency and both enjoyment and addiction. A significant negative correlation between age and exercise addiction suggests younger individuals are more prone to addiction, while enjoyment of physical activities remains consistent across age groups. The strong relationship between physical activity enjoyment and exercise addiction underscores the role of intrinsic motivation in maintaining high levels of physical activity, which can potentially lead to dependence. These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions that promote healthy exercise habits and address specific demographic factors to enhance effectiveness. Future research should further explore these relationships to develop comprehensive strategies for lifelong physical activity.

Mykola Bezmylov   Oksana Shynkaruk   Shao Zhigong   Liu Yang   Wang Hanpeng   Lian Xiao   Grygoriy Griban   Bogdan Semeniv   Olena Otravenko   Yevgenii Zhukovskyi   Anatolii Denysovets   and Anastasiia Onufrak   

The study aimed to identify the components of the manifestation of specific game abilities in basketball athletes and substantiate their significance in determining the prospects of junior national team players. The research was conducted based on the training of junior (U16) national basketball teams of Ukraine (n=68) during 2020-2022. Experts consider the most important game abilities for junior national basketball team players to include: 1) game intelligence (IQ) – 8.41±0.79 points; 2) game versatility – 7.25±1.65 points; 3) work ethic and the desire for constant improvement – 5.83±2.20 points; 4) speed of mastering new material – 5.66±1.61 points; 5) leadership qualities and influence on the team's play – 5.58±1.97 points. According to coaches, less significance during this stage of selection is given to: effectiveness of play under opponent pressure – 2.01±1.97 points and rebounding – 2.16±1.11 points. Statistically significant correlations were identified between the level of basketball players' leadership qualities and the number of minutes they played on the court in official games (r=0.517). The effectiveness of play under opponent pressure, in our studies, showed a statistically significant correlation with the manifestation of leadership qualities and influence on the team's play (r = 0.870, p<0.01). The final decision on determining the strategic prospects of junior national basketball team players should be made based on a comprehensive consideration of the manifestation of various components in the structure of each player's preparedness. During the selection of players at this stage of preparation, it is crucial to consider specific game abilities that do not have objective-metric units of measurement and characterize the athlete's inclination for further effective improvement in the specific conditions of polycomponent competitive activity.

Muhammad Shahidul Islam   Md. Hamidur Rahman   Dessalegn Wase Mola   Alemmebrat Kiflu Adane   and Tarak Nath Pramanik   

Nordic hamstring curls increase the hamstrings' eccentric strength, which reduces the muscle pull to a great extent in high-intensity sports athletes. This descriptive review study was carried out to assess whether Nordic hamstring curl workouts are effective in preventing hamstring muscle injuries. Hamstring injuries are a common soft tissue affliction frequently experienced by athletes, often resulting from eccentric contractions during high-speed movements. The inability of hamstring muscles to tolerate the stretching and strengthening demands of competitive sports is a significant cause of these injuries. The Nordic hamstring curl has emerged as a significant intervention for increasing eccentric hamstring strength and reducing severe injury risk. A thorough online search, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google Advanced Search Engine, yielded 63 relevant studies that provided authentic evidence. Results suggest that incorporating Nordic hamstring curls into a training regimen can potentially reduce hamstring injury rates by up to 70%. These exercises, when executed systematically and progressively, can increase muscle hypertrophy, strengthen the back of the leg, and improve the overall health of the knee. Adopting preventive strategies focused on generating stimulus through Nordic hamstring curls is crucial for athletes involved in high-intensity sports. It is no surprise that the Nordic hamstring curl exercise is one of the greatest hamstring muscle exercises for strengthening the back of the leg compared to other hamstring exercise protocols and building eccentric strength while lowering the threat of injury.

Nuryadi   Jajat Darajat Kusumah Negara   Agus Gumilar   M Yamin Saputra   Mulyana   Sufyar Mudjianto   Lius Ruswanto   Helmy Firmansyah   Novrizal Achmad Novan   Eko Purnomo   Erick Burhaein   and Carsiwan   

The athlete believes that sport is essential for children's growth and maintaining a healthy lifestyle throughout life. To achieve top performance, there needs to be more training and competitions focused on children, but high levels of training and early specialization can conflict with the academic performance of young athletes. This research was conducted to describe the self-discipline of dual-career athletes in the academic environment of students in the university environment, based on individual sports and team sports categories. As many as 96 student athlete respondents in the university environment, consisting of individual and team sports athlete categories, were the respondents in this study. The results of the study show that participation in sports activities has a positive impact on athletes' discipline and their academic atmosphere. The dimension of time management has the highest value, which indicates that sports activities have a very good impact on time management for student athletes. They strongly agree that participating in sports activities helps them develop better time management skills, show discipline, and focus more on set goals. The results of the analysis show that there is no significant difference in discipline between team and individual athletes in the university academic environment. The average discipline value for team athletes is 4.31, while the one-tailed t test value is 0.401, greater than 0.05. However, to make this happen, support from the university is needed to be enable them to carry out their dual career as an athlete and as an academic so that continuity between the academic field and achievement can go hand in hand.

João. Viola   Shiva Ebrahimpour Nosrani   José Manuel Borges   and Luís. Rama   

This study aimed to investigate the effects of compulsory confinement due to COVID-19 on young swimmers through their autonomic responses. It involved six elite athletes, with an average age of 15.20 ± 0.48 years (five males and one female, aged 15.09 years), monitored over 35 days. This period included 5 days prior to confinement, 12 days during confinement, 4 days during the first week of regular training post-confinement, and 7 days each in the second and third weeks of training. This study utilized two methods to assess the impact of training load on heart rate variability (HRV): the arbitrary units of load to quantify the training load and the log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R intervals (LnRMSSD) to evaluate HRV. Heart rate values were used to prescribe training tasks during confinement. The study observed significant changes in LnRMSSD over time, with a decrease during the confinement period (F = 3.033; p = 0.019) and a return to baseline levels for all swimmers by the third week of regular training. However, two swimmers who, on their initiative, performed an additional exercise program during confinement in addition to what the coach requested exhibited the opposite behavior by increasing the LnRMSSD value. The study suggests that the absence of regular swim training during confinement decreased HRV in most swimmers, which could be reversed or minimized by using non-specific training strategies. Also, the study highlights the practicality of HRV as a monitoring tool.

Rayvin Domingo Pestano   and Narciso L. Salazar   

Successful performance in sports competition is determined by a lot of factors. Understanding the intricate relationship of these factors may guide coaches and sports managers to enhance the performance of student-athletes. The study aimed to investigate the achievement goal, and motivation for sports participation and its relationship to student-athletes performance in sports competition. This descriptive research includes 107 student-athletes in secondary schools that answered the "Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Sports" [1] and "Motivation for Sports Participation" [2] instrument. Descriptive statistics were utilized to describe the student-athletes' achievement goal, and motivation to sports participation and performance rank while Pearson r correlation analysis was computed to test the significant relationship among these variables. Results revealed that student-athletes strongly agree that task-approach, task-avoidance, self-approach, self-avoidance, other-approach and other avoidance goals were the achievement goals utilized in sports competition. As to motivation, student-athletes agree that availability of facilities, skills development, psychological boost and recognition necessitate participation in sports competition. Results revealed a significant relationship exists between achievement goal such as task-approach, self-approach and other-avoidance approach goal towards student-athletes performance. Furthermore, motivation to sports participation in terms of availability of facilities, skill development, psychological boost and recognition was also found to have a significant relationship with student-athletes performance in sports competition.

Eko Purnomo   Nina Jermaina   Burhan Hambali   Akhmad Amirudin   Firunika Intan Cahyani   Andri Dermawan   and Desy Tya Maya Ningrum   

Sport is one way that can develop a positive young generation. This has been widely believed by several research results. However, it is true that sport can improve communication within the family and will have a positive impact on adolescent development. This research aims to determine whether sports participation can improve family communication and its impact on the positive youth development. This research methodology combines correlational methodology with a quantitative approach. There were 105 respondents in this study, consisting of 78 (74.29%) males and 27 (25.71%) females. The samples for this study were athletes who had participated and trained intensively for 1-2 years. There are 3 research instruments used in this research: barriers to sports participation; standard instrument for family communication, and positive adolescent development. The power analysis used in this research is the partial correlation test. The results of this research show that the three variables have a positive relationship with each other. This means that the better sports participation, the better family communication and positive youth development will be. This has a big implication that sport is not just about achieving success, but also has a big influence on family relationships and even fosters a positive generation of young people. Researchers advise individuals and teenagers to take part in sports activities because it will have an impact on communication skills within the family, and the final impact is positive youth development. Regardless of the type of sport or gender, sport can be an alternative instrument for life in the future.

Christina Koutra   Maria Liga   Katerina Daskalaki   Manos Stefanakis   Georgios Godolias   Paraskevi Malliou   and Thomas Kourtesis   

Background: Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) is a neurological disease of the central nervous system which presents a complex array of symptoms, including severe fatigue, compromised balance, diminished walking capacity, and increased energy expenditure. Although the positive effect of hippotherapy on aspects like balance and self-perceived fatigue in MS patients in a resting state has already been proved, research papers examining its effect on dynamic balance in both rest and fatigue states are lacking. Objective: The aim of the present case study was to investigate the effectiveness of hippotherapy in a male patient with SPMS and to examine its impact on dynamic balance in resting and fatigue states. Secondary outcomes include walking capacity, energy expenditure of walking and subjective perception of fatigue. Methods: A 38-year-old male with SPMS participated in 16 hippotherapy sessions, lasting 30-40mins each. Measurements included a baseline and a final measurement regarding dynamic balance in rest and fatigue states (mini-BESTest), walking capacity (distance and speed at Modified 6-Minute Walk Test), energy expenditure (Physiological Cost Index) and subjective perception of fatigue (MFIS). Results: Improvements were seen in the dynamic balance in rest (+8points) and fatigue state (+7points), walking distance (pre: 290m vs. post: 367m) and speed (pre: 48,3m/min vs. post: 61,33m/min), and self-perceived fatigue (pre: 33points vs. post: 22points). The energy cost of walking remained constant. Conclusion: Hippotherapy is shown to have positive effects on dynamic balance at rest and at fatigue, thus improving performance fatigability which is an objective measurement of fatigue in people with MS. Improvements in walking capacity and subjective perception of fatigue were also noteworthy. These findings mark an initial exploration of hippotherapy's impact on performance fatigability in MS, prompting further research inquiries.

Sayumi Iwamoto   Kaori Eda   Andrew Abraham   and Jun Mizushima   

This case study explored the professional judgement and decision making process of an athletic trainer, specifically focusing on the athletic training of an elite jockey. Using the Professional Judgement and Decision Making theory as a framework, the study investigated the cognitive processes, beliefs, and factors that influenced the first author's judgment and decision making as an athletic trainer. The study employed a personal-narrative autoethnography approach, incorporating practice logs/diaries, consultations with the jockey, behavioral observations, and reflections. By integrating classical, rule-based, and naturalistic decision making approaches, the findings of this study underlined the complexity of the athletic trainers' judgement and decision making at different training levels—program, intervention, and session. At the program level, decisions were characterized by analytical planning, incorporating a deep understanding of the jockey's goals and the riding biomechanics. At intervention level, decisions were guided by both perceptual information and an intuitive understanding of the jockey's physical and psychological state, allowing for flexible and responsive training strategies. At the session level, rapid, intuitive judgements facilitated immediate adjustments to training plans, underscoring the dynamic nature of athletic training. In conclusion, this case study offered a unique glimpse into the professional judgment and decision making processes in athletic training, advocating for a reflective and open professional debate to advance the field. It calls for future research to explore these processes across multiple sports and trainers, enhancing the understanding and application of PJDM in athletic training.

Ahmed Abatal   Hasnaa Rezki   Ahmed Elhamal   and Adil Korchi   

This research explores the transformative potential of integrating machine learning with human movement learning in education, revolutionizing personalized learning experiences. An advanced system, nestled within a dynamic 3D virtual environment, serves as an analysis tool for human motion and a support mechanism for educators and learners. Central to this investigation is addressing challenges in movement modeling and analysis, particularly in diverse educational contexts like music instrument teaching. Through strategic integration of machine learning algorithms, the system anticipates actions, discerns user situations, and offers refined models, providing valuable feedback for learners and aiding teachers in assessments. Beyond technical proficiency, the ambition is to offer a holistic tool enriching human movement analysis across various learning scenarios, aiming to pave the way for personalized learning to become fundamental in education. In Lute lessons, capturing diverse movements from instructors and students is crucial. Multiple renditions of movements by experts contribute to building robust target gesture models. Filtering steps ensure data integrity, identifying and removing errors swiftly. Challenges in automating the detection of playing styles for intelligent music coaching are addressed by introducing a multimodal dataset covering four Lute techniques, enhancing the development of intelligent software. This dataset encompasses a rich array of human movement data within music instrument teaching, recorded in a 3D virtual environment. Each data point is annotated with contextual information, facilitating nuanced analysis of the relationship between human movement and musical expression. This serves as a foundation for applying machine learning algorithms in personalized music education.

Nugroho Susanto   José Vicente García-Jiménez   Agnieszka Magdalena Nowak   Hendra Setyawan   Ratko Pavlovic   Afif Rusdiawan   and Agam Akhmad Syaukani   

This study aims to determine the potential and talent of young basketball players from an early age to make it easier for coaches to identify players who can be used as athletes by analyzing aspects of anthropometrics, bio-motor, technical, and tactical skills. The research method used is the Bord and Gall development model. The researcher deliberately chose this method to assess basketball players' talent comprehensively, including anthropometrics, bio-motor, technical, and tactical skills. The sample collection technique employed purposive sampling of school students aged 10-14. This research is not conducted in isolation. It is built upon a foundation of existing knowledge, drawing from literature studies in journals, articles, and previous research that are directly relevant to this study. This comprehensive approach ensures that our findings are well-informed and robust. Data analysis with descriptive statistics uses pre-determined instruments and indicators. The results showed that this assessment model could identify young basketball players related to their talents and interests. In addition, this research can make it easier for coaches to identify talented young basketball players more effectively. This study concludes that the four indicators, namely anthropometry, biomotor, skill tests, and tactical tests, can identify students in the talented to moderately talented category. Based on the research results, new knowledge can also be added to the procedures and implementation of basketball talent scouting tests for young athletes and coaches. This research implies that the benefits for coaches are that they can better understand their players' strengths and weaknesses, which can help them train more effectively. The benefit for basketball clubs is that they can be more effective in identifying and recruiting talented players, which can help them to improve their team performance.

Paraskevopoulos Eleftherios   and Zacharis Alexandros   

Shoulder injuries impose a burden on overhead athletes, affecting participation and performance. Studies show that shoulder injury rates of overhead athletes have increased overtime. Repetitive overhead motions can alter biomechanics, creating risk factors such as glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD), rotator cuff muscle imbalance and decreased shoulder stability, predisposing athletes to shoulder injuries. Several prevention programmes have been created to counter these effects and protect overhead athletes. Τhe aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of prevention exercise programmes in the prevention and risk factors of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes. The PubMed, PEDro, LILACS and SciELO databases, and the search engine Google Scholar were searched, and eleven randomised control trials (RCTs) were identified for further analysis. The search was based on the PICOS framework and PEDro scale rating, with pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure quality and reduce bias amongst the chosen studies. The prevention programmes and the results of the eleven studies are discussed thoroughly. The analysis performed for the study's findings, demonstrates promising results, with decreased injury rates, risk, prevalence or incidence or improvement of at least one risk factor observed in ten out of the eleven included RCTs. The limitations of the studies and recommendations are also discussed. The conclusion of this study is that shoulder prevention programmes are effective in ensuring prevention and improving risk factors in overhead athletes.

Zhiwen Sun   Shahrulfadly Rustam   Nursyuhada Mohd Sukri   Jorrye Jakiwa   and Hong Gu   

The perplexity of mythified Kuntau history may hinder the thorough academic investigation of its genealogical lineage, including the techniques and performance. From the most contested hypothesis that the primitive Kuntau was brought by a Muslim Wing Chun master from Yunnan, this research aims to survey the historical influence of Kuntau from Wing Chun by examining the original Malay style of Kuntau Silat – Lian Padukan of Johor to the most practiced style in Peninsular Malaysia – Kuntau Tekpi of Kedah, plus the Borneo States' Iban Kuntau, so that the three representatives could cover the geographical significance of Kuntau development in Malaysia. The qualitative field study comprised semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions for practitioners to find not only the profile of their history and preservation status but also the preliminary sets of elements that influenced the styles of Kuntau from Wing Chun. Then it facilitated the Delphi Method in referring to the Wing Chun experts from Ving Tsun Athletic Association, Hong Kong, to determine the similar Taolu of representative movement. We find a significant similarity between Malaysia Kuntau and Wing Chun, especially its typical prototype that morphed from traditional Cantonese Wing Chun to Kedah style, then Johor style, and maybe further influenced to the Iban style in Sarawak. This research serves as the first of its kind in studying Kuntau history.

Sulistiyono   Sigit Nugroho   Ahmad Nasrulloh   Louie P. Gula   Rizki Mulyawan   Satya Pradana   and Dewangga Yudhistira   

Background and Study Aim: Achievement sports not only discuss wins and losses, but it is important to discuss other aspects, namely parental involvement and coach leadership behavior toward the life skills of young athletes. Material and Methods: A correlational study was conducted with 281 athletes of both genders, aged 14-15, who participated in football, basketball, volleyball, swimming, tennis, and archery. Data were collected through a questionnaire using instruments such as the coach behavior scale (CBS-S), parent involvement in sport questionnaire (PSIQ), and life skills scale for sport (LSSS). The collected data was analyzed using statistical techniques such as correlation and multiple regression analysis, utilizing SPSS version 23 software. Results: The results of the study revealed that coach leadership behavior and parent involvement had significant effects (p < 0.05) on the life skills of young athletes, thus supporting the first and second hypotheses. The combined effect of coach leadership behavior and parent involvement on the life skills of young athletes were also found to be significant (p < 0.05), thereby supporting the third hypothesis. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that coach leadership behavior and parent involvement have a partial and simultaneous significant relationship with the life skills of young athletes in achievement sports. Therefore, it is recommended that the evaluation of these factors should be considered essential in the assessment and evaluation of sports development outcomes for all parties involved.

Marla Frances T. Mallari   Lei Althea G. Santos   Hercules P. Callanta   Emmanuel Liberato V. Papa   and Christian Wisdom M. Valleser   

Hydration is essential to any individual's well-being, especially for athletes and those who are physically active. A significant amount of water is lost through sweating, which can be detrimental to sports performance. Ultimate frisbee or Ultimate, is a high-intensity intermittent sport with significant demands on cardiovascular and muscular endurance and is often played outdoors. This study aimed to explore the effects of time-of-day specific training on the sweat rate and sweat sodium concentration of competitive ultimate athletes in a tropical setting. Data was collected from 14 competitive ultimate athletes during one morning (AM) and one evening (PM) training session during the competitive season in the hot months of April to early June. Bulb globe temperature (WBGT) recorded during AM sessions was 31.69 ± 2.7℃, air temperature (TA) of 38.45 ± 3.0℃, and relative humidity (RH) of 38.7 ± 8.3%. For PM training sessions, the WBGT was measured at 25.25 ± 1.6℃, TA at 27.89 ± 1.4℃, and RH at 74.55 ± 10%. No significant difference was seen between the average whole-body sweat rate (WBSR) of competitive ultimate players in the AM and the PM sessions. On the other hand, mean whole-body sweat sodium concentration (WBS [Na+]) was observed to be significantly different for AM and PM training sessions. This study underscored the significance of developing personalized hydration strategies that consider both environmental conditions and the specific type of exercise to be undertaken.

Bimo Alexander   Andri Arif Kustiawan   Hadiono   Pipit Fitria Yulianto   Ayu Purnama Wenly   Ramdan Pelana   Sukiri   and Dio Alif Airlangga Daulay   

This study aims to determine the effect of futsal training based on small-sided games on increasing VO₂max, basic futsal techniques, and weight loss in female futsal athletes in Padang. The research method was an experiment with a pre-test and post-test design on 20 athletes aged 18-22 Years. The Multi-stage fitness test instrument measures the athlete's VO₂max and the futsal technique instrument measures the basic technical abilities of female futsal athletes. The test requirements for data analysis are the normality test and homogeneity test. Data analysis with the t-test is to test whether there is a difference between the estimated values and the statistical results. Data processing for this research used SPSS software version 26. Based on the results of the t test (paired sample test), the Sig (2-tailed) value was 0.000 < 0.05, which means that the futsal training method using small side games increases VO₂max, futsal techniques in female futsal players and athlete weight loss although not significant. In conclusion, the futsal training method based on small sided-games is effective for increasing VO₂max and basic futsal technical skills in female futsal players with an increase of 21,16 %. Based on the results of the matches, the athletes experienced an increase in the results of matches against the opposing team as many as two wins and one draw.

Musa Oytun   Hasan Ulas Yavuz   and Boran Sekeroglu   

Each field of sports sciences includes several factors and variables that challenge the prediction and analysis of outcomes, such as game results or players' performances. Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, particularly machine learning (ML) algorithms, have the ability to perform tasks and solve problems that are complicated for human beings. One of these complicated tasks is the analysis of players’ game and training performances of specific athletic tasks due to their nonlinear relationship and the diversity of specific types. Therefore, using AI techniques, particularly machine learning (ML) algorithms, contributes to analyzing players’ performances and determining the significant factors that affect them. In this study, we analyze the performances of 40 male handball players using five tree-based ML models and determine the most critical factors influencing the performances of the countermovement jump with the hands-free skills of the players among ten demographic characteristics and physiological measurements. Initially, the prediction capabilities of the machine learning models are examined, and three superior models, Decision Tree, Gradient Boosting, and Extreme Gradient Boosting, are used to analyze the factors. The results suggest that the 10-meter sprint is the most influential factor on the players’ performance, commonly for all ML models, while the 20-meter sprint is the least influential factor. This is one of the first studies using AI and machine learning for male handball players, and the findings are encouraging for future studies.

Siti Norashikin Mastun   Abdul Muiz Nor Azmi   Ali Md Nadzalan   Nor Fazila Abd Malek   Fariba Hossein Abadi   Rajkumar Krishnan Vasanthi   and Rivan Saghita Pratama   

Physical fitness has long been shown to be crucial for athletes due to its contribution to decreasing injury and health risks. In sport, physical fitness is important to increase athletes' ability to perform technical movement and follow coaches' tactical plan in the game. This study aims to investigate the anthropometric, physiological, and match-play performance of netball players and examine the relationship between physical fitness and game characteristics among netball players. Material and Methods: A total of ninety-one female netball players (mean ± SD: age 18.78 ± 5.41 years, height 1.60 ± 0.01 m, and weight 56.13 ± 6.40 kg) participated in this study. Participants underwent standard anthropometry measurement (height, weight, and body mass index) and physical fitness evaluation (standing long jump, 20-meter sprint, agility T-test, sit and reach test, and multistage fitness test). Results: The findings of anthropometric and physical fitness showed that qualified players had significantly superior performance in agility, flexibility, and VO₂max components than non-qualified players, p < .05. For match-play performance, there was a significant difference in deflection, interception, goal attempts, and the number of goals scored between qualified and non-qualified teams, p < .05. The result of correlation test shows that the interceptions were significantly correlated with the agility component (p < .05), and the goal attempt and the number of goals scored were also significantly correlated with the estimated VO₂max (p < .05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that a high level of physical fitness can influence successful performance, especially in-game characteristics of netball players. In conclusion, a specific training program that focuses on physical fitness may facilitate athletes to perform superior match-play performance in netball matches.

Mohammad Alzahrani   Nagla El-Tanahi   Ahmed K. Hassan   Mona Abdelmoneim   Nahed Nasr   Marwa Kholif   Olaa Mady   and Noha Hamoudah   

Background: Widowed women often experience psychological pressures, and their psychological security can be influenced by various factors such as employment, housing situations, and age. In post-conflict and post-disaster scenarios, widowed women are particularly vulnerable to psychological distress due to exposure to traumatic events and ongoing stressors. Aims: This study aimed to examine the impact of cardio-karate training on reducing psychological pressures and enhancing the psychological security of widowed women. Methodology: The study utilized an experimental approach, involving a sample of 30 widowed women who were affiliated with the Benaa Association for the Care of Widows and Divorced Women in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The participants were divided equally into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group underwent the cardio-karate training program, while the control group did not receive any specific intervention. Psychological stress was measured using a scale, and another measure was used to assess psychological security. Results: The results indicated that the experimental group showed significant improvements compared to the control group in terms of psychological stress levels and enhancing psychological security among widowed women (p < 0.05). The cardio-karate training program had a positive impact on reducing psychological pressures and increasing stability and psychological security among widowed women. Recommendations: Based on these findings, several recommendations can be made for future research and practice. Firstly, it is important to replicate this study with a larger sample size to further validate the results. Additionally, conducting long-term follow-up assessments would provide insights into the sustainability of the effects of cardio karate training on psychological well-being among widowed women. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to explore the specific mechanisms through which cardio-karate training influences psychological stress reduction and psychological security. This could involve examining physiological markers, such as cortisol levels, as well as exploring the psychological processes involved in building self-confidence and resilience. In terms of practical implications, integrating cardio karate training programs into support services for widowed women could be beneficial. These programs can provide a holistic approach to addressing psychological pressures and enhancing psychological security. Additionally, raising awareness among widowed women about the potential benefits of such training programs may encourage their participation and engagement.

Wahyu Hananingsih   Lalu Moh Yudha Isnaini   and Johan Irmansyah   

The scope of physical education is all educational efforts through human activity or movement in the context of the acculturation process, especially in the transformation of values. Through physical education and sports, the educational learning process utilizes physical activity which is expected to produce holistic changes in individual quality, both in terms of physical, mental, and emotional. One way to fulfill the objectives of physical education and sports is by integrating traditional game sports equipment. Traditional sports have an important role in the process of forming and developing the character of students. This research aims to find out the important role of traditional sports in the formation of the character of students, especially in the physical education, sports, and health learning. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with a literature approach study by describing descriptions in the field which are then adapted to existing theories. The results of this study indicate that traditional sports games have an important role as an instrument in the formation of the character of students, especially in the physical education, sports, and health learning. The values contained in traditional sports games include responsibility, mutual respect among others, having a high spirit of cooperation and perseverance, being honest in behavior, having high integrity, and many other positive attitudes. This shows that traditional sports have a very important role in the process of forming the character of students.

Keida Ushtelenca   Genti Pano   Anduela Lile   and Entela Kushta   

Gross motor skills allow for whole-body movement and thus require the use of the body's massive core muscles to carry out daily tasks like walking, jogging, and sitting up straight at a table. Several studies have outlined the pivotal role of gross motor skills in a child's development, encompassing physical health, cognitive progression, psycho-social well-being, and academic performance. The purpose of the current study was to examine how physical education classes affect primary school students' gross motor abilities. To provide a representative sample of this age range, 151 children from Tirana between the ages of 9 and 14 were randomly chosen for this study. Participants were subjected to a four-task evaluation prior to and after the academic year in order to gauge the effectiveness of the physical education program. The tasks included: 1. balancing backward, 2. hopping for height, 3. jumping sideways, and 4. moving sideways. The BMI scores of the participants were also measured. SPSS Statistics 26 software was employed to perform statistical analyses. The study's conclusions highlight the importance of physical education programs in a child's development of gross motor abilities, shedding light on their multifaceted influence. Findings point to the potential of interventions and tailored programs in enhancing motor skills among children, and their positive impact on children's growth and their overall well-being. This research will benefit PE teachers, health professionals, and policymakers to better address the physical and developmental needs of the younger generation.

M. Riski Adi Wijaya   Setya Rahayu   Mahalul Azam   and Sri Sumartiningsih   

Study Purpose: The study aims to investigate the relationship between leg length and the speed of the Sabit kick. The information is essential to develop a target and training program to improve performance during competition in the tanding category in Pencak Silat. Material and Methods: The cross-sectional design was conducted in this study. Eighty-eight male Pencak Silat athletes participated in the study. The inclusion criteria were aged 14-17 years old, the members of Indonesian Pencak Silat (IPSI) at Pekalongan City, Central Java, Indonesia, who were active in the competition tanding category for two years and signed informed consent. The participants were athletes who had experienced competition at the regional level. The leg length was measured using a tape measure, from the umbilicus to the malleolus medial of the ankle. The speed of the sabit kicks is measured using a 10-second test, kicking the sabit towards the target. Rank Spearman analysed the data. Results: The study showed a significant correlation between leg length and the speed of Sabit kick (p < 0.004, r = 0.303). The statistical information showed a positive correlation between both the leg length and the speed of the sabit kick. Conclusion: The study proved positive moderate relationship between leg length and the speed of the sabit kick. It is helpful to the coach to develop a training program based on the anthropometry of leg length to improve the speed of the sabit kick in the Pencak Silat athletes.

Hari Adi Rahmad   Eri Barlian   Wilda Welis   Bafirman   Umar   and Muhammad Sazeli Rifki   

Athletic nutrition is often neglected. Nutrition helps athletes perform well. Beronok (sea cucumber or holothuroidea) is the original natural product of Meranti, Indonesia. Beronok is highly valued, unlike other sea cucumbers. Beronok is only consumed daily by Meranti people, not athletes. Since protein is important for athletes, this Beronok can be used as a supplement for sports nutrition. This piece of writing used a procedure known as a literature review to complete its research. This undertaking sought to discover, evaluate, and combine research literature while considering the outcomes generated by scholars and professionals in the field. The research highlights that Beronok is nutritionally balanced to meet an athlete's dietary needs by offering a diverse range of foods consumed appropriately to achieve their nutritional objectives. Beronok is a novel product derived from processed sea cucumber intended to complement the protein necessary for optimal bodily function, especially for athletes. This product is expected to culminate in developing a novel product that can serve as a dietary supplement for athletes, catering to their unique nutritional needs and ultimately introducing a new product to the market. Furthermore, the study suggests that more research is needed on the possible benefits of sea cucumbers in sports, such as how they might improve athletes' physical abilities and stability and how they might help communities' economies.

AbuEid K. Samer   Amro A. Mohamad   Alawna A. Motaz   Abbas A. Islam   and Dababseh F. Mohamad   

Background/Objective: Musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries pose a significant concern for physically active populations, affecting their mobility, balance, and quality of life. Sports science students engaged in rigorous physical training are vulnerable and particularly susceptible to injuries due to the demands of their active curriculum. This study evaluates their functional movement quality to inform preventive strategies tailored to this active demographic. Using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), we aim to assess baseline movement patterns, discern potential gender-based differences in injury risks, and guide specific interventions. Method: Employing a cross-sectional, descriptive, and comparative study utilizing FMS was conducted on 139 sports science students (66 males, 73 females). Sample size was calculated using Cochran formula to ensure a 95% confidence interval at a 0.05 significance level. Data was collected under experts supervision and analyzed with SPSS version 23, emphasizing balance, mobility, and stability, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Results: The study found average scores in balance (7.88±0.98), and mobility (4.81±0.97), among participants, yet stability (3.54±1.04) emerged as a concern with significant limb asymmetries observed in HS and RS tests (p = 0.022* and p = 0.023*). No significant gender differences were found (p=0.824), suggesting uniform movement quality across the cohort. Nonetheless, a higher injury risk was identified in 20.9% of participants, predominantly females. Conclusion: The study reveals good balance and mobility among sports science students but highlights stability issues among sports science students, with female students exhibiting an injury risk. This underscores the need for curriculum enhancements and preventive measures to bolster MSK health in sports science education.

Kashish Pandey   and Khusboo K   

Purpose: Sport and digitization have something surprising in common: both are drivers of gender equality and women’s empowerment. In sports, performance is the end target for any Asian athlete. Performance is determined psychologically and physiologically Burgeoning research has shed light on the efficacy of digital devices such as smart watches, biofeedback which can help athletes in their athletic performance and general well-being thus empowering athletes in their progress. However, there has been a gap in identifying the impact of certain psychological variables on performance. Hence, the objective of the present research was to explore metacognition, grit, self-efficacy, and social support on performance among athletes. Design/methodology/approach: This study intends to fill the research gap by using a mixed method approach. The quantitative part of the section applied a cross-sectional survey design (n=201) for which correlation and regression analysis was used to answer the research questions. For the qualitative part of the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the female sub-elite athletes (n=6). The interviews were transcribed and subjected to an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Findings: The findings of this research provide a nuanced perspective to the existing literature in understanding the performance facilitators which can help female athletes attain performance subsequently empowering them through their athletic ranking. Additionally, through the results of qualitative part, it has been found that digital devices such as smart watches, biofeedback, other sport science-based equipment have helped the sub-elite athletes to improve their performance. This suggests that amalgamation of both psychological and psychophysiological process can lead to enhanced athletic performance. Implications: Our suggested future directions focus on the development of targeted interventions and programs aimed at enhancing athletic performance through legitimate means, thereby amalgamating sports and technology for the ameliorating effects.

Perdinanto   Zanzabil Adwa Fitrian   and Mirza Asmara   

Every student needs physical fitness to gain agility, ability, and high learning ability and achievement. The study investigates the influence of circuit and interval training on the physical fitness of fifth-grade elementary school students, considering gender differences. The research was conducted using a 2x2 factorial design experimental method. A total sample strategy was applied, with 62 participants in total (32 males and 30 females). The physical fitness of 10-12-year-olds was evaluated using the TKJI (Indonesian Physical Fitness Test). The results indicated a notable disparity in the impact of circuit and interval training techniques on physical fitness. Additionally, gender-based differences were observed, suggesting that physical fitness varied between male and female students, with a significance level of Sig. <0.05. The research also explored the interaction between training methods and gender. Results indicated no significant interaction, implying that the effectiveness of circuit and interval training did not depend on gender. However, male and female participants demonstrated better physical fitness when subjected to the circuit training method. To summarise, the study underscores the beneficial influence of circuit training on the physical condition of primary school pupils. It underscores the importance of taking gender into account when implementing fitness interventions.

Bekir Erhan Orhan   Buket Karadağ   Yuni Astuti   and Yusuf Aydın   

This study aims to reveal the relationship between individuals' enjoyment of physical activity after the pandemic and the barriers they perceive in participating in physical activity. The sample of this study, which was carried out with the relational screening model, was selected by a simple random sampling method, one of the probability sampling methods. The data were collected using the "Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES)" and "Self-Perceived Barriers for Physical Activity Scale (SPBPA)" scales, and 444 people over the age of eighteen who voluntarily filled out the data collection tool constitute the sample of the study. Since the data did not show a normal distribution, non-parametric tests were used to analyze data analysis. Research results show a moderate negative relationship between individuals' enjoyment of physical activity and the obstacles they perceive in participating in physical activity. After analyzing the variables, the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) test scores of males were significantly higher than those of females. It can be seen that the Self-Perceived Barriers for Physical Activity Scale (SPBPA) test scores of female individuals are significantly higher than the test scores of male individuals. In addition, the analysis found a significant difference between individuals' enjoyment of physical activity and the barriers they perceived in participating in physical activity, depending on their educational status and age. It has been determined that primary school graduates enjoy physical activity more than university students/graduates. Self-perceived barriers to Physical Activity Scale (SPBPA) were higher in university students/graduates than in high school students/graduates. It was concluded that women's perceived barriers to participation in physical activity were significantly higher than men's in the fatigue/laziness sub-dimension of the Self-Perceived Barriers for Physical Activity Scale (SPBPA). Notably, there is no significant difference in the responsibilities/time limitation sub-dimension of the Self-Perceived Barriers for Physical Activity Scale (SPBPA) according to the gender, educational status and age of the sample group.

Fatmanur Er   Canan Yilmaz   Muhammed Polat   Öncü Erinç Kuzucu   and Ceren Suveren   

Introduction: The physical and hormonal changes associated with aging can be facilitated by exercise via its effects on hormone release and adaptive responses in the body. The present study aims to investigate the impact of a six-week exercise program on catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) levels in elderly individuals. Materials and method: This study included 20 sedentary elderly male volunteers aged 65–74 from a care center. The participants were divided into the experimental group (n = 10) and control group (n = 10) by randomized blind selection. A six-week physical exercise program was implemented in the experimental group, while the control group continued with their daily routine. Venous blood samples were taken from the forearm before the start of the exercise program (week 0) and 12 hours after the end of the exercise program to determine the levels of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine). Results: After the six-week exercise program, dopamine levels in the experimental group participants increased significantly compared to baseline levels (p < 0.05). In contrast, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels decreased after the program, but the change was insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusions: The findings indicate that the six-week exercise program implemented in this study significantly increased dopamine levels in older adults. In the future, the effects of exercise programs of varying duration and intensity should be examined to maintain metabolic and hormonal changes in elderly individuals at an optimum level.

Enkeleida Lleshi   Artemis Bajaziti   Fisnik Brovina   Migena Plasa   Marsida Bushati   Xheni Kozi   and Marina Martini   

Sport represents a formative experience for the psycho-physical and social development of a human being, especially for teenagers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the motivation for practicing recreational sports by the youth of the Republic of Albania, based on the study of two variables: gender and regional origin. The geographical division of Albania is: North, Central Albania and South. The study included 821 high school students aged average 16-18 old; 307 Male & 514 Female. Included in the study is 1 school in 3 different cities in North, Central Albania and South of the Republic of Albania. The applied scientific instrument is the standardized questionnaire ATPA-D, which serves to measure the motivation for practicing recreational sports. The most important motives for young Albanians are: health, recreation and social experience. For male, social experience is a dominant motive, compared to female who choose health. Aesthetics is a more important motive for southern women, compared to northern and central female. Northern male prefers competitiveness more as a motive, unlike male in the other two regions. Also, competitiveness results as a more important motive for female from the north and center, compared to female from the south. Social experience is a favorite motive for men in all regions, but more so for northern male. This study confirms socialization theories and the cultural stereotype that male should be physically strong (muscular build) and competitive, while female should be aesthetically acceptable (in good physical shape). The motives for practicing recreational sports are almost similar for young people at the national level, regardless of regional origin, which is not a determining motivational factor in the choices of young Albanians.

Aizuddin Amri Zainuddin   and Jorrye Jakiwa   

Penalty corners are crucial events in hockey games as they provide a big opportunity to score a goal and win the game. However, the execution patterns of penalty corners vary among teams, which can impact their success rates. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the execution patterns of penalty corners between winning and losing teams in the Women's Malaysian Hockey League. The data of the study was collected from the National Women's Hockey League, which included twenty league matches and five knockout matches in the cup competition. A total of 195 penalty corners were analyzed using the computerized software namely Gamebreaker (Hudl, USA). This study focused on the pattern or types of shots namely drag flick, direct hit, deflection and tap. The results through a paired-sample t-test found that only drag flick (p<.05) showed a significant difference between winning and losing teams. Conversely, direct hit, deflection, and tap showed no significant differences (p>.05). In conclusion, this study proved that drag flick was an effective pattern of shot that provided positive results to the team. Therefore, players and teams must focus on improving their penalty corner execution, especially concerning drag flicks, to achieve better outcomes. These findings have practical implications for hockey coaches, players, and teams, highlighting the importance of paying attention to their penalty corner execution strategies.

Mariam Abdulmoniem Ameer   Ammar Mohamed Al Abbad   Amna Aamir Khan   Fahad Alanazi   Amal Hosain ALsakhri   Ghedaf Ehab Abdullhadi   Mashael Hamoud ALbilasi   Mashael Saud ALRashed   Seba Bakr Ali   and Wasan Sultan Homoud   

Training with whole-body vibration (WBV) exposes the full body to mechanical vibrations. This study aimed to determine such an effect among sedentary young women and to identify the association between anthropometric data and single-leg standing time. Sixty young, sedentary women (ages 19–23) who scored ≥26 on the Rapid Assessment Disuse Index questionnaire study and with body mass index (BMI) of 25.0–29.9 kg/m² were enrolled in a quasi-experimental design study. From June 2022 to December 2022, the study was carried out at Jouf University's Laboratory of Physical Therapy. WBVs (5-min exposure and 3-min rest) at a 30-Hz frequency and 2-mm amplitude were administered to the experimental group, whereas the control group was given a placebo effect (the vibration plate was turned off). To examine balance, the single-leg standing balance test was employed. Paired sample t-test and Unpaired sample t-test were used to determine the mean differences of the single-leg stance (SLS) time within and between the groups. Correlation analyses were conducted to determine the relation between anthropometric measures and SLS time after the WBV intervention. The results showed no statistically significant difference in the pre-intervention between groups (p = 0.383, t= -0.880) while there was a statistically significant difference in the post-intervention between groups (p = 0.001, t= -3.619) in favor of the experimental group. The Unpaired sample t-test showed a statistically significant difference in the SLS time pre- and post-vibration interventions in the experimental group only (p = 0.001, t= -5.443). Non-significant weak positive and negative correlations were detected among all anthropometric variables and SLS time post-vibration intervention in both control and experimental groups except the body weight and BMI in the experimental group which showed statistically significant moderate negative correlations with the SLS time post-vibration intervention (r = -0.495, p < 0.01; r = -0.451, p < 0.01). Acute exposure to WBV may improve single-leg standing balance. Furthermore, body weight and BMI may act as hindering factors to improve the single-leg standing balance time after vibration intervention.

MengHua Wang   and Abd Rahim B. Mohd Shariff   

Existing research on strategies employed by preschool teachers to promote physical activities within families and communities remains limited and lacks clarity. This study aims to comprehensively explore the strategies employed by preschool teachers to promote physical activities within families and communities. Utilizing a qualitative research design specifically, multiple case studies as the research approach, and purposive sampling, ten teachers participated in the study. The interview protocol, derived from established theories and past studies, underwent validation by two experts. Thematic analysis was employed to manually analyze and code the data. Themes encompassing preschool teachers' instructional strategies for facilitating physical activities for children in their care include the teaching of physical activities, the use of games, utilizing television to encourage children to exercise, and employing structured play and exercise routines. Additional findings highlight preschool teachers' knowledge in physical activity, the lack of support from parents, a deficiency in professional knowledge, and insufficient funding. In terms of specific strategies employed to reach out to families, the study reveals the utilization of WeChat to disseminate information on physical activity and the incorporation of parent-teacher meetings. However, engagement with the broader community during events is acknowledged to be less extensive. This study sheds light on critical aspects of preschool teachers' efforts to promote physical activity, offering insights for future interventions and initiatives.

Fariba Hossein Abadi   Nur Hannani Binti Abd Rahim   Mohansundar Sankaravel   Fairus Fariza Zainudin   Gunathevan Elumalai   Amir Hossein Barati   Ali Md Nadzalan   and Neni Widiasmoro Selamat   

Low-back pain (LBP) has significantly reduced daily activities, work hours and societal productivity, with an increase since the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to investigate the effects of progressive lumbar stabilization exercises (LSE) on back flexibility and pain intensity after four weeks and follow-up until week eight in students with Non-specific low-back pain (NSLBP) after COVID-19. A total of 34 UPSI students with NSLBP (pain duration: >6 months, age: 23.4±2.1 years, weight: 67.2±9.2 kg, BMI: 24.9±1.35 kg.m^-2) participated in this study and they were randomly assigned to the LSE (n=17) or control (n=17) groups. The LSE group performed pelvic tilt, double knee-to-chest, bridging, bird dog, superman, cat and camel and partial curl-up exercises for eight weeks, 30 minutes and three sessions per week. The Sit and Reach test was used to assess back flexibility, and pain intensity was assessed using the VAS at the baseline, weeks 4 and 8. In baseline, week 4^th and endpoint times, there was a significant difference in back flexibility (F 1, 28= 9.9, p =0.003) and pain intensity (F 1, 28= 4.8, p =0.023) between the LSE and control groups. After four weeks, the LSE group experienced a significant increase in back flexibility (p=.019). In conclusion, this progressive LSE improved back flexibility after four weeks and reduced pain intensity after eight weeks in university students who suffered from NSLBP after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Walaa Jumah AlKasasbeh   Thekra Alawamleh   and Walead Ahmad Alrahahleh   

This research delves into the nutrition knowledge (NK) of adolescent swimmers (AS) during the critical phase of adolescence, a period that plays a pivotal role in establishing enduring health patterns. The background underscores the paramount importance of comprehending NK among AS, given its lasting impact on their overall well-being. During adolescence, nutritional habits can significantly influence growth, development, and long-term health outcomes. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively assess NK among AS and explore potential variations influenced by demographic factors. The study specifically focuses on a cohort of 60 adolescent swimmers enrolled at the University of Jordan. Data collection was conducted through a thorough NK questionnaire, covering various aspects. Statistical analyses were performed using One-Way ANOVA tests and Independent Samples t-Tests to examine the connections between NK and variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI), training experiences, and genders. These analyses aimed to uncover any correlations or disparities in NK based on these factors. The findings of the study revealed a moderate overall knowledge level among AS, with participants scoring an average of 59.5 out of 110 on the NK questionnaire. Notably, no statistically significant differences were observed in knowledge levels across BMI groups, training experiences, or genders. This suggests a relatively consistent level of NK within the studied population. In practical terms, the study highlights the significance of integrating NK into the training regimen of adolescent swimmers to optimize their overall health. It suggests that targeted interventions, including workshops or educational programs, could enhance the NK of AS.

Jianxin Gao   Borhannudin Bin Abdullah   and Roxana Dev Omar Dev   

Background: Although instability resistance training (IRT) frequently engages as a form of muscle training, little has been reported in the literature about the effect of IRT on core muscle strength. Objectives: This study aims to conduct a systematic review of the impact of IRT on core muscle strength among athletes. Design: This study used the (PRISMA) guidelines and databases such as Web of Science, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), PubMed, and Scopus for the original reference collection. This article collected 149 articles, and only 8 met the analysis criteria. Result: Each article’s quality was determined using the PEDro scale, the scoring for 8 articles ranged from 7-9 with a low risk of bias. IRT could significantly improve isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic core muscle strength among Judo athletes, adolescent elite athletes, volleyball players, soccer players, collegiate athletes, and rhythmic gymnasts using unstable surfaces or environments (i.e., Suspension trainer, Swiss ball, Sissel pillows, Indo board with flow cushion, Stability ball, Airex balance pad, Togu power ball, Thera-Band, BOSU ball, Balance disc and so on). Conclusion: Theoretically, this study indicated that IRT is an effective training method for activating core muscles, enhancing coordination between agonistic and antagonistic muscles, and improving muscle proprioception. In addition, based on emphasizing the integration of other training actions, IRT adopts an unstable form closer to specialized exercises or increasing difficulty to improve training efficiency and effectiveness. Practice has shown that continuous IRT has a positive promoting effect on core muscle strength than traditional training methods. Therefore, this review suggests that IRT should be considered in athletes’ daily training routines for core muscle strength.

Dwi Yulia Nur Mulyadi   Amung Ma'mun   Berliana   Tite Juliantine   Anggi Setia Lengkana   Arief Darmawan   and Juhrodin   

This research aims to reveal the integration of life skills in the cycling community on the development of adolescents in Tasikmalaya City. Through this approach, teens improve their cycling skills and gain proficiency in teamwork, goal setting, emotion management, interpersonal communication, social skills, leadership, and problem-solving. The Matching-Only Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design is a research design that involves creating two groups of participants. The population studied was the entire bicycle community in Tasikmalaya, with 142 people. The sample was 71 people, who were selected using the purposive or purposive sampling method. The instrument in this research is the Life Skills Scale for Sport (LSSS). The results of the normality test show that both groups have a p-value (Sig.) > 0.05, so it can be stated that the data is normally distributed. Then, for the homogeneity test, the p-value sig is obtained. > 0.05 indicates that the data's variability in the two groups is homogeneous. The t-test results, assuming equal variances, show a significant difference in the average progress of life skills between the "integration of life skills" and "non-integration of life skills" groups. The t-statistic value is 3.919 with 28 degrees of freedom, and the p-value is very significant (p = 0.001). The average difference in life skills progress between the two groups is 21,667, with a 95% confidence interval between 10,341 and 32,992. Furthermore, even though the assumption of equal variances cannot be considered correct (equal variances not assumed), the t-test results still show a significant difference between the two groups (t = 3.919, df = 26.213, p = 0.001). The average difference in life skills progress is 21,667, with a 95% confidence interval between 10,306 and 33,027. This research concludes that the integration of life skills in the cycling community has a significant positive impact on improving the life skills of teenagers when compared to groups that do not integrate life skills.

Pratyush Ranjan Biswal   and D. Anandhi   

The prevalence of overweight and its related diseases has increased worldwide in the recent population. In contrast with the accumulation of peripheral subcutaneous fat, excessive fat accumulation in the abdominal viscera is strongly associated with obesity-related complications. College is a transitional period from adolescence to adulthood and also a crucial period for the development of healthy lifestyles and the formation of healthy behaviors. High-intensity interval training could be beneficial for the enhancement of cardiovascular endurance among collegiate obese. AIMS: The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of long-interval and medium-interval HIIT training on BMI, Rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and 6- min walk test distance (6MWTD) on obese collegiate. METHODS: A Quasi-experimental study design with 30 Students of SRMIST, Kattankulathur, aged 18-30 years and BMI > 25 Kg/m² (Asian criteria-based) who were divided into two groups (Group A- HIIT long interval × 3/week n=15, Group B- medium interval × 3/week n=15) for 8 weeks was employed. OUTCOME MEASURES: The study was conducted by using the Body mass index, and Borg scale and measuring distance by using a 6-min walk test. RESULTS: The study concluded that there is no significant difference between the long and medium intervals of High interval intensity training. However aerobic capacity and level of rate of perceived exertion moderately improved in both groups (p<0.05), and the body mass index somewhat decreased after 8 weeks of intervention. CONCLUSION: These new findings show that exercising three times with HITT per week improves cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and rate of perceived exertion in overweight/obese college students, but there is no significant difference between the intervals (long and medium). The interval of HIIT may be a viable and effective method for prescribing an initial fitness program overweight collegiate.

Imam Marsudi   Muhammad Kharis Fajar   Afif Rusdiawan   Rubbi Kurniawan   Muhammad Labib Siena Ar Rasyid   Nugroho Susanto   José Vicente García-Jiménez   and Ratko Pavlovic   

Indonesia faces three main economic development problems: lack of funding, insufficient number of athletes competing, and inadequate sports facilities. Adequate sports facilities are the key to an athlete's successful performance. In addition to complete and adequate sports facilities, management of sports facilities and infrastructure is also very much needed. The research was conducted to understand the facilities and infrastructure management of prominent East Java sports branches. The research type is a survey conducted on prominent sports branches in 11 regencies and cities across East Java using a qualitative approach. Qualitative descriptive data were obtained through observation and in-depth interviews with representatives of the Indonesian National Sports Committee (KONI) management, coaches, and athletes in each city. The research involved survey, data collection, and data processing. Data were analyzed using triangulation techniques, including data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The research results indicate that the management of facilities and infrastructure for sports achievement in each regency and city in East Java falls into the category of quite good. However, there are some specific areas of concern, namely the comfort and availability of facilities for certain sports branches. In conclusion, prominent sports branches' facilities and infrastructure management are relatively good. However, there is a need for improvements in comfort and the quantity of existing facilities and infrastructure.

Muhammad Arnando   Syafruddin   Ardo Okilanda   Weny Sasmitha   Mardepi Saputra   Sepriadi   Zulbahri   Frizki Amra   Indri Wulandari   and Mottakin Ahmed   

Badminton is a high-intensity game that requires agility and good footwork for an athlete. The agility training pattern that was compiled had a good impact on progress of research findings. The exercises used to help increase the agility of badminton footwork are shuttle runs, skipping, sprints, ladder drills and shadows using shuttles and cones. This study aims to determine the effect of agility training on the footwork ability of badminton athletes. This research method is a one group experiment. The research compares one independent variable with one dependent variable. The research was conducted at the Badminton Hall of State University of Padang. Participants in this study were badminton athletes from the student's Sports Activity Unit of State University of Padang, totaling 20 people aged 18 years with the same length of training. A 6-way footwork test using a Shuttle cock was conducted to measure the athlete's footwork ability. Inferential statistics with the dependent sample comparative formula (t test) were used to test the hypothesis in this study. The analysis requirements test resulted in normal and homogeneous data. The results of the research on the data analyzed using statistics, it can be concluded that the results of the analysis of agility exercises have an influence on the ability of badminton footwork by obtaining t_count = 16.81 with a degree of confidence (α) = 0.05 so that t_table = 2.09 and the average difference -average count 0.97. From the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that there is an effect of agility training on the footwork ability of State University of Padang badminton athletes. Based on these results, the exercise intensity of moderate to submaximal intensity given to athletes and the variety of training variations of the type of agility training given are effective in increasing the footwork ability of badminton athletes. Subsequent studies show that footwork is also supported by the coordination of upper body movements, so it is necessary to carry out research on the carrying capacity of footwork movements.

Gusril   Willadi Rasyid   Sari Mariati   Ahmad Chaeroni   Fitrah Arrasyih   Vítor Pires Lopes   Kamal Talib   and Fan Hong   

Physical Activity (PA) in the Form of Children's Games and motor chops is important to know beforehand, especially grouping grounded on demographic orders and locales. This study aims (1) To explore the play conditioning of the SAD group in Riau Province, SAD Mentawai in West Sumatra Province, SAD in Jambi Province; (2) To explore the motor chops of the Sakai SAD Riau Province, Mentawai SAD West Sumatra Province, SAD Jambi Province; (3) To reveal the effectiveness of play conditioning between the Sakai SAD Riau Province and the Mentawai SAD West Sumatra Province, as well as the SAD Jambi Province; (4) To reveal the effectiveness of motor chops between the Sakai SAD Riau Province and the Mentawai SAD West Sumatra Province, as well as the SAD Jambi Province. The exploration system used is quantitative exploration using a relative approach. The exploration instruments used consisted of play exertion instruments, and the Scoot Motor Capability test was used to measure motor chops. The data analysis used was Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) with the help of SPSS 23 interpretation. Based on data analysis and discussion, the results of the exploration can be concluded as follows: (1) Physical activity in the form of playground activities of SAD Sakai group in Riau Province is in the moderate category, playground conditioning of SAD Mentawai group in West Sumatra Province is in the moderate category, playground conditioning of SAD Kubu group in Jambi Province is in the moderate category; (2) Motor skills of SAD Sakai group in Riau Province is in the moderate category, motor skills of SAD Mentawai group in West Sumatra Province is in the poor category, motor skills of SAD Kubu group in Jambi Province is in the moderate and poor category; (3) Physical activity in the form of play activities in SAD Sakai in Riau Province is more effective than SAD Mentawai in West Sumatra Province and SAD Kubu in Jambi Province; (4) There is no significant difference between the motor abilities of SAD Sakai in Riau Province, SAD Mentawai in West Sumatra Province, and SAD Kubu in Jambi Province.

Merajuddin Faridi   Iftikhar Ahmad Wani   and Saif Ali Jaddoa   

This comprehensive research investigates self-efficacy levels among handball and kabaddi players in Iraq, utilizing the validated General Self-Efficacy Scale by Sahrayan and Muhammad Wasmaghafi. With 300 participants from diverse backgrounds in Iraqi universities and sports clubs, the study unfolds in two phases aligned with academic and training schedules. Employing SPSS for statistical analysis, the research reveals a marginal difference in mean scores (7.24 for Handball, 7.17 for Kabaddi). Despite this, the non-significant p-value (p = 0.41) leads to accepting the null hypothesis, emphasizing the intricate interplay between psychological factors and sports performance in Iraqi athletes. Situated within sports psychology and rooted in Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, the study explores how athletes' beliefs in their abilities influence performance, motivation, and overall mental well-being. Focusing on Iraq, the research adds significance to understanding psychological dynamics in kabaddi and handball beyond football's dominance. The methodology employs the General Self-Efficacy Scale, a well-established tool, with robustness reinforced through validity and reliability assessments. Statistical analysis, including descriptive statistics and t-tests, provides a comprehensive overview of self-efficacy levels among handball and kabaddi players. Results challenge assumptions about sport-specific influences, indicating a non-significant difference in self-efficacy between the two sports. Practical implications extend to coaches and sports psychologists, suggesting tailored interventions for enhancing self-efficacy in both sports. In conclusion, this research expands comprehension of self-efficacy in diverse sports, emphasizing its universality and holding practical implications for coaches, sports administrators, and researchers. Despite limitations, the study contributes valuable insights, paving the way for future investigations into psychological intricacies influencing sports performance and athletes' well-being. The findings hold practical implications, fostering an environment recognizing the omnipresence of self-efficacy in sports excellence.

Panagiota Alexiou   Alexandros Nikolopoulos   Afroditi Lola   George Tsalis   George Mavridis   Vasiliki Manou   and Athanasios Dalamitros   

Sports coaches have a fundamental role in talent identification and development pathways as they are responsible for determining the characterization of an athlete and overseeing his subsequent advancement in the sport. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive survey on coaches' current perceptions of talent identification and development issues in swimming. An online survey of 20 different types of questions was completed by 112 swim coaches (87 male/25 female) of competitive swimmers based in five countries. Pearson chi-square test assessed the relationship between coaches' responses and their coaching experience and gender. Cramer's V test was applied as an effect size of the relationship. According to the results, general health indicators (37.6%), buoyancy (46.2%), body composition (33.7%), family support (55.9%), coaching environment (66.4%), and the desire for training (25.5%) were considered the highest-ranked answers regarding the physiological, technical, morphological, social, environmental, and psychological factors, respectively. Moreover, coaching level and gender appeared to have a minor effect on participants' perceptions. The data presented provide a detailed overview of the methods and beliefs adopted by contemporary swim coaches and may offer valuable insights into issues and practices related to talent selection and development. The results can also be useful for coaching education curriculums and designing and implementing future talent identification programs in swimming.

Berliana Berliana   Komarudin Komarudin   Nina Sutresna   Surdiniaty Ugelta   Mesianna Simbolon   Alimin Hamzah   Geraldi Novian   Mona Fiametta Febrianty   Sagitarius Sagitarius   Bambang Erawan   Ivan Rivan Firdaus   and Yopi Kusdinar   

Sports facilities have not been used optimally due to various reasons, especially for women who are accompanied by various stigmas. In fact, these sports facilities can be used as a means of developing sport tourism, if used properly. This research examines the social impact of sports as the main focus by dividing it into two parts, namely the use of sports facilities in the context of sports tourism for women and the shift of sports facilities towards a more diverse direction. This is a case study based on semi-structured interviews. The results of the qualitative analysis based on the coding process showed that sports centers in Indonesia were often visited by men and women equally. However, the majority of men visited the sports center for exercise, while women acted more as traders and participated passively in sports. Hence, visits to the sports center were not carried out as a necessity, especially for women who seemed to be only joining in and were considered passive participants. Sports tourism, which is exercising while traveling, is a strategic means to empower both men and women to be directly involved without any differences in the purpose of exercising itself.

Natalia Yu. Tarabrina   

Background: The purpose of the work is to study the influence of low-intensity laser radiation (LILR) of quantum action on changes in the type of nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body (NARB) of athletes. Material and methods: for 50 young men of 20.45±0.82 years old (height: 176.32±2.45 cm; body weight: 76.21±1.32 kg), involved in judo (with qualification "Master of Sports"), NARB type was determined by leukogram. Then, all participants were randomly divided into two groups: control and experimental groups of 25 young men in each one. The athletes of the experimental group underwent a course of quantum LILR therapy for 10 days. The impact was carried out with the MUSTANG 2000 physiotherapy (PT) device to the areas of the carotid and subclavian arteries. The control group received a placebo effect (procedures with the device turned off). Then peripheral blood was taken again, and the nature of adaptation was determined by the magnitude of the resulting changes in the leukogram. Results: the studies have shown that under the influence of LILR, a change in NARB type occurs. Before exposure, 28-36% of athletes in both groups showed reactivation reactions. After 10 sessions of PT, a reaction of increased activation was recorded only in the control group (28%); reactions of training, calm and increased activation were determined in 71-100% of those examined in both groups. Conclusions: we can conclude that LILR has a corrective and stabilizing effect on the parameters of the blood system and NARB. Course use of LILR promotes the redistribution of NARB types with an increase in the proportion of training reactions, calm and increased activation, which will contribute to the success of their competitive activity.

Thekra Alawamleh   and Walaa AlKasasbeh   

The study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between physical conditioning and several kinematic variables associated with the butterfly stroke, specifically butterfly swimming arm stroke length, frequency, and average swimming speed over 25m. The study sample comprised twelve proficient butterfly swimmers who were students enrolled in swimming courses within a physical education faculty. Data were collected through a pre-designed physical condition description test. The test items used in this study were categorized based on the five dimensions of physical fitness, namely muscular strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, and agility, which were employed to assess the participants' physical states. The statistical analysis of the study was conducted by the researcher using various statistical variables, including averages, standard deviations, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The following kinematic variables were analyzed based on this data: stroke length, stroke frequency, and swimming speed. The results of the study revealed a positive correlation between the muscle strength state and the average stroke length of the arms during butterfly swimming. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between speed and the stroke frequency rate, as well as swimming speed. In light of these findings, the researcher recommends that swimming courses should prioritize the enhancement of muscle strength and speed elements to improve the kinematic variables associated with butterfly swimming among students of the Faculty of Physical Education.

Mourad Oukheda   Khawla Bouaouda   Karima Mohtadi   Halima Lebrazi   Abdelfettah Derouiche   Anass Kettani   Rachid Saile   and Hassan Taki   

This study represents the inaugural investigation into the nutritional status of professional Moroccan football players. The aim of this research was to assess the energy and macronutrient consumption of elite football athletes during their preseason training phase while concurrently exploring possible associations between physical Fitness (PF) especially cardiorespiratory endurance (VO₂max), macronutrient intake, and body composition. 27 footballers from a Moroccan professional league, 'Botola-Pro', in a consecutive 7 study during a microcycle of the preseason period. Dietary intake was assessed using self-reported methods, supplemented by 24-hour recalls, and body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance (BI). The Yo-Yo IR test was employed to evaluate cardiorespiratory endurance. The football players had an energy intake significantly below their requirements. Average carbohydrate (CHO) intake fell below the recommendations set by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). However, protein intake was in line with recommendations (1.6 to 2.2 g/kg), and fat intake slightly exceeded the recommended values. The CHO intake was notably lower than recommended. A positive correlation was observed (p < 0.001 and r: 0,831) between CHO and VO₂max. These results suggest that increasing carbohydrate consumption is associated with improved performance, especially within the range of 6 to 8 g/kg of body mass per day. Conversely, a negative correlation was identified (p < 0.01 and r: -0,514) between the body fat mass (BFM) and VO₂max. In conclusion, the results of this study underscore aspects of nutrition that could be improved among professional football players to optimize their performance, longevity, and body composition. Therefore, a personalized care approach is highly recommended.

Pangondian Hotliber Purba   Tandiyo Rahayu   Donny Wira Yudha Kusuma   Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani   Mikkey Anggara Suganda   Didi Suryadi   and Jujur Gunawan Manullang   

Study purpose: Physical condition serves as the main supporting factor, which encourages the development of karateka's overall abilities in kihon, kumite, and kata. The purpose of this study was to formulate a test and compile a normative instrument to assess the physical fitness of junior karate practitioners, particularly those aged 16-17 years. Materials and Methods: Research and development (R&D) method. The research was conducted at a karate dojo under the auspices of the Indonesian Karate-Do Sports Federation (FORKI). The small-scale trial subjects were 55 respondents and the large trial group was 114 respondents. The karate test subjects were 16-17 years old (junior) and a purposive sampling technique was used for the determination of the trial sample. Data analysis techniques used were correlation test, validity test, and reliability test. Results: The results of this study showed two series of karate physical test instruments for male and female junior karate athletes (aged 16-17 years) consisting of; V Sit and Reach, Hexagonal Obstacle, Stork Standing balance, 2-Minute Sit Up, and Multistage Fitness Test. Validity of factor analysis eigenvalues >1 and can be said to be valid. A reliability test was conducted with a test-retest or correlation between the same groups for two treatments. Based on the difference significance test, it shows that t-count = 3.617, df = 59, and P-Value = 0.01 <0.05, which means there was a significant difference in the pre-test and post-test results. Conclusions: 5 items of karate physical test instruments had been produced for junior karate athletes in the kata category, the preparation of karate physical test norms for junior karate athletes in the kata category, and 5 physical test instruments had been produced that were effectively used to improve the performance of junior karate athletes.

Ngatman   Sumaryanto   Ismail Gani   and Muhamad Nanang Solikhin   

Background: Good basic technique in tennis can only be achieved through intensive, programmed training and using appropriate training methods according to actual tennis playing situations. Purpose: This research aimed to develop an effective training model and make it easier for beginner male tennis players aged 8-12 years to learn basic forehand and backhand groundstroke techniques based on the actions method. Design/methodology/approach: The research used an experimental design with one group pretest-posttest, for both experimental and control groups. The sample used was 12 male beginner tennis players aged 8-12 years using a purposive random sampling technique. Next, the 12 novice tennis players were divided into 2 balanced groups randomly (ordinal pairing). The research instrument used the ITN 10.3 forehand and backhand groundstroke accuracy and consistency skills test from the International Tennis Federation (ITF). Skills tests were carried out before and after treatment given for 12 weeks with a frequency of 3 times per week. Data analysis was carried out using ANCOVA which was reinforced with a paired t-test using the SPSS version 22 program. Result: From the results of the Ancova test data analysis, t = -2.79 (p value = 0.021 < 0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that the training model using the actions method is effective for improving basic forehand and backhand groundstroke technical skills when compared to conventional methods. Conclusions: The study showed that the basic forehand and backhand groundstroke technique training model based on the actions method: (1) had a significant effect on the basic forehand and backhand groundstroke technical abilities of tennis beginners; (2) was effective for improving basic forehand and backhand groundstroke technical skills for male tennis beginners aged 8-12 years.

Jisha Abraham   Vinod Kumar G.   and Vinu W.   

The advancement in sports and games has led researchers to focus on their studies on excellence in sports performance. Numerous factors can influence the performance of athletes in sports. It is well-established that psychological and sociodemographic variables are nowadays the most critical. Purpose: The purpose of the study is: (i) to investigate the difference between socioeconomic status and sports competition anxiety of achievers and non-achievers; (ii) to analyse the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) and age on predicting sports competition anxiety (SCA); (iii) to assess the relationship between age, SES, and SCA on All-India female weightlifters. The study participants comprised 102 female collegiate athletes (Mean age = 20.94 years, SD = 2.337), ages 18–27 years, who were achievers and non-achievers. Method: Sports competitive anxiety and socioeconomic status were assessed using the sport competitive anxiety and socioeconomic status questionnaires. An independent t-test tested the difference between achievers and non-achievers. Relationships between socioeconomic status, sports competitive anxiety, and age were analysed by the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Result: The results showed a significant difference in competitive anxiety between achievers and non-achievers (p = .11). However, there was no difference in socioeconomic status between groups (p = .42). The correlation analyses showed no significant relationship between sports competition anxiety and socioeconomic status (r = .108, p = .011), age, and sports competition anxiety (r =.108, p =.530). Conclusion: The study concluded that a moderate level of anxiety helps to achieve peak performance and that there is no relationship among socioeconomic status, sports competition anxiety, and age. The research findings may help the athletes to undergo specific psychological training programs to reduce anxiety.

Waheb Razzaq Jebur   Ahmed Hameed Ali   Ameen Salih Atiyah   and Mohammed Hasan Shaalan Obed   

The study aimed to devise a tool for gauging attentional control in futsal players, discerning their varying levels of attentional control, and establishing standardized benchmarks for this attribute. In order to meet these targets, a descriptive approach that incorporated surveys and standard studies, was employed. The research involved players, including those hailing from government and private universities and colleges in Babylon province, encompassing a total of 75 participants across five universities during the academic year 2022-2023. During the attention control test on the devised device, we determined the sample distribution using the extracted range (7) and the base length (1.4). The first category, indicative of a very good level, spanned from (9-7.6), while the second category, representing a good level, extended from (7.5-6.1). The third level, signifying a moderate level, had a range of (6.0-4.6), the weak level ranged from (4.5-3.1), and the ultimate level, indicating a very weak level, ranged from (3.0-1.6). The distribution of the sample across these levels disclosed that 16% attained a very good level (12 participants), 25.33% reached a good level (19 participants), 36% secured an average level (27 participants), 12% were at a weak level (9 participants), and 10.66% were at a very weak level (8 participants). Drawing from these findings, the researchers concluded that futsal players from government and private universities and colleges generally demonstrate commendable attentional control. They successfully engineered a device tailored for assessing attentional control in futsal players and determining standardized scores for the attention control test on this device. Moreover, the futsal players were categorized into five levels to evaluate their attention control.

Randa Saleh Jawarneh   Yaser Mohamed Alwreikat   Lubna Mahmoud Obeidat   and Mohammad Omar AL-Momani   

It is almost impossible for a person to enjoy good health without practicing a minimum of sports activity. The human body was not created to remain inactive. It needs a certain amount of physical activity so that it does not become atrophy and wither. Indeed, exercising regularly has beneficial effects on a person’s physical and mental condition, making him healthy and happy. There is no doubt that not exercising and following a sedentary lifestyle lead to negative effects on health, and therefore this study came, which aims to evaluate some elements of physical fitness among Secondary school students in Jordan by comparing these elements between males and females. To achieve the objectives of the study, an experimental approach was used, which includes a pre-and post-test that applied to a random sample (200 in total) of Secondary school students in Jordan, including (100) male students and (100) female students, in the first semester of the academic year (2022-2023). The study reached a set of results, the most important of which is the lack of development, both in the characteristic of the explosive power of the feet among members of the study sample and in the characteristic of elongation and flexibility for both sexes. The study also found that there was a development in the characteristic of speed in a proportional, statistically significant manner for both sexes and an improvement in the characteristic of the strength of the muscles of the arms for males only.

Imran Akhmad   Suharjo   Amirsyah Putra Lubis   Muhammad Reza Destya   Nurkadri   Sulaiman Helmi   Bayu Hardiyono   Muslimin   and Aprizal Fikri   

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of physical activity on the physical fitness of elementary school students. The sample in this research was elementary school students in the city of Medan with a total of 60 students. This type of research uses correlational variables with physical activity and physical fitness. The results of the research show that there is a significant correlation between physical activity variables and physical fitness, and the correlation coefficient is 0.234 with a (p) value of 0.043, which means that the significant relationship between physical activity and students' physical fitness is acceptable. The correlation results above obtained a determinant coefficient value of 0.059. The result shows that the percentage of the relationship between these two variables is 0.070 x 100 = 7%. So, 7% of students' physical fitness is influenced by physical activity and 93% is influenced by other factors. The conclusion of this study is that the results of data analysis prove that there is a significant correlation between physical activity and students' physical fitness, physical activity has a low relationship to physical fitness and the direction of the relationship is linear.

Gunathevan Elumalai   Mohd Salleh Aman   Nur Najmin Naja Zamri   Vellapandian Ponnusamy   Shariffah Mamat   Shamshuritawati Sharif   Hashbullah Ismail   Mohd Mursyid Arshad   Nur Riza Suradi   and Farrah Hani Imran   

Sports culture can be defined as a positive value attitude of an individual to sport. These values act for the individual as social ideals, senses, symbols, norms, and samples of behavior that regulate the entire activity and social relations in a sports sphere. The Institute for Youth Research Malaysia (IYRES) initiated to determine the nation's sports culture since 2018. The latest research on the Malaysian Sports Index conducted in 2022, among 3735 respondents from various backgrounds according to age group, gender, ethnicity, and location using a self-designed questionnaire by IYRES with two domains and five indicators. The first domain is participation with activeness as the indicator. The second domain is sporting spirit with four indicators namely Voluntarism, Dedication, Expenditure and Contribution. Each and every indicator contributes towards Malaysian sports culture index based on the Index score scale created by experts from IYRES. The descriptive analysis showed Malaysian Sports Culture Index 2022 (MSCI'22) still in the moderate level with the score (52.0). The independent sample t-test showed there is significant difference by gender, with male (M= 59.06; SD=33.83) and female (M= 44.69; SD=32.90); p=0.000. Analysis by location also indicated that there is a significant difference in sports culture between urban and rural populations, with urban (M= 51.13; SD=34.19) and rural area (M= 54.78; SD=33.74); p=0.009. One-way ANOVA test to determine the sports culture based on ethnicity showed there were significant differences by ethnic group (p=0.000). The age group also showed a significant difference (p=.0.000) in sports culture among Malaysians. In conclusion, this research indicates that behavioral changes are needed among the Malaysian population to truly embed sports as a cultural element in their lives. Such changes cannot be expected to transpire immediately. To foster this transformation, raising awareness and providing accessible facilities for regular sports, exercise, and recreational activities are vital responsibilities for stakeholders because sports as a cultural element can effectively enhance healthy lifestyles.

Mimi Haetami   Yusuf Hidayat   Andika Triansyah   Asep Sumpena   Reshandi Nugraha   Carsiwan   Alit Rahmat   Prisca Widiawati   Rozita Abdul Latif   and Wahidah Tumijan   

Research that examines the effect of a training combining physical and mental aspects simultaneously is still limited, especially the combination of Endurance Training Method (ET-Method) and Mental Toughness (MT). For this reason, this study aimed to examine the effect of the ET-Method (Tabata Training/TT-Method and Sprint Interval Training/SIT-Method) as the independent variable and MT (High-MT and Low-MT) as the moderator variable on VO₂max (the dependent variable). The study was conducted using a field experiment method and a 2x2 factorial design on 48 male university students. All participants were divided into four treatment groups using a random assignment. The training was carried out for eight weeks (24 meetings, 3 meetings per week). The data were collected using the Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48 (MTQ48) and the aerobic ability test, namely The 20m Multi Stage Fitness Test or Bleep Test with units of ml/kg/minute to measure an athlete's VO₂max. Data analysis was performed using a two-factor analysis of variance technique. The results showed that the ET-Method and MT were effective in increasing VO₂max, both independently and interactively. The TT-Method had a higher effect than the SIT-Method on VO₂max, while the VO₂max of participants having High-MT was higher than participants having Low- MT. TT-Method gave a higher effect than SIT-Method when combined with Low-MT. Conversely, SIT-Method was more effective than TT-Method when combined with High-MT. Coaches can use both types of ET-Method independently or in combination with MT as an alternative method to increase VO₂max.

Boyke Mulyana   Syifa F. Syihab   Novrizal Achmad Novan   and Asti Dewi Rahayu Fitrianingsih   

This study aims to identify the key factors contributing to the athletic success of West Java's aquatic athletes. A sample of 104 athletes aged 12 and above, who were members of various aquatic clubs in West Java, participated in the study. Utilizing path analysis technique, a survey of causal relationships was conducted to examine the direct and indirect effects of research variables. Through an online survey, female swimmers from West Java responded to the questionnaire. Path analysis was used to obtain a model fit to the survey data with a statistical significance of P 0.05. The initial hypothesis stated that the involvement of parents, the coach's role, the availability of infrastructure, the athletes' dietary habits, and their motivation affect the athlete's performance. The majority of athletes were still in junior and senior high school, where they were in the stage of development known as "train to train." With a coefficient value of 0.35 and a significance level of 0.001, the path analysis revealed that, among all the variables, the availability of infrastructure had the greatest effect on the performance of female aquatic athletes. Moreover, the path analysis model produced an adequate representation of the data with a CFI value of 1.000.

Mustafa Issa Ali Al Ahmed   

Students' nice of existence is positively impacted by recreational sports activities. Participating in sports can keep students faraway from awful sports and beautify their preferred first-class of life. The aim of the study was to determine how recreational sports affected the scholars' quality of life for the 2022–2023 academic year, and a survey was done on 1384 male and female college students in theoretical and realistic schools at King Faisal University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on their participation or non-participation in recreational sports activities. The researcher followed a descriptive approach. The outcomes of the study confirmed that individuals who participated in amusement sports had higher quality of life ratings than folks who did not. According to the variables (gender, social stage, and exercise years) (P < 0.05). There are substantial and significant differences in the exceptional of existence evaluation amongst university students who participate in leisure activities as compared to individuals who do not. The study highlights the vital significance of university officers in providing steerage and help to students, with a focus on their holistic development encompassing bodily, mental, and social elements. Such a comprehensive method is integral in nurturing students who are ready to make meaningful contributions to societal progress and improvement. It emphasizes the pivotal position of universities in the present era, not only in providing educational knowledge but also in fostering the general properly-being in their college students, thereby preparing them to turn out to be well-rounded and socially engaged people. The study encouraged teaching students about the significance of collaborating in recreational sports activities through lectures, workshops, and seminars. Lastly, the study additionally gives perception into barriers and future directions.

Benil Kistak Altan   and Ilhan Odabas   

Swimmers undertake in-water warm-ups in the race pool ahead of the competition. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of three warm-up protocols (critical velocity (CV), kick, drill, swim (KDS), critical velocity, kick, drill, swim (CVKDS)) and a no-warm-up (NOWU) condition on heart rate (HR), blood lactate (LA), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during a 4x50-meter maximal mixed swimming test. Forty-two national swimmers participated on a voluntary basis (21 female and 21 male). Under their coaches' supervision, the swimmers executed the CV, KDS, CVKDS, and NOWU warm-up routines on separate days. After a period of complete rest, the swimmers completed a maximum of four 50-meter laps, each consisting of a different stroke (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle). End time and heart rate were measured after each lap, and swimmers were asked to rate their perceived exertion immediately after finishing the test. Lactic acid levels in the swimmers were measured during the rest periods at the first (LA1), sixth (LA6), and fifteenth (LA15) minutes. Following preliminary measurements, swimmers were separated into three groups and completed the CV, KDS, and CVKDS warm-up protocol for eight weeks at the beginning of their training. After eight weeks, the tests were repeated. Data analysis was conducted using the IBM SPSS 24.0 program with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Paired-samples t-tests, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and repeated measures ANOVA tests were employed. Differences in HRbut, HRback, HRbre, HRfree and LA1, LA6, LA15 between genders were observed (p<0.05). There was also a significant difference in HRbut, HRback, HRbre, HRfree and LA1, LA6, LA15 based on warm-up protocols (p<0.05); however, no significant difference was found in RPE (p>0.05). After pre-race water warm-ups, physiological responses varied by gender among male and female swimmers.

Yongchang Yang   Yang Zeng   Li Yang   Yifan Lu   Xinwei Lee   and Yasushi Enomoto   

At present, deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made impressive progress on human pose estimation. Sports pose is one of the important bases for evaluating the athletes' skill level. Until now, the determination and analysis of athletes' pose is still very time-consuming manual work. Therefore, how to adapt and retrain the state-of-the-art human pose detection system and apply it to specific sports competitions is of great significance. Videos recorded on a regular basis can quickly provide a large amount of pose data, and the video recording work is a preliminary preparation for the development of mining algorithms. In this study, we use running as an example of a sport. Using the High-Resolution Net (HRNet) neural network algorithm, we obtain 2D pose data from the video recordings of individual movements to realize the recognition and evaluation of athletes' movement pose during running. This breaks the research boundaries of traditional laboratories and realizes the analysis of movements during actual running competitions. Our experimental results showed the effectiveness of this method, which has the potential to be applied to other cycle-based or phase-based types of sport. The exploration of this study has achieved the identification of running motions and the analysis of relevant motion variables, such as joint angle, stride frequency, stride length, etc. This provides a more scientific technical basis for us to adopt this method in practical sports video analysis in the future.

Amin Akbar   Zulakbal Abd Karim   Anindra Guspa   Reno Fernandes   Firunika Intan Cahyani   Mario Pratama   Prima Aulia   Rahmadianti Aulia   and M Arinal Rahman   

Adolescence is a crucial age at which juvenile delinquents commonly appear. Therefore, analyzing the juvenile delinquency prevention strategy at this age is crucial. One known preventive strategy for juvenile delinquents is sports activity. Therefore, this study aims to obtain in-depth information about the role and use of football as an effort to form a positive adolescent personality as well as a way to overcome the problem of juvenile delinquency. This study uses qualitative methods with a grounded theory approach. A total of 10 youth coaches licensed with a minimum of 5 years of experience in football coaching and five parents of children athletes participated in this research. This research uses data triangulation, namely open-ended semi-structured interviews, observation, and document analysis, as data collection procedures. The collected information is then analyzed using themes. The results of the study revealed that football is a medium that is able to shape teenagers' character, which leads to juvenile delinquency prevention by intensifying independence, responsibility, emotional management, a good attitude, respect for others, courage, alertness, and increased decision-making. Based on the results of the current research, researchers advise families and the government to provide for and involve more children in physical activities such as football. It is because football could shape the children's character, minimizing the occurrence of delinquency in the future.

Kashish Pandey   and Khusboo K   

Grit is an impeccable concept which addresses the consistency of interest and perseverance of effort among non-disabled athletes in the existing literature. However, a dearth of research has scrutinised this construct among disabled athletes. The purpose of this research is to explore the challenges of the gritty para-athletes and the reasons behind their grittiness within each narrative type. Two-part life history interviews were conducted with para elite track and field athletes (n=30). The interviews were transcribed and subjected to a dialogical narrative analysis. The speculation was drawn on the stories told by the para-athletes which were based on the grounds of understanding grit and how their life experiences have shaped their grittiness. Five distinct narrative typologies were identified: staying a little longer, quit quitting, a superman story, embracing uncertainty, rising from ashes and everything to me narrative. Grit is inevitable in achieving success but there are many underlying factors which influence grit, such as social support, resilience, determination etc. Hence, creating and sharing narratives of gritty para-athletes can help other para-athletes to make sense of their challenges in meaningful and diverse ways. Future implications address the need for the development of the grit-based interventions that can flourish the mental and physical well-being of para-athletes.

Zacharoula Paschaleri   Theodoros M. Kannas   Georgios Chalatzoglidis   and Fotini Arabatzi   

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maturity status on static balance control in early adolescent boys and girls, with regards to Achilles tendon stiffness and plantar flexors force. Twenty boys and nineteen girls performed three balance tasks (two legs-eyes open, two legs-eyes closed, one leg stance) at 18 and 9 months before peak height velocity (PHV) and at PHV. We assessed the center of pressure (COP) displacements in anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) directions and electromyographic (EMG) activity of medial gastrocnemius (MG) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles and calculated the coactivation of these muscles. Additionally, we quantified Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness and plantar flexors force during an isometric contraction in the same time points. AT stiffness was related to increased TA activity during the three different balance tasks in boys, 18 and 9 months before PHV, whereas AT stiffness was related to increased co-activation in closed eyes task only 9 months before PHV in girls. Additionally, increased demands in ML direction balance control in the closed eyes task were related to increased plantar flexor muscles force in girls. These findings provide novel evidence that boys and girls employ different postural control patterns, related to AT stiffness, to maintain static balance across the adolescent growth spurt.

Arisman   Yusmawati   Firmansyah Dlis   Dede Dwiansyah Putra   Ardo Okilanda   and Alonzo L Mortejo   

This study aims to test the success of archery training in the new normal era using Self Video in the field and online classes. Online classes focus on overlooking revisions of technicalities in the field. The method used in this study was an experiment with a total of 60 archery athletes. The design of this study is a one-group pretest-posttest design to determine the difference between the average results of the initial test and the final test results. The steps after the initial test were then given treatment, namely a mixed exercise strategy with a 40-meter archery test procedure. The blended training strategy is a combination of field and online exercises for 16 meetings, including 7 online meetings and 7 field meetings and 2 pre test and post test implementation meetings to facilitate access to classroom exercises, especially in adapting to new life arrangements during the pandemic. The 40-meter distance is one of the numbers that is always competed in the elimination round from the last 16 to the final of the national round of single archery or double Self Video. The findings of this study can be in the form of differences in the average archery training of athletes from the results of the comparison of the average pre-test (18.30 points) with the average post-test (22.53 points). The findings indicate a notable disparity in archery performance, especially when comparing the outcomes achieved at a 40-meter distance via field training vs. online strategy seminars using conventional strategies. Discover application-oriented research on video and revised action communication inside the field.

Pathmanathan K. Suppiah   Abdul Muiz Nor Azmi   Jeffrey Low Fook Lee   Hasnol Noordin   Md Safwan Samsir   and Rabiu Muazu Musa   

It may be possible for children to acquire motor skills more successfully and effectively if they are given equipment that is the right size for their physical characteristics. The study aims to examine the effect of modifying court size and net height on children's badminton performance. Sixteen children aged 7 to 9 years (M_age = 8.3 years ± 1.4) participated in the study. They competed in a mini-match under four different situations where the court size or net height was modified. Children's match-play performances in all conditions were notated and analyzed via video replay. The results from a repeated measure of two-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant interaction between court and net height on winning strokes, unforced errors, and strokes struck, p < .05. Nevertheless, there was no significant interaction between court and net height on rally length, hitting opportunities, and successful strokes, p > .05. The findings demonstrated that reducing court size and lowering net height led to an offensive playstyle where children recorded higher winning shots with fewer shots struck and unforced errors. Lowering net height also resulted in a shorter rally length and decreases in hitting opportunities. The current findings suggested that by reducing net height and court-size, skill acquisition can be enhanced among junior badminton players in match-play performance as the condition has improved children's success experience by producing more successful strokes during a match. These factors can be apart from being motivating factors that encourage decision-making in a realistic environment.

Yuni Astuti   Syahrial Bakhtiar   Bekir Erhan Orhan   Erianti   Dina Amsari   Govindasamy Balasekaran   and Zsolt Németh   

This research was motivated by the need for more application of physical education learning models in the form of games, especially in volleyball learning. It is known that many students feel bored and unenthusiastic when taking volleyball lessons. Apart from that, students find it difficult and are not mentally prepared to carry out volleyball techniques; as a result, they feel anxious or afraid when doing these techniques in front of other friends. This experimental type of research aims to determine the effect of mental training and playing circuits-based training programs on the learning outcomes of elementary school volleyball students. This study included 44 fifth-grade students from 2 classes at Sekolah Dasar Pembangunan Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Padang. Purposive sampling technique was utilised. A pre- and post-test of volleyball skills were determined by volleyball experts. The paired t-test was used to analyze the data. Data analysis revealed that mental training-based training programs and playing circuits affected the learning outcomes of volleyball for elementary school students at Sekolah Dasar Pembangunan Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Padang. Results indicated significant differences between pre- and post-quality basic volleyball technical skills test (pre: highest score: 70; lowest score: 60; average score: 64.09 ± 2.81 vs. post: highest score: 77; lowest score: 65; average score: 68.68 ± 3.09; p = 0.000). The learning model based on mental training and playing sequences may improve basic volleyball technical skills and increase students' self-confidence and motivation when participating in learning.

Ali Qoqazeh   Ala'a Al-Bakheit   and Hadeel Ghazzawi   

Increasing the level of society's knowledge toward sports supplements and doping agents has clear benefits, including improving athletic performance and avoiding the side effects of these substances. This study used the KAP approach to determine the Jordanian community's knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward sports supplements and doping agents. A prospective cross-sectional study based on a valid, reliable questionnaire was conducted, and 400 adult participants were recruited. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: individual characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward supplements and doping agents. The results showed that the knowledge score was 62.00%, attitudes were 83.00%, and practices were 80.00% among the Jordanian community. The society categories that had the best knowledge scores toward sports supplements and doping agents were older adult age group 51-64 years (P < 0.05), and nonsmoking individuals (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found among society categories concerning attitudes score. Also the highest practice scores were the participant's monthly salary group of 500-1,000 JOD (P < 0.05) and individuals in the southern region (P < 0.05). This study concluded that the Jordanian community has moderate knowledge, positive attitudes, and good practices toward sports supplements and doping agents.

Mohd Salleh Aman   Gunathevan Elumalai   Nur Najmin Naja Zamri   Vellapandian Ponnusamy   Shariffah Mamat   Shamshuritawati Sharif   Hashbullah Ismail   Mohd Mursyid Arshad   Nur Riza Suradi   and Farrah Hani Imran   

The Malaysian Sports Culture Index (MSCI) is the baseline index for reporting on the achievement of Malaysians in practicing sports activities with the availability of its ecosystem. MSCI'22 is a continuation of the study which was first initiated by the Institute for Youth Research Malaysia (IYRES) in 2018. This index is the basis for the formation of the National Sports Vision 2030 and serves as a guideline for monitoring sports culture programs throughout the country. MSCI'22 succeeded in gathering 3,735 respondents from various backgrounds according to age group, gender, ethnicity, and location. In terms of location, the research used the Population Census 2020, with 720 Counting Blocks (CB) and 7200 Places of Residence (PR). The proportionate random stratified sampling method was used, and samples were taken based on the CB and PR population data of 23 million Malaysian citizens aged 13 years and above. IYRES developed a special research system (online and offline) for the purpose of data collection. The findings of the study revealed that 48% of respondents were involved in sports-related activities. Among these, only 13.6% (n = 1,781) were at the active level, while 65.7% were moderately active, and 20.7% were less active. Most Malaysians were interested in sports activities (55.5%), followed by exercise (37.0%) and recreation (21.6%). The most popular sports activities were football (11.6%), futsal (11.0%), and badminton (8.5%). For exercise, jogging (23.1%) was the most dominant, likely because it does not require special facilities and can be done in residential areas. In terms of recreation, cycling (10.4%) and hiking (6.1%) were the preferred activities. The study also indicated that 22.4% of Malaysians were involved in e-sports, while 77.6% were not involved. In conclusion, several factors, such as facilities, financial support, environment, and motivation, contribute to an active lifestyle. However, the study also highlighted that self-awareness plays a crucial role in encouraging sports, exercise, and recreation participation among Malaysians. Overall, the MSCI'22 study provides valuable insights into the current state of sports culture in Malaysia and can be used to shape and improve national sports initiatives and programs.

Georgiy Polevoy   Héctor Fuentes Barría   and Raul Aguilera Eguía   

Background: The development of speed in primary school children can be improved during the sensitive period of this quality. Objective: To analyze the effects of speed and reaction exercises on speed in athletic children between 11 and 12 years old. Methods: Quasi-experimental, non-randomized study conducted between September 2022 and March 2023, in which 42 children aged 11-12 years belonging to the Basic sports school No. 8 in Kirov (Russia) were assigned to a control (n=21) and experimental (n=21) group. The classes in the control group were carried out according to the usual athletic training plan, while the experimental group used exercises for speed development. Both groups were evaluated by the tests ''Running on the spot'', ''Shuttle running 10x5 meters'' and ''Sprint 10 meters''. Results: The control group did not present significant improvements (p>0.05), while the experimental group reported significant improvements in ''Running on the spot'' (20%; p<0.05), ''Shuttle running 10x5 meters'' (15%; p<0.05) and ''Sprint 10 meters'' (8.6%; p<0.05). Conclusion: An exercise program focused on speed development in children aged 11-12 years can significantly improve the different manifestations of speed.

Ayi Suherman   J. Julia   and Tedi Supriyadi   

Primary school sports teacher candidates require proficient rhythmic gymnastics movements and skills to create rhythmic gymnastics movements suitable for teaching in elementary schools. Their struggles in performing rhythmic gymnastics movements are due to their insufficient grasp of fundamental rhythmic gymnastics techniques, which consequently hampers their capacity to develop and create rhythmic gymnastics movements. This study exemplifies the collaborative efforts of a team dedicated to improving the skills of primary school sports teacher candidates to master rhythmic gymnastics movements and enhance their creativity in devising the rhythmic gymnastics movements through critical-reflective steps in action research design. This study involved 40 primary school sports teacher candidates enrolled in a university in West Java Province in Indonesia. They consisted of 18 female students and 22 male students aged 19-21 years. The findings revealed that there are six steps to improve movement skills and create rhythmic gymnastics, namely (1) introducing the fundamental basic movements of rhythmic gymnastics, (2) understanding the basic elements of music, (3) choosing music and choreographic themes, (4) designing choreography, (5) practicing movement design and music, and (6) integrating movement, music and instruments. These six steps are believed to be effective not only in improving skills but also the skills to create artistic rhythmic gymnastics movements.

Anggi Setia Lengkana   Tatang Muhtar   Tedi Supriyadi   Indra Safari   Aisya Kemala   Andarias Ginting   and Raswin   

Every child's life is unique, as is their potential or talent. A coach must be fully aware of each child's uniqueness in developing children to become future athletes, as we know that every child has specific potential/talents in the sports field, including those with disabilities. This research aims to determine the influence of the DR-GOS model in helping children with disabilities assess their abilities and interests in sports. The researcher chose the experimental method as the approach used in the research with a one-group pre-test-post-test design. The sample consisted of 20 students representing three school areas for people with disabilities in West Java, Indonesia. The instrument used was the second series of gross motor development tests (TGMD-2). Based on the calculation of the average difference between pre-test and post-test TGMD-2 data, the average locomotor skill was 36.32; for ball control ability, the total average was 44.01; meanwhile, the TGMD-2 test results obtained an average of 80.35. To test data normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, the TGMD-2 test result was 0.146. Since the data is usually distributed and Asymp.Sig is significantly more than 0.05, hypothesis testing was carried out using one-way ANOVA analysis; the result obtained was a P value of 0.002 < 0.05. This condition means that H0 is rejected, thus proving that there is a difference between the average pre-test score and the post-test score. This research shows how the application of the DR-GOS model has succeeded in helping children with hearing impairments (PI) to determine their sports talents. It is hoped that this can help other people with disabilities decide on their sporting skills, of course, with several different special tools. This matter is necessary to support the existence of children with disabilities in the social life they deserve.

Willadi Rasyid   Gusril   Syahrial Bakhtiar   Anton Komaini   Heru Andika   Ndayisenga   and Jaffry Bin Zakaria   

This research was conducted on the basis of the low level of basic movement skills of children aged 9-10 years. It is thought that many factors influence other game approaches, conventional and physical fitness. This research aims to determine the effect of play, conventional and physical fitness approaches on the basic movements of children aged 9-10 years. This type of research is a quasi-experiment with a sample size of 40 people divided into two groups using ordinally meat pairing, 20 experimental people and 20 control people. Basic movement skills are obtained with the TGMD-2 test which consists of locomotor movements and object control. Data were analyzed using the t-test technique. The results of research and data analysis show that children who use a play approach are better than conventional children, as seen from their basic movement skills and physical fitness, sig 0.000<0.05. Compared with the traditional playing method approach, basic movement abilities are compared with students who use the playing approach having higher basic movement abilities. So the play approach is suitable for children aged 9-10 years. Because there are differences in the basic movement skills of children who use play methods and conventional methods, teachers need to design learning models. We understand that teaching movement skills to children is the same as educating them to live an active lifestyle. Apart from that, providing children with an understanding of movement also helps increase their self-confidence when interacting with the environment.

Zulfikar   Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani   Rumini   Ali Masyhar   and Irma Rahmayani   

This study aims to examine the recognition of stakeholders in utilizing the potential of the Sampulungan coastal area for developing water sports and beach sports in the Takalar district. The Sampulungan coastal area is a tourist area with a rural feel and natural resource potential sufficient to support sports activities, especially water and beachside sports. This strategic area needs more government attention, especially in sports development. Therefore, the government must carry out activities to optimize potential such as Infrastructure, sports facilities, and policies to support water and beach sports development. Participants involved in this study amounted to 16 informants. Research informants are people who can provide information about the situation and background conditions of the research. The informants include tourism object managers, community leaders, government or policymakers, sports organizations, and tourism observers. This study used a qualitative approach with interviews, observation, focus group discussions, and documentation. Data were analyzed using an interactive analysis model. The results showed that the Sampulungan coastal area was developed as a sports tourism destination, especially by holding coastal community sports fairs and facilitating the community to be actively involved in sports activities such as jogging, swimming, beach soccer, rowing, sailing, jet skiing, water cycling, water polo, and Beach volleyball. The concept of developing sports does not only use the idea of utilizing natural resources, but the construction of sports facilities is carried out without disturbing natural features and even further protecting coastal areas from beach abrasion.

Agung Dwi Juniarsyah   Tommy Apriantono   I Ketut Adnyana   Neng Fisheri Kurniati   and Muhamad Fahmi Hasan   

This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined oral consumption of curcumin and piperine on muscle damage in futsal players after 2 consecutive matches. To achieve this, a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled design was used, where 14 days of supplementation of curcumin and piperine, along with a placebo, was administered. A total of 16 amateur futsal players were divided into 2 groups, namely experimental and placebo. Parameters such as blood creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration were assessed at specific time points, including 7 days before the first match, immediately before the first match, 24 h after the first match, 24 h after the second match, 48 h after the second match, and 72 h after the second match. The results showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) in the CK, as well as AST (p < 0.01) and ALT (p < 0.01) values between the CUR and PLA groups 24 h after the second match. Furthermore, 72 h after the second match, the CUR group had a lower CK value compared to PLA (p<0.05). Therefore, the supplementation of 200 mg curcumin and 10 mg piperine a day was considered effective in reducing muscle damage and accelerating the recovery of futsal players following 2 consecutive matches.

Mugiyo Hartono   Andry Akhiruyanto   Dewangga Yudhistira   and Sulistiyono   

Dribbling techniques must be mastered perfectly because every movement is needed. Developing dribbling techniques is done using massed and distributed practice methods. However, there are inconsistencies between these two training methods. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of (1) massed and distributed methods on dribbling skills, (2) soccer players who have high and low coordination on dribbling skills, (3) the interaction of both methods and high and low coordination on dribbling skills. This research used 2x2 factorial experimental method. Participants are male soccer players aged 13-15 years; data collection techniques: document analysis in the form of relevant articles and tests; instrument: soccer wall volley test and dribbling instrument. Two-way Anova test was used to analyse the data with the help of SPSS 23. The results of the study (1) there is no difference in the effect between massed and distributed practice on dribbling skills 0.769 > 0.05; (2) there is a difference in influence between players who have low and high coordination on dribbling skills 0.000 < 0.05; (3) there is no interaction between massed and distributed methods and low and high coordination on dribbling skills 0.494>0.05. In conclusion, although the posttest results of the massed group are better, both training methods are equally good for improving dribbling skills. Soccer players who have low coordination need special training in coordination, and flexibility along with basic technique training. In addition, it provides information that there is no interaction between the two methods and high and low coordination in dribbling skills, but further proof is needed to be a supporting fact.

Mahir Pradana   Hanifah Putri Elisa   and Dian Gita Utami   

Nowadays, football is well known as the sport with the most worldwide participation and impact. It impacts not just the sports sector but also the social, cultural, and economic spheres. It must reinvent itself in order to stand out from other sports providers and achieve social and economic sustainability. By definition, a sports organization has to achieve both social and economic goals in addition to athletic ones. This bibliometric analysis uses a thorough search approach and a database of academic papers to investigate the literature on entrepreneurship in football. The most significant writers, journals, and publications in the discipline are among the major themes, trends, and patterns that are found and examined in the literature. The multidisciplinary character of the subject and the geographic dispersion of the study are also examined in the analysis. As a result, this essay examines football from the standpoint of entrepreneurial literature. We used bibliometric analysis to examine entrepreneurial literature, and the results were visually represented. The results show that study on football entrepreneurship is becoming more and more popular, with a lot of focus on issues like innovation, branding, and management techniques. The report emphasizes the need for more investigation into topics like social entrepreneurship and the application of technology to football entrepreneurship. In summary, this bibliometric study offers significant insights into the present status of football-related entrepreneurship research and is a useful tool for academics and industry professionals. Due to the analysis's reliance on the authors' subjective evaluation and a relatively small list of keywords, the study has several initial limitations. Expanding the database and the keywords used in further studies will be beneficial if a larger sample size is employed.

Reza Resah Pratama   Aprizal Fikri   Johansyah Lubis   Samsudin   Widiastuti   Arisman   and Muslimin   

Small Side Game (SSG) is a form of exercise using a small arena with a smaller number of people. This exercise aims to support Vo₂Max ability in Football. The purpose of this study is to prove the effectiveness of SSG training in increasing Vo₂Max in football athletes at the Muara Enim Persime Club and the Palembang Football Unit Club. The method used is an experiment with the design of the pretest-posttest control group. The Experimental Group (GE) performed SSG exercises with a frequency of 4 times a week for 2 months. Control Group (GC) performed conventional exercises only without using variations in movement or equipment with the same frequency as the experimental group. The subjects in this study were 46 football athletes aged 15-17 years then divided into 2 groups, GE with 23 athletes and GC also with 23 athletes. The instrument used is the Yo-Yo Intermitten Recovery Test Level 1 test. Data analysis in this study used the SPSS V-24 tool to see the effectiveness of SSG on Vo₂Max ability. The results of data analysis showed that there was a fairly high increase in Vo₂Max ability compared to the Control Group with an average difference in Yo-Yo test data of 3.82. The findings of this study are that the variety of exercises performed is very effective compared to conventional exercises.

Catur Supriyanto   Eko Purnomo   Maltha Kharisma   Akhmad Amirudin   Ramadhan Arifin   San Ahdi   and Nina Jermaina   

Sports facilities are a necessity that must be provided to visitors, this supports the many benefits that will be obtained. The purpose of this study is to shed light on how environmental factors affect the behavioral intentions, satisfaction, and safety awareness of Indonesian participants. This research uses quantitative methods with a descriptive design to determine the relationship between features around football matches, spectators' knowledge about safety, their satisfaction, and their behavioral intentions. 44 female (17%) and 212 male (83%) took part in this study. 256 replies to the 300 questionnaires distributed were examined. The reliability score for the questionnaire is 0.67. Additionally, the sports stadium and the ticketing location make up the environmental quality. For each dimension, Cronbach's alpha shows good internal consistency. Two criteria are used in this study to evaluate the environmental quality (such as the venue). Internal consistency is good, as indicated by the construct reliability of 0.87. The findings show that while the ticket point factor has a remarkable impact on behavioral intention, the sports venue element does not have a statistically significant impact on behavioral intention. In conclusion, statistically significant effects on behavioral intention were seen for both attendance safety awareness and satisfaction.

Ali Satia Graha   Zanzabil Adwa Fitrian   and Ahmad Nasrulloh   

This study aims to determine the effect of a combination of effleurage techniques with tapotement on DOMS with indicators of muscle pain, ROM, and creatine kinase levels. This study used experimental methodology using a pretest-posttest control group design. Participants were divided into two groups: the treatment and control groups. Data was collected twice, 8 hours after exercise and immediately after treatment. The DOMS-inducing exercise in this study was circuit training. The sample methodology used in this study utilized a purposive sampling technique guided by specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The aim was to select 20 futsal players. The present study employed various data-collecting instruments, such as a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain evaluation, a Goniometer for quantifying knee joint flexion, and laboratory analysis for ascertaining creatine kinase levels. The findings from this study suggest that the use of effleurage techniques combined with tapotement after high-intensity exercise, which affects the occurrence of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), provides good results in preventing DOMS by reducing muscle soreness, increasing range of motion (ROM), and suppressing elevated levels of creatine kinase in the bloodstream.

Amin Akbar   Zulakbal Abd Karim   Jaffry Zakaria   Rizal Kurniawan   Firunika Intan Cahyani   Free Dirga Dwatra   and Rinaldi   

The psychological aspect is essential in determining success in sports. Mental toughness is one factor that can affect athletes' psychological state during training and competition. Mental toughness can play an essential role in managing and minimizing the anxiety of athletes in competing athletes so that it can help athletes be able to show their best performance. This study aims to determine the mental toughness of student-athletes to improve achievement in sports. This type of research is survey research, using questionnaires in the data collection process. The questionnaire contains several demographic questions about respondents: age, gender, sport involved, and athlete level. Respondents in this study were student-athletes from West Sumatra with a total of 128 people, with an average age of 13-24 years, and all participants signed the free and informed consent term (ETHIC). Data collection uses a questionnaire consisting of a Mental Toughness scale. The mental toughness of student-athletes was in a low category, and there was no difference in mental toughness regarding the athlete's level of competition. Mental toughness in athletes competing at the national level should have a higher score than athletes at lower levels because variations in competing experience are thought to increase the mental toughness of student-athletes. This research implies the government's crucial role in working with sports psychologists to improve mental awareness among student-athletes.

Rizal Ahmad Fauzi   Ayi Suherman   Entan Saptani   Dinar Dinangsit   and Aam Ali Rahman   

Fundamental Motor Skill (FMS) is the initial foundation for students to start practising more complex movements. FMS is still not specifically taken seriously enough to be taught. Teachers assume that students will master these abilities by themselves. Students' FMS abilities are still low, and the learning does not emphasize FMS as the initial foundation, so the level of students' participation is not satisfactory. In this study, researchers implemented a physical education program using traditional "bebentengan" and "boy-boyan" games. This study examines the impact of a physical education program using traditional bebentengan and boy-boyan games on FMS for elementary school students. This study used a one-group pre-test and post-test design with 43 participants as samples: 20 male and 23 female students. The Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) instrument and the sports participation scale were employed to measure the students' skills. The results obtained in the Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) with seven aspects resulted in a p-value of 0.000 <0.05, and in sports participation, a p-value of 0.000 <0.05, which means it has a significant effect. It can be inferred that the traditional games of bebentengan and boy-boyan significantly have a positive effect on elementary school students' FMS and their participation.

Tewodros Aragie Muche   Teshome Bekele Elema   Demissie Gashu Walle   and Alemayehu Belay Mengistie   

Introduction: Performance in sport depends on comprehensive physical, technical, tactical, psychological and anthropometric aspects. Among them, profiling presents as major means for success in volleyball sport, and it has a significant effect on physical, technical and tactical as well as overall performances of the players. That is why it has been a perquisite to recruit gifted and talented players plus assign in specific playing of positions. Yet, a few related studies had been carried out in Ethiopian volleyball players. Still, no report has been made so far on the anthropometry characteristics of Ethiopian men volleyball premier league players. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the current anthropometry characteristics of men volleyball players in Ethiopian premier league regarding to the players playing-positions. Methods: To achieve the set goal of current study, cross-sectional research design was adopted. 48 male volleyball players (mean age 24.5 ± 1.6 years) from Ethiopian Premier League clubs in the year 2021/22 competition participated in. Mean and One-Way ANOVA data analysis tools were performed to compare the mean difference among player positions. Results: The finding revealed there was a statically significant difference in most anthropometric characteristics among players in relation to the playing positions. Players differ in height, weight, spike reach height and blocking reach height (p 0.01); the whole arm and leg length (p 0.01); also circumstance for arm, chest and calf circumstance (p 0.05); yet, no significant differences were found on players’ body mass index, upper arm, waist and thigh circumstance. Conclusions: Up on the finding, there was a statistical significant variance found among different position volleyball players on anthropometric characteristics. Setters and libros are shortest and lightest players among blockers and spikes.

Najada Quka   Rigerta Selenica   and Marsela Shehu   

Postural awareness, as a very important component of youth postural education, is the ability to be subjectively aware of posture position as a consequence of self-perceptual information. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between cognitive level and practical action regarding postural attitudes. Participants in our study were students from Albanian University and the Sports University of Tirana (N = 286; aged 22±3). In order to identify the level of our students' body posture knowledge and how they applied it in their everyday lives, we used a closed body posture questionnaire. We used an internet platform to distribute the prepared questionnaire and gather the necessary data in accordance with the study's objective. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20, and a descriptive analysis was utilized to list the characteristics of a data set and the chi-square calculator test (2x2) to generate reasonable information about the impact of cognitive level on posture. In our study, results showed that most of the students were aware of the proper body posture for many different everyday tasks. The proper position during standing was selected by 92% of the participants; washing by 82%; gardening by 81%; and carrying heavy objects by 73%, except for the right sleeping position, which was correctly chosen only by 44%. Furthermore, 91% of the participants reported that they knew enough about posture position, but only 52% reported sitting in a proper way in daily life. The cognitive level was discovered to be important but not the only influencer on postural awareness and its practical action. However, its combination with physical activity might result in a better mind-body correlation. Further research is required to influence the rate of sitting posture awareness and its practical action by utilizing a large sample size of participants from diverse educational institutions. Based on our findings and conclusions, the study demonstrated that physical education teachers need to recognize postural behaviour issues.

Frizki Amra   Zulbahri   Weny Sasmitha   and Fitri Dwi Arini   

The basketball player considered shooting efficiency as the crucial performance indicator to the strong positive relationship with the winning in the game. This study aims to understand how hand-eye coordination can affect three-point shot skills, with muscle arm strength and self-image being the intervening models. Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) was conducted to examine relationships among variables. The participants were 30 students who were intensively involved in the basketball extracurricular program at a senior high school in Padang City, Indonesia. Results revealed that: 1) hand-eye coordination does not influence three-point shot skills, 2) muscle arm strength does not influence the three-point shot skills, 3) the psychological traits of individual self-image influence the performance of three-point shot skills, and 4) muscle arm strength as moderating variable influences hand-eye coordination to three-point shot skill performance. Hence, the study did not find any direct influence of hand-eye coordination, and muscle arm strength on three-point shot skills, and the influence of hand-eye coordination on the self-image of students. The interrelated components of research findings are essential for coaches and players seeking to enhance their three-point shooting abilities and overall performance on the basketball court.

Kumju Lee   

This study aimed to collect and analyze their descriptive statistics and provide important information for developing individual cardiorespiratory function and physical strength training programs for female field hockey players who participated in this study. The research subjects who volunteered to participate in this study were 17 female field hockey players in K-College. The body composition measurement equipment in this study used Inbody 4.0 Space, a body composition analysis device. Maximal oxygen intake, maximal ventilation, maximal heart rate, and anaerobic threshold were selected for cardiorespiratory function tests. KSSI protocol considering Korean elite athletes was used as the GXT method. As for the anthropometric and GXT results, the height was 163.96 cm, the weight was 58.35 kg, the BMI was 22.17 kg/m², and the maximum heart rate was 193.59 HRmax. The VO₂max was 2894.5 ml/min and 49.58 ml/kg/min, the VO₂/HR was 14.92 ml/bpm, and the respiratory rate per minute of the pulmonary characteristics was 62.40 f/min, maximum ventilation of 105.15 l/min, VE/VO₂ of 37.58 ml/min. And the anaerobic threshold as a representative variable of cardiorespiratory function was Oxygen intake which was 45.55 ml/kg/min, and then the percentage of maximum oxygen intake was 80.59% VO₂max, and heart rate at the AT level was 172.29HR, and then the percentage of maximum heart rate was 89.03% HRmax. Compared this study with the previous research results, our field hockey coaches and trainers regularly measure and evaluate field hockey players' general physical strength and professional cardiorespiratory system fitness, and based on these physical fitness levels, practical measures to improve their physical strength are provided. This study may provide useful information to the coaches to develop their specific and sophisticated training program.

Gumilar Mulya   Anggi Setia Lengkana   Resty Agustryani   Dinar Dinangsit   Dewi Susilawati   Dede Nurodin   and Mia Rosalina   

Brain-based skills are needed to perform any task from the simple to the most complex, one of which is in sports activities such as tennis. The characteristics of tennis include open skills, namely sports in which players accept to react in a dynamically changing, unpredictable, and externally moving environment. These skills require cognitive abilities to set game strategies to trick and kill the ball in the opponent's area. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of brain jogging on improving the cognitive abilities of beginner tennis players aged 10-11 years. This study used an experimental method with a pretest-posttest-one-group design. The research instrument used was a memory test using the IST subtest (Instructional structural test) and an attention test using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). The research sample was members of the junior tennis club in Tasikmalaya City, with a total model of 35 athletes. The results of this study prove that the brain jogging program can effectively improve athletes' cognitive abilities. This is because the brain jogging program presents games that require coordination, mental training, physical training, and visual training; this exercise can stimulate cells in the brain, directly affecting cognitive function. The limitation of this research lies in the media used in the training process that is not digital-based. So, as the following research develops, researchers try to apply the technology in the life kinetics training program.

Erianti   Yuni Astuti   and Rosmawati   

The problem addressed in this study is that students taking volleyball courses are in poor physical condition, resulting in it being difficult for lecturers to teach basic volleyball technical skills. This physical condition is the most crucial factor that a student must possess because it will affect the application of basic volleyball technique exercises taught on the field. Students must have the following physical characteristics: strength, endurance, speed, agility, balance, flexibility, and coordination. To ensure that students are in good physical condition, it is necessary to design or develop a model that is used in lectures to train students in exceptional physical conditions that have a significant impact on their basic volleyball technical skills. Experimental research was used in this study. It means that the treatment provided forms of exceptional physical condition training in 16 meetings during the study's implementation. The impact of the application of these physical conditions on the fundamental technical abilities of volleyball is then examined. The sample in this study were 25 students. Data was gathered by testing basic volleyball technical skills such as service, low pass, and overhead pass. The sample-dependent t-test was used to analyze the data. According to the study's findings, t_count = 19.23 > t_table = 2.13. This means that the research hypothesis can be empirically accepted. As a result, the findings of this study indicate that when students receive the most intensive forms of special physical condition training, their basic volleyball technical skills will improve optimally.

Suphannika Ladawan   Liekuan Lertchawengkul   Papatchaya Srithong   and Wannisa Numnoul   

Regular exercise is proven to improve cognitive function. However, the effect of acute exercise on cognitive function in young adults has not been established, especially exercise intensity that provides the most benefit for cognitive performance. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of a single bout of low and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive function in young adults. Thirty volunteers (aged 21.08± 0.41 years) were randomized into a control (n=10), low (n=10), or moderate (n=10) intensity aerobic exercise group. Stroop color and word test, digit span forward (DSF), and digit span backward test (DSB) were used to determine cognitive function at baseline and after exercise for both exercise groups, or after watching the video of aerobic exercise for the control group. After the intervention, all 3 parts of the Stoop color and word test were significantly improved from baseline in all 3 groups (p < 0.05) while only the moderate-intensity aerobic exercise group had significant improvement in DSF (p <0.05). In addition, part 1 and part 3 of the Stoop color and word test, and DSF were significantly improved in the moderate-intensity aerobic exercise group when compared with the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, a single bout of exercise can improve cognitive function in young adults. In addition, the moderate-intensity aerobic exercise had greater improvement in cognitive function which was evaluated by Stroop color and word test, and DSF compared to the low-intensity exercise.

Adam Amawi   Ghareeb Alshuwaier   Abdulrahman Alaqil   Walaa Jumah Alkasasbeh   Abdulmalek Bursais   Anwar Al-Nuaim   Jawaher Alhaji   Mohamed Alibrahim   Faisal Alosaimi   Lana Nemer   Yuba Gautam   Naif Al-Barha   and Jumana Shehadeh   

Soccer elite players' nutrition is crucial to optimizing their performance and improving body composition. Currently, less is known about the correlation between added sugars, salt, and oil intake and body composition. The aim of this current study was to evaluate the impact of increased consumption of sugars, salt, and oil on the body mass index (BMI) and fat percentage of elite soccer players hailing from Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional, self-administered Saudi Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was collected from 81 young Saudi elite soccer athletes aged between 18 and 25 years, with a mean age of 19 years, to assess participants' food intake. Body fat percentage was determined through the measurement of skinfold thickness, while the BMI was computed for all participants, resulting in an average value of 22 kg/m². Our results showed that the total score indexes of sugar, salt, and oil intake were [0-4], [0-10], and [0-63], respectively. An evident and statistically significant correlation (P = 0.003) was noted between the sugar index and the BMI of the athletes, exhibiting an R-squared coefficient of 0.106. Moreover, a positive and significant relationship (P = 0.033) was found between salt intake and fat mass, with an R-squared value of 0.056. Our results suggest that elite soccer athletes should avoid overconsumption of added sugar, salt, and oil in order to improve body composition and enhance performance.

Rio Prasetyo Lukodono   and Chiuhsiang Joe Lin   

Human activity recognition has been broadly evaluated in the industry due to ergonomics and optimization purposes. This recognition can provide a human evaluation for several purposes such as motion characteristics, fatigue, and performance analysis. There are some challenges in recognizing the indicators that are used to evaluate the characteristics of motion. The automatic system needs to understand what kind of human activity is in the production system. This article uses motion classification to estimate human motion characteristics. It is known that humans dominantly use their hands in the assembly process. To support it, the electromyography (EMG) sensor was used to detect Biceps Brachii and Flexor Digitorum muscle activity. This article uses basic motion classification to estimate human activity. Four motions were classified using a machine learning algorithm. The result informs that the accuracy reached 89.5%. The evaluation using 2-channel EMG provides good performance in classifying the human motions. It indicates that muscle activity could be used as information for the system to recognize human activity status in the assembly system. This evaluation can also reduce the number of sensors that are used in human activity recognition. This will be useful input for human performance evaluation and prediction in the smart manufacturing system.

Vo Quoc Thang   Pham Thanh Tu   Nguyen Van Sung   Nguyen Thanh Le Tram   Bui Thi Thu Dung   Le Quy Phuong   and Nguyen Duc Thanh   

Activity power device and volume and intensity of movement management software are tools and methods for measuring exercise and fitness for a given program or training period. This is a tool used by many scientists, managers, coaches and athletes to determine its practical application with high accuracy. The purpose of this article is to apply WKO5+ software to build personalized and specialized fitness development exercises in road cycling. Based on the training plan developed to prepare for the National Championship in 2021 and based on the parameters provided by the software, the coaching team have built 8 target exercise groups (These include Active recovery, Aerobic endurance, Aerobic endurance with rhythm, Close to Lactate threshold, Lactate threshold, Maximum oxygen absorption - VO₂ max, Anaerobic Power, Neuromuscular Power). These exercise groups, based on each athlete's functional threshold power and each training stage, closely follow the specialized energy zones of road cycling. This is the basis for the research team to apply to the management of the amount of movement by measuring the activity capacity according to the annual training plan of the Vietnamese road cycling team.

Putri Prastiwi Wulandari   Siswantoyo   Panggung Sutapa   Ginanjar Eko Apriyanto   Taufiq Hidayah   Andry Akhiruyanto   Sri Haryono   Dewangga Yudhistira   and La Ode Adhi Virama   

Elementary school physical education is essential for developing socialist, moral, mental, and physically fit aspects. However, the use of learning models, one of which is athletic learning, particularly relay running, is inefficient. One of the causes is that the teacher's level of inventiveness is insufficient, which reduces pupils' eagerness to participate in learning. As a result, a fresh entertaining learning paradigm for pupils is required. The development process, on the other hand, is inextricably linked to validation and testing. The objective of this research was to verify the content's validity and to check out the relay fun learning model from cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects. The development of a quantitative and qualitative approach was used as the research method. The study included two academics, three teachers, and twelve students. Observation, interviews, and Delphi techniques were all used to obtain data. The Aiken formula and percentages were used to analyse the data, which was aided by the Excel application. The content validity ranged from 0.75 to 1.00, with the average value of cognitive aspects being 91.8%, affective aspects being 93.8%, and psychomotor aspects being 91.0%. The study indicated that the relay fun game model has significant validity on a quantitative level, while on a qualitative level, all of the experts gave positive comments and suggestions. Students responded positively to the cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects, with an overall average score in the very good categories. This demonstrates that students understand learning models, teamwork, confidence, and honesty, as well as the ability to practise effective and precise technical movements.

Chuantong Jiang   Norsilawati Abdul Razak   and Nelfianty Mohd Rasyid   

This study aims to investigate the relationship between perceived coach's competence support, task orientation, self-efficacy and engagement of Chinese high school football players from a competency motivation perspective. A cross-sectional survey of 385 Chinese high school football players (228 boys; 157 girls; Mage = 16.07 years; SD = 1.15; range = 14 - 19 years) was conducted using proportional stratified random sampling. A multivariate mediation model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate the relationships of perceived coaching competency support on athlete engagement directly, or indirectly through task orientation and self-efficacy. Perceived coach's competence support positively predicted athlete engagement through task orientation and self-efficacy (β = .116, p < 0.01; β = .112, p < 0.01), and perceived coach's competence support positively predicted self-efficacy through task orientation, and then positively predicted athlete engagement (β = .045, p < 0.01). Moreover, perceived coach's competency support also directly and positively predicted athlete engagement (β = .135, p < 0.01). The results showed that task orientation and self-efficacy played a partial mediating role between competence-supportive coaching behavior and athlete engagement (β = .272, p < 0.01). This study shows that perceived coach's competency support not only directly predicts athlete engagement, but also indirectly predicts athlete engagement through the multi-mediated chain of task orientation and self-efficacy. This speaks volumes about the need to develop competence-supportive techniques among high school football coaches in order to maximize athletes' motivation and engagement.

Gaohui Zhu   Kai Chen   Chen Ling   Peiting Zhao   and Liya Guo   

This study is designed to explore the effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive function in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. A systematic search was performed in databases, from inception to January 23, 2023, for relevant literature on the impact of physical activity or exercise interventions on cognitive function in individuals with intellectual disabilities. A total of 2,393 articles were retrieved, and after screening, 13 articles comprising 16 studies were included in the final analysis. Review Manager 5.4 software was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies, calculate the overall effect size, perform heterogeneity tests, and conduct sensitivity analyses. Physical activity has a positive impact on overall cognitive function in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (SMD=0.76, 95%CI=[0.29, 1.23], P=0.002). It also demonstrated positive effects on memory updating (SMD=0.83, 95%CI=[0.51, 1.15], P<0.00001), attentional focus (SMD=1.30, 95%CI=[0.45, 2.15], P=0.003), and attentional allocation (SMD=-0.81, 95%CI=[-1.14, -0.49], P<0.00001). However, the effects of physical activity on attentional switching(SMD=1.00, 95%CI=[0.02, 1.97], P=0.05), attentional span(SMD=0.95, 95%CI=[-0.00, 1.89], P=0.05), visual reaction time (SMD=-1.08, 95%CI=[-2.50, 0.33], P=0.13), and auditory reaction time (SMD=-0.56, 95%CI=[-1.80, -0.68], P=0.37) did not reach statistical significance when compared to the control group. Physical activity can effectively improve cognitive function in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. It has significant intervention effects on overall cognitive ability, memory updating, attentional focus, and attentional allocation. The effects on attentional switching, span, visual and auditory reaction time, were improved but insignificant. The intervention methods, duration, and severity of intellectual disabilities may contribute to the heterogeneity observed among the studies.

Nurhidayat Nurhidayat   Gatot Jariono   Eko Sudarmanto   Nur Subekti   Haris Nugroho   and Uzizatun Maslikah   

Children with special needs are distinctive and need specialized attention in a variety of activities. They also need specific help during athletic events, one of which is to improve motor abilities. Motor skills determine a person's ability to move all of their limbs; if performed by the ordinary individual, it is naturally simple to complete; on the other hand, if performed by a young child with privileges, it is significantly more challenging. The purpose of this study is to outline and assess techniques for improving the motor abilities of children with special needs through circuit training. The study's population and samples were the 30 special needs kids at SLBN Sukoharjo. The sampling technique uses purposeful sampling, but only for SLBN Sukoharjo students and children with exceptional needs. A sprint over 30 meters, a tennis ball throw, standing on one foot for 10 seconds, and a long jump without a prefix are among the exercises used to collect data on modified motor abilities. Additionally, a shuttle run, in which five tennis balls must be moved over a distance of 10 meters before being placed in a plastic basket is also included. The Independent Sample T-test and the Paired Sample T-test are both used concurrently in the bivariate analysis. The results of this study imply that circuit training can aid in the motor skill development of children who are experiencing particular problems. However, more research into all of their physical traits, technological features, and psychological profiles is necessary to determine their impact on physical fitness in terms of body mass indices, including gender characteristics.

Abdul Muiz Nor Azmi   Ali Md Nadzalan   Raja Nurul Jannat Raja Hussain   Mohamad Firdaus Ahmad   Wan Ahmad Munsif Wan Pa   Ellail in Mohd Aznan   and Rajkumar Krishnan Vasanthi   

Push-up is an effective bodyweight exercise that can help improve the muscular endurance and strength of the upper limb muscles from health risks. Additionally, there are many ways to perform push-up, and it might cause several changes to its effectiveness. This includes changing the leg conditions such as legs open wide, legs open to shoulder-width, and narrow legs. The study aimed to investigate the effect of leg width during push-ups on muscle activity and performance. A total of 30 trained men (22.36 ± 2.17 years old) participated in the study. Participants were required to perform push-ups in three conditions; i) leg open wide, ii) leg open to shoulder width, and iii) narrow leg. The electromyography (EMG) was used to evaluate the activity of the anterior deltoid (AD), pectoralis major (PM), and triceps brachii (TB) muscles in all conditions. Performance on push-ups was also assessed by the number of repetitions for each condition in this study. The results of one-way repeated measure ANOVA demonstrated that there was a significant difference in the TB during the push-ups between the leg conditions, p < .05. TB was found to be more activated during narrow leg compared to the other two positions. However, there was no significant difference in the PM and AD during the push-ups between the leg conditions, p > .05. Findings also showed that the number of repetitions was significantly lesser while performing with narrow legs. The study concluded that in terms of performance, performing push-ups with a wider leg and a shoulder-width leg will be more advantageous instead of employing a narrow leg position. However, narrow legs would be prescribed if more challenges want to be given to TB.

Oleksandr Mozolev   Roman Kovalcuk   Oleksandr Gnydiuk   Ihor Tomkiv   Oleksandr Binkovskyi   Volodimir Melnikov   and Oleksandr Tatarin   

The article analyzes games of the best volleyball teams in the national championships of Italy, Poland, the Czech Republic and Ukraine. Total number of the games is 46 (n=46). An expert assessment of the content of time-outs (n=571); effectiveness of player substitution (n=1397); use of video replays (n=753) has been provided. The objective is to analyze the content and effectiveness of the management of the chief coach on the tactical actions of professional volleyball team during competitions. Methods include analysis of scientific, methodical, sports sources; monitoring the performance of volleyball teams in national championships, statistical data of competition protocols and video surveillance results; survey; factor analysis of the effectiveness of the team's tactical actions; method of expert assessment, methods of mathematical statistics. The results show that the use of timeouts in professional volleyball has been found to be one of the most effective team management tools. It was determined that 58.1% of the attention of coaches is focused on the specifics of the organization of defensive actions, and 39.4% - on the effective completion of attacking actions. Chief coaches of volleyball teams during time-outs focus the attention of players on the following tactical and technical actions: determining the features of the location of players when receiving complex innings of an opponent; informing the players about the specifics of the organization of defensive actions; organizing the interaction of blocking players. Most often, players are replaced for the simultaneous replacement of connecting and diagonal players in order to change the tactical scheme of the game, for strengthening the innings, it's diversifying, and for strengthening the block on the front line. It concludes that the modern coach of a professional volleyball team is an active participant in the game. It is thanks to the active actions of the chief coach that in 32 sets (17.4%) the players of the professional volleyball team managed to turn the tide of the game in their favor.

Rahmat Permana   Mashuri Eko Winarno   Setya Rahayu   and Hadi   

The research was completed to design an instrument to assess physical literacy in the physical competence domain of elementary schools (APL-PCD). The prior research led to the development of an assessment tool for physical literacy consisting of three tests: the Traditional Indonesian Assessment Movement and Agility (TIAMSA), the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER), and the Sit-Up. On the other hand, the validity and reliability values still need to be thoroughly evaluated. Validity and reliability tests need to be carried out because there currently needs to be an appropriate physical literacy assessment available in the East Priangan region of Indonesia. As a result, the primary purpose of this research was to investigate the validity and reliability of the APL-PCD. The validity of the product was evaluated by the application of Doolittle's method of statistical analysis. Aiken's V formula was utilized to evaluate the reliability of each item. Researchers consulted three industry professionals as part of a content validity investigation to assess whether or not the APL-PCD product could be considered legitimate. The test-retest methodology was applied when the reliability of something was being evaluated. The sampling was carried out with a specific goal in mind. The sample was drawn from a larger population of 258 pupils, with 122 students from each of the five elementary schools in the East Priangan district. The validity and dependability of the APL-PCD led to extremely high standards of appropriateness, comfort, and security being met. The APL-PCD has a very high validity value for males, coming in at 1.017, in addition to good dependability. The result was 0.937 when referring to females. The value for high reliability in males is found to be 0.747%, while in females, it is found to be 0.606%. As a result, the APL-PCD can be considered a test instrument to evaluate physical literacy in the physical competence area. Because of these findings, it will be much simpler for educators to assess students' physical literacy accurately.

Dimyati   Ilham   Anton Komaini   Nuridin Widya Pranoto   Japhet Ndayisenga   Aries Susanti Rahayu   and Ria Lumintuarso   

This study aims to develop and report the General Self-Efficacy for Speed Climbers (GSE-Climb), as well as to conduct the validity and reliability of the General Self-Efficacy (GSE-Climb) questionnaire. GSE-Climb is used to assess the SE of climbing athletes in the World Speed Record category. This study used seven experts with details, 2 experts in the field of pure psychology, 1 expert in sports psychology, 1 head Indonesian national coach, 2 Indonesian national coaches, and 1 lecturer at the Faculty of sports science. This research has four stages (analysis, design, development, and implementation). The first step was to carry out documentary research to build an instrument to be developed, uploading documents to review the development context. This research developed the GSE-Scale instrument which was commonly used to measure SE. It can then be used to measure the SE of climbing athletes, which was named GSE-Climb. In the second step, the instrument was made; after the GSE-Climb was completed, the validity of the content was determined using 7 experts with various qualifications. The evaluation included the level of understanding, the relevance of the words, and the truth of the statements with ratings 1 to 5. Expertise data was collected using the Delphi technique, while the validity was calculated with the Aiken V formula. The third step, to obtain internal validity, used 30 men climbing athletes and calculated the correlation of the product-moment correlation. In the fourth step, inter-rater reliability was tested using Cron Bach Alpha analysis. The results of the calculations indicated that the total content validity value was 0.899, while reliability with an inter-rater value was 0.875. Based on Aiken's V validity (content validity), external validity, and the GSE-Climb Reliability Test to measure the self-efficacy of climbing athletes in the Speed World Record category have been proven to have good evaluation results. This may indicate that the GSE can be used to measure the SE of climbing athletes in the WR speed category for various needs.

Saiya Kawabe   and Norimasa Yamada   

In previous studies focusing on the bargaining between two players in one-on-one interpersonal competitions, the relative phase of the velocity shows a certain characteristic. Studies have shown that the phase switches depend on the slight difference in the distance between two players. However, no study has been conducted on the series of movements from the bargaining phase to the settlement of the game. Therefore, this study aimed to quantitatively examine the characteristics of kendo from the bargaining phase to the moment of the strike, focusing on the relative phase of velocity and interpersonal distance. Participants were asked to play a kendo match, with a few restrictions. There were 80 trials, and the experiment ended when one of the participants struck the other. Based on the pattern of change in the relative phase of velocity of the waists, and the interpersonal distance, it was determined that one pattern accounted for 35% of the total trials. The pattern is that at 1–2s before the strike, the two players were in anti-phase, moving in opposite directions with an interpersonal distance of approximately 2.71m between them. Furthermore, at the time of the strike, the two players were in in-phase, moving in the same direction at an interpersonal distance of about 2.38m.

D. Anandhi   Kaviarasi S   and Shantanu Patil   

Background: Breathing is fundamental to life and health. To date, the physiotherapy literature on the topic of breathing pattern disorders (BPDs) is sparse and little attention has been paid to the breathing pattern of the university level players. There is no study done to find out the prevalence of breathing pattern disorders among the university level players. Objective: To find out the prevalence of breathing pattern disorders among the university level players. Methodology: Non-experimental, Cross-sectional study design. 115 players were conveniently selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study was conducted for 2 weeks at SRM Sports complex, Kattankulathur. 115 players were evaluated using Breath holding test, Simplified Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion (MARM), Hi-Lo test and the Nijmegan questionnaire. Results: The results of this study show that out of 115 university level players, 76 (66%) players were found to have breathing pattern disorders from all the 4 outcomes. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a 66% prevalence of breathing pattern disorders among the university level players according to multidimensional assessment.

Mohd Faridz Ahmad   Nur Alia Mohd Zukhi   Jamilah Ahmad Radzi   Nuraimi Othman   Abdul Muiz Nor Azmi   Mirza Azny Mustafa   Nor Fazila Abd Malek   and Rajkumar Krishnan Vasanthi   

In soccer, goal scoring becomes the main factor in distinguishing between the winning and losing teams. One of the most crucial components of a soccer team's offensive performance is the goal-scoring path since it has been correlated with a higher likelihood of winning games. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the pathway of goal scoring among the winning teams in the previous seven consecutive seasons (2015/2016 – 2021/2022) in the UEFA Champions League competition. A total of 216 goals from the UEFA Champions League competitions in seven prior seasons (2015/2016 - 2019/2020) were examined. The pathway of goal scoring has been divided into long sequence passing, short sequence passing, and others. All the data have been recorded by using hand notational analysis and analyzed by using one-way ANOVA. A total of 216 goals were scored throughout the competition showing that 108 goals were from long sequence passing, 57 goals were from short sequence passing, and 51 goals came from others. The result indicated that there was a significant difference in the goal scoring sequence toward goal success among the winners, p > 0.00 which showed long sequence passing had the highest amount of goal scoring. As a summary, this demonstrated that the winning teams in 7 consecutive seasons of the UEFA Champions League competition (2015/2016 – 2021/2022) used long sequence passing frequently as their main attacking style to score a goal, which directly led them to win the championship. Therefore, the findings of this study may also be useful to coaches for educational reform in the soccer sports since they may allow them to make predictions about the best team tactics and goal-scoring strategies. It is suggested that future research examine teams of varied rankings to determine how goals are scored differently on each side.

Cerika Rismayanthi   Tomoliyus   Abdul Alim   Fauzi   and Endang Rini Sukamti   

Motivation is one of the most important variables in the training process and competition, especially in tennis sports. There are two bases of achievement motivations in athletes: intrinsic and extrinsic. Tennis athletes at a competitive level have a high achievement motivation, both for female and male athletes. This motivational comparison between female and male athletes has been made in competitive sports. However, it is necessary to conduct an empirical investigation of this in competitive tennis motivation. At which level is this motivation? Is it the same between male and female athletes? Therefore, this study analyzes competitive motivation in tennis athletes by comparing male and female athletes. This study used a survey as research. The research instrument used the Achievement Motivation Scale for the Sports Environment (AMSSE). Data collection used a form with a scale of 1-4. Points: a. always (4 points); b. often (3 points); c. Sometimes (2 points); d. never (1 point). The research subjects in this study were team sports athletes and individual sports, with a total of 81 athletes. The Normality Test was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS). Levene's test is used to test the homogeneity of variance. Data analysis in this study used One-Way ANOVA. The results of this study show that the difference between males and females showed a p-value of 0.743. It can be said that these results showed that there is no difference in achievement motivation for male and female athletes. However, based on the mean value, it indicates a difference between the average value of males and females, namely competitive Tennis athlete for male Mean = 49.36, while for female Mean = 48.60. The result of this study shows that male athletes are more motivated to reach achievement than female athletes, but it shows a not so significant difference level.

Majed M. Alhumaid   

Although the inclusion of disabled children in physical education (PE) classes remains challenging, the attitudes and self-efficacy (SE) of physical educators are considered critical factors impacting the implementation of such inclusion successfully. This study aims to examine the impact of an inclusive physical activity (IPA) intervention program on the attitudes and SE of Saudi graduate PE students as future physical educators towards including children with hearing impairments in PE classes. A sample of 40 female graduate students (experimental group: n = 20; control group: n = 20) aged 24–42 years from a university in Eastern Saudi Arabia participated in the study. Attitudes and SE were measured pre- and post-IPA intervention program using the Arabic version of the Attitudes Toward Inclusion in Physical Education and Self-Efficacy Scale for Physical Education Teacher Education Majors toward the Inclusion of Children with Disabilities. The findings of a repeated measure ANOVA indicated that the IPA intervention program had significant improvements on participants' SE towards including children with hearing impairments in PE classes compared to the control group; participants' attitudes towards children with hearing impairments in PE classes were also improved, but not significantly. This study's findings support the continued implementation of such intervention programs with different populations and different disabilities.

Bafirman   Ali Munir   Fiky Zarya   and Thesya Alda Nia   

The method of animals name and conventional method are two methods that can be used by a teacher to train various basic techniques in sports including basketball, but rarely has the technique of animal names been the subject of investigation by previous researchers. This study aims to recognize the differences in the contribution of conventional learning practice methods and animals name method to shooting ability in basketball games. This type of research is an experimental one with a quantitative approach. The population in this study was class XI students majoring in social studies with a total of 315 students. The sample in this study was 42 students from 2 classes XI social studies B and XI social studies D, with 21 students in each class and the instrument in this study is in the form of treatment shooting with a free throw technique as much as ten times. This research shows that animals name method-based exercises significantly improve shooting skills in basketball games, while conventional-based learning methods do not have a significant impact on shooting therapy in basketball games. Thus, there are differences between the learning process using the animals name method and conventional methods, with an average of 80.77% in animals name and an average of 73.27% in conventional method. Thus, the researcher draws the conclusion that overall the animals name method is very effective compared to conventional methods, because the animals name method is very interesting, simple, and easy for students to do in the learning process. The limitations of the research are in terms of time, financial side, research subject and not many experts involved in this research.

Shela Ginanjar   Dena Widyawan   and Hekal Faruqi   

Sport is a beneficial physical activity, especially to raise health status and develop Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). Regarding sports at an early age, the government has issued regulations regarding sports that regulate the importance of early childhood development, which of course involves the role of parents and coaches. The purpose of the study was to find studies related to sports carried out in early childhood, and the results obtained are based on references from articles in SINTA (an Indonesian-indexed journal) that can encourage Indonesian parents to choose sports. The method used was a systematic literature review, where the search results found as many as 300 articles in SINTA (an Indonesian-indexed journal) from 2004 to 2023, which were selected gradually and systematically into 41 articles relevant to the research question. Based on the results, it can be concluded that: 1) Gymnastics is most widely applied in early childhood; 2) Gymnastics, football, and basketball are the most popular among children in early childhood; 3) Sports are more often investigated compared to traditional sports. In early childhood, it is advisable to choose gymnastics because it can train basic movements and the training process follows their needs. In another view, children usually have a desire to play sports as a team; the solution that can be suggested is football or basketball. Through football and basketball, children can practice cooperation, empathy, and responsibility. Comparing to traditional sports, even though many people are practicing them in Indonesia today, the results show that sports have the biggest impact on early childhood. Realizing the data were obtained from articles in SINTA (an Indonesian-indexed journal); the next studies need to deal with SCOPUS-indexed articles so the findings can be deepened and sharpened. Experimental research is needed to strengthen the results that gymnastics has a positive effect on early childhood because gymnastics not only promoting the development of children's motoric system but also promoting an individual physical growth. Further research is also needed regarding its social and psychological aspects.

Benny Widya Priadana   Ali Maksum   and Suroto   

Physical literacy is essential for developing attitudes and habits toward physical activity for a healthy life. Parents' backgrounds are believed to contribute significantly to children's physical literacy development. This study investigates how parental background - specifically, parental education, parental income, and parental passion for sport, affects children's physical literacy levels. The investigation was conducted in the Bojonegoro Regency with 351 participants, including 184 boys and 167 girls, with a mean age of 11.38 years. The effects of parental education, parental income, and parental passion for sport on children's physical literacy were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using a structural equation model. Model testing results indicate that CMIN = 1.785, RMR = 0.050, RMSEA = 0.047, IFI = 0.904, and CFI = 0.908 are accurate values, indicating that the model matches the data. The model explains that parental income and passion for sports significantly affect children's physical literacy. Meanwhile, parental education has no significant effect on children's physical literacy. In summary, this study has demonstrated a positive correlation between parental wealth and the level of physical literacy in children and a favorable association between parental passion for sports and children's physical literacy. However, it has yet established conclusive evidence demonstrating the favorable impact of parental education on children's physical literacy. It is imperative for policymakers to actively promote the development of parents' physical literacy to foster a societal environment that values and prioritizes engagement in physical activities.

Andi Nova   Andrew Rinaldi Sinulingga   Muhajjir Syahputra   Fitria   Boby Helmi   Rinaldi Aditya   Adi S   Dedi Nofrizal   and Guntur Firmansyah   

This study examines and analyzes and explores information on what factors have influenced sports development in Aceh Province over the last three decades from the implementation of the XVI-XX National Sports Week (PON). The research method uses a qualitative approach with the type of case study to obtain information and field findings in a structured and credible manner. The research subjects used included the Aceh Provincial Youth Sports Office, Aceh DPRA Legislature Commission V, KONI Aceh, Athletes, Coaches and Sports Players totaling 36 people. This research collects research data with interviews, document studies and literature studies to obtain valid research data information. Data are analyzed by using data collection, data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing then the validity of the data using triangulation to find the truth of information according to the level of understanding of researchers of what is found in the field. The research findings that the sports achievements of Aceh Province over the past three decades were influenced by socio-cultural factors during the military conflict in Aceh, factors of the natural disaster tsunami and earthquake in 2004, political factors, factors of uneven availability of infrastructure facilities in 23 regencies/cities, limited availability of human resources and limited sources of sports funding. These five main factors are the main issues of slowing down the development of sports development policies in Aceh Province. Aceh Province has the potential to develop sports development policies based on socio-culture and geographical location. However, this development policy is still not a priority because it is influenced by political factors and human resources. Policy steps that have been taken at this time include improving the organizational management system and increasing the capacity of sports human resources and regional sports law policies. The result was significantly able to finish 12th in PON Papua which is Aceh's best achievement throughout participation in the national sports week.

Betrix Teofa Perkasa Wibafied Billy Yachsie   Doni Pranata   I Putu Agus Dharma Hita   Zhanneta Kozina   and Siis Suhasto   

Knowledge related to training programs that support archery accuracy improvement is vital. Circuit plank training is expected to improve archery accuracy supported by the dominant component in archery: arm muscle strength. This research used a one-group pretest-posttest design that provided circuit plank training activities in as many as 18 meetings and was carried out three times a week. The study populations were 22 athletes in Yogyakarta, which were then filtered again to take 12 athletes as the study sample using purposive sampling techniques with the criteria of male athletes aged 16-18 years. The instrument of this study included the holding bow digit test and archery distance of 40 meters. The movements of each post involved (1) Basic Plank, (2) Elbow Plank, (3) Single Leg Plank, (4) Plank Arm Reach, (5) Side Plank, (6) Elevated Side Plank, and (7) Archer Plank. The analytical techniques used were normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis tests. The hypothesis testing used a T-test, a statistical analysis technique that can be used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the two mean samples. The analysis of the arm muscle strength data resulted in a t-count value of (41,894) > t-table (1.80) and a p-value of (0.000) < 0.05. Meanwhile, the archery accuracy analysis obtained a t-count value of (55,001) > t-table (1.80), and a p-value of (0.000) < 0.05. The results of the two t-tests showed that the t-count value > t-table increased after being given treatment. There was an increase in the strength and accuracy of archery athletes after having circuit plank training and increased endurance component of the arm muscles.

Kento Nakajima   and Norimasa Yamada   

This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of pass misses from waist movements in the sport of soccer using a pass-direction selection task during a series of movements from trapping to kicking. In the experiment, the participants kicked toward a target goal illuminated by the goal's light-emitting diode (LED) lights placed on the left and right sides. The experimental trials consisted of four conditions: one condition in which the target goal did not change, and three conditions in which the target goal changed at three time points. Two tasks were then performed: a control task in which the target goal did not change, and a random task in which all four conditions were performed at random. The number of successful passes decreased significantly when the LED light was changed immediately before the kick. This is thought to be because cognitive information processing is required to change the kicking direction when making a pass, which requires a certain amount of time and affects the time required to change the kicking direction. Furthermore, the lack of sufficient reaction time led to an inability to point the waist toward the goal at the time of kicking, which is a characteristic movement of missed passes.

Kirupa K   Jibi Paul   Manoj Abraham M   and Harikrishnan N   

The aim of this pilot study of comparative type was to find the effect and feasibility of various training programs on osteoarthritis of the knee. This included the subjects who visited the outpatient physiotherapy department at the Dr. MGR educational and research institute in Velappanchavadi. Participants aged 45-60 years diagnosed with grades 2 and 3 osteoarthritis of the knee were randomly selected and divided into 3 different groupings: Group A - functional task training; Group B - perturbation training; and Group C - conventional performing for alternative days in a week for a total of 12 weeks. The novelty of the study involves the comparison of various exercise programs and their effect on biomarkers associated with gait and balance parameters. The data were collected by assessing the patients in terms of gait parameters, WOMAC scores, and serum cortisol before and after interventions. The statistical analysis shows a change in the mean value of serum cortisol: Group A (functional task training) from 17.35 to 12.11, Group B (perturbation training) from 17.39 to 7.00, and Group C (conventional exercises) from 17.36 to 11.29; for walking speed, Group A (functional task training): 1.22 to 1.32; Group B (perturbation training): 1.21 to 1.47; Group C (conventional exercises): 1.21 to 1.22; for y-balance, Group A (functional task training) from 73.0 to 81.67, Group B (perturbation training) from 73.42 to 89.08, Group C (conventional exercises) from 73.17 to 77.33; for the WOMAC questionnaire, Group A (functional task training) from 72.08 to 65.4, Group B (perturbation training) from 72.17 to 60.6; and Group C (conventional exercises) from 72.25 to 69.25. On comparing the mean values of all groups, Group B (perturbation training) shows more significant changes than Group A (functional task training) and Group C (conventional exercises). Also, Group A (functional task training) is better than Group B (perturbation training), and Group A (functional task training) is better than Group C (conventional exercises), and Group B (perturbation training) shows more significant changes. Exercise routines have been utilized in various ways to treat symptoms of arthritis in the knee. The method of functional task training improves people's quality of life and functional abilities. This study concludes that perturbation training is more effective than functional task training and conventional exercise, as perturbation exercises fulfill all the demands necessary to perform daily activities independently.

Didik Purwanto   Hendrik Mentara   and Marhadi   

The purpose of this research is to produce an e-sport massage application based on an Android app with ADDIE design and effective as a learning media for students. This study hopes to improve students' interest in sports massage courses by making it simple for them to learn on-the-go via applications on their smartphones. This study makes use of the ADDIE model design for research and development (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluation). The research is conducted at Muhammadiyah University Palu and Tadulako University. There are 36 research participants from two distinct campuses. The results of the content expert validation study suggest that the agree category has an average score of 0.78 across all elements, indicating that the research development model module is within the bounds of acceptable qualifications, allowing for necessary revisions. The experts in learning design validated their findings with an overall average score of 0.73 in the agree category, this indicates that multiple changes are required even though the e-sport massage application development is well qualified. According to the validation analysis performed by experts in learning media, the overall average score is 0.83, falling into the agree group, which indicates that the module is extremely high quality and does not require revision. According to the trial's findings, it showed an increase in effectiveness; whereas students' average scores before utilizing these media were 65, after using this e-sport massage application, they were 80. The results of the assessment used pre-test and post-test, where before pre-test students have not used e-sport massage and when post-test students have used the media. The e-sport massage application can improve practicum skills by 80%, while the product acceptability of e-sport massage applications to students is 90%, which shows that this application can be applied to students very well. We recommend that this application be developed further and that further research be conducted.

Ika Novitaria Marani   and Ari Subarkah   

Not all humans are born in perfect condition and have a complete body, which means that there are still many physical imperfections possessed by certain people so that they became a form of deficiency or disability. One of the persons with disabilities is mentally retarded who has a sensory disability, so that he experiences obstacles or disturbances in his sense of hearing. Deaf children do not have differences in intelligence, but have differences on communication which tends to be visual rather than verbal. This becomes an obstacle for deaf swimmers when competing in swimming. Because during competitions, deaf swimmers often make mistakes by jumping before the whistle is sounded or jumping into the water too late when the whistle is sounded. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine whether deaf swimmers need a swimming start aid. The research method used is descriptive method with survey technique. The population and samples used are deaf athletes in DKI Jakarta, amounting to 20 people. The research instrument used is a questionnaire to analyze the need for a starting tool for deaf swimmers by having three indicators as a decision maker whether deaf swimmers need a swimming start aid. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis technique. The results show that deaf swimmers really need a tool when starting swimming. Therefore, this research is a basic research to be developed further in making swimming start aids for deaf swimmers who are in dire need when they start swimming.

H Widyaningsih   E Julianti   I Setiawan   Moch. Asmawi   Sri Nuraini   Yusmawati   and Rizky F Wiratama   

Augmented Reality (AR) is an application technology that combines real conditions with digital objects that can be viewed in 2 or 3 dimensions. During the Covid-19 pandemic that hit the world and impacted all areas of human life including education, AR has emerged as an alternative to online-based learning. AR application is very helpful for sports learning in Physical Education schools, especially for students who have problems capturing teaching material (students with special needs). This study aims to create a physical education learning model using the AR application. The sample in this study are 28 physical education teachers who joined the MGMP of Junior High Schools in the East Jakarta. The research method is using the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation) approach. The first indicator is the needs analysis, namely by conducting a survey of the needs of physical education teachers in delivering teaching materials to students with special needs in accordance with the physical education learning plan. Indicators are designed by determining the visual character of humans who will carry out sports movements in the form of 3-dimensional animation. Indicators development and evaluation are carried out by adapting sports movements to teaching materials that can be accessed with an application on a smartphone. The results of this study are an initial design of the AR application of the physical education learning model.

Juriana Juriana   Muhamad Syarif Sumantri   and Dede Rahmat Hidayat   

The identification and development of sports talent in early childhood should focus more on development rather than simply identifying talent. This study provides a systematic analysis of various research articles published between 2017 and 2021 related to the identification and development of sports talent in early childhood. This research is an active response to the first socialization of the "AYO OLAHRAGA" Movement by the Ministry of Youth and Sports and the "Gerakan Hidup Masyarakat Sehat" (Germas) developed by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2017. International databases such as Google Schoolar, Tandfoline, Sciencedirect, and Proquest, totalling 1759 articles were used in the initial literature search with a final 11 articles chosen according to the research objectives. The articles were analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) approach which consisted of 3 (three) steps, reading the article, extracting the contents of the article, and analyzing and drawing conclusions. The 11 selected articles revealed that the process of identification and the development of sports talent in early childhood cannot be treated separately. 73% of the articles stated that the identification of early childhood sports talent needed to measure children's physical aspects, especially their fundamental motor skills (FMS). In addition to the measurement of physical aspects, it is also considered necessary to include psychological (36%) and sociological aspects (27%) of development. This empirical evidence analyzed in this document can become the conceptual basis for developing further research on the identification and development of multidimensional sports talent in early childhood.

Slamet Sukriadi   Yasep Setiakarnawijaya   James Tangkudung   Firmansyah Dlis   Dicky Reva Apriana Sanga Dwi   Muhamad Arif   Bazuri Fadillah   Mustara   Nur Fitranto   and Ikhwan Setiawan   

Special Olympics Indonesia or SOIna is the only organization in Indonesia that is accredited by Special Olympics International (SOI) to organize training and sports competitions for mentally retarded citizens in Indonesia. Indonesia became a member of the 79th Special Olympics on August 9, 1989. The main program of SOIna is training and sports competitions throughout the year. There are 7 sports that are fostered, namely Athletics, Badminton, Table Tennis, Football, Basketball, Swimming, and Bocce. SOIna also held multi-level sports competitions starting from the Regency, Provincial, Regional, and National Levels. Experts in this study were recruited to conduct analysis on SOIna athletes, namely an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to determine their fitness profile. After analyzing the SWOT, it is hoped that it will be taken into consideration by the head coach or physical trainer to analyze the lack of training or good methods for the condition of mentally retarded athletes, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic, they rarely exercise, so that it can affect the child's health or mentality. The data collection technique in this study was to perform a physical condition ability test. This test was conducted on Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities who were sampled in this study, namely tests for measuring, Anthropometry and Body Mass Index and Biomotor Test: (1) Speed; (2) Arm Muscle Strength; (3) Limb Muscle Strength; (4) Abdominal Muscle Endurance; (5) Arm Muscle Endurance and (6) Aerobic Endurance. The material for measurement is the physiology laboratory at the State University of Jakarta, such as using a dynamometer for the core balance test and the VO₂max test using the Rockport method, this test is used as a calculation and analysis for athletes with intellectual disability.

Hurry Mega Insani   Ayu Mutiara Santanu   and Muchamad Rizki Sentani   

Excessive percentage of body fat as well as total energy, macronutrients, micronutrients and insufficient fluid intake with the athlete's dietary recommendations in practice can lead to poor nutritional status of athletes that affects their performance and fitness level. This descriptive study used a cross-sectional method which was carried out for 2 months in July-August 2022 with a sample of 62 male junior athletes in Sumedang, West Java. Research data were analyzed using the chi-square test to see the relationship between variables. The results showed that the average calorie intake for athletes was 2 218.8 Kcal with a percentage of 91.9% male junior athletes having less consumption. More than half (80.6%) of male junior athletes have poor nutritional status. The results of the chi square analysis showed that there was no significant relationship (p<0.05) between food consumption and the nutritional status of male junior athletes. It can be concluded that athletes need to increase food consumption and nutritional status in the normal category. Professional nutrition assistance can be used as a solution to increase appropriate food consumption according to dietary recommendations for each sport and normal nutritional status in a good way.

Thesya Alda Nia   Ahmad Nasrulloh   Sigit Nugroho   and Ali Munir   

The components of leg muscle power, leg length, and pelvic flexion are components that are very supportive in the success of Dollyo Chagi's basic kick technique, because in addition to acting as one of the techniques that can break the opponent's attack, this kick is also one of the factors to produce high points in order to maximize a match. The purpose of this study was to determine how much the contribution of leg muscle power, leg length, and pelvic flexibility in optimizing dollyo chagi kicks in junior taekwondo professional athletes. The sample of this study was 45 athletes from ATIA Lanal Lampung taekwondo. The method used is descriptive correlational. The instrument of this study is that athletes perform dollyo chagi kicks by maximizing leg muscle power, leg length, and flexibility in the hip joint, and the analysis of the data is using product moment correlation. The results showed that there was a contribution to the leg muscles by 58.36% for dollyo chagi kicks, leg length contributed 12.25% to dollyo chagi kicks, and hip joint flexibility in dollyo chagi kicks contributed 28.09%. The relationship between the three components ranging from leg muscle strength, leg length, and hip joint flexibility is very influential with the percentage contributing 67.4% to dollyo chagi kicks. So the results of this study can be concluded that the leg muscle strength component greatly contributes to the ability of dollyo chagi kicks, and the biggest contribution to dollyo chagi kicks is the strength of leg muscles contributing 58.36%.

Damrah   Zikri Muthahari   Pitnawati   Deby Tri Mario   Yuni Astuti   Zulbahri   and Ilham   

Various previous studies have examined the important role of referees in leading sports matches. However, there are very limited studies examining how mastery of game rules, stress management, and concentration affect the decision making of court tennis referees. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate mastery of game rules, stress management, and concentration on court tennis referee decision making. A total of 40 court tennis referees in West Sumatra, Indonesia participated in this study. Participants are referees who are registered as members of the Indonesian Lawn Tennis Association in West Sumatra, consisting of males (n=33) and females (n=7). Data were collected through questionnaires and concentration exercise grid tests for concentration. Then the data were analyzed with correlation and regression. The results showed that mastery of game rules, stress management, and concentration had a significant relationship with tennis referee decision making (P<0.05), either partially or simultaneously. The partial influence was 64.80%, 52.40%, and 63.90%, while simultaneously was 78.30%. Of these three factors, mastery of game rules is an important factor influencing the decision making of tennis referees (64.80%), without neglecting concentration (63.90%), and stress management (52.40%). In conclusion, mastery of game rules, stress management, and concentration are important factors that need to be possessed by referees in leading matches. This research is expected to be useful for tennis referees as an evaluation of the importance of these factors in leading a match, so that the decisions taken are truly appropriate and do not harm any of the competing parties. Future research is needed for a larger sample size, and to include other factors that influence court tennis referee decision making.

Thariq Khan Azizuddin Khan   Nor Fazila Abd Malek   Rozaireen Muszali   Norkhalid Salimin   Mohansundar Sankaravel   and Mohd Aizzat Adnan   

The main objective of this study was to explore the challenges and psychological skills training (PST) experiences of Malaysian elite hockey players. A qualitative research approach was used to obtain individual experiences and players' perspectives on PST program and their experiences and opinion during their participation as national hockey players. Using a semi-structured interview, five main themes emerged from the inductive content analysis: (1) main challenges and experiences related to participants as elite national hockey players; (2) participants' opinions regarding their individual psychological needs or requirements; (3) participants opinion regarding PST in hockey; (4) participants perception regarding psychologist or consultant who provides PST to them; and (5) participants experiences with PST program provided as national players. Results showed a variety of psychological skills training approaches acquired by the players, but obviously lack of standard practice, thus reflecting the lack of seriousness to conduct PS especially during development stages. Participants also stressed the importance of PST to be given from early years, due to its benefits to improve their performance. Studies in the future should look into the effectiveness of PST in different stages of players' maturity, in order to determine the correct plan and procedures for PST to be given.

Elton Spahiu   Ferdinand Mara   and Altin Erindi   

The inspirational power, mood regulation and even healing ability of music have been acknowledged for a long period. In addition, several studies have attempted to investigate the effects of music on physical activity. Research shows that music can decrease perceived exertion during exercise, enabling exercisers to engage in physical activity for longer periods of time and at higher intensity. However, individual factors like musical preference, level of fitness, and the kind of physical activity being done may affect how music affects perceived exertion. This study aims to determine whether listening to music while cycling on an exercise bike has an effect on the level of perceived exertion. Thirty undergraduate students, 12 males and 18 females, were randomly selected to participate in two cycling trials with music and without music. A 6-minute Astrand Test was used to measure VO₂ max throughout the cycling performance. VO₂ max was measured while exercising both without music and to music. Dependent t-tests were used for data analysis on the raw data in order to compute and compare mean values of the sample. The findings of this study show that, listening to music has no substantial impact on cycling performance. These go contrary to most studies that speak of a beneficial effect of music in reducing the amount of exertion perceived while engaging in strenuous activity. However, various other factors such as training protocol, type of exercise, music genre, and personal characteristics may affect the results obtained.

Liza   Bafirman   Masrun   Ilham Arief   Muchamad Ishak   Rahmad Khodari   Mikkey Anggara Suganda   Didi Suryadi   and Alimuddin   

Low back pain (LBP) is a condition that affects the lower back abnormally and causes pain, which makes it difficult for the affected person to move. Thus, in order to cure Low Back discomfort (LBP) and alleviate discomfort, particular care is required. This study used a one-group pretest and posttest design as a pre-experimental method. In this study, the findings of the initial test data (pretest) were measured in the form of low back pain results using the VAS, Modified Schober Test, Fingertip to Floor, and ODI, after which deep tissue massage and stretching were used as a form of treatment. Patients receive therapy three times per week for three weeks before the final data assessment (Posttest) is conducted. Patients at the Sports Science Laboratory at Padang State University who had sustained low back problems over the previous five months served as the study's subjects. Purposive sampling was utilized in this study's sampling to ensure that there were 20 participants with ages ranging from 20 to 60. The SPSS Version 26 program is used for the analysis in this study. The outcomes demonstrated that employing a combination of deep tissue massage and stretching had a substantial impact on the indicators of pain, flexion, extension, right flexion, left flexion, and function, with a significant value indicating 0.000 < 0.05. Given that the left flexion indicator had a significance value of 0.001 < 0.05, it can be said that the deep tissue massage and stretching treatment made a substantial difference. According to the study's findings, patients' recovery times from low back injuries are significantly slowed down when deep tissue massage and stretching are combined. Stretching and deep tissue massage can then be used in conjunction to treat and repair low back pain injuries.

Vitalii Ivchenko   Yurii Lytvynenko   Alla Aloshyna   Nataliia Byshevets   Igor Grygus   Vitalii Kashuba   Olena Shevchuk   Hryhorii Byshevets   and Leonid Yarmolinsky   

Introduction: The determination and comparing the angular indicators of athletes shooting depending on the method of movement are important issues in the theory and practice of training athletes specializing in practical shooting. The aim is to establish the most effective mood of displacement and to investigate the features of angular indicators of athletes during shooting in motion. Material & Methods: Ten qualified athletes specializing in practical pistol shooting took part in the study, carried out in conditions of laboratory using the Qualisys 3D optical-electronic system of registration and analysis of human movements. Athletes made 5 attempts to hit the target with the following methods of displacement: "normal" step, "ski" step, "linear" displacement, "X-shaped" displacement, and "low" displacement. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA variance analysis (Analysis of variation) are used to analyze the obtained results. Result: It is determined that the accuracy of shooting depends statistically significantly (p<0.05) on the mood of displacement of an athlete. It has been proven that with a normal step displacement, the accuracy of the athlete is the lowest. When it returns, the X-shaped step assists in a notable increasing in the probability of hitting the target. Angular indicators of bio pairs torso-thigh and thigh-shin, depending on the mood of displacement of athletes specializing in practical pistol shooting, differ statistically significantly (p<0.05) at all moments of the walking cycle. For the carf-foot bio pair, the angular characteristics at the moments of displacement with a ski step and X-shaped displacement, low and X-shaped displacement, ski step and X-shaped displacement turn out to be the most favorable. Conclusions: The most similar in biomechanical structure of movements in the torso-thigh bio pair are low movement and ski step, in the thigh-calf bio pair – linear displacement and ski step, in the thigh-foot bio pair – ski step and X-shaped displacement, low and X-shaped displacement, low displacement and ski pitch.

Agus Supriyanto   Wawan Sundawan Suherman   Erwin Setyo Kriswanto   Yudik Prasetyo   Rachmah Laksmi Ambardini   Wara Kushartanti   Wazim Bachtiar Wanodyana   Gunatevan Elumalai   Taufiq Hidayah   Andry Akhiruyanto   Dewangga Yudhistira   and La Ode Adhi Virama   

Delayed onset muscle soreness is a process of adaptation from exercise that manifests as muscular discomfort. In general, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching and ice massage are used for prevention. Nevertheless, the combination of the two methods requires more empirical evidence. The objective of this research was to see how efficient a combination of stretching, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, and ice massage was at preventing delayed onset muscle soreness. The study method was an experiment using a pretest-posttest control group design. The data collection technique was observation and testing. In this research, the participants were 20 male sports students. Purposive sampling was the sampling technique used. The instruments used were a pain level questionnaire and a goniometer. The data obtained were analysed using the Wilcoxon test and the SPSS version 23 application. The findings of the research revealed that the combination of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and ice massage was effective in preventing delayed onset muscle soreness with pain, range of motion, and function scale indicators, particularly for decreasing tenderness, increasing knee range of motion, sitting standing function scale, climbing stairs, and squatting. Stretching, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, and ice massage might therefore be used to minimise delayed onset muscle soreness following exercise, particularly eccentric motions such as weight training.

Tommy Apriantono   Indria Herman   Bagus Winata   Yun-Dih Chia-Smith   Mochamad Rizky Akbari   Sri Indah Ihsani   Rini Syafriani   Didi Sunadi   Kusnaedi   and Samsul Bahri   

This study investigated the correlation of hamstring flexibility of athletes affected by knee injuries, with variable trunk muscle strength (TMS) as one of the indicators of low back pain (LBP) in badminton athletes. This cross-sectional study recruited 120 junior badminton athletes, including males and females (n = 60 each). In each gender category, these athletes were divided into two categories based on injury history: athletes with a history of knee injuries (n = 30) and those without a history of knee injuries (n = 30). The knee injury screening test comprised a visual analog scale (VAS) and anterior knee pain scale (AKPS). Hamstring flexibility and TMS were measured using a Takei Flexion-D digital anteflexion meter and a Takei Back-A analog back muscle dynamometer, respectively. Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed a significant main effect based on injury history on VAS (p = 0.001; F = 96.628; ES = 0.454 [small]) and AKPS (p = 0.007; F = 108,538; ES = 0.483 [small]). The AKPS in males [r = -0.575, p = 0.001] and females [r = -0.304, p = 0.018] showed a negative correlation with flexibility. The Spearman correlation also showed a negative correlation between AKPS and TMS in males [r = -0.227, p = 0.082] and females [r = -0.354, p = 0.006]. This study showed that the AKPS is negatively correlated with flexibility and TMS performance, indicating an increased risk of LBP in the future.

Mashud   Herita Warni   Miftah Fariz Prima Putra   M. Al Haris   Y. Touvan Juni Samodra   Afri Tantri   Advendi Kristiyandaru   and Didi Suryadi   

This study aims to examine the effect of the integration of the project-based learning (P-BL) model and the inclusive teaching style on freestyle swimming skills. This research is an experiment with a nonequivalent control group design. A total of 73 students were involved in the study and were divided into two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group was given a learning treatment using the integration of the P-BL teaching model and an inclusive teaching style, while the control group used traditional learning or Direct Instruction (DI). The intervention was carried out for eight weeks with face-to-face meetings between lecturers and students once a week according to the lecture schedule. Both experimental and control groups received 100 minutes of face-to-face teaching, 120 minutes of independent assignments, and 120 minutes of structured assignments. There are two instruments used to measure freestyle swimming skills, namely the 50-meter freestyle swimming test and the observation sheet of the experimental process. Descriptive analysis, data requirement test, and t-test were used to analyze research data. The findings of the study show that teaching by using the P-BL and inclusive teaching models and teaching that uses traditional methods (DI) have a positive effect and can improve students' freestyle swimming skills (p <0.05). Even so, there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups as evidenced by the Z-value of -5.275 and the Sig. 0.000 (p < 0.05). The experimental group that was taught by using the integration of the P-BL and inclusive teaching models appeared to have higher learning outcomes.

Najada Quka   and Rigerta Selenica   

Considering "posture" as a representation of an individual's well-being, activity, and personality demonstrates how critical its improvement is for the next generation, which appears to be more delicate and quickly influenced by postural risk factors. This study's goal was to evaluate the impact of isometric and stretching exercises on postural performance improvement, focusing on kyphotic and lordotic behaviors. Our focus group was supposed to be drawn from children aged 10 to 13. However, due to parental opposition, only 67 youngsters aged 10 to 11 participated in our study. In order to carry out the comparison method between groups, we splatted them into an experimental group (EG=16 males and 18 females) and a control group (CG=16 males and 17 females). The 12-week training session that made up the intervention approach was held in a separate session from the physical education class. Stretching and isometric muscle contractions were chosen for the workout because of their consistent motor scheme, general body control and stability effects, and emotional impact that can easily be made entertaining among youngsters. We utilized the Posture Screen Mobile App as a standardized method for postural examinations to evaluate postural performance improvement. The statistical program SPSS's descriptive analysis, and ANOVA test were used to evaluate the collected data. Comparing the results between the control group and the experimental group for tests T1 (test one before intervention) -T2 (test two after intervention), the descriptive data demonstrated a decrease in "thoracic and lumbar displacement" median values. The results of the ANOVA with two repeated measurements (before and after the intervention) indicated that the intervention had a statistically significant positive impact on both of the dependent postural variables. The findings of our study demonstrated how effectively the intervention program improved children's posture.

Jonar Martin   Jennifer De Jesus   Melane Fernandez   Marimar Fuentes   Dianne Karla Sicat   Noli Dela Cruz   McGyver Afan   Narciso Salazar   Adonis Voltaire Villanueva   Enrico Manalad   John Agaton   Rayvin Pestaño   Jumel Miller   and Michael Santos   

There are many factors affecting the sports performance of student-athletes. Describing the association of these factors with their sports performance may help sports administrators and coaches understand student-athletes' needs which could lead to successful sports performance. The study aimed to identify the significant relationship between the profile and sports performance of student-athletes and the subsequent factors: personal factor, psychological factor, coaching factor, academic factor, administrative factor, and health factor. This descriptive correlation research involved 30 male and 40 female student-athletes who answered a modified questionnaire on Factors Affecting Student-Athletes in their Sports Performance. Descriptive statistics including frequency distribution and percentage were used to describe student-athletes' profiles, sports performance, and factors. Also, Pearson r correlation analysis was computed to test the significant relationship of the profile, factors, and sports performance. Results indicated that student-athletes strongly agree that all the factors affect their sports performance, especially personal factor, coaching factor, and psychological factor. Additionally, student-athletes agree that health factor and academic factor affect their sports performance. Furthermore, results also show that student-athletes' profile was not associated with their performance rank. Meanwhile, all factors except academic factor were significantly related to sports performance. Furthermore, based on the findings, a framework for the successful performance of student-athletes was designed, emphasizing more importance on personal factors and administrative factors while also showing the other factors supporting the athlete's development in terms of training and competition. The model framework could be a viable tool to guide sports administrators and coaches on the successful sports performance of student-athletes.

Jonar Martin   Joseph Lobo   Jennifer De Jesus   Michael Santos   Sharon Baltazar   Jeronie Baltazar   and Jumel Miller   

This experimental study aimed to assess the contribution of a subset of Physical Fitness Tests (PFTs) to the improvement in the Body Mass Index of the participants in an online learning environment. The participants are asked to perform a series of fitness over the course of five (5) weeks by performing individual tests per week, and comparing their pre- and post-test scores while accounting for gender, age, and BMI. The participants are selected via Judgmental Sampling Technique, and the data were collected by using two (2) parts questionnaire. For the first part, personal profiles such as gender (N_female = 33(66.00%), N_male = 17(34.00%), age (N_21yo = 20(40.00%), N_19yo = 15(30.00%), N_20yo = 15(30.00%), and pre-test Body Mass Index (N_normal = 30(60.00%), N_underweight = 12(24.00%), N_obese = 8(16.00%) are all included. The second part requested the participants to answer the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Descriptive statistical methods were used to describe participants' demographic profiles and PFT results. Additionally, One-way ANOVA and Independent Samples T-Test were utilized comparing the before and after performing the selected PFTs according to gender, age and BMI. Finally, Paired samples t-test was used to determine the significant difference between the pre- and post-test scores of the participants after administering the series of PFTs. There is no statistically significant difference in performance between the genders, with the exception of the vertical jump test (69.99 ± 27.50 vs. 38.21 ± 17.78), t(48) = 4.946, p < .05. Male participants were shown to fare better than female ones. Finally, after five (5) consecutive weeks of executing the selected PFTs, a statistically significant improvement was seen in the individuals' post-test scores (20.45 ± 3.53) compared to their pre-test scores (20.85 ± 3.77), t(49) = 4.233, p < .05. Restrictions of the experimentation and suggestions for future study are also provided.

Agi Ginanjar   Riki Ramadhan   Fauzan Effendy   Yudhi Kharisma   and Nur Mahfuzah Agustin   

Learning that uses competitive activities, consciously or unconsciously students will give their best performance. Students who win will feel happy and those who lose will feel disappointed. Thus, competitive activities will have positive and negative impacts. However, if students do not have a competitive experience in learning, they may not be ready to face the next life which is full of competition, such as in learning achievement, finding a job later, cheating in life, and many more challenges that they will face in the future. This study aimed to determine the overall level of sports orientation of students "In team roles" and to find out before and after using SE in sports orientation. The research method used an experimental research method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. 35 students were participating in one of the eastern colleges in West Java, Indonesia. The research instrument used the Sport Orientation Questionnaire. The data analysis techniques used statistical descriptions and paired sample t-tests. The study results concluded that SE provides a sense of security in the learning process with competitive activities in achieving sport orientation which is more oriented towards goal orientation. SE as much as possible is used in lectures for college students in physical education and sports programs that used a variety of sports.

Kazuhiro Matsui   Toshiyuki Kawamura   Akihiro Azuma   Christian Wisdom M. Valleser   and Francis Carlos B. Diaz   

This study examined the association between the Japanese physical fitness test (field test) and ACTN3 genotypes in non-athlete male college students. Subjects were 123 healthy college male students (18.46 ± 0.61 years). DNAs were extracted by their biological samples, and genotypes (RR, RX, and XX types) of the ACTN3 gene were analyzed. The RR and the RX type were categorized as one group (R-allele group), and then there was a comparison of the physical fitness test items between the R-allele and the XX group. Eight physical fitness tests, standardized and applied to Japanese, were used to evaluate muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, agility, aerobic endurance, and power. The genotypes of the subjects in this study were 23 for RR type, 61 for RX type, and 39 for XX type, respectively, and 84 subjects (RR type + RX type) were grouped as the R-allele group. The results showed significant differences in the 50-m run and the standing long jump between groups, which are considered sprint/power-related items (both P < 0.05), but not in the other items. Hence, the sprint/power-related physical fitness tests in the R-allele group were superior to those in the XX group. Moreover, the specificity of ACTN3 for sprint/power athletes, as observed in the laboratory tests, was also observed in the field tests for the Japanese general male college students. Physical fitness tests may be helpful to superiority in ACTN3-related aspects of physical activity for them.

Natalia Yu. Tarabrina   

The study of the neural mechanisms underlying sports performance was aimed at studying the characteristics of the brain electrical activity of athletes-fighters in comparison with non-athletes. Thirty young men of 19.97±0.23 years old (with the height of 179.82±2.15 cm and the body weight of 78.61±1.68 kg) engaged in wrestling (with the qualification "Master of Sports"), and thirty young men of 19.25±0.18 years old (with the height of 178.35±2.25 cm and the body weight of 77.93±1.45 kg), not involved in sports, analyzed the frequency ranges delta, theta, alpha, beta 1 and beta 2 rhythms of electroencephalography (EEG) at rest in three epochs: the first epoch with closed eyes, the second epoch with open eyes, and the third epoch with closed eyes. The results of the study showed that in wrestlers, the neural advantage over non-athletes is expressed only in a decrease in alpha rhythm fluctuations: with closed eyes in the left hemisphere by 17.07% (p<0.05), and in the right hemisphere by 17.35% (p<0.05). With open eyes, the difference was 21.17% (p<0.01) in the left hemisphere and 19.27% (p<0.05) in the right hemisphere, which indicates a lower cortical activity of the brain of athletes. At the same time, the coefficient of reactivity (CR) of the alpha rhythm during the receipt of visual information in athletes in the left hemisphere is 20% higher, and when it is interrupted, it is 18% lower than in non-athletes. In the right hemisphere, CR does not differ. We concluded that wrestlers recruited fewer neural resources without compromising performance, supporting the hypothesis of neuronal flexibility in the brains of athletes compared to non-athletes.

Pramono Pramono   Arbin Janu Setyowati   Ediyanto Ediyanto   I Wayan Sutama   Anindya Hapsari   Rahayu Asyhari   Fatimatuz Zahro   and Isna Retno Sari   

Early-age children require particular care for their physical motor development as they are in their golden age. One of the aspects of physical motor development is balance skills which can be improved using a push bike. Push bike has gained excellent popularity for accelerating children's balance skills. In contrast, a complex and less directed circuit game may hinder children's balance skills acceleration. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a circuit game model to improve children's balance on push bike extracurricular. This study used a development method referring to the Plomp, Kemp, Hannafin, and Peck, as well as Borg and Gall development model, with a quantitative approach. 12-20 students from Laboratory Kindergarten of Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia, participated in this study. For the validity test, we conducted content validity on the developed game and its implementation. As a result, we successfully developed a circuit game model to enhance the balance skill of students who attended the push bike extracurricular. This circuit game model consists of 10 circuit games that can be completed by walk, run, and jump as instructed. Our data suggested that these circuit games bear positive influences and efficiency on students' balance skills. Thus, this circuit game model can serve as a reference for enhancing students' balance skills on push bikes extracurricular. We suggest these circuit games can be the warming up section before the children start the push bike activities, also they can be adopted for schools that have push bike extracurricular as the warming up section.

Lyubomyr Vovkanych   Bogdan Kindzer   Mariia Fedkiv   Dariush Skalski   Paulina Kreft   Igor Grygus   and Volodymyr Starikov   

The aim of our study was to reveal the relative contribution of the main types of motor units of the low extremities to the front kick performance by karate athletes based on surface electromyogram analysis. Our study involved 11 high-skilled karatekas (I Dan), aged 18–21 years, with training experience of 12–15 years. A surface electromyogram was recorded during the Mae Geri kick from Zenkutsu dachi stance. The electrical activity of the following right (dext.) and left (sin.) muscles was recorded: m. gluteus maximus, m. rectus femoris, m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus, m. gastrocnemius (caput lateralis), and m. tibialis anterior. It was found that during 57.6%–83.8% of the kick duration, the electrical activity of the different muscles was below 15% of the maximum. This indicates the activation of slow or low-threshold motor units. The largest percentage of the time of low activity was found for m. gluteus maximus sin., and the shortest one – for m. tibialis anterior. The period of the electrical activity of the muscles at the level of 20–30% from the maximum for different muscles ranged from 10.4% (m. gluteus maximus dext.) to 20.1% (m. tibialis anterior dext.), at the higher level of 35-45% from the maximum, it was shorter – up to 4.2–11.4%. Only for the 1.6% –17.9% of the total time of the kick, the level of electromyogram amplitude exceeded 50% of the maximal level, which indicates a relatively short period of activation of large motor units. The longest period of high electrical activity (50% and more of maximum) was found for m. tibialis anterior sin. (17.9%) and m. gastrocnemius (caput lateralis) dext. (16.9%). In these muscles, the longest period of fast, high-threshold, motor units activity was revealed. The tendency of increasing the periods of high electrical activity of the legs' muscles of karatekas during kicks in the proximal-distal direction has been shown.

Kashish Pandey   Ashwani Mohan   and Pankaj Singh   

Athletes' on-field performance is an amalgamation of their off-the-field activities as millions of dollars get invested into sports science to help them effectuate their performance, strength, and conditioning. Athletes have to go through a plethora of obstacles to effectuate athletic ranking, financial benefits, and sponsors availability while balancing their personal and professional lives. Such generic challenges can propel them to resort to unethical practices to survive in the competitive environment. Ostensibly, athletes have started consuming prohibited substances to boost their performance. Theoretical implications of performance-enhancing drugs have been drawn explicitly for enhancing performance but moderating effects of the latter have not been reflected between metacognition and performance. Thus, this article documents the relationship between metacognition and performance among professional athletes (N =304) with attention to the moderating role of performance-enhancing drugs through hierarchical regression analysis. Results allowed for the complete acceptance of steroids as a significant moderator but to a lesser extent. The implications suggest that interventions, which can enhance the performance of the athletes, should be developed, so athletes do not fall prey to the utilization of performance-enhancing drugs. Also, a mixed-method study design could be the future scope of the study as it compensates for the losses served by either of the methods. The study made recommendations and drew suggestions for future research.

Takeshi Nakayama   

Research on the effects of social contribution activities of commercial entities on consumers' attitudes and behaviours has been conducted in business fields including sport fields. While there were numerous documentations between CSR and consumers' attitudes and behaviours, some researches have claimed that there were less significant relationships between CSR and consumers' attitudes and behaviours. This study aims to clarify the influence of social contribution activities of a professional sports club on team loyalty among child participants. This study focused on ‘Soccer otodoketai', the original coaching method used for JEF United Ichihara Chiba, which belongs to the J League. This activity, which was intended for infants, kindergartners, and pupils, was characterised as an educational activity that accompanied football coaching. A questionnaire survey was conducted for elementary school and junior high school students who have previously participated in the ‘Soccer otodoketai' class. A total of 789 questionnaires were distributed. Out of 636 (80.6%) responses, 634 (80.4%) were valid. Four research questions, derived from the results of previous studies, were examined. As a result of A one-way analysis of variance, participants who remembered participating in the ‘Soccer otodoketai' class scored significantly higher in all the team loyalty items related to the experience of watching games and intentions at home stadiums than those who did not. Furthermore, the sum score of team loyalty showed a significant correlation coefficient with watching intentions at home stadiums. The results of this study quantitatively clarified the relationship between the social contribution of a professional sports club and the formation of team loyalty among children. Those who remembered their past activities with the staff of a professional sports club could become loyal fans in their community. These results might provide evidence for grassroots activities implemented by professional sports clubs.

Jorrye Jakiwa   Shahrulfadly Rustam   Siti Azilah Atan   Mohd Syrinaz Azli   Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki   Ahmad Nadzmi   Ahmad Fadly Abd Rahman   Md Safwan Samsir   Zhiwen Sun   Pang Tsun Kuo   and Nitas Camillus Tan Sing Bee   

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a multi-sport intervention on the agility performance of young athletes aged 13 to 14 years old. A total of 40 athletes participated voluntarily in the study and were randomly assigned to either the experimental group 1 (n=20) or the multi-sport training group (n=20) using a quasi-experimental method. The experimental group 2 (EXP₂) underwent multi-sport training which included football, futsal, sepak takraw, volleyball, basketball, and netball, while the experimental group 1 (EXP₁) only received training in football and futsal. The Quadrant Jump Test was used to measure agility performance three times: pre-test (baseline), post-test 1 (week 6), and post-test 2 (week 12). The results showed that the multi-sport training group led to a significant improvement in agility performance, as indicated by a two-factor repeated measures ANOVA (F(1, 19) = 10214.43, p < .001) and significant main effects of both intervention and time on agility performance (F(1, 19) = 28.65, p < .001 and F(1, 19) = 418.61, p < .001, respectively). In conclusion, the multi-sport intervention proved to be beneficial for young athletes and should be included in the training routines of children and adolescents at all levels of sports academies and development.

Skelin Mate   Karnincic Hrvoje   and Drasinac Gordan   

During the lockdown, some clubs had the usual approach to training while others did not because of the prescribed measures. Differences in training also occurred due to compliance or non-compliance with the measures. Some sports theorists argue that this should affect results at all levels of sport. The aim of this paper is to examine aspects of kickboxing training during the lockdown. The second goal is to determine the correlation between the work model and the amount of training during the lockdown and kickboxing results. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data from 40 active fighters aged 24.13±5.67 years, including 34 men aged 24.29±5.73 years and 6 women aged 23.17±5.71 years. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical parameters, whereas correlations were tested by Spearman's correlation coefficient. Kickboxers mostly trained at home or out in the open, no special program was implemented; it was usually decided by athletes themselves, and they received psychological support from the coach. Compared to previous sparring training, they did less than 50%, and TE-TA training was done at 60%, endurance at 70%, and strength at 80%. Fighters who had good results before the pandemic paid more attention to training. Fighters who worked harder on endurance had better placement in 2022. The difference between the results before and after the lockdown is significantly correlated to the amount of TE-TA training. Clubs need to balance between adherence to measures and results, and be aware of the fact that their competition still does some things that they are not allowed to do. Based on this research, instructions for training in similar situations can be given.

Ji Haoran   Stephen Karungaru   and Kenji Terada   

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many people to exercise at home, leading to a surge in demand for effective and safe workout programs. However, traditional online exercise videos are often lacking in real-time feedback, which can compromise exercise safety and effectiveness. To address this issue, an AI-based fitness monitoring system, the AI Fitness Coach, has been developed to provide users with real-time guidance and advice to improve the quality of at-home exercise and reduce the risk of injury. The AI Fitness Coach system utilizes three key units - a pose recognition unit, a fitness movement analysis unit, and a feedback unit - to monitor and guide the user's exercise routine in real-time. By processing images from a fixed camera, the system analyzes the user's movements and provides feedback through either video or voice. This technology has been found to be highly effective in improving exercise quality at home, leading to enhanced performance and reduced risk of injury. This article provides an introduction to the AI Fitness Coach and explores its effectiveness and limitations. The methodology and technology presented in this study can offer new ideas and references for the development of future fitness monitoring systems. Despite the system's impressive results, it has some limitations, such as its requirements for user posture and movement, which make it unsuitable for certain populations. Future research can focus on improving the system's accuracy and applicability. In summary, the AI Fitness Coach is a promising technology that provides a safer and more effective way for people to exercise at home. It not only meets the growing demand for personalized fitness guidance during the pandemic but also offers new insights for the development of fitness monitoring systems. By enhancing the quality and safety of at-home exercise, the AI Fitness Coach has the potential to revolutionize the way people exercise and maintain their health in the future.

Ahmad Fadzlee Ahmad Idriss   Mohar Kassim   Ahmad Effendy Abdul Razak   Nor Fazila Abd Malek   and Mohd Aizzat Adnan   

Coaching program is a primary development setup on national coaching standard, accreditation and education with framework preparing trained coaches to produce high performance athletes. Therefore, it is important to build consensus on the national standard for rugby coaching competency in Malaysia before the preparation for comprehensive structure of qualified coaches. The aim of this study is to find information from all the Malaysian rugby union national coaches to upgrade and improve their coaching competency process for high performance team preparation. The participants are selected based on their responsibility with Malaysia high performance national team based on purposive sampling. There are six national coaches being interviewed using in-depth and semi-structured interview with open-ended question which was carried out and analyzed using ATLAS Ti v.22 with constant comparative method. Based on data collection and analysis, there are five new themes emerging in context with Malaysian coaching competency processes. The coaching competency model: i) Accreditation ii) Experience, iii) Achievement, iv) Planning, and vi) Philosophy and coaching style. There are various high performance coaching programs but the coaching model integrated into the Malaysian Rugby coaching system is yet to be found and applied. There should be a standard in terms of coaching selection so that Malaysian Rugby high performance can be implemented into the rugby coaching environment in Malaysia. It is suggested for future studies to produce a specific training module and long term development planning to improve the competency of rugby coaches in Malaysia based on the themes that have been presented in this study.

Sandi Arisma Cipta Perdana Ilsya   Amung Ma'mun   Nurlan Kusmaedi   Nuryadi   Eko Purnomo   Marisa Noviyanti Fajrah Ilsya   and Muhamad Fahmi Hasan   

Health is a hope or desire of everyone. Having good health is of course followed by activities or sports activities or regular and continuous physical activity. This study seeks to reveal the relationship between awareness of physical activity and the health level of the people of West Java, Indonesia. This study uses a quantitative method with a correlational approach. Respondents in this study were the people of West Java, which consisted of 27 cities/districts. This research was conducted using a cross sectional study method, involving 18,450 people from West Java in 27 districts/cities and 110 subdistricts as respondents. The data for this study were taken from the Health Index Data owned by the West Java Health Office. Meanwhile, the data for awareness of physical activity and sports activity were taken from the West Java "Sports Community Participation Rate" (APMO). The data obtained were then analyzed using bivariate Pearson correlation analysis using the SPSS application. Based on the results of the study, it was obtained data that the people of West Java were very weak and were considered also not fond of doing sports (with a sports branch approach). This proves that there is indeed no relationship between sports activity and the level of public health in West Java (0.849 > 0.05). However, significant data were obtained on the relationship between physical activity and the health level of the people of West Java (0.000 <0.05). In addition, it is also known that the reason for the people of West Java to do physical activity is to maintain their health.

Sigit Dwi Andrianto   Soni Nopembri   Subagyo   Hedi Ardiyanto Hermawan   Yudanto   and José Vicente García-Jiménez   

This research is a development research that aims to: 1) Develop an application-based Authentic Assessment instrument, 2) Conduct an expert judgement assessment, 3) Conduct a small-scale trial assessment. 4) Conduct validity tests and instrument reliability tests. The research steps taken include: 1) Initial product design, 2) Product manufacturing, 3) Revision, 4) Manufacture of trial products, 5) Small trials, 6) Revision of small trial products. The research was conducted in Yogyakarta. The research subjects at the expert judgement assessment stage are 9 experts consisting of 3 Material Experts (national and international), 3 Media Experts, and 3 professional league futsal coach practitioners. The subjects in the small-scale trial were 15 licensed youth futsal coaches who trained Porda DIY in 2022 representatives from 1 city, and 4 counties (3 coaches each). Instrument assessment is carried out through questionnaires. The assessment results from experts get the following grades: 1) The Three Material Experts gave an average final score of 4.62 with the excellent category, 2) The Three Media Experts gave an average final score of 4.30 with the excellent category, 3) The Three Practitioners gave an average final score of 4.62 with the excellent category, 4) The results of the assessment of a small group trial with the study subjects of 15 coaches after young people got a final score of 4.58 with an excellent category, 5) The result of data for normality test indicates the average value of 0,095 (>0,05), so that the data is stated normal, 6) The Validity Test results with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis on four aspects get an average value of 0,739 so that they are declared valid and the Reliability Test results achieve average value of 0.738 so that they are declared Reliable. On this basis, the instrument was declared ready for trial in large groups.

Muhamad Nanang Solikhin   Sumaryanti   Sulistiyono   Fauzi   and Bonifacius Arbanto   

The aim of this study was to validate the instrument used to assess the students' basic knowledge and skills in sports diving. Currently, many training programs are offered by agencies and coaches, and the need for assessment tools to be more objective assessments for beginner diving that meet the requirements for learning achievement in terms of student knowledge and skills. This research uses mixed methods. This study combines two approaches, namely qualitative and quantitative. The six experts' participation was determined by criteria of sport diving and Sport aquatic expert. The qualitative stage for data collection uses the Delphi technique. This research was conducted with content validity with Aiken's V index. Reliability test using Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Test. Aiken's analysis results on the instrument of knowledge and basic diving skills. Based on research results, Aiken's V index stated that the instrument for assessing basic diving knowledge and skills compiled is valid. Furthermore, Cronbach's Alpha reliability test on an interrater assessment of 6 raters, it was found that the overall Cronbach's Alpha value on the test subjects was declared reliable or consistent. Based on the research that has been done and the discussion that has been described, an instrument of knowledge and basic diving skills have high content validity and reliability between raters. It can be concluded that the instrument tool can be used by dive trainers or diving sports teachers in ensuring sufficient skills provision for the safety and comfort of diving in the future and an overview of further self-development regarding the branch of diving expertise through professional training, especially for students of the UNY sports science faculty.

Rodrigo Gallardo-Rodríguez   Laura Léniz-Maturana   Karen Gallardo-Rodríguez   and Héctor Hidalgo-Pérez   

Physical activity can influence cognitive, linguistic, and emotional development from an early age in a positive way, emphasizing the importance of play in the daily activities of children. The aim was to describe the association between the weekly time spent by preschoolers in games that included physical activity and their child development, comparing that development when the game was played in the company of others. Fifty Chilean preschoolers with typically normative development (51.20 ± 9.92 months) participated. Sociodemographic data were collected employing an ad-hoc questionnaire. Parents recorded the types of games their children played for one week, the time spent, and with whom they played them. Finally, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3rd edition and socioemotional (ASQ-3 and ASQ-SE) were applied to assess child development in different areas. Those preschoolers who spent more time playing with weekly physical activity had higher scores in the communication area that included expressive and comprehensive communication (p=0.01), emotional communication (p≤0.05), socio-individual development (p=0.001), and adaptive functioning (p≤0.05). Likewise, children who performed plays that included physical activity with nearby adults showed higher scores in ASQ-SE adaptive functioning area (p≤0.05). The frequency of active play employed by preschoolers seems to influence different areas of child development associated with social factors.

Mohammad Ahsan   and Mohammad Feroz Ali   

This study intended to determine the association of arm, shoulder, and abdominal muscular endurance with specific anthropometric measurements among netball and volleyball university female players. An observational study design was used in assessment of the anthropometric indices and musculature endurance of twenty-eight female participants (14 Netball and 14 Volleyball players). The study found that the mean age of the participants was 19.54±0.69 years, with an average body weight of 52.99±10.51 kg, height of 156.71±5.34 cm, and body mass index (BMI) of 21.57±4.09 kg/m². Specific anthropometric measurements were determined using a bioelectric impedance analysis tool, push-ups determined arm and shoulder endurance, sit-ups and measured abdominal endurance. The number of sit-ups and push-ups in one minute was used as score. There was a negative association between upper body muscle endurance and Total Body Water (TWB) (r=-.058), Mass of Body Fat (MBF) (r=-.019), Visceral Fat Area (VFA) (r=-036), Abdominal Circumference (A.C.) (r=-.027), and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) (r=-.069), whereas positive association exist for Body Mass Index (BMI) (r=.034), Percentage of Body Fat (PBF) (r=.066), and Lean Body Mass (LBM) (.065) for netball and volleyball players. Lower body muscle endurance showed positive association between different anthropometric indices BMI (r=.074), PBF (r=.203), TWB (r=.124), LBM (r=.203), MBF (r=.116), VFA (r=.001), AC (r=.112), and WHR (r=.113). These associations were not significant at the p=0.01 level. This study suggests that specific anthropometric measurements of netball and volleyball players have a positive association with abdominal muscle strength and a negative association with arm and shoulder muscle endurance.

Mohammad Al Dababseh   Khitam Ay   Maysaloun Alshadideh   Bilal Saada   Ibrahim Almahireh   and Mohammad Abu Altaieb   

This study aimed to identify whether there are differences between the students in the swimming courses at the University of Jordan in terms of psychological compatibility and movement satisfaction levels which can be attributed to gender. It also aimed to explore the relationship between psychological compatibility and movement satisfaction among the latter students. The sample of the study consists of sixty (60) male students, and forty-five (45) female students from the physical education faculty at the University of Jordan. The researchers used a psychological compatibility questionnaire in which reliability and validity have been checked. This questionnaire consists of 42 items. The researchers used means, standard deviations, independent samples t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. It was found that there isn't any statistical difference - at the statistical significance level of P≤0.05 – between the respondents in terms of psychological compatibility and movement satisfaction which can be attributed to gender. It was found that there is a positive correlation - at the statistical significance level of P≤0.05 - between psychological compatibility and movement satisfaction among the students enrolled in the swimming courses at the physical education faculty at the University of Jordan. The researchers found that developing the sports skills of the students enrolled in the physical education faculties requires improving their mental and psychological well-being.

Iossif Andruchshishin   Alikhan Karaneev   Yuri Denisenko   and Anatoly Geraskin   

The purpose of the article was the efficiency of the authors' methodology for improving the technique and activity of billiard players. The following methods were used: observation of training and competitive play activity of highly qualified billiard players, a computer technique for registering technical and tactical actions. The methodological aspects of physical training, determined by technical and tactical improvement in billiard sports, are revealed. To conduct the experiment, the experimental and control groups were formed, which included 14 highly qualified billiard players, equal in terms of sports mastery and representing the group of elite athletes of Kazakhstan. The methodology's efficiency was revealed by applying a computer technique for registering technical and tactical actions developed using the Excel program, which is intended for the primary mathematical and statistical analysis of the shots included in the methodology. In the course of the experiment, along with the most significant technical and tactical actions, the most rarely used shots were also revealed: cut double, croiset-revolving, jump shot, and tactical aspects of their implementation in game competitive activity. The use of the author's methodology for improving the technical and tactical actions of highly qualified billiard players in the experiment showed a significant improvement in the efficiency of the technical and tactical actions of the experimental group and drove up the level of sports mastery of highly qualified billiard players. The quantitative differences (in percent) when using different types of shots are presented.

Yuto Inai   Ryoji Kasanami   Naoki Moriya   Norio Murase   Fumio Ushijima   and Takao Akama   

Doping tests have been conducted in triathlon competitions in which general athletes have been participating since 2018. Therefore, since all triathlon athletes, regardless of competitive level, may be subjected to doping testing, there is a need for expanded Anti-Doping Education aimed at general athletes. This study compares the awareness and knowledge of elite and general athletes in triathlon to clarify the current situation of general athletes and to examine the issues and measures for anti-doping education. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 113 elite athletes and 453 general athletes. The results of the survey showed that elite athletes had a significantly higher score on the knowledge questions and a significantly higher percentage of learning experiences about anti-doping than general athletes (p < 0.01). The score on knowledge questions was also significantly higher for both elite and general athletes with learning experience (p < 0.01). Elite athletes were significantly more likely than general athletes to agree that doping is "It is unacceptable" (p < 0.01). The reason elite athletes were more aware and knowledgeable about anti-doping than general athletes is that elite athletes had the opportunity to learn about anti-doping in training camps and educational institutions. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that anti-doping education for general athletes is important.

Sotirios Vousiopoulos   Olga Kouli   Helen Douda   and Vasiliki Derri   

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of an organized exercise program based on selected fitness indicators on adult learners in a multicultural environment of a Second Chance School (SCS). 62 learners from the SCS of Komotini (19-57 years) participated in the study, where they were equally divided into two groups (experimental, control). The intervention program was implemented for 5 months (2 times/week) with an intensity of 65%-85% of the HRmax. Each exercise session lasted 60 minutes and included aerobic exercise and muscular strengthening. Measurements were performed at the beginning and end of the intervention, and "ALPHA-FIT Test Battery for Adults Aged 18-69" tests were used, as well as the "Sit-Ups in 30 sec" and "Sit and Reach" tests. For statistical processing of the data, descriptive statistics, analyses of variance ANOVA and T-Tests were used using the SPSS program. The analysis of the data showed that a statistically significant major influence of the measurement factor (p<.001) in all tests between the two groups (experimental, control) was observed in fitness indicators. Gender differences were found, with men performing better in dynamic tests than women, and women performing better in flexibility than men. In conclusion, the intervention program has significantly improved the Physical Condition of learners in the multicultural SCS of Komotini. Finally, further research is proposed with interventions of exercise programs in more than one SCS to examine the degree of participation and any positive changes that will occur in the fitness in a larger sample.

Fredrik Sokoy   Rif’iy Qomarrullah   Lestari Wulandari S   Rivaldhy N. Muhammad   and Sugiharto   

Football is the most popular sport compared to other sports and is the most popular community entertainment in Indonesia. But behind the football hype, too little research has been found on the culture, governance and fairness of sports law in football. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate issues related to these three things. This research method is using a qualitative, content-analytic and prescriptive legal approach that was chosen to find answers to the problems found. The set of facts that was found is analyzed with quality levels derived from primary and secondary data. The conclusion of this research study reveals that the tragedy of the Kanjuruhan Malang stadium riots was the result of a competitive culture between Indonesia's two top football clubs. The incident occurred due to the weak leadership of Indonesian football sports management. Furthermore, in the event of a riot, action must be taken against all football officials in accordance with the legal norms in Indonesia. And the suggestion is as a future recommendation that the role of all parties and the public should not only look at football from the side of the game, but football as itself. Because football has its laws, tools to regulate specifically according to the ideals of sports, good governance and governing legal instruments.

Rumpis Agus Sudarko   Awan Hariono   Devi Tirtawirya   Tomoliyus   and Haris Nugroho   

Program evaluation is important part of an education to monitor and see how the program is running. Program evaluation is used to identify factors that determine the results of a program with the aim of making decisions in overcoming the results of the evaluation. The research objective was to analyze the disability sports training program at the National Paralympic Committee (NPC) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This research employed a quantitative descriptive method through an evaluation approach using the Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) model. Primary data was obtained by means of observation, questionnaires, and interviews. The secondary data was obtained through a documentation study. The results of the study show that: 1) context evaluation: has a very strong and clear legal basis, vision and mission as well as goals and objectives, 2) input evaluation: talent development and identification, athlete recruitment system, community and government financing and participation as well as the existence of facilities and infrastructure that are very good and run according to the athlete's condition, 3) process evaluation: the support given to athletes during the competition and after the competition is carried out properly and is adequate, training planning is carried out properly, and 4) product evaluation: the achievements of NPC athletes from the Special Region of Yogyakarta have been very good.

Kaewwong Tanapol   Phonthee Sirisuda   Khaothin Thawichai   Kaewwong Jaroensuk Surumpa   and Hiruntrakul Ashira   

The aim of this study was to study the experiments of rhythm training on speed in short-distance crawl-stroke swimming. In this quasi-experimental study, the male participants were divided into 2 groups, namely experimental and control groups. They were 18-20 years of age. They were interested in swimming and had basic swimming skills demonstrated through the skill assessment test and the assessment of 9 crawl strokes. The experiments were completed in a total of 8 weeks of training, 3 days a week. The data was collected before and after the experiments. The training program was carried out on the experimental and control groups. The training program was developed from the training guidelines of FINA and intervention with an experimental group trained with a rhythm machine in conjunction with the developed program. The swimming speed of a 50-meter method was used and a four-propeller drone with a high-angle camera was used to take photos. To compare the pre-test and the posttest scores, a paired sample t-test was used to compare the within groups and an unpaired t-test was used to compare the between groups. The results revealed that the physical fitness test in both of the groups tends to improve. However, when the two groups were compared, a significant difference was found. The speed in the 50 m crawling stroke showed that after training the experimental group (1.21±0.17; p≤0.018) was higher than the control group (1.00±0.18; p≤0.003). It was also found that the stroke length in the control group had a higher mean (p≤0.041), and the stroke index in the experimental group had a higher mean (p≤0.004). Thus, it can be concluded that the rhythm training can develop the speed and motor skills of the body which are suitable for young people.

Langenderfer Joseph E.   and Ustinova Ksenia I.   

This study investigated whether individuals exhibited changes in standing postural control following diagnosis of COVID infection and monitored the extent of alterations during multiple sessions over a 12 week period. Twenty post-COVID recovering individuals participated in three testing sessions. Center of pressure (COP) was recorded with a force plate while participants stood in a quiet posture and also while engaged in relatively low-level tasks representing activities expected to challenge posture. Participants quit a testing session if standing or the tasks became too difficult. Standard COP measures (path, RMS, path velocity and power spectrum in low and high frequency ranges) were calculated and task and session test times were recorded. Even 12 weeks post-COVID, some individuals were able to endure the complete test by completing all tasks, while others exhibited decreased endurance as they were unable to complete all tasks and stand for the duration of a session. For later test sessions, endurance was increased, as more participants were able to complete the tasks and stand for a greater time. However, the greater endurance demonstrated by these individuals was acquired at a cost of decreased postural control as indicated by increased postural oscillations. Results suggest that a 12 week post-COVID recovery period may not be sufficient to fully regain postural control. Improvements in postural endurance could be just compensatory reactions of postural control.

Ľubomír Zbončák   Stanislav Kraček   Klaudia Kukurová   Tomáš Gregor   and Marián Mancovič   

Nowadays, stressful situations are occurring more and more frequently, even on a daily basis. The ongoing pandemic, the tense geopolitical situation, the economic crisis or the inflation are causing burnout syndrome in increasingly younger people. People are exposed to excessive work stress, scheduled tasks, financial insecurity and constant one-sided or psychological overload. The aim of the research is to find out and compare the level of three dimensions of burnout between recreational boxing employees and nonathletic employees using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. 266 different employees were included in the research group, who were divided into recreational boxers (n= 106) and nonathletes (n= 160). All participants were males. The research set of boxers consisted of employees of average age (26.9 ± 7.7 years) and average length of experience in the current job (4.1 ± 4.5 years), nonathletes consisted of employees of average age (25.3 ± 5.1 years) and the average length of experience in the current job (3.4 ± 2.5 years). In all three subscales, nonathletes showed statistically significant burnout compared to recreational boxers in the dimension emotional exhaustion (p ≤ .01; r= 0.66), depersonalization (p ≤ .01; r= 0.3), and personal accomplishment assessment (p ≤ .01; r= 0.22). The emotional exhaustion subscale points to alarming differences in the manifestations of burnout between physically active and passively active lifestyles of employees. As regards recreational boxers, newcomers can better adapt to new stress stimuli, which in turn affects their mental well-being, psychological state and work productivity. Our data indicate that practicing recreational boxing preempts development of burnout, reduces the negative impact of everyday emotional stress, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization.

Hatem A. Shlool   and Nazem N. Qandeel   

Cardiovascular disease risk reduction has been associated with regular exercise. The underlying mechanism for these benefits is believed to involve low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). This study aimed to investigate the impact of different exercise intensities (low, medium, and high) on LDL-C levels, lipoprotein profiles, and other cardiovascular parameters in a controlled homogeneous population. The participants, comprising eighteen males aged 35 to 60, engaged in low, medium, or high-intensity endurance exercise for 45-60 minutes per day, three times per week, over a period of eight weeks. Based on their maximum heart rates, the participants were divided into three groups (low intensity: 50-65%, medium intensity: 65-75%, and high intensity: 80-90%). Statistical analysis (paired t-test) revealed that endurance training had a positive effect on reducing LDL-C levels at medium (p = 0.029) and high (p = 0.042) intensities, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant effect was observed at low intensity (p = 0.096). The Schiff test further demonstrated that medium-intensity endurance exercise was superior to other intensities in reducing LDL-C levels (mean = 201.67). Additionally, Scheffe's test indicated that moderate-intensity endurance training was superior to other intensities in the LDL/HDL ratio, while high-intensity endurance exercise was superior in increasing HDL-C levels. Furthermore, the study established a statistically significant link (p < 0.05) between endurance exercise and improvements in cardiorespiratory efficiency, as evidenced by improvement in VO₂max, resting heart rate, blood pressure, and anthropometric alterations such as body mass index and weight.

Dimyati   Farida Agus Setiawati   Edi Istiyono   and Ilham   

The Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS-R5) that stands for Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports is one of instruments in measuring six psychological aspects of an athlete in sports settings. Such instrument has been used differently with inconsistent findings, items used, target subjects, etc. This study aims to reveal the extent of factor analysis of this instrument when it applies to different subgroups of 295 Indonesian national athletes. It also intends to ensure which statements are consistent with the psychological aspects measured through assessing reliability and validity. The collected data were quantitatively analyzed to obtain information about construct validity and reliability. After data collection through the PSIS-R5 instrument, they were then analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Descriptive statistics, including means, and standard deviations were initially calculated and subsequentially identified the extent of psychometric characteristics of the instruments studied and the application of Alpha Structured formula, KMO and Bartlett's Test. Results showed the PSIS-R5 instrument to be composed of five factors with values of 45.325%; to be in the reliable category of Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for self-management, motivation, and psychic readiness factors. However, it was not in the reliable category for failure/defeat thought and team management, but the good category in the stratified alpha reliability.

Rakesh Tomar   Jhalukpreya Surujlal   and John Ainsworth Allen   

The study's goal was to determine how small-sided mixed recreational team sports can have an effect on exercise motivation, sleep, depression, overall well-being, self-esteem, and eating disorders in young male students. There were 26 male students in total, of whom 16 were placed in the experimental group and 9 were placed in the control group. Three times each week for 12 weeks, mixed recreational team games were provided to the experimental group. Small-sided basketball, handball, and football were among the mixed-gender activities. 30 minutes were allotted for the training. Using common questionnaires, all psychological factors were examined. Group differences were examined at the baseline and post-intervention levels using an Independent T-test. Analysis of data shows significant differences in the scores of depression in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, significant differences were not seen in the scores of self-esteem and motivation to exercise. We have observed a significant change in the eating disorder global score. Quality of sleep and improvement in general well-being were observed. Mixed recreational games were effective in reducing depression scores post-12 weeks of intervention. There is no improvement in the self-esteem of students which is not an encouraging sign in the post-COVID-19 scenario, especially among the young population. Quality of sleep and general well-being were improved.

Fahmil Haris   Ilham   Johanri Taufan   Fauzan Aulia   Gusril   Anton Komaini   and Nuridin Widya Pranoto   

Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era had a great influence on the preparation and implementation of technology-based physical activity learning strategies. Difficulties in conveying information and learning physical activity are still often found in the learning environment for children with special needs. This research aims to make a product and validate Physical Activity learning media using digital technology based on the Design and Build Technology of the Android Book Quick response (QR) Code Application. The way is adapted to the Physical Activity guide with a bar code system to explain the sequence of Physical Activity movements in improving the motor skills of deaf students through videos that will appear after scanning the QR code. The method used in this study is research & development. The data analysis technique used Microsoft Excel. The results of this study obtained optimal content validity values (Aiken V = 0.89). The internal validity values were average (r = 0.86). The next score was the reliability value using Cronbach's Alpha, which was 0.73. Learning instruments are valid and reliable. Therefore, the Physical Activity learning instrument using digital technology based on the QR Code Android Book Application Design Technology can be used as a medium of learning and training for students with special needs.

Ishak Aziz   Ardo Okilanda   Muhammad Fakhrur Rozi   Mikkey Anggara Suganda   and Didi Suryadi   

Special tests are test instruments used to select prospective students and see their motor abilities to be able to take part in sports practice lectures at the Faculty of Sports Science, Padang State University. However, the lecture scores in the athletic practice course were relatively low for 2 academic sessions, causing various assumptions that the special tests carried out in selecting prospective students played a less role. This study aims to determine the relationship between the results of special tests with the learning outcomes of basic athletic practices of students majoring in coaching at the Faculty of Sports Science. This study uses a correlational research design. The instrument used to obtain data on the results of special tests is through the wall pass test, Basket Ball Throw, Standing Broad Jump, and Obstacle Race, furthermore, the learning outcomes of basic athletic practices through data on the learning outcomes of basic athletic courses for 1 semester. The subject of this research was conducted on sports coaching students of the Faculty of Sports Science, Padang State University with sampling techniques using saturated sampling so that a sample of 39 students who were taking basic athletic courses was obtained. As a result of data verification, only 33 students were used for analysis calculations. Based on the results of the correlation test of special tests with the results of running 100 meters, it was found that the significant value is 0.000 <0.05, which means that there is a significant relationship between special tests and running results in students. The results of special tests with the results of throwing discs are known to have a significant value of 0.000 <0.05, so there is a significant relationship between special tests and the results of throwing discs in students. Furthermore, special tests with basic athletic results found a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, so there is a significant relationship between special tests and basic athletic results in students. The results of this study provide evidence that there is a significant relationship between the results of special tests and the learning outcomes of basic athletic practices in FIK UNP students.

Sugiharto   Firmansyah Dlis   Hernawan   Widiastuti   Asmawi   Junaidi   Ramdan Pelana   Raden Argarini   M. Arsyad Subu   Habibi Hadi Wijaya   Despita Antoni   and Arham Syahban   

The purpose of this study was to create a freestyle swimming learning model for autistic children at special schools at the elementary school level. This study used research and development (R&D) method using Borg and Gall model. The research sample was elementary school students taken from three districts of West Java Province, namely Subang, Purwakarta and Karawang Regencies. There are six elementary schools that are used as product trial sites. The research procedure consists of several stages, namely: 1) needs analysis, for teachers, principals and parents; 2) expert validation; 3) small group trials; 4) large group trials; and 5) effectiveness test. The instruments used consisted of interviews and questionnaires. The freestyle swimming assessment instrument was also validated using expert judgment and there were three experts involved in the assessment of the freestyle swimming test instrument and the product development results of freestyle swimming for children with special needs. Data were analyzed using the statistical method of mean difference test (t-test) to determine the effectiveness of the learning model. The results of the data analysis show that: 1) The freestyle swimming learning model for autistic children can be applied in the learning process; 2) The results of the average score of the experimental group (35.11) > the average of the control group (32.37), while the effectiveness test is t-count (35.58) > t-table (1.697), it can be stated that the freestyle swimming learning model for autistic children is effectively given in special schools at the elementary school level.

Abdul Muiz Nor Azmi   Jeffrey Low Fook Lee   and Ali Md Nadzalan   

A body-scaling approach, namely pi ratios, has been developed to provide systematic guidelines for manipulating junior sports. This approach is used to reduce the constraints in junior sports as efficiently as possible, facilitating children to learn the skills quickly. Therefore, the study aimed to examine the best racquet size by demonstrating a body-scaling approach to modify racquets using arm length-to-racquet length ratios. A total of twelve boys with one to two years of badminton experience participated in the study. The arm length of participants was measured to create arm length-to-racquet length ratios. Participants executed badminton skill tests (e.g., short serve, clear, and drop) using three types of racquets which were racquets A (1.1:1.0), B (1.0:1.0), and C (0.9:1.0). One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was conducted to compare the scores in all badminton skills tests across the three types of racquets. The findings of this study showed that participants performed best in skills tests when using racquet B, which had a pi ratio of 1:1 for arm length-to-racquet length ratios compared to racquets A (1.1:1.0) and C (0.9:1.0), p < .05. Coaches can modify junior sports equipment through anthropometric measurements of arm's length in badminton. In order to effectively foster skill development, it is crucial to provide children with the proper size of equipment during the early stages of motor learning.

Aridhotul Haqiyah   Kadek Heri Sanjaya   Soeharto   Albert Wolter Aridan Tangkudung   Dani Nur Riyadi   Johansyah Lubis   Endang Pratiwi   Wahyuningtyas Puspitorini   Dwi Yulia Nur Mulyadi   and Dwi Esti Kusumandari   

One of the aspects that should be prepared to attain high-performing athletes is the mental factor. Mental toughness must be identified during athlete practice preparation to help to keep athletes appropriate while they encounter difficulty in a match or under pressure during the competition, and use intervention measures so that they do not become stressed quickly. The study aimed to develop a tool to detect the mental toughness of athletes and validate its psychometric properties. The participants included 218 athletes from Bekasi, Indonesia. The data were collected via online form randomly. Rasch analysis was utilized to evaluate the validity and reliability of the mental toughness questionnaire in the Indonesian version. Item fit criteria were assessed based on Rasch parameters. The rating scale function was performed to check how well the participants comprehend the rating scale categories in the Mental Toughness Questionnaire. The results show that the mental toughness questionnaire in the Indonesian version achieves the validity and reliability criteria based on Rasch parameters. All items fit based on threshold item fit in the Rasch parameter, and we confirm that three rating scales are better than four rating scales.

Kwanwoo Kong   

Background: This study examined how the application of concentric and eccentric contraction exercises, in the form of closed kinetic chain (CKC) sling-based exercises, on shortened hamstrings, affects the length and muscle elasticity of hamstrings. The study also examines how to apply these exercises to a rehabilitation program by comparing their effects with a stretching exercise. Methods: A total of 41 male adults were chosen as subjects for this study and divided into three groups to receive each exercise. The stretching exercise group performed passive stretching. The second group performed the concentric contraction exercise, and the third group performed the eccentric contraction exercise, both using sling-based CKC exercises. The three groups performed each exercise three times a week for 2 weeks. For the measurement of change in the length of hamstrings, the angle of the knee was measured in a supine position using a digital inclinometer. To test the change in muscle elasticity, the elasticity of the hamstring was measured in a prone position using a muscle tone tester. Measurements were taken three times: before exercise, immediately after the first exercise, and after 2 weeks. The study used a repeated two-way analysis of variance to compare the between-group differences according to the measurement period. Results: All exercise methods significantly increased the length of the hamstring. There were differences in elasticity according to the exercise period in the concentric and the eccentric exercise groups, but not in the stretching group. After 2 weeks, the concentric exercise group showed a significant decrease in muscle elasticity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Significant changes were observed in the lengths of the shortened hamstrings for all three methods. However, changes in muscle elasticity were confirmed only in the groups using the closed chain, sling-based exercises. Therefore, it is proposed that CKC exercise using a sling is an effective exercise intervention method when trying to increase the length of the hamstring and to reduce elasticity.

Nor Ikhmar Madarsa   Nor Fazila Abd Malek   Ahmad Alhussin Alali   Azzam Ahmad Alhossin Alali   and Nur Ikhwan Mohamad   

Fasting months will affect the nutritional intake of football players. They will start fasting from sunrise until sunset and do not even consume water. However, the training session still needs to be conducted to prepare the players for the league. Maintaining their strength and muscle mass still becomes an essential and crucial factor. In that sense, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of a fasting month on resistance training outcomes, specifically on the player's muscle mass and body fat percentage. Twenty-eight youth football players were purposively selected for this study, and they were randomly divided into the control group (CG) (n=14) and the resistance training group (RT) (n=14). Both groups underwent the same cycle of fasting time, including early morning meals, after-sunset dinners, and regular football training sessions. The CG group did not engage in any resistance training program for the study, whereas the RT group completed 65% of 1RM for bench press, plate-loaded leg press, lat pulldown, leg extension, conventional deadlift, barbell shoulder press, squat with calf raise and EZ-curl bar bicep curl exercises. The training program consists of four weeks, three weekly, near sunset, and 12 repetitions with three sets per session. Muscle-fat analysis was conducted using InBody 770 (California, USA), and a mixed design analysis of variance (ANOVA) test interpreted all the data. The results show no significant decrease in muscle mass F(1,26)=24.392, p=.056, p<0.05 for the RT group in pre and post-test assessment and no significant difference F(1,26)=.224, p=.640, p>0.05 was also shown in the pre and post-test assessment on body fat percentage in both groups. The outcome indicates that continuous resistance training in fasting months would eventually hinder the loss rate of muscle mass. The result also implies that resistance training within fasting months among youth football players can assist in maintaining muscle mass and must be embedded with proper nutritional intake to result in better body fat percentage reduction. This study suggests that further investigation with manipulation of training intensity, volume and frequency needs to be conducted to monitor the effect of the resistance training program within a fasting month.

Ratna Budiarti   Endang Rini Sukamti   Lukas Maria Boleng   Veramyta Maria Martha Flora Babang   Fransisca Januarumi   Ranintya Meikahani   and Yulvia Miftachurochmah   

A test model or instrument was needed to evaluate the athlete's abilities in order to find out their increase in achievement and talent development. This instrument must be adapted to the athletes' characteristics and the sport they were involved in. Purpose: to test the aerobic gymnastic test model operation in the national development category and prove its feasibility and effectiveness. Design/ methodology/ approach: This research was experimental with field tests using the research design, namely Quasi Experiment with One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The sample in this study involved 59 people, determined by the purposive sampling technique. The data analysis used in this study was the paired t-test. Results: The data found included (1) the left leg flexibility pre-test average (mean=132.2034, SD= 27.1056), the right leg flexibility pre-test (mean=133.8983, SD= 24.77603), the left leg flexibility post-test average (mean=143.9831, SD) = 22.29852), the post-test flexibility of the right leg (mean=153.0508, SD= 21.43589); and it was also found that (2) the hypothesis test was using paired t-test analysis (p<0.05), for the right leg flexibility with a p-value of 0.037 and left leg flexibility with a p-value of 0.011. Thus, the test model developed was declared effective for measuring flexibility in the aerobic gymnastics sports category of national development. For further research, designing the norms of this flexibility test model is necessary.

Ahmad Chaeroni   Fitriadi   Miftahus Surur   and Gusril   

The development of technology in the field of badminton is so fast. Utilization of technology is an important thing to do, especially during training. The use of media in doing badminton training is very important so that training achieves the expected results (mastery of badminton playing skills). This study aims to determine the effect of media training and eye-hand coordination on badminton playing skills. This type of research is a quasi-experiment, the population of this study were 46 players, while the sample in this study were 30 people. To divide the experimental group, an eye-hand coordination test was conducted and sorted from highest to lowest. After the eye-hand coordination test was carried out with the Miller Wall Volley Test, then group division was carried out with 15 high coordination levels and 15 low coordination levels. The instrument used to determine badminton playing skills in this study is a badminton playing skills test consisting of: 1) short serve test and long serve test; 2) high clear test; 3) smash test. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (MANOVA 2x2) with the help of Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) version 22. Based on the data analysis conducted, the following conclusions were obtained: (1) In general, badminton playing skills trained through audiovisual media are better than the group trained through non audio-visual media, (2) There is an interaction between training media and eye-hand coordination on the results of badminton playing skills, (3) In the group that has high eye-hand coordination trained through audiovisual media, the results are better than the group trained through non audio-visual, (4) In the group of players who have low eye-hand coordination trained through audiovisual media the results are lower than the group trained through non audio-visual media. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the utilization of training media, especially audiovisual, is needed to improve the skills of badminton players. Attention to eye-hand coordination also needs to be a concern, especially in training strokes in badminton.

Nikhilraj Kola   and Naga Seema   

Physical activity is considered a daily routine, and many young people have involved themselves in physical activity as a passion for practising it due to its numerous health benefits. On a larger perspective, athletes invest a lot of energy and time in bringing out optimal performance; hence physical ramifications such as injuries are more evident. The most common cause of injury is overuse of body parts and associated factors. Injury is often seen as a stressful situation that impacts the athletes' ability to handle it physiologically and psychologically. Athletes' physical recovery tends to be highly affected by the individual's psychological response to injury through the different rehabilitation phases. It varies depending on the type of injury, the extent of discomfort, physical symptoms, and the mental status of athletes. However, there is an increase in research reporting athletes' injuries in various contexts. The present review highlights the importance of social support, which enhances an athlete's motivation and ability to handle psychological distress during rehabilitation. Psychological readiness was shown to be a key factor. The integrated/interactive approach of bio-psycho-social factors of the study not only limits understanding of the athletes' injury but also encourages researchers, athletes, and coaches to raise new questions and improve the understanding of the concept along with designing interventions which are essential to perform at a higher level of sports competitions.

Roman Kovalcuk   Oleksandr Gnydiuk   Andrii Melnykov   Oleksandr Mozolev   Leonid Rybak   Volodimir Melnikov   Ihor Tomkiv   Oleksandr Binkovskyi   and Oksana Hnydiuk   

The article analyzes the author's method of tactical training of the volleyball team to achieve a high sports result. The players of the volleyball club "NOVATOR" (n=24) took part in the study. Methods: Analysis of scientific and methodical sources, theoretical analysis of the training of the world's leading clubs, statistical data of coaching observations, modeling of game situations, factor analysis, surveys, questionnaires, and expert evaluation method. The evaluation of the results was carried out by experts - coaches of other volleyball clubs participating in the competition (n=14). Evaluations of the effectiveness of the coaching staff's actions were carried out by players of the "NOVATOR" volleyball team who had experience playing in other volleyball clubs (n=11). Results: The implementation of the author's method of tactical preparation of the team for the competition showed reliably significant (p<0.05) positive changes in the performance of the following elements: positive reception; excellent reception; blockpoints; blocked opponent attacks with a soft kick; attack on dig. Experts also noted positive changes in the game of the "NOVATOR" volleyball club: improvement of the game discipline of the players by 82.1%; adherence to the tactical scheme of the game by 75.0%; increase in the level of tactical skills of players by 67.9%; improvement of the level of individual technical and tactical training of players by 57.1%. Among the negative trends in the tactical actions of the players, there is a decrease in creativity (non-standard) in the actions of the players by 39.3%. Conclusions: The importance of the tactical preparation of the team for the game increases as the sportsmanship of the players and the level of technical and tactical training of the team increases. The effectiveness of the author's method of tactical training of the team to achieve a high sports result is proven. It has been established that the use of the program "Datavolley2007 Professional" with the simultaneous demonstration of the tactical actions of the opposing team significantly improves the visual perception and prediction of the subsequent actions of the players of the opposing team.

Imran Akhmad   Rahma Dewi   Suprayitno   and Galih Priyambada   

This research aimed to examine the effect of Quick Strength Training (QST) on agility and leg power. It used experimental methods with a pre-test-post-test design. A purposive sampling technique was used with several criteria. Before the treatment was executed, the 11 participants in each group were tested for their agility with the side step test and leg power with vertical jump. The 11 participants in the experimental group performed QST training program for 42 days or six weeks and the focus was carried out with an intensity of three times a week, then in the other control group, there were 11 participants, as a CON, who did not do any physical activities for 6 weeks. After six weeks of treatment, the 22 participants performed side step and vertical jump as a post-test. There was an increase in the average of their agility; CON test before treatment and test after treatment QST test before treatment and test after treatment (p=0.007). The increase in leg strength in participants is also a record for a result; CON test before treatment and test after treatment and QST pre-test with post-test (p=0.000). Agility test before treatment has similarities between CON and QST (p=0.171), but there was a post-test agility difference between CON and QST (p=0.538). There was also a difference in the pre-test leg power between CON and QST (p=0.061), and there was a post-test leg power difference between CON and QST (p=0.001). The results showed that QST increased futsal athletes' agility and leg power.

Nina Jermaina   Nurlan Kusmaedi   Amung Ma'mun   Vanessa Gaffar   Eko Purnomo   Mohammad Sabransyah   and Rajidin   

The purpose of this study is to find out and explore how deeply the community understands the intellectual disability sports and also the Special Olympics Indonesia (SOIna), which is an organization to manage and oversee the intellectual disability sports. Furthermore, this study uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques using interviews. The sample in this study was sports students. The results of the research conducted explain that; 1) many people do not understand and understand intellectual disability, 2) society considers that intellectual disability is the same as other disabilities, 3) Most of the communities still do not communicate and deal directly with intellectual disabilities, 4) and most of the research informants explain that they do not know SOIna as an organization that oversees and manages sports for intellectual disabilities. This research is only limited to knowing how the community's knowledge about intellectual disabilities, their sports and organizations. The researcher concludes that more forms of promotion must be carried out by the government and related institutions to explain and educate the public about sports with intellectual disabilities so that the public's view of intellectual disability will be better and in a positive direction again.

Karuppasamy Govindasamy   Hassane Zouhal   Dilpreet Kaur   Aakash Dhiman   Vikas Singh   Utsav Chaware   Rajesh Kumar   Prasad Salian   Mantu Baro   Hemantajit Gogoi   Poli Borah   Lakshyajit Gogoi   Koulla Parpa   and Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman   

Background and aim: Coronavirus has emerged as a pandemic leading to pneumonia and death in susceptible populations, especially in immunocompromised hosts and the elderly. Though national governance and drug firms work in cohesion to develop vaccines, the fear and anxiety towards misconceptions about vaccine efficacy and adverse effects lead to underutilization of the vaccines. Though known for its immunogenic responses against infections, conservative lifestyle modifications such as Yoga and physical exercise's synergistic effects with coronavirus vaccine's immunogenic response remains unknown. Methods: We administered a systematic search on the contemporary evidence investigating the immune responses of physical activity or Yoga in three databases: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. In the present review, we reviewed the empirical evidence that explored the role of Yoga and physical exercise as an immunity booster and extrapolated their effects against coronavirus infection. Results: We found sixteen articles emphasizing physical activity to augment immune responses towards Coronavirus. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the contemporary evidence, complementary therapies such as Yoga or physical activity are speculated to improve the influenza vaccines' immune responses. We recommend that Yoga and physical exercises be affordable, practical and effective strategies that could be advocated along with vaccination doses. We hope the present review may help readers and policymakers explore complementary therapies that could be administered as adjuncts to vaccine-mediated immunity in combating the deadly pandemic.

Fitri Rosdiana   and Dikdik Zafar Sidik   

Resistance Bands Ladder Drills is a form or a pattern of a training that utilizes the resistance of rubber combined with movements on ladder drills or better known as agility ladder. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the Resistance Band Ladder Drill training pattern by using interval and pyramid training methods in improving the aerobic ability. This research is an experimental research with pretest-posttest control group design. The sample of this research was twenty people who were divided into two groups: ten people as the experimental group (interval training method) and ten people as the control group (pyramid training method). The research instrument to determine the aerobic ability was the Bleep Test. The results showed that there were differences in the results of the Resistance Band Ladder Drill training pattern by using the interval method and the pyramid method toward the aerobic ability. The conclusion of this research is that there was an effect of the Resistance Band Ladder Drill training pattern by using the interval method on the aerobic ability and there was no effect of the Resistance Band Ladder Drill training pattern by using the pyramid method on the aerobic ability. These results indicate that the training volume cannot be equated when we use two different methods because each training method has its volume requirements to provide an adaptation effect on the body. It is suggested that further research can be developed through other forms of training.

Septian Williyanto   Reshandi Nugraha   Wildan Alfia Nugroho   Herman Subarjah   Sandey Tantra Paramitha   Ahmad Hamidi   Badruzaman   Adiska Rani Ditya Candra   Soegiyanto   Hermawan Pamot Raharjo   Donny Wira Yudha Kusuma   Sri Wicahyani   and Agus Wiyanto   

This study aims to develop a valid and reliable footwork skill test instrument to measure the skills of junior badminton players. The research method used is the research and development method. The steps in this study refer to the development research model (Borg & Gall, 1983) which includes Research and Information Collecting, Planning, Develop Preliminary Form of Product, Preliminary Field Testing, Main Product Revision, Main Field Testing, Operational Product Revision, Operational Field Testing, Final Product Revision, Dissemination and Implementation. The results of the research product are in the form of a valid and reliable footwork test instrument as a measure of the footwork skills of junior badminton players. Based on the opinions of expert practitioners, academics, and badminton coaches who assess the validity of the instrument, a "very good" score is produced. While the reliability of the instrument used statistical data tests involving a sample of badminton players, resulting in a high score. So it can be concluded that the footwork test instrument product developed for junior badminton players shows the category "good and suitable for use as a footwork test instrument".

Yusuf Hidayat   Yunyun Yudiana   Nur Indri Rahayu   Carsiwan   Burhan Hambali   and Kusnaedi   

The purpose of this study was to explore possible differences in the use of Test of Performance Strategies in training and competition situations based on gender and level of athletes (local and national). The research was carried out using a descriptive method and a 2x2 factorial design on 162 West Java athletes competing in the Papua National Sport Multi-event in 2021, aged between 16-24 years, consisting of 88 male athletes and 74 female athletes from 18 sports branches (98 local athletes, 64 national athletes, 68 individual athletes, and 94 team athletes). All data were collected using the Test of Performance Strategies inventory, consisting of training situation subscales and competition situations. Each subscale was elaborated into eight indicators, and each indicator was compiled by 4 (four) items. The results of the Multivariate Analysis of the Variant found that (1) gender and level of athletes had an effect on the use of Test of Performance Strategies, (2) male athletes used Test of Performance Strategies more frequently and better than female athletes in competitive situations; conversely, female athletes used Test of Performance Strategies more often and better than male athletes in training situations, (3) national athletes used TOPS more often in training situations, and conversely, local athletes used Test of Performance Strategies more often in competition situations. According to the results of this study, psychological skill strategy interventions should be given from the early stages of coaching to youth beginner athletes.

Gugun Gunawan   Hidayat Humaid   Junaidi   Firmansyah Dlis   Sumbara Hambali   Muslimin   and Aprizal Fikri   

Warming up is an activity that must be done at the beginning whenever someone wants to do sports activities. Without good warm-up, it is feared that it will be bad for the body when doing sports. This study aims to determine the influence of warm-up activities in game-based physical education learning. The research subjects involved 35 grade V elementary school students. The research method uses experiments with its research design using one group pretest posttest design. The forms of play are given as many as 10 series of activities and tests using pulse measurements for 1 minute, carried out at the time before the game activity is given and after the game activity is given. The results of the study obtained that of the 10 kinds of play forms in the warm-up, all of them had a significant influence on increasing the pulse. This is evidenced by the results of effectiveness testing using paired sample t-test analysis using SPSS IBM 26 where a Sig. (2-tailed) score was obtained by 0.000 < 0.05. It is hoped that physical education teachers must be more creative in providing every material to be studied, starting from the preliminary stage, core activities to closing activities.

Albadi Sinulingga   Ahmad Muchlisin Natas Pasaribu   Sabaruddin Yunis Bangun   Desy Tya Maya Ningrum   and Yafi Velyan Mahyudi   

The purpose of this study was to determine the changes during plyometric exercises on sickle kicks. The research method used was an experimental study conducted for 8 weeks. The research design is to compare the plyometric standing jump (A1), box drill (A2), and depth jump (A3) training methods with the speed factor (B) in increasing kick power. The instrument for measuring the explosive power of the leg muscles is a punching pad. A total of 25 male participants were selected based on their qualifications for this study. The participants performed sickle kicks three times with each different media. Activities are recorded using a camera with video results and instruments that have been formed. The results show that plyometric standing jump, box drill, and depth jump exercises can increase the explosive power of sickle kicks in pencak silat athletes. In addition to the plyometric training factor, there is a speed variable that can also affect kick power. In this case, it can be interpreted that the three plyometric training methods can be used to increase the explosive power of the leg muscles. This study found that the standing jump training method was better or superior to the box drill and depth jump. However, in general, these three methods can increase the explosive power of the leg muscles with the exercise program applied. This can be seen in the program's training results, which lasted for 8 weeks, showing that the standing jump training method is superior to box drills and depth jumps in increasing kick power.

Fatin Aqilanajwa Adenan   Kamaruzaman Soeed   Nur Fadilah Darmansah   and Izwyn Zulkapri   

Therapeutic horseback riding (THR) is undoubtedly beneficial for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) because it stimulates the rider's senses. However, it is important to consider the risk of injury associated with THR activities. Safety concerns may arise from the nature of the horse as a herd animal and the challenges associated with autism. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose a pre-assessment of sensory perception with norm-referenced standards for ASD children as a pre-requisite for participation in THR activities. The pre-assessment was developed based on the learning pyramid. Children (n=33) aged 5 to 12 years with diagnosed ASD were selected as participants. Data indicate that a minimum score of 23 out of 27 must be achieved for tactile and vestibular perception, while a minimum score of 19 out of 24 must be achieved for proprioception and auditory perception. The passing score is determined by a norm-referenced standard, which is the calculated mean and standard deviation (Tactile: M=26.4, SD=1.3; Vestibular: M=26.6, SD=1.2; Proprioception: M=22.4, SD=1.3; Auditory: M=22.6, SD=1.4). This norm-referenced standard for pre-assessment is an important early stage of assessment and a key resource for supporting and directing instructors, health professionals and the community.

Sigit Nugroho   Faza Annasai   Sumarjo   Novita Intan Arovah   and Duwi Kurnianto Pambudi   

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of the types of exercise training (free weight vs. resistance band) and athletes' initial leg power levels (high vs. low) and the interaction between the types of exercises and athletes' initial power levels on the leg strength. The study was an experimental study with a two-by-two factorial design involving 20 female basketball athletes. Leg muscle strength was measured with a leg and back dynamometer, and leg power was measured with a vertical jump. Two-way ANOVA was used in the data analysis technique, followed by simple effect analyses using Tukey HSD when the interaction effect was significant. The findings indicated significant main effects of exercise types and power levels. However, the main effects were superseded by a statistically significant interaction effect between exercise types and power levels (F(16, 1) = [16.133], p = [0.001). Resistance training outperformed free-weight training in improving leg strength among athletes with high leg power levels. In contrast, free-weight training was better than resistance training in improving leg strength among athletes with low leg power levels. The exercise training for improving leg strength, therefore, should consider initial power levels.

Aida Bendo   Lindita Agolli   and Agron Kasa   

Equilibrium is described as the ability to maintain the body's position within its base of support. Often the equilibrium is measured from the use of the force plate and the excursion of the center of the pressure (COP), whose shift presents a target point energetically cost, to maintain the equilibrium. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of proprioception training in improving the balance conditions. The measurements were performed on the licensed force platform in a group of children aged 10-14, who are the players of Tirana football club. The study period includes three phases: the first phase initial, the second phase 24 weeks and the third phase 12 weeks. The frequency of exercises is three times a week, with duration of 60 minutes for every session, following the proprioceptive training program. Subjects performed balance tests in two different conditions: one leg open eyes (1LEO) and one leg closed eyes (1LEC). The equilibrium parameters are analyzed through the statistical package SPSS version 20. Data were analyzed using t-test, which showed statistically significant changes at major biomechanical variables, in one of the most important disciplines of motor skills such as balance. The results confirmed the need to develop balance exercises to improve the quality of life in other psychological and emotional dimensions. The results showed that equilibrium variables increased after proprioception training, while the sway index and sway area decreased. The differences in equilibrium variables showed a significant result of p < 0.050. In conclusion, proprioception training was very effective in reducing sway indexes at athletes, in order to improve and increase their balance condition and sport performances. The results of this study expect to be useful for athletes, coaches, and sport teams and all subjected engaged to physical activity and education.

Andi Muhammad Aswan   Firmansyah Dlis   Johansyah Lubis   Junaidi   Hidayat Humaid   Widiastuti   James Tangkudung   Asmawi   and Aprizal Fikri   

The existence of the aging process causes a decline in work performance and a decrease in physical capacity in the elderly, and to prove the effectiveness of traditional dance gymnastics at the social services of South Sulawesi was a research goal. The subjects in this study were 50 elderly people divided into 25 pare pare (n = 01) people and 25 tendri abbeang (n = 02). The experimental method with pretest-posttest control group design was used. The experimental group (01) performed traditional gymnastic exercises with a frequency of 6 times a week for 1 month. The control group (02) did daily activities without regular (conventional) treatment with the same frequency as the experimental group. The first instrument in this study was body composition/BMI with the ATmega16 microcontroller, the second instrument was the pulmonary endurance fitness test with ROCPORT and the third instrument was the pulse test describing arterial frequency, with a frequency of exercise 6 times per week with an intensity of 60%-90% of HRR or 50%-85%voMAX with a duration of 30 minutes. The results of data analysis showed that there was an increase (n = 01) higher than (n = 02), which obtained an average pre-test of 3.06 and a post-test of 4.02 with a standard deviation of 9,272 and 9,129. The mean pre and post test showed 0.962, and the mean of both was positive, meaning that there was a tendency to increase the fitness level after and before treatment with the mean showing the number 0.962. In the t-test with a significance level of 0.05, Sig. (2-tailed) was 0.000. This value has indicated that H0 is rejected because the p-value Sig. (2- tailed) < 0.05. It can be said that Padduppa traditional dance-based physical fitness exercises are effective and significant in increasing the level of physical fitness of the elderly.

Abdul Alim   Cerika Rismayanthi   Wahyu Dwi Yulianto   and Yulvia Miftachurochmah   

The purpose of this study is to identify physical factors related to the serve accuracy in Yogyakarta wheelchair tennis players (WT). Method: This research is a quantitative study using correlation analysis conducted by field test. The participants were the best wheelchair tennis athletes with seven men and three women 156-167± cm, weight 50-70± kg, age 31-35. Each athlete performed neuromuscular tests consisting of: isometric handgrip strength; serve accuracy (Hewitt test); sprint tests 5m, 10m and 20m (using and not using rackets); agility (using and not using rackets); medicine ball throw (serve, forehand and backhand movement); and endurance test specific to WT. Results: The highest correlation was found from medicine ball throw serve (p = 0.001; r = 0.874), forehand (p = 0.004; r = 0.811) and backhand (p = 0.013; r = 0.747), medicine ball throw showed a positive correlation with serve accuracy. The physical parameters of the medicine ball throw can explain 100% of the service accuracy level (Nagelkerke R Square = 1.00) and have a percentage of being correct 100% through the logistic regression test classification table. Conclusion: It is recommended that coaches and physical trainers incorporate medical ball throwing exercises into the training program of WT players due to benefits of transferring serve accuracy.

Dian Pujianto   Yahya Eko Nopiyanto   Bayu Insanistyo   Yarmani   Syafrial   Tono Sugihartono   and Ibrahim   

The student-athletes of the physical education study program at Bengkulu University felt great emotional pressure. They were burdened with competing when they faced the opponent athletes from certain big campuses that had great achievements in sports. This feeling makes them feel afraid of losing the match. As athletes, the students must be able to overcome the emotional stress. So, they must have emotional intelligence. Moreover, the emotional intelligence of athletes in the physical education study program at the University of Bengkulu is needed to be researched. So, the purposes of this study are: 1) to determine the level of emotional intelligence of athletes in the physical education study program at the University of Bengkulu, and 2) to differentiate the emotional intelligence of athletes based on the sports where they participate in. To achieve the research objectives, a quantitative descriptive research method was used. A total of 109 student-athletes in the physical education study program at Bengkulu University were included in this study. The athletes are from 16 branches of sport athletics, weight lifting, wrestling, football, badminton, gymnastics, karate, basketball, volleyball, futsal, tae kwon do, Takraw, swimming, Pencak silat, table tennis, and hockey. The instrument was an Emotional Intelligence Self-Assessment questionnaire with a Likert scale. The data was analyzed by using one-way ANOVA. The results of the study show that: 1) the level of emotional intelligence of student-athletes is in the high category. Student-athletes from wrestling had the highest level of emotional intelligence. Student-athletes in badminton, Tae Kwon Do, Takraw, swimming, and hockey had moderate levels. 2) There is no difference in the emotional intelligence of athletes based on the sports they participate in. The results of this study contribute to coaches determining the level of emotional intelligence of their athletes.

Abd Rahim Mohd Shariff   Saeed Javed   Norsilawati Abdul Razak   and Nur Haziyanti Mohamad Khalid   

This study aims to review student-athletes resilience power, coping power, and protective power in surviving the new norm routine in Malaysia. Aspects of the resilience dimension include self-confidence, self-discipline, self-ability, self-control, and self-determination. In addition, this study also aims to identify whether there are differences in resilience and coping dimensions based on some demographic factors. Both aspects of the survey, namely the level of resilience and coping, identify this difference obtained from data collected through questionnaires. The study sample consisted of school students in Malaysia. A total of 190 study samples were randomly selected. This study uses a quantitative approach. The findings of the study through exploratory analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the structure of four factors: self-confidence, self-discipline, self-ability, and self-control. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that the scale items formed four factors related to higher coping. The structure turns out to be stable over different age groups. The study's implications showed the need for exposure to Co-Curriculum education patterns and social support applied directly in increasing the protective power against challenges for student-athletes.

Miftakhul Jannah   Rachman Widohardhono   Noraya Rahma Makiko   Ima Fitri Sholichah   and Rifa Hidayah   

Athletes with disabilities require emotional regulation in their performances. Optimism is thought to play a role in emotional regulation. This study aims to determine the contribution of optimism to the emotional regulation of athletes with disabilities. This correlational quantitative study was conducted involving 69 athletes with disabilities in Surabaya, Indonesia. Participants aged 14–57 (mean 29.9; SD 12.04) were grouped into categories of physical disability, intellectual disability, and sensory disability. The instruments used in this study were the optimistic scale and the Indonesian Emotion Regulation Questionnaires for Sport. Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program software was used to analyze the data using linear regression. The results showed that there was an optimistic contribution of 68.1% to emotional regulation in athletes with disabilities. Through optimism, athletes with disabilities are able to have positive responses, so emotional regulation is good. This affects the sports performance of athletes with disabilities. The implication of this research is to provide assistance so that athletes with disabilities have high optimism, good emotional regulation, and optimal sports performance.

Yulvia Miftachurochmah   Tomoliyus   Endang Rini Sukamti   Ratna Budiarti   Risti Nurfadhila   Enggista Hendriko Delano   and Inas Gita Amalia   

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of small-sided games (SSG) and coordination training (CT) on male futsal players. Design/methodology/approach: This was a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design. The study population included 18 male futsal athletes determined by ordinal pairing. The sample was divided into two groups: the first group conducted the small-sided games and the second group conducted the coordination training. The research instrument applied in this study was the Yoyo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 to measure aerobic endurance (VO_{2 max}). The researchers conducted a paired t-test to determine whether the experimental group's pre- and post-test scored differently. Results: The results of the aerobic endurance ability analysis using the small-sided games method produced a t-count of 3.926 with a probability p = 0.004 < 0.05, indicating a significant result. While the coordination training method produced a t-count of 2.468 with a probability p = 0.039 < 0.05, also indicating a significant result. Conclusion: The small-sided games and coordination training methods could improve aerobic endurance. However, the small-sided games proved to be more effective and efficient in improving the aerobic endurance ability of male futsal players.

Sukiri   Ayu Purnama Wenly   Ramdan Pelana   and Yasep Setiakarnawijaya   

This article provides an empirical review of anxiety concerning athletes around the world. To identify and measure the determinants of anxiety disorders experienced by athletes based on the level of competition, type of sport (team or individual) and gender. The type of research is bibliometric analysis, to explore and analyze amounts of scientific data about anxiety and athletes. The extracted articles were Scopus-indexed articles stored in publish or perish software between 2012-2022, totaling 196 articles that matched the keywords. Moreover, the VOSviewer software was used to explore and analyze data. The results of the bibliometric analysis of these articles highlight the exponential increase in anxiety in athletes in scientific production in the last decade, with the thematic and temporal separation of the concepts studied. This article summarizes the author's interest in relevant topics, about anxiety and athletes in the last 10 years by looking at the highest levels of scientific production and the most citations in the big blocks: (1) athlete anxiety in sports; (2) athlete depression in sports; and (3) athlete competition anxiety. This article spanning a decade provided evidence for evolution and paved the way for researchers seeking alternative visions of the relationship between athlete anxiety, depression and competition. The determinants of anxiety in athletes broadly reflect differences in anxiety based on type of sports, competitive level and experience, and gender.

Betrix Teofa Perkasa Wibafied Billy Yachsie   Suharjana   Ali Satia Graha   Yudik Prasetyo   Ahmad Nasrulloh   and Siis Suhasto   

Lack of concentration and accuracy can lead to less optimal shot results in archery sports. This study aimed to find the effect of imagery and meditation exercises on the accuracy of 40-meter-distance archery performed by archery athletes. This research was an experimental study with two groups of pretest-posttest designs. The sample included 24 athletes selected using purposive sampling, with the criteria included: being men, being active athletes, and doing routine training. The sample was divided into two groups through ordinal pairing. The first half went into an imagery group, and the other went into a meditation group. Both groups were given treatment in 10 meetings. The research instrument used involved an archery test scoring for a 40-meter distance. The collected data were tested for their normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov technique and homogeneity using the Levene statistic technique with a significant level of 5% (p>0.05). Meanwhile, the researcher applied the paired samples t-test for hypothesis testing. Conclusions. The study results showed (a) there was an influence of imagery training and meditation practice on improving the archery athletes' accuracy, (b) and there is a difference in the effects between imagery practice and meditation on improving archery accuracy, where imagery practice has a greater degree of improving archery accuracy in archery athletes than meditation practice.

Rosli Hamid   Syed Kamaruzaman Syed Ali   Megat Ahmad Kamaludin Megat Daud   Mohamad Razali Abdullah   Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki   and Sukono   

Sports management in schools is essential to meet the requirements of sports such as implementation of the One Pupil One Sports Policy (1M1S) which requires every student to participate in at least one sports activity in school. The study aims to identify the effectiveness of five minutes Calisthenics exercise on the depression, anxiety, and stress levels among Form Four students. A total of 180 Form Four students in City Setar district secondary schools were examined using quasi experimental method. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) instrument was used for pre and posttests for eight weeks. The data were analyzed using the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) to see the relationship between Calisthenics exercises and mental health levels of depression, anxiety and stress in pre and posttests of treatment and control groups. Overall, multivariate test results with wilks' Lambda showed that there were significant effects on the three dependent variables [F (6,524) = 2.20, p < 0.05) for posttest and pretest [F (6,262) = 13.95, p < 0.05). The findings showed that students who practice five minutes Calisthenics exercise can reduce depression, anxiety, and stress levels. In conclusion, the study showed that there is a significant relationship between five minutes Calisthenics exercise and depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Female gender had higher depression, anxiety, and stress levels in both tests. Also, the main conclusion is the pretest analysis showed a high level of anxiety, depression, and stress among the two groups but did not show a significant difference.

Bayu Hardiyono   Muslimin   Hartati   Aprizal Fikri   Asep Suharta   Nurkadri   and Neisya   

This study aims to develop a power sensor-based leg muscle test instrument where the instrument changes the concept from manual to digital and develops a manual for using the test tool. The products produced are the Power Limb Muscle Test Kit, and a manual for using the Power Limb Muscle Test Kit. This research was established by adjusting the research and development model of Borg & Gall. The development method used includes several stages: 1) investigating the contents of the product being developed, 2) elaborating the initial product, 3) expert validation, 4) field testing, 5) product modification. The sampling technique applied was purposive sampling with Phase I trials of 10 students of physical education, health and recreation, Sriwijaya University and Phase II trials of 20 students of sports education study program, Universitas Bina Darma. Additionally, from the Phase I trial, as many as 10 students of physical education, health and recreation showed 96% criteria of Very Eligible, subsequently from the Phase II trial, as many as 20 students of sports education study program showed 91% in the Very Eligible category. Based on these results it can be concluded that a power sensor-based leg muscle test tool can be used to measure leg muscles. The renewal of the results of this study is a measuring instrument that uses sensors as a medium for collecting data so that the results are more accurate, effective and efficient.

Wisnu Mahardika   Rivan Saghita Pratama   Sri Haryono   Tri Aji   Viki Ardi Rosyanto   Teguh Santosa   Iwan Arya Kusuma   Ali MD Nadzalan   Slamet Sudarsono   Agus Supriyoko   and Pipit Fitria Yulianto   

The purpose of the study was to test the influence and differences in fixed and changing directional throw drill exercises on the results of receiving the first ball. The research method uses the M-S (Matched Subject Design) pattern experiment. The total population was 24 people and a sample of 12 people with the Purposive Sampling technique. Research instrument with the first ball test that has been retested with validity 0.79 and reliability 0.96. The free variables of drill exercises fixed and changing directions and the bound variables of the first ball's receiving ability. Data analysis used t-test statistics at a significance level of 5% with d.b n-1. The results of the study were obtained: 1) The experimental group of 1 t-count is greater than the t-table (5,869 >2,571) meaning that there is an influence of the training drill of fixed directional throwing. 2) the experimental group of 2 t-counts is greater than the t-table (6,932 >2,571) meaning that there is an influence from the drill exercise that the direction changes. 3) the test results of the difference in the effect of the fixed and changing direction throw drill exercises T-count are smaller than the T-Table (0.209 < 2.571) meaning that there is no difference in the influence of the two exercise methods.

Bogy Restu Ilahi   Ardo Okilanda   Septian Raibowo   Yarmani   Tono Sugihartono   Syafrial   Yahya Eko Nopiyanto   Fina Hiasa   Nurul Ihsan   and Juanda Putra   

This study was aimed to determine the effect of weight training using rubber Resistance Bands to increase the front kick speed of young women pencak silat athletes. This type of research was a quasi experiment. The population of this study was all young women athletes. Samples were taken using a total sampling technique with a sample of 20 young women athletes aged 18 from Tapak Suci Rejang Lebong. The instruments and data collection techniques used a front kick test for 10 seconds. The results were determined that weight training using rubber Resistance Bands increased the speed of the front kick with a contribution of 17.8%. From the results of this research it can be concluded that weight training using rubber Resistance Bands of color red (heavy 25-30 lbs) increased the speed of the front kick of young women athletes of Pencak silat Tapak Suci in Rejang Lebong where obtained t-h = 3.90> t-table = 1.73 at the significance level α = 0.05. This color's resistance bands as an important point part in choosing peak a high speed kick. It is recommended for coaches to train the athlete's kicks by exercising using red rubber resistance bands of young athletes aged 18.

M. Irfan   Agustin Sastrawan Harahap   Khairul Usman   Benny Aprial M.   and Ilham   

The development of an educational tourism model with folk games and traditional sports can be a community recreational sport to increase cultural resilience. This study aims to obtain a sports industry model with the concept of education tourism based on traditional sports and folk games or in the Indonesian language called Edukasi Olahraga Tradisional (Edu Ortrad). The R&D was the method designed and deemed appropriate. The research procedure that guides design includes the determination of potential issue and problems of interest, screening and selecting the relevant existing material and information gathering, design testing and approval, product creation, feasibility along with effectiveness testing. While the data assortment techniques comprise observations, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaire administration. The validity system of data yielded was measured using triangulation method collected and underwent through expert judgment decisions. Thirty respondents were the sample size for the first trial and 60 for the second trial. Ninety sample subjects from the local community in North Sumatra, Indonesia, were employed during the final phase as the operational product test. Data were analyzed using SPSS software 25th edition. The results obtained were in form of a new product, otherwise a traditional sports-based educational tourism model with a feasibility rate of 92% and effectiveness of 90%. It means they are in a "very good" category. The external validity test using the product-moment correlation obtained an r count of 0.97 > r-table of 0.42. Furthermore, the reliability test uses Cronbach Alpha (0.714) Sig 5%. The study concludes that the new model developed has very good feasibility. That said, it can be applied as a community tourism service in folk games and traditional sports.

Ninette Thiart   Ben Coetzee   and Christo Bisschoff   

This study aimed to determine the use of heart rate variability (HRV)-established thresholds to accurately estimate endurance athletes' ventilatory threshold 1 (VT₁), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and lactate threshold 2 (LT₂). Eleven cyclists (aged: 23.7 ± 3.1 years) from the African Continental Development Cycling team and ten middle- and long-distance athletes (age: 21.2 ± 1.8 years) from a South African university participated in this study. Before the start of an incremental cycling or running maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O_2max) test each participant was fitted with a Fixed Polar HR Transmitter Belt and Monitor to determine the R-R intervals of the last 60 seconds of each stage. The Kubios HRV Premium software package was used to analyze the R-R-intervals. Blood samples were taken 30 seconds before the end of each stage and analyzed for blood lactate. Ventilatory threshold points were identified using the criteria of an increase in V̇_E/V̇O₂ with no increase in V̇_E/V̇CO₂ (VT₁) and an increase in both V̇_E/V̇O₂ and V̇_E/V̇CO₂ (RCP). The LT₂ was identified as the second increase in blood lactate concentration from one increment to the next. Concerning HRV thresholds, VT₁ was determined at a DFAα1 value of 0.75, the first breakpoint in the standard deviation of the instantaneous (SD₁) and continuous long-term RR interval (SD₂) curves, the visual deflection in the squared root of the mean squared differences between successive R-R intervals (RMSSD) curve, and the first abrupt increase in high-frequency (HF) power x HF frequency. The RCP was detected at a DFAα1 value of 0.5 and the final abrupt increase in HF. The Bland-Altman plots revealed that the absolute power outputs at VT₁SD₁ and VT₁RMSSD showed significant agreements with the absolute power outputs at VT₁. Large paired-sample correlations were also found between the absolute power outputs at VT₁SD₁, VT₁RMSSD and VT₁. In conclusion, coaches, sport scientists and other professionals are encouraged to use SD₁ and RMSSD to determine the VT₁-related training program workloads of endurance-trained athletes, especially in areas where laboratories are not available.

Galih Dwi Pradipta   Wawan Sundawan Suherman   Bernadeta Suhartini   Osa Maliki   Fajar Widiyatmoko   Maftukin Hudah   Dewangga Yudhistira   La Ode Adhi Virama   Andry Akhiruyanto   Taufiq Hidayah   Paryadi   Eko Pratama   Dedy Putranto   Oktarina   and Sinta Naviri   

The primary objective of this research was to create a model of Buyung gymnastics in gross motor learning in early childhood. Methods: This study included 5 material experts and 2 nationally licensed gymnastics experts, 2 early childhood education teachers, and 1 doctoral lecturer with early childhood evaluation and learning expertise. This study also made use of several documents. Development research was used in this study. This study was divided into three stages: (1) qualitatively analyzing documents in the form of a review of relevant literature, then conducting field observations and interviews to rationalize the problem so that it can be used to create a gymnastic model; (2) The researchers developed a Si Buyung exercise model to improve gross motor skills in kindergarten students and created a questionnaire to be handed to experts as an instrument; (3) After the Si Buyung model was created, the researchers validated it with five experts using the Delphi technique. Result: The computation results revealed that the total content validity of each statement item is more than 0.79, indicating that all statement items meet the criteria. An average of 0.84 was attained overall. Conclusion: Based on Aiken's validity, the Si Buyung exercise model for improving gross motor skills in early childhood has a good score, indicating that the Si Buyung exercise model can be applied in early childhood.

Danardono   Agus Kristiyanto   Sapta Kunta Purnama   Tomoliyus   and Nevita Ariani   

Background: Training is a means to improve physical condition. Many kinds of training can improve physical conditions, including plyometric training. This study aims to test the effectiveness of the plyometric training model to increase the power and reactive agility of karate athletes in the kumite category. Methods: This study utilized an experimental method using a one-group Pretest-Posttest Design. The research sampling used was purposive sampling. The data collection technique in this study consisted of power and reactive agility, which was a standing broad jump test and a standardized reactive agility test. The instrument was given twice to the sample as a pre-test and post-test. The treatment given in this study is in the form of plyometrics modification exercises arranged in an exercise program. Treatment is given for four consecutive weeks with a frequency of 3 sessions/per week. Data analysis in this study used Two Way Anova, which was processed using SPSS version 26. Conclusions: The results of the study were diverse, for the increase in limb power showed no significant differences, and the plot diagram concluded that an interaction effect occurred. As for the increase in reactive agility, there were four items of significant differences, and the plot diagram concluded that there was an interaction effect that occurs.

Adam Tawfiq Amawi   Dania Sameer Moualla   Ghareeb O. Alshuwaier   Anwar A. Al-Nuaim   Abdulmalek K. Bursais   Khalid S. Aljaloud   Walaa Jumah Al-Kasasbeh   and Lana Salah Subhi Nemer   

Nutrition plays an important role as a key factor in the performance of athletes and their coaches, so good and proper nutrition is essential for improving athletic performance and physical fitness. The lack of nutritional knowledge of athletes may affect their performance, and the most important of these issues is nutritional knowledge of food and dietary supplements Aim: To assess the nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice of athletes and their coaches at the Arab Olympic Preparation Center about the dietary supplements, the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Strategy has been used to assess this. Method: A questionnaire-based study was applied to a convenient sample of 111 elite athletes and coaches in the Arab Olympic preparation programs during the period between January and March 2020 from different sports types. The questionnaire contained two-parts (personal information and nutritional supplement knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire) to meet the purpose of the study. Results: The total percentage of athletes' knowledge about nutritional supplements is only 46.94 %, indicating that this important group of society does not have sufficient knowledge of nutritional supplements. While the percentage of use of dietary supplements among elite athletes was approximately 41.6%, which is relatively high. Also, our study showed that coaches had a positive impact on the elite athletes due to good coaches' knowledge, 84.2% of elite athletes indicated that they had taken information from their coaches about dietary supplements, and 53.5% of elite athletes indicated that they had participated in nutritional supplement workshops. Conclusion: Based on our study, there was a relatively high prevalence of dietary supplements use among elite athletes and coaches at the Arab Olympic Preparation Program due to a lack of knowledge about dietary supplements.

Donny Setiawan   Soetanto Hartono   Endang Sri Wahjuni   Heryanto Nur Muhammad   Novadri Ayubi   Fahd Mukhtarsyaf   Nopi Hariadi   and Setya Rahayu   

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of circulating hydrotherapy on reducing lactic acid levels in the body. This study used a 2 x 2 factorial experimental design. Subjects were taken in this study by means of purposive sampling and then the subjects were divided into 4 groups. A total of 24 adult males aged 18-21 years participated in this study. Exclusion criteria in this study were having a history of lung disease and heart disease. Subjects took blood to measure lactic acid levels (Pre-test). Furthermore, the subject carried out the running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) activity. Then the subject rested for 2 minutes. Each subject was given an intervention based on their respective groups for 10 minutes. Furthermore, the subject took blood to measure lactic acid levels (post-test). The statistical test used is the two-way Anova in the SPSS application. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in the effect of water temperature of 20℃, with a water speed of 0.25 and 0.50 liters/second on the decrease in lactic acid levels. There is a significant difference in the effect of water at 37oC, with a water speed of 0.25 and 0.50 liters/second to reduce lactic acid levels. There is an interaction between water temperature (20℃, 37℃) with a water speed of 0.25 and 0.50 liters/second on changes in lactic acid levels. It can be concluded that Circulated Flow of Hydrotherapy with the development of modified Water Temperature (WT), and Water Speed (WS) can both be used to improve recovery by lowering blood lactic acid levels in the body after physical activity.

Hadeel Ali Ghazzawi   Ghareeb O. Alshuwaier   Abdulrahman I. Alaqil   Abdulmalek K. Bursais   Anwar A. Al-Nuaim   Jwaher Haji Alhaji   Yuba R. Gautam   Khalid S. Aljaloud   Faisal N. Alosaimi   Adam Tawfiq Amawi   Lana Salah Subhi Nemer   and Jumana Hussine Shehadeh   

Background: The nutrition of elite soccer players is crucial to optimize performance and improve body composition. Currently, little is known about the correlations between the consumption of fruit, vegetables, and nuts with body mass index (BMI) and fat deposition among Saudi soccer elite players. To address this gap in the literature, the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of the consumption of fruit, vegetables, and nuts on BMI and fat percentage in elite Saudi soccer players. Methods: The Saudi Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used alongside a cross-sectional research design to gather data from a sample of young Saudi soccer players (N = 81; aged 17–21 years old) to assess participants' food intake; body fat percentage was measured using skinfold thickness and BMI was calculated. Results: It showed that the participants' consumption of fruit, vegetables, and nuts was low (mean intake: 63.80 (SD = 28.54), 60.65 (SD = 32.97), 31.58 (SD = 18.94), respectively). Moreover, the relationship between the indexes for the consumption of fruit, vegetables, and nuts with BMI was not significant (r = - 0.037, p = 0.742; r = 0.143, p = 0.203; r = 0.080, p = 0.477, respectively). Also, there was no significant relationship between the indexes for the consumption of fruit, vegetables, and nuts with fat percentage (r = - 0.066, p = 0.560; r = 0.119, p = 0.292; r = 0.012, p = 0.913, respectively). Furthermore, fat percentage was significantly predicted by BMI (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicated that the consumption of vegetables and nuts was associated with better BMI values. Thus, athletes should adopt a strict dietary regime that focuses on an adequate amount of high-quality fruit, vegetables, and nuts to enhance performance. The significance of this research stems from being the first to evaluate the association between vegetables, fruits, and nuts intake and body composition among Saudi soccer elite athletes, giving a rise in understanding regarding athletes' nutrition to achieve better and improved body composition.

Ridho Bahtra   Aldo Naza Putra   Septri   Windo Wiria Dinata   Yogi Andria   and Nugroho Susanto   

Endurance ability is one of the physical conditions that form the foundation of the game of soccer. However, the problem that is often seen is that players don't have good endurance. So, increasing endurance ability through the right training methods is very important. The training model is more varied and can eliminate player boredom during the training process. This study aimed to see the effectiveness of the endurance training model-based drill technique on the endurance ability of soccer players. This type of research is experimental research with a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The population in this study were players of the Student Sports and Education Center (PPLP) in West Sumatra. The sample in this study was soccer players aged U-18 with a total of 30 people. To determine players' endurance ability, the ability of VO₂Max capacity was measured. The instrument used is the Yo-Yo IR Test. Data analysis in this study used the statistical method of mean difference test (t-test). Before testing the hypothesis, a normality test was carried out using liliefors. Here are the results of the data analysis: t_count (8.98) > t_table (1.697), so the conclusion from this study is that the endurance training model-based drill technique is effective in increasing the endurance ability of soccer players.

Teng Seet May   Asmadi Ishak   Mohd Azrul Anuar Zolkafi   and Chin Ngien Siong   

Force-velocity imbalance (FVimb) has been proposed as an effective tool for pre-scribing training loads to improve physical performance. An optimized training program was used according to individual Fv-profile to decrease FVimb thus indirectly improving sprint performance. This systematic review aimed to study the effectiveness of optimized training based on force-velocity (Fv) profiling in sprint performances among young athletes. The database of Google Scholar, ProQuest, Scopus, and PubMed was conducted in March 2022, and studies published since 1990 were considered for inclusion. A total of 2873 publications were initially identified, of which 6 studies qualify for this review. The studies were independently evaluated for methodological quality and evidence of specific training effects on optimized training. Altogether there were 244 highly or semi-trained athletes (20±5 years,80± 13kg). This review suggests that optimized training based on Fv-profile was more efficient than the generalized training program as 70.1% of participants had improved their jump and sprint performances based on their Fv-profile by reducing their FVimb. However, there is still a limitation to the studies. Future work should focus on critical factors such as training duration, sample size, and immediate assessments to ensure a better performance regarding optimized training based on Fv-profile.

Oleh Nekhanevych   Grygoriy Griban   Volodymyr Sekretnyi   Viktoriia Bakuridze-Manina   Yevhen Kaniuka   Tetiana Kovalenko   Igor Olexenko   Svitlana Dmytrenko   Mykola Tymchyk   and Ostap Skoruy   

The aim is to develop a prognostic model of rehabilitation for the restoration of motor and cognitive functions in hockey players after a cerebral concussion. The research covered 80 hockey players aged from 17 to 51. Research methods: generalization of scientific and methodological literature, clinical, instrumental, functional methods, and methods of mathematical statistics. The greater effectiveness of the developed physical therapy program in comparison with the standard one has been proved according to the following indicators: limitation of life-sustaining activities by 26.0 ± 2.1%, tone of the autonomic nervous system according to the Kerdo index by 9.9 ± 0.8%, heart rate variability according to statistical indicators of standard deviation of cardiac intervals and variation range by 4.6 ± 0.3% and 28.2 ± 3.5%, respectively, according to the index of autonomic balance by 33.7 ± 4.9%, decrease in the stress index of regulatory systems by 22.5 ± 4.6%, decrease in the time of the test performance with tandem walking and cognitive task by 20.1 ± 1.6%, increase in the score on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale by 12.4 ± 2.0%. According to prognostic model, the most significant factors aggravating the prognosis are the level of headache according to the visual analogue pain scale (regression coefficient B = -0.12), the number of repeated cerebral concussions (B = -1.02); prognostically favorable factors are the general level of cognitive functions (B = 0.03), a lower level of sympathicotonia according to the autonomic balance index (B = 0.03) and the Kerdo index (B = -0.08). The developed model provides results within 20.0% of the existing actual values, which indicates satisfactory and effective work (determination coefficient of 54.0 %, p < 0.05).

Alnedral   Nurul Ihsan   Umar   Deby Tri Mario   Nissa Aldani   and Desi Purnama Sari   

Learning media in the form of e-modules is one of the most important indicators in achieving effective and efficient learning objectives, especially in learning the Tarung Derajat martial arts. Therefore, this study aims to develop digital-based e-modules in Tarung Derajat martial arts learning at the basic level. The design used is research and development with the aim of producing and testing product effectiveness. The development stage consists of product design, product testing, and product implementation. The designed product contains covers, prefaces, menus for e-modules, instructions for use, course descriptions, learning outcomes, operational learning outcomes, learning materials, learning videos, summaries, evaluation questions, scoring systems, and lists of references. Then it was validated by 3 competent experts in their fields, namely material experts, media experts, and curriculum experts. After the product was declared feasible, field implementation was continued with 120 students and 4 lecturers who taught the Tarung Derajat martial arts course at the Faculty of Sports Science, Padang State University, Indonesia. The criteria for participants are students who take Tarung Derajat martial arts courses at the basic level and an average age of 20.3 years. Evaluation of product feasibility and effectiveness was obtained through a questionnaire, then analyzed using percentages. The results showed that the average validation of experts was 89.44 or very good category. Furthermore, the average result of field implementation is 89.34 or very good category. In conclusion, digital-based e-modules are effectively used in Tarung Derajat martial arts learning at the basic level. This product is expected to be useful for lecturers (teaching staff), Tarung Derajat martial arts trainers, and sports students to make it easier for them to achieve effective and efficient learning. Future research is needed at the level of specialization, sample size and sample diversity (athlete level), experts, and more refined design and appearance.

Akihiro Azuma   and Kazuhiro Matsui   

This study aimed to examine the effect of using strobe-image feedback on hurdle sprint times in physical education classes. The participants were 57 male students aged between 16 and 17 years. They were divided into the following two groups: strobe-image learning (SL) group (n = 25), wherein the participants set practice tasks based on strobe-image feedback that allowed them to view their movements, and group learning (GL) group (n = 32), wherein groups of three or four students examined the movements of a target learner in the group and provided feedback to set the subsequent practice tasks. A two-way analysis of variance revealed that the main effect of the groups (SL and GL) was not significant (P > 0.05, effect size (ES) = 0.03), whereas the main effect of time (pre-test and post-test) was significant (P < 0.05, ES = 0. 36). Furthermore, the interaction was significant (P < 0.05, ES = 0.24), that is, a difference between pre- and post-test in the SL group was noted (P < 0.05, ES = 0.24). Therefore, the time of the 50-m hurdle run was significantly improved in the post-test in the SL group. Unlike the GL group, the feedback guided the SL group to make "hurdling without jumping too high" their main practice task, which presumably resulted in the shorter 50-m hurdling times and suggested that strobe-image feedback could provide effective, rational information for athletic improvement.

Anita Yuzela   Agus Kristiyanto   and Slamet Riyadi   

Background: The gymnastics instructor must have kinesthetic intelligence to express his creativity. The exercise of imagery becomes one of the methods to increase creativity. However, in its application, the imagery method is still minimally carried out to increase the creativity of gymnastics instructors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to test visual and audio-visual imagery exercise methods against the level of creativity of aerobic gymnastics instructors. Material and Methods: A 2x2 factorial experiment was used as the research method. The sample of nationally licensed aerobic gymnastics instructors was men and women aged 20-50 years and totaling 40. Data were collected using kinesthetic intelligence test instruments and the Torrance test of creative thinking (TTCT). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with the help of the SPSS 23 application. Results: There was no significant difference between audio and audio visual imagery exercises as indicated by F 0.002, sig 0.961>0.05, mean of 11.6 audio-visual imagery, 18.5 audio-visual imagery, and difference of 4.7. There was a significant difference between high and low kinesthetic intelligence gymnastic instructors since the F 4.766, sig 0.036 < 0.05, mean 14.4 low kinesthetic intelligence, 15.7 high kinesthetic intelligence, difference 1.3. There was no significant interaction between imagery audio and audio visual methods with high and low kinesthetic intelligence on choreographic originality, with an overall sig value of > 0.05. Conclusion: In conclusion, audio-visual imagery exercise is superior to audio-imagery training, and high kinesthetic intelligence is highly useful to gymnastics instructors' creativity levels. The implication is that it is possible to utilize audio-visual to develop choreography creativity since it can boost the choreography creativity of gymnastics instructors with high and low kinesthetic intelligence.

Dedi Nofrizal   Hari Setijono   Heny Setyawati   and Nasuka   

This study aims to examine the recognition of the Meranti Island community for cultural values and explore several factors that influence the sustainable development of the traditional sports of tual sagu and golek sagu. The traditional sports of tual sagu and golek sagu are traditional sports typical of the Meranti Islands which until now need to get more attention from the local government. The traditional sports of tual sagu and golek sagu are not just entertainment and sports media, but more than that, these traditional sports are a local cultural heritage. Therefore, the government must carry out activities to optimize growth, such as facilities, infrastructure, and infrastructure to support the development of traditional sports. Participants involved in this study amounted to 10 respondents. Respondents are key informants who understand the object of the research. These informants include stakeholders, community leaders, sports activists, and observers of sustainable development. This study uses qualitative descriptions, interviews, and observations as the basis of the research method. Data is analyzed by word cloud analysis. The results of the study show that the three goals of sustainable development, namely media, resources, and sports facilities have a significant role in the development of traditional sports. Meanwhile, the factors that have a significant influence on the sustainability of the traditional sports development of tual sagu and golek sagu are infrastructure, such as ports, sports centers, and traditional sports venues as well as events and promotions, which are determining factors for the success of developing sustainable traditional sports in the Meranti Islands.

Kirupa K   Jibi Paul   Harikrishnan N   and Manoj Abraham M   

The study's aim was to assess the effects of functional task training on treating patients with arthritis in the knee while improving gait parameters. This research trial was carried out at ACS Hospital and Medical College, where 24 participants aged 45 to 60 years diagnosed with grades 2 and 3 osteoarthritis of the knee were randomly selected and divided into 2 different groupings. Functional task training was conducted by the treatment group (Group A) and the comparison group (Group B), performing conventional exercises for 12 weeks. The data was collected by assessing the patients in terms of gait parameters and WOMAC scores before and after interventions. According to the static analysis, the Experimental Group (Group A) has an initial mean value of 1.22 to 1.35 in post-test walking speed values with a t test value of 9.078 and Group B has an initial mean value of 1.21 to 1.22 with a t test value of 6.166 only and also in the WOMAC questionnaire. Experimental Group (Group A) shows a change in the mean value of 72.0 to 65.4 with a t test value of 15.852, in the control group (Group B), the mean value changes from 72.2 to 69.2 with a t test value of 10.457. These data show that there is more significance in the experimental group (Group A). By comparing the mean values and t test values of both groups, it shows that functional task training improves the walking speed of subjects with OA knees and further increases the patients' level of well-being.

Toni Kogoya   Cholik Mutohir   Made Pramono   Agus Kristiyanto   Baskoro Nugroho Putro   Syed Kamaruzaman Syed Ali   Manil Karakauki   Yustinus Sukarmin   Panggung Sutapa   Rifqi Festiawan   Kukuh Wahyudin Pratama   Asep Angga Permadi   Azhar Ramadhana Sonjaya   and Reza Adityas Trisnadi   

The objectives of this study are (1). Designing a model for the development of the value of peace-loving character education through play activities in the form of traditional sports for students; (2). Obtaining the effectiveness of a model for developing the value of peace-loving character education through play activities in the form of traditional sports for students; (3). Developing practical models for the development of the value of peace-loving character education through traditional games and sports activities for students; (4). Analyzing the validity of the development model for the development of the value of peace-loving character education through play activities in the form of traditional sports for Class III Elementary School Students of SDN Kebraon I and II Surabaya. The research method is a research development approach (Research Development) with three stages. It is necessary to know that this research method uses quantitative and qualitative research approaches and a significance analysis of 0.05%. The results of this research are about the development of the value of this peace love from thirteen traditional games and instruments validated by experts. For the small group trial result, the average was 95.76%, the average group trial result was 97.03%, the large group trial result averaged 96.60%. For qualitative data with an interactive model, the results obtained were that students were able to practice all traditional games, were able to recognize, understand and apply the values of peace-loving, especially the practice of tolerance, respect, openness, and care and cooperation.

Muhsana El Cintami Lanos   Nurul Ihsan   Ardo Okilanda   Widya Handayani   Jujur Gunawan Manullang   and Hikmah Lestari   

This study was to get the effectiveness of interactive multimedia using jurus tunggal tangan kosong that supported physical education. Jurus tunggal tangan kosong is part of physical activity in sports subject for a secondary student at Palembang. It is the combination of traditional dance and art move to be sports activity. The method used one-group pretest-posttest experimental design. The data is taken from observation, interview, and test. The data analysis used t-test to know the increase of mastery movement in jurus tunggal tangan kosong. The result shows that jurus tunggal tangan kosong has been mastered by students very well. Every movement has been practised by the standard score by the Indonesian Pencak Silat Association. The multimedia presentation has been adapted to images, text and accompanied by audio music so that for students in junior high schools it is very interesting. Learning empty-handed single moves can also be understood independently by students at home. It has implications for increasing students' interest in exercising using jurus tunggal tangan kosong movement. The use of interactive multimedia in learning activities carried out online has been felt by students as face to face. So, these findings provide teachers with an in-depth understanding for learning media innovations that involve technology in learning and can improve the quality of learning in schools. Moreover, learning activities that have been carried out online have demanded the use of multimedia technological innovations as learning tools or as substitutes for study rooms in the classroom.

Arsil   Heru Setiawan   Ardo Okilanda   Nurul Ihsan   Anton Komaini   Muhammad Fakhrur Rozi   Yogi Arnaldo   and Aprizal Fikri   

One of the reasons in conducting this study is that the game of futsal demands a lot of mastery of ball management skills. One of the basic techniques that must be mastered is dribbling. This study aimed to get the effect of video on zig-zag dribbling and triangle dribbling mastery for futsal game. Dribbling has the main role in futsal skills. While the approach of study used is experimentally by factorial group design 2x2 categories. The participants of the study are athletes aged 13 from futsal club at Bengkulu. There are 22 athletes for experiment class and control class. They are taken from 6 Futsal clubs in Bengkulu. Data validity used internal and external controls. The data analysis technique used two-way ANOVA analysis and if an interaction occurs, it is followed by a Dunnett t-test. The results of the study concluded that there was a different mastery of the dribbling zig-zag and triangle techniques through the video practice process that was applied using zoom or YouTube. This result concluded that video call using zoom is better than YouTube and offline meeting. The average score of dribbling training used the zig zag dribbling was 85 and those who trained using triangle dribbling were 72.85. Creativity in designing the video provides athletes with different concepts of mastery of futsal dribbling techniques.

Alnedral   Mohad Anizu Mohd Noor   Umar   Nurul Ihsan   Anton Komaini   Deby Tri Mario   Desi Purnama Sari   and Nissa Aldani   

Basic technical skills and psychological factors are important indicators in the Tarung Derajat martial arts. These factors must be trained in an effective approach so that the athlete's performance during the match increases. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the BMB3 approach in Tarung Derajat martial arts training in relation to mastery of BMB3, basic technical skills, and good character of athletes. The basic principle of this approach is that athletes are asked to analyze each activity (think), believe what they think (feel), do what is conceptualized (act), and understand what is being done (responsibility). This research is a true experiment with a two-group pretest-post-test control group design. A total of 80 male athletes from Tarung Derajat in West Sumatra, Indonesia were recruited for the study sample. 40 of them were for the experimental group (BMB3 approach), and the other 40 were for the control group (without BMB3/conventional approach). The data were obtained through tests of basic technical skills in punches and kicks, then a questionnaire for BMB3 mastery and good character. Data were analyzed using multivariable analysis of variance. The results showed that the experimental group was better than the control group, in mastering BMB3, improving basic technical skills, and building good character (p<0.05). The difference between the post-test averages of the two-groups was 19.60 for mastering BMB3, 1.72 for basic technical skills, and 17.53 for good character athlete. In conclusion, the BMB3 approach is very effective in mastering BMB3, improving basic technical skills, and building good character for Tarung Derajat martial arts athletes. This approach is expected to be useful as an alternative for coaches to provide effective training, so that athlete performance during matches increases. Future research is needed to test the effectiveness of the BMB3 approach with other types of approaches in different martial arts and larger sample sizes.

Zanzabil Adwa Fitrian   Ali Satia Graha   Ahmad Nasrulloh   and Mirza Asmara   

This study aims to determine the influence and effectiveness of small-sided game exercises on the increase in VO₂ max and passing accuracy. This research was carried out at the Borneo Indoor Futsal Banjarmasin field from June to July. The treatment was given 15 times with a frequency of 3 times a week. One group pretest-posttest is used as a design in this study. The population recruited by the researchers was futsal players at SMAN 1 Banjarmasin. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for a sample of 16 individuals. This study utilized a multistage fitness test with a validity of 0.408 and reliability of 0.875 to measure VO₂ max and a lowball passing test with a test validity of 0.710 and reliability of 0.703 to determine passing accuracy. SPSS is utilized for data analysis procedures, including normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis testing. Normality and homogeneity data from this investigation also indicated that distribution is normal and homogeneous (sig. > 0.05). The results of hypothesis testing show a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, which concludes that small-sided games practice affects the increase of VO₂ max and the passing accuracy of futsal players at SMAN 1 Banjarmasin. In addition, this study also showed that small-sided game exercises effectively increase VO₂ max with a percentage increase of 9.35%. Meanwhile, the percentage increase in passing accuracy was 41%. Based on these findings, the small-sided games exercise program is an effective game-based exercise program for increasing VO₂ max and passing accuracy for futsal players.

Endang Sepdanius   Suci Kristian Harefa   Pudia M Indika   Hastria Effendi   Muhamad Sazeli Rifki   and Rini Afriani   

This research aims to determine the correlation between physical activity, stress and sleep quality with Emotional Intelligence (EI). This type of research is quantitative correlational research. The population in this research were students at the Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Padang. 100 students participated in this research agreed to be the sample. The data in this research were obtained by the instruments distributed in the form of a questionnaire. The variables in this research were physical activity using the IPAQ questionnaire instrument, stress using the DASS questionnaire, sleep quality using the PSQI questionnaire instrument and EI using the WLEIS questionnaire instrument. The analytical technique used was inferential statistical analysis with the Spearman rank test. The results of hypothesis testing showed that, (1) There was a significant positive correlation between physical activity and EI (0.029 < 0.05). (2) There was a significant negative correlation between stress and EI (0.008 <0.05). (3) There was a significant negative correlation between sleep quality and EI (0.001 < 0.05). (4) There was a significant negative correlation between physical activity and stress (0.041 < 0.05). (5) There was a significant positive correlation between stress and sleep quality (0.000 < 0.05). (6) There was no significant negative correlation between physical activity and sleep quality (0.309 > 0.05). This research showed that there was an interrelated correlation between physical activity, stress and sleep quality on EI. However, there was no significant correlation between physical activity and sleep quality. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain the quality of physical activity in order to avoid stress so as to get good sleep quality and maintain EI.

Rina Yuniana   Tomoliyus   BM Wara Kushartanti   Ahmad Nasrulloh   Kukuh Wahyudin Pratama   Maziah Mat Rosly   Manil Karakauki   and Syed Kamaruzaman Syed Ali   

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of weight training methods and rest interval, maximum oxygen volume, flexibility, muscle strength, muscular endurance, and fat percentage in students. It employed a quasi-experimental design with 40 male undergraduate students as a sample divided into 4 groups. The instruments used the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT), sit and reach test, sit-ups, push-ups, leg and back dynamometer, and Omron karada scan body composition. The data analysis technique used the normality test, homogeneity test, and box test followed by hypothesis testing using multivariate analysis (MANOVA) with 2² factorial analysis. The results of the Multivariate Test calculations showed all groups had significant improvements of p<0.05, except for fat percentage (p=0,806). So that it can be said that weight training carried out according to the right exercise dose with the selection of appropriate exercise methods and by paying attention to rest between sets will be able to have a positive impact on cardiorespiratory endurance (VO₂ max), flexibility, muscle strength (legs, back), muscular endurance (upper body, abdomen), and no significant improvement in ‘fat percentage’. But all weight training methods had a positive impact on fat percentage. The most effective exercise method for improving VO₂ max, flexibility, and lowering body fat is the superset method with a rest between sets of 30 seconds. The most effective method to increase muscle strength (legs and back) is the compound set method with a rest between sets of 120 seconds. While the most effective method to increase muscle endurance (upper body and abdomen) is a compound set method with a rest between sets of 30 seconds.

Gumilar Mulya   Anggi Setia Lengkana   Resty Agustryani   Didik Purwanto   Razali   Mia Rosalina   and Dede Nurodin   

Tennis requires coordination and concentration. Concentration is a very important component in improving achievement, because concentration is the ability to focus one's attention in a relatively long period of time. This ability must be possessed by individuals because concentration will affect a person's cognitive abilities. If a person's concentration is high, his cognitive abilities will also be high. One of the causes of someone experiencing concentration problems is because the person likes to daydream excessively. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the motor cognitive coordination training (MCCT) program could improve the concentration ability of beginner tennis players. The method used was the experimental method. The research subjects were novice tennis athletes in Tasikmalaya, totaling thirty-seven people. The age range of the participants ranged from 11-16 years. As a result, it is proven that the implementation of the MCCT program provides good effectiveness for increasing the concentration of beginner tennis athletes. This is supported by the results of the significance test with the P-value of the paired sample t-test of 0.001 <0.05. This means that Ho is rejected, so it can be concluded that there is a difference in the average concentration test scores between the pre-test and post-test in this study.

Ahmad Chaeroni   Nuridin Widya Pranoto   Didin Tohidin   Gusril   and Sepriadi   

To coincide with the commemoration of the 38th National Sports Day in 2021 on September 9, the President of the Republic of Indonesia has signed Presidential Regulation number 86 of 2021 concerning the Great Design of National Sports (DBON). This design is a master plan that contains the direction of policies for fostering and developing national sports that are carried out effectively, efficiently, and that are superior, measurable, systematic, accountable, and sustainable, especially in the sphere of education, recreation, achievement, and the sports industry based on Science and Technology. Specifically, in the field of education, DBON's direction is to improve students' physical fitness and character. This paper aims to promote a physical activity program outside of school hours "Active Cheerful 1" to support the Great Design of Indonesian National Sports, especially to improve physical fitness and student character. This program is promoted and implemented in schools in Indonesia's urban and rural areas. A total of 88 students were involved in the implementation of the Active Cheerful 1 program. Parents and physical education teachers served as bodyguards in coordinating and overseeing activities during the intervention. The data were analyzed using Vactorial Analysis (ANOVA 2x2) using the Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) version 23 application. Better than students in urban areas as well as the level of character of the students. In general, the results show that the physical fitness of students in rural areas, whether implementing regular physical activity programs or with Active Cheerful 1, is both better than that of students in urban areas. Character results show that in general, additional programs in the form of Active Cheerful have an effect that is not too much different between students who are in urban and rural areas on character.

Mensah Kwabena Timothy   Moses Monday Omoniyi   and Deku Prince De-Gualle   

There are uneven academic sports policies and sociocultural diversities in Ghana. While academic sports policies and sociocultural diversities often call for acclimatization of athletes, scarce research on the analogical and diversification anthropometric and motor performance characteristics restricts decision-making policy on female soccer participation. This study presents the analogical and diversifications of the anthropometric and motor performance characteristics among the university female soccer athletes. The cross-sectional study had 44 female athletes from topmost universities with mean age of 21.54±1.79 years and playing experience of 6.75±1.51 years. Leg length, thigh girth, calf girth, upper arm length, forearm length, upper arm girth, chest girth, finger span, speed, leg power, abdominal strength, agility, flexibility, upper body strength, distant kick, dribbling, and accuracy were measured, compared among institutions, and with international normative values (INV). There was no significant difference in all characteristics except abdominal strength (P = .000), distant kick (P = .009), thigh girth (P = .003), and calf girth (P = .002). When compared to INV, there was significant difference in all characteristics except the upper arm length (p= .587), forearm length (p= .734), and agility (p= .479). This study suggests that female soccer players in all the topmost universities in Ghana are equally good sports potentials for national recruitment.

Bandi Utama   Tomoliyus   Sridadi   Hary Widodo   and Nevita Ariani   

The ability of eye-hand coordination is needed in table tennis performance. Therefore, measuring the eye-hand coordination of table tennis performance is necessary. This study aimed to develop a measuring instrument for table tennis eye coordination and test its validity and reliability. This study uses mixed methods - data collection using the Delphi technique and test-retest. The participants were three academic experts, four table tennis professional experts, and fourteen table tennis athletes. This research instrument uses a questionnaire with a rating scale of one to four, namely very relevant, relevant, less relevant, and irrelevant. It uses a measuring instrument for hand-eye coordination. Data analysis used Aiken's formula, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), and Cronbach Alpha. The results of this study that measuring eye-hand coordination of table tennis performance show the first aspect: the suitability of the coordination concept has a value of V = 0.952, the second aspect: the suitability of the number of stimuli has a value of V = 0.857, the third aspect: the suitability of distance has a value of V = 0.952, the fourth aspect: the suitability of the movement has a value of V = 0.857, the fifth aspect: the suitability of the test procedure has a value of V = 0.857. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) test has a value of 0.875. The reliability test has a value of 0.891. Based on these results, the eye-hand coordination measuring instrument has content validity and high reliability. Therefore, the eye-hand coordination measuring instrument can be used to measure table tennis performance.

Fatkur Rohman Kafrawi   Nurhasan   Endang Sri Wahjuni   Novadri Ayubi   Heryanto Nur Muhammad   Nining Widyah Kusnanik   and Anton Komaini   

Physical exercise can cause fatigue, resulting in a decrease in muscle work efficiency. This study aimed to analyze the potential of massage to accelerate recovery through a literature review. This type of research is a literature review. Article searches were carried out using a comprehensive strategy in research journal databases such as Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Pubmed. The keywords used are massage, physical exercise, muscle pain, inflammatory response, and recovery. The inclusion criteria are journals that discuss sports massage, physical exercise, muscle pain, inflammatory response, and recovery after exercise. Furthermore, the exclusion criteria are journals published in the last 6 years from 2022. 30 articles were obtained, and 12 articles were analyzed based on the suitability of the topic, objectives, research protocol, and research results. Exercises performed at high intensity, especially with repetitive eccentric movements, will cause muscle damage, inflammation, and muscle pain. This review reports that physical intensity exercise that triggers muscle soreness has many advantages when massaged. This benefit is so beneficial in sports that the potential for the use of regular NSAIDs is reduced. In addition, massage has the potential to accelerate recovery, reduce pain intensity, and increase ROM and muscle strength after physical exercise. Therefore, we recommend that massage be used as an alternative to speed up recovery and reduce pain intensity after exercise.

I Ketut Sudiana   I Ketut Iwan Swadesi   I Wayan Artanayasa   Ni Luh Putu Tuti Ariani   Ketut Chandra Adinata Kusuma   and I Wayan Sumadita   

Pencak Silat basic technique mastery, either in art or fighting criteria, must be supported by ultimate physical condition. Straight-forward kick is one of the attacking modes that would be effective if supported by good leg muscle power. The objective of the study was to describe the plyometric training effectiveness on the straight-forward kick frequency. It was quasi-experiment research in which the samples were 30 junior male athletes of Pencak Silat. The 10-second straight-forward kick speed test was utilized as the instrument to determine the kick frequency. The researchers utilized paired t-test samples and One Way Anova with a significant score of p<0.05 to analyze the data. The research finding showed a significant effect from two plyometric training to the straight-forward kicks. No significant difference was found between the plyometric stair jump training and the box jump reaction. Further research is expected to describe the same training for both sexes at the adolescence level, so a comprehensive result could be used as guidance to train junior Pencak Silat athletes.

Maya Alsulaimi   Fonny Dameaty Hutagalung   Syed Kamaruzaman Bin Syed Ali   and Sumaia Mohammed Zaid   

Teachers' health habits can have an impact on their students. Despite this, few studies have been conducted to investigate teacher physical activity and its relationship to life satisfaction. The prevalence of obesity has steadily increased over the years. Among both genders, the age-adjusted prevalence of being overweight or obese is higher among Omani participants across time. This study looks into how physical activity relates to life satisfaction among Oman's teachers. Some 671 teachers (40.3% male; 59.7% female) aged 20-50 years took part in the survey. Participants were recruited using a Google form survey. SPSS statistical tools were used to analyse the collected data. According to the findings, Physical Activity has a significant positive correlation with life satisfaction. The findings also revealed that gender influenced Omani teacher life satisfaction, with female teachers having higher life satisfaction than males. This study found no significant differences in life satisfaction based on age or Body Mass Index (BMI). This study was intended for use in public schools. More research can be conducted in both private and public schools. In sum, health promotion professionals might develop plans to improve employee health status if they had a better grasp of impact of factors associated with physical activity participation. As a result, there will be improvement in worker life satisfaction, which is considered to be a cognitive component of subjective well-being.

Rahma Dewi   Indah Verawati   Anto Sukamton   Hikmad Hakim   Erick Burhaein   and Carla Cristina Vieira Lourenço   

Social interaction in elementary school students is one thing that must be considered. This is important considering that in learning in elementary schools there are still many learning systems that use a play approach. This study aims to see the impact of children's passive basic movement activities and reduce mastering basic movements as a provision for socializing in social life. The sample used in this study involved elementary school students in Medan City using a Purposive Sample with a total sample of 66 students by dividing into two groups with each group receiving a different treatment, group A 33 students, and group B 33 students. This study used randomized posttest-only control group designs. The instrument is a social interaction questionnaire (validity of 0.700 & reliability is 0.915). Data analysis is carried out in several stages, namely descriptive analysis, difference testing, and hypothesis testing. The results in this study show the value of t-_count3,545 with Sig, 0,002<0,05 so H_o rejected and value t-_count2,011 with value Sig. 0,225>0,05 H_o accepted. The conclusions of this study explain that there is an influence of basic motion activities on the development of social processes (associative) in elementary school students, but no influence of basic motion activities on the development of social processes (dissociative) in elementary school students. This research contributes to the need to continue in the form of developing basic movement activities to improve social interaction and other aspects.

Fajar Awang Irawan   Dhias Fajar Widya Permana   Limpad Nurrahmad   Khoiril Anam   Hadi   Syahru Romadhoni   and Dina Syarafina Ghassani   

The purpose of this study was to analyze the open spike motion to identify the performance of Semarang Elite Athletes. The open spike technique in volleyball is indispensable as an attacking strategy because it has a high potential to score. The type of research used is analytical research with a research method in the form of One Short Case Design. The population in this study consisted of 11 PORPROV 2022 athletes and was taken using total sampling. This research was carried out at the PBVSI (Indonesian Volleyball Federation) of Semarang City and each sample had signed an informed consent as evidence of approval for the research carried out. The data in this study were obtained from video recording analysis when the sample did an open spike by using Dartfish version 8.0. The results showed that the average time value achieved by volleyball athletes in Semarang was 1.01 seconds and the average impact was 0.57 seconds. This shows that the spike done by the athlete is quite effective. This study has limitations because it only measures kinematic data, so it is hoped that further research can be deepened by measuring kinetic data such as arm strength and leg muscle explosive power on the results of the open spike carried out.

Jae Ik Lee   Min Bong Kang   and Tae Ho Kim   

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a bridge exercise with added motion on muscle activity and pelvic angle in young male adults with uncontrolled lumbopelvic rotation. Twenty young male adults with uncontrolled lumbopelvic rotation were randomly assigned to a bridge exercise group with hip abduction and a bridge exercise group with pelvic rotation. The subjects participated in the designated training for 20 min a day, five times a week. The intervention lasted two weeks, and both groups were instructed to refrain from exercise other than training during the two-week intervention period. The muscle activity of the internal oblique muscle and the rectus abdominis muscle was measured on the leg lifting side, and the external oblique muscle on the supporting side. Data were collected from the subjects. The results showed that both groups significantly increased the muscle activity of the internal oblique muscle and the external oblique muscle, and that the pelvic rotation angle significantly decreased. Similar to the existing one-leg bridge exercise with hip abduction, the one-leg bridge exercise with pelvic rotation increased the activity of the muscles related to rotation and decreased the rotation angle of the pelvis. Therefore, the one-leg bridge exercise with pelvic rotation can be an effective method for reducing lumbopelvic instability.

Jong Rak Park   and Tae Ho Kim   

This study aimed to investigate the variation in the H:Q ratio by comparing two trunk angles during the Bulgarian Split Squat (BSS) exercise. It has been shown that the ratio of quadriceps muscle activity to hamstring muscle activity is important, affecting knee joint function and injury risk. Twenty-one healthy male participants were recruited in this study. The participants were guided to repeat the BSS three times at normal posture and 30° trunk anterior tilt. The surface electromyography (EMG) activity was measured for 5 sec on the rectus femoris and hamstring muscles during a phase of BSS when the participant's knee touched the mat to be lifted again. The EMG activity was normalized via the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) estimated using the manual muscle test. To examine the variation in the H:Q ratio, the paired sample t-test was used and the significance level was set to .05. The result showed that the H:Q ratio was higher at 30° trunk anterior tilt. The findings of this study indicate that the 30° trunk anterior tilt during the BSS could increase the H:Q ratio and positively control the stress on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), compared to the normal posture. It is suggested that experts should always evaluate the relative muscle strength of the femoral quadriceps and hamstrings in addition to H:Q RATIO for injury prevention purposes.

Mohammad Adel Maqableh   Mohammad Ra'ed Dawaghreh   Amer Hani Al Wriekat   Mo'een Ahmad Oudat   and Moath Adel Maqableh   

The study aimed at identifying Effect of Incentives on Motivation Achievement of Jordanian University Football Players in the Jordanian universities. The study adopted the descriptive approach, and the study population consisted of (72) football players in Jordanian universities (Yarmouk University, University of Jordan, and Mutah University). The sample consisted of (27) players, who were randomly chosen, comprising (37.35%) of the study population. The researchers constructed the incentives questionnaire that included (30) items distributed over five domains: (physical and health incentives, material incentives, psychological incentives, social incentives, and administrative incentives). They further used the sports achievement motivation scale that was Arabized by Allawi [2], which included (20) items divided into two areas (the motivation to achieve success, and the motivation to avoid failure). The study results showed that the level of the total incentives among the soccer players in the Jordanian universities was very high. The physical, health, social and psychological incentives levels were very high; meanwhile, the administrative and material incentives levels were high. The results further showed that the overall motivation level among the football players in the Jordanian universities was high, as well as the success achievement motivation and failure avoidance motivation levels, which were high too. Finally, there was a correlational relation between the success achievement motivation domain and the motivations areas, as a whole. The study recommended placing special care to the incentives provided to the players as they contribute to the development of the players' innovative energies.

Vennamaneni Deepika   Balakrishnan Sujatha   Rajendran Saravana Prabha   Sekar Archana Mani Malathi   and Shanmuga Sundaram Akila   

Women of this era juggle with infinite responsibilities attempting to attain perfection in almost all roles they play. These engagements exhaust them leaving a shortfall for health care. Menstruation was the taboo behind womanhood restrictions which has become an easy go for women of this generation. Care and concern on the menstrual health happen only after they encounter problems. Postmenopausal bone health is one key problem that leads to critical conditions if un-attended. Aim: The purpose of this study was to review researches on various exercise regimens and identify best suitable effective exercise programs for enhancing post-menopausal bone health of women. Methods: To achieve the purpose of the study, 150 original research articles related to post-menopausal bone health of women published in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were collected and reviewed. The inclusionary criteria set for this work were age range of women, type of exercise, bone health parameters, indication, contraindications, duration of the exercise and the exclusionary criteria were exercises for women who work night shifts, women with associated conditions and women post hysterectomy. Result and Discussion: Among the reviewed 150 articles, 28 articles suggest combined program to be the best suitable for Postmenopausal women. Conclusion: Postmenopausal aged women shall involve in 2 or 3 types of exercise to improve bone health and prevent osteoporosis post-menopausal. Yoga, swimming and resistance training are found to be the best exercise regimens to improve bone health of post-menopausal women.

Francisco Gabriel Prevandos   and Jonar T. Martin   

This study was designed to develop and validate a module in Physical Education 4: Team Sports. Eighteen subject matter experts from the selected state universities and local colleges in Pampanga participated in this descriptive developmental research. These experts teach Physical Education 4 and have at least two (2) years of experience handling the subject. These subject matter experts answered the Evaluation Instrument for Content Validity for De-ODel Module to identify the topics in the proposed module. Results showed that the researcher should include all topics in developing the proposed module. Furthermore, five (5) Physical Education Field experts who are Physical Education department heads from the selected colleges and universities in Pampanga, Philippines, validated the module by answering the Evaluation rating sheet for D.E. and ODel Modules in terms of content, design, and format, technical/ technological, and pedagogy for both initial and final validation. Recommendations of the field experts were integrated into the module's development and significantly improved. Thus, the Physical Education 4: Team Sports Module was a viable instructional material for teaching and learning.

Anton Botov   Aleksander Osipov   Tatyana Ratmanskaya   Vasily Kuliev   Mikhail Kudryavtsev   Vladimir Lyakh   Gennady Galimov   and Margarita Dan'kova   

It is well-known that lower back pain (LBP) is a fairly common complaint in professional sports. Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common cause of LBP in athletes. Currently, more robust studies on treatment and rehabilitation modalities for elite athletes, who have LDH, are needed. This study investigated the effects of various rehabilitations on recovery process and return to sport in elite male athletes who have surgical treatment of LDH. Participants: elite male athletes (n=46) who underwent surgical intervention – removal of a herniation of the intervertebral disc (L4-L5-S1) on lumbar spine (lumbar discectomy). Group-1 (athletes – n=23), who applied physical rehabilitation (specific motor exercises) during 3 months after surgical treatment. Group-2 (athletes – n=23) applied electroneuromyostimulation therapy and limited physical activity during 2 months after surgical intervention. After 2 months, athletes (group-2) applied specific motor exercises during 30 days, in addition to electroneuromyostimulation routine. All athletes returned to play, after rehabilitation routine. The level of pain and training load of athletes using Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Russian Oswestry Disability Index (RODI) and personal athletes' diaries in 3–12 months after surgical treatment, were analyzed. There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in VAS and RODI rates between groups in 6–12 months after surgical intervention. There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in total training load amount between groups in 9–12 months after operative treatment. Athletes (group-2) demonstrated a lower level of pain and a higher level of daily training load amount in comparison with athletes (group-1). There is a strong positive effect of electroneuromyostimulation therapy and restriction of physical activity in rehabilitation routine for elite male athletes, who returned to sports after surgical treatment of LDH.

Agustiyanta   M. Furqon Hidayatullah   Muchsin Doewes   Sapta Kunta Purnama   Slamet Riyadi   and Rony Syaifullah   

This study aims to determine the effect of BOTELI interval training on the groundstroke forehand rally skills of tennis. This research was conducted on the tennis court of the Faculty of Sports Science, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. The research method uses experiments. The sample in this study was 24 students of the Faculty of Sports Science, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, for the 2021/2022 academic year. The training method in this study uses BOTELI exercises with 1:1 and 1:3 intervals. The measuring instrument is the kemp-vincent rally tennis skill test. The data analysis technique was Paired T-Test at a significance level of = 0.05 using SPSS version 20 software. The results showed that BOTELI interval training could improve forehand groundstroke rally skills in tennis. However, there are differences between the 1:1 interval BOTELI training method with the 1:3 interval BOTELI training method in enhancing the groundstroke rally forehand skills of tennis. For students with a BOTELI interval of 1: 1, the results are better than 1:3 with an average value (1:1 = 63.58 and 1:3 = 48.42). In this study, it was found that the advantages of BOTELI interval training with a dose of 300 strokes per training session and every 20 strokes there is an interval lag, so after making several 1800 strokes, students can play tennis simply. The benefits of using BOTELI tools in doing groundstroke forehand rally techniques are efficiency and function. Efficient in terms of cost, time and number of balls used, its function will result in mastery of the forehand groundstroke rally technique quickly because, in terms of similarities, the training using BOTELI is very similar to the general groundstroke forehand rally exercise, even more, flexible and adaptive. The use of BOTELI aids also functions for implementing exercise programs such as exercise frequency and training intervals will be more easily fulfilled or achieved. This BOTELI tool can be useful for doing groundstroke forehand rally exercises easily, cheaply, and comfortably and can be done independently.

Kritika Khandelwal   Bhawna Chahar   and Pradeep Singh Chahar   

Telic and paratelic states of psychological wellbeing are differentiated by choice of goals. Training, load, and recovery of basketball players are solely dependent on the game's performance to a great extent. Background training is the best training needed to enhance the competitive advantage of the individual. In the working environment or in sports, money is responsible for acting as an external variable. If an individual is fond of earning money more than mental satisfaction, then it will be problematic for an individual to proceed with the best result. The primary quantitative analytic method has been considered for the research, which shows convenience sampling. IBM SPSS statistical analysis has been taken into consideration in this scenario. Four statistical steps have been conducted for this research: frequency distribution, correlation, linear regression and Cronbach alpha. The mean value indicates that frequency distribution has the highest value range in this context. The study is statistically significant because the value of Cronbach's alpha is 0.983, which shows a high level of internal consistency of variables.

Jong Rak Park   and Tae Ho Kim   

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of box height on muscle activity of the ipsilateral erector spinae and gluteus maximus of the dominant leg during the Bulgarian split squat (BSS) exercise. A total of 21 healthy male participants were selected for this study. The participants repeated the Bulgarian split squat three times each on boxes of tibia height and half-tibia height. Surface EMG activity was recorded in the erector spinae and gluteus maximus for five seconds as the knees touched the mat and ascended during the Bulgarian split squat. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) calculated through the manual muscle test was used to normalize EMG activity. A paired sample t-test was conducted to evaluate the changes in the muscle activity of the erector spinae and gluteus maximus between box heights, and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Although the EMG activity levels of the erector spinae and gluteus maximus were higher during BSS on a box of tibia height, the differences in muscle activity were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The muscle activity levels of the erector spinae and gluteus maximus were lower and similar, respectively, during Bulgarian split squat on a box of half-tibia height compared with a box of tibia height. Thus, it is recommended that BSS be conducted on boxes with shorter heights.

Nurkadri   Asep Suharta   Indra Darma Sitepu   Argubi Silwan   Febry Hakim Nur   Taufik Akbar   Rizky Nursasongko Gunri   and Muslimin   

This research explores the general preparatory physical exercise program using Android for Volta Club tennis players and students of sport science faculty, Universitas Negeri Medan. This research adopts the method of the research and development model Borg and Gall. The development procedure used includes several stages: 1) recognizing the content of the product being developed, 2) developing the initial product, 3) expert validation. The data analysis technique used in this study was done in two ways, namely quantitative and qualitative. In this article, the data used is only at the validation stage of material experts and media experts. Based on the results of the material expert validation regarding the product, it can be obtained as follows: assessment of the material aspect obtained 86,70 % (Very Feasible), the aspect of human resources for sports personnel obtained 96,00% (Very Feasible), the mechanism for implementing the physical exercise program was 90,00% (Very Feasible), and the overall percentage was obtained 95,40% (Very Worthy). Next is the assessment of media experts from various aspects: Display 72,20% (Decent), Coloring 77,70% (Very Decent), Images (Photos/videos) 80,00% (Decent), Fonts 80,00% (Very Decent), Menu 80,00% (Decent), Ease 73,30% (Eligible), and the usefulness of the 96,00% aspect of the media expert's assessment stated that the android-based general preparation physical exercise program application media was very feasible. The overall percentage obtained is 79,00% with a decent category.

Chuantong Jiang   Norsilawati Abdul Razak   and Nelfianty Mohd Rasyid   

Athlete engagement is one of the key indicators of athletes' positive psychology. It plays a crucial role in coping with burnout and disengagement, creating a flow experience, and improving their competitive ability and performance. In the last two decades, a mountain of literature has focused on engagement in different research settings. In the world of sports, the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) has been proven to be a reliable instrument to access athletes' engagement at both amateur and elite levels. The aim of this study is to investigate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of AEQ. The original English athlete engagement questionnaire was translated into Chinese using the method of back-translation for data collection. Subsequently, 379 samples were performed for data analysis, mainly focusing on confirmatory factor analysis to examine the four-factor and second-order factor structures of 16 items measuring athlete engagement. The results reproduced four components of AEQ, which included a total of 16 items. The instrument demonstrated acceptable composite reliability (.887 to .905) and convergent validity (> 0.5), except that the discriminant validity was slightly insufficient. The results showed that the Chinese version of AEQ as a second-order factor structure is better than the four-factor structure, that is, athlete engagement as an overarching construct composed of four factors: confidence, dedication, enthusiasm, and vigor. The findings offer a useful and reliable instrument for athlete engagement, which helps researchers better capture the experience and engagement of athletes in the Chinese sports context.

Mustafa Issa Ali Al Ahmed   and Ahmed K. Hassan   

This study aimed to identify the necessary controls to activate the role of sports academies in the selection of players of team sports (volleyball, basketball, handball, and football) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the style of survey studies, which was suitable to achieve the goal of the study; this approach describes an object, analyzes it, and extracts relevant facts. The study community comprises faculty members in the field of sports management and the training of team sports, coaches, and employees of the Saudi volleyball federations, basketball and handball, employees of private sports academies, and employees of the General Authority for Sports. The study sample was selected by the random class method and included (145) individuals. The primary tool for data collection was the analysis of documents, records, and questionnaires. One of the study's most important results was to identify the necessary controls to activate the role of sports academies in the selection of team sports players, including administrative controls, technical controls, legal and legislative controls, health and environmental controls, and other controls.

Ying Ying Tang   Zhe Cui   and Tae Ho Kim   

This study was intended to inspect the influence of scapular stabilization exercises accompanied by spine stabilization exercises using an unstable surface on muscle activity in subjects with scapular winging. Thirty subjects with scapular winging participated in the experiment. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups. One group performed scapular stabilization exercises accompanied by spine stabilization exercises on an unstable surface, whereas the other group performed only scapular stabilization exercises. In order to study the influence of the intervention, the muscle activity around the shoulder was measured. According to the experimental results, the activation of the lower trapezius muscle and serratus anterior muscle increased significantly in both groups after intervention. The muscle activities of the lower trapezius and serratus anterior in the control group were not as high as those in the experimental group. Moreover, the muscle activities of upper trapezius and pectoralis major decreased significantly in both groups after the exercise interventions, but no significant difference was observed between the two groups. As a result, the scapular stabilization exercises that are widely used in clinical practice were shown to increase lower trapezius and serratus anterior activities. Moreover, a combination of such exercises with spine stabilization exercises on an unstable surface was shown to confer greater benefits than scapular stabilization exercises alone and is thus recommended.

Dedi Supriadi   Gita Febria Friskawati   and Vicki Ahmad Karisman   

The purpose of this study was to reveal the physical fitness of futsal athletes in the match preparation stage. This study was a descriptive research with 22 futsal athletes from Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia. As the research sample, we included 12 male futsal athletes and 10 female futsal athletes. The used instruments to measure physical fitness are; (1) Speed (i.e. run test for 30 meters); (2) Flexibility (i.e. sit and reach); (3) Arm strength (i.e. medicine ball); (4) Leg strength (i.e. vertical jump); (5) Arm muscle endurance strength (i.e. 1-minute push up); (6) Abdominal muscle endurance strength (i.e. 1- minute sit up); (7) Back muscle endurance strength (i.e. 1-minute back up); (8) Abdominal muscle endurance strength (i.e. 1-minute half squat); and (8) VO₂ Max (i.e. Yoyo test). Collected data were analyzed descriptively and analytically using SPSS version 24. The result showed that physical fitness male athletes in Cimahi have an average completion of each component of 73%, categorized as Fair. Meanwhile, the female athletes in Cimahi only have an average completion of each component of 63%, categorized as Poor. Some factors such as genetics, training, gender, age, body fat, and daily activities affect physical fitness. A physical fitness training program should be arranged, organized, and implemented properly and systematically to work up the dominant physical fitness in preparing for a competition.

Dikdik Zafar Sidik   and Fitri Rosdiana   

Circuit training is a training method used to efficiently maximize training time while providing more comprehensive, greater, and faster benefits in shaping, developing, and improving the work function of an athlete's body. This study aimed to increase anaerobic and aerobic capacity which includes speed, agility, power, power endurance, and endurance through the circuit training method applied to the Reverse periodization model. The method used in this research is an experiment with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest design. The sample in this study was a university's Women's Futsal Student Activity Unit with a total of 14 Students. The research instrument was in the form of anaerobic and aerobic ability tests. The results showed a significant effect of the circuit training method on the reverse periodization model on anaerobic and aerobic capacity. To get optimal results, athletes must manipulate a small volume of exercise at the beginning and keep increasing until the end of the meeting. Moreover, the high intensity at the beginning of the meeting was followed by a decrease until the end of the meeting. Indeed, this also should be supported by utilizing the forms of agility and power movements at each post in a structured, measured, orderly manner and interspersed activity.

Hamidie Ronald Danie Ray   Calvin Chandra   Reza Pratama   Muhammad Naufal Abdurahman   and Ronny Lesmana   

Ergogenic aids are the administration of certain substances, blood doping, genetic engineering, modification of exercise equipment, and the provision of natural materials such as plants to increase performance. This study aimed to determine the effect of consumption of Moringa oleifera leaves combined with aerobic exercise on VO₂ Max, Lactate Threshold, and muscle endurance. This study used an experimental methodology with a randomized pre-test and post-test comparison group design. Sixteen taekwondo athletes participated as samples in this study. The samples were split into two groups: the experimental group that received treatment including both aerobic exercise and the consumption of Moringa oleifera leaves, and the control group that received only aerobic exercise. This study consisted of four days of aerobic exercise each week for six weeks. The aerobic activity prescribed was a 30-minute session of vigorous running every day while Moringa oleifera leaves were consumed. Our current results showed that the consumption of leaf extract of Moringa oleifera increased VO₂ max versus control. In addition, Moringa oleifera increased lactate threshold shown at heart rate on turn point which increased from 173.5±1.77 on the pre-test to 176.625±1.51 beats/ minute on post-test. This result indicated that Moringa oleifera increases VO₂ max and Lactate threshold. Furthermore, our current results showed that the gain of the Moringa oleifera group was higher than the control in the push-up test, sit-up test, and wall sit test, respectively. This result indicated Moringa oleifera's ability to increase muscle endurance capacity. This current study indicated that Moringa oleifera leaves have the potential to increase human performance through their ability to increase VO₂ max, lactate threshold, and muscle endurance capacity.

Kuston Sultoni   Louisa Peralta   and Wayne Cotton   

This paper investigates and pilots design principles focusing on developing a technology-supported physical activity course for increasing university students' physical activity levels. Four initial design principles from a previous systematic review were confirmed and validated in a series of Focus Group discussions with twenty-two participants (10 lecturers and 12 students) from one public university in Bandung, Indonesia. As a result, an additional three initial design principles were created. A technology prototype was developed based on the seven initial design principles. A prototype LMS (PESSPA), incorporated within a smartphone application (PESAPA), was designed, validated, and built on during this phase. A pilot study was conducted involving two physical education classes at the public university in Bandung, Indonesia to test and evaluate the prototypes. Two lecturers and 39 students participated in the pilot study. One lecturer implemented the technology prototype in the intervention group (n=22). The control group (n=17) was taught with a control lecturer with the same content but without PESSPA and PESAPA for 16 weeks. Findings showed that there were no significant differences in post-test scores between the intervention and control groups in all outcomes except for amotivation (P = 0.022). Positive small to medium effect sizes were found for intervention participants, compared with control participants, for all outcomes including physical activity outcomes (moderate intensity [d=0.09], total physical activity [d=0.21], and vigorous intensity [0.37]), motivation outcomes (introject regulation [0.14], intrinsic regulation [d=0.25], identified regulation [d=0.74]), and physical activity knowledge (d=0.20). The class observations and feedback from the intervention lecturer and students during the pilot study were analysed, resulting in nine revised design principles. The prototype should be modified based on the revised design principles and tested with a larger sample size in a randomised controlled trial.

Walaa Jumah Alkasasbeh   

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare a 10-week period, in which strength training (five weeks) was followed by plyometric training (five weeks) or the other way around among handball players. Hypothesis: Performing strength training first and then plyometric training will improve lower body strength and performance more than the reverse training sequence. Methods: Thirty-six young handball players voluntarily participated in this research. Pre and post test data (running, changing direction, jumping, strength, throwing, and endurance) were compared between groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. Results: The results imply that a precise training regime for plyometric and strength training in young handball players is not required. Thus, strength and conditioning training plans created for the youth handball group can be effective regardless of the training regimen. Furthermore, when boosting back squat performance is the main objective, the outcomes of the contemporary research imply that completing plyometric training before a strength-centered training phase may be useful. Conclusion: It is concluded that professionals arrange training schedules to enhance athlete compliance and concentrate on the most important results.

Kamal Firdaus   Setiyo Hartoto   Agus Hariyanto   Irmantara Subagya   Nikmatullaili   Deby Tri Mario   and Zulbahri   

Success in learning Physical Education (PE) is a benchmark for students to apply health values throughout their lives. Therefore, this study aims to investigate and evaluate factors related to the achievement of PE learning outcomes, namely Body Mass Index (BMI), Physical Fitness (PF), and learning motivation. A total of 75 male students from Madrasah Tsanawiyah (junior high school) in the city of Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia participated in this study. Characteristics of the participants were grade eight aged ± 14.4 years, body height ± 152.9 cm, and body weight ± 53.5 kg. Data collection procedures consisted of anthropometric measurements, Indonesian physical fitness tests, questionnaires for learning motivation, and student report card scores for PE learning outcomes. Then, data were analyzed using path analysis. The results showed that BMI, PF, and learning motivation are several important factors to consider in achieving PE learning outcomes (P<0.05). Total overall direct and indirect influence through learning motivation is 72.42%. Of these three factors, learning motivation is the dominant factor affecting PE learning outcomes (24.90%), without neglecting PF (8.47%) and BMI (4.62%). In conclusion, students who have a good BMI and PF, are not enough to obtain optimal learning results without high learning motivation. Future research is important to analyze other factors that affect the learning outcomes of PE.

Wilda Welis   Darni   and Deby Tri Mario   

Increased lactic acid levels in the blood and muscles during high-intensity training and sports competitions cause muscles to get fatigued, which affects physical performance and is made worse by a greater risk of injury. Therefore, a solution is needed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of sports massage on reducing lactic acid levels in athletes. This research is a true-experimental design with a pretest-post-test control group design. A total of 24 football athletes from the Faculty of Sports Science, Padang State University, Indonesia were used as research samples. Sports massage treatment was given after the athlete did a 1.500 meter run (experimental) and without sports massage (control). Sports massage is given to the back, back of the neck, shoulders, upper extremities, and lower extremities. The techniques used include effleurage, petrissage, shaking, tapotement, walken, vibration, and skin-rolling. Each was given 6 repetitions. Then, accutrendlactacid was used to measure lactic acid levels. Data were analyzed using a t-test. The results showed that lactic acid levels in both groups increased after running 1500 meters. However, after being given a sports massage in the experimental group, lactic acid levels decreased by 1.94 mmol/L. Meanwhile, the lactic acid level in the control group was 5.43 mmol/L. The difference in mean lactic acid levels from the post-test data of the two groups showed a significant result of 6.16 mmol/L (p < 0.05). In conclusion, giving sports massage after exercise and sports competition (high intensity) is very effective in reducing lactic acid levels in athletes. The results of this study are expected to be useful for coaches, sports health teams, and athletes to reduce lactic acid levels so that they can improve performance during exercise (sports competition), and minimize the occurrence of a high risk of injury.

Andrea Domčeková   Jaromír Šimonek   Igor Bakaľár   Janka Kanásová   Bohumila Krčmárová   and Matúš Krčmár   

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 4-weeks high-intensity interval training with short interval 15s/15s in three modes - linear (straight-line runs), shuttle and combined. Each group performed 2 x 4 minutes runs at 95-105% of VIFT. Eighteen male young soccer players participated in the present study. Before commencing the experiment, the participants were randomly divided into three HIIT groups: linear (n=6), combined (n=6) and shuttle (n=6). Players completed the 30 m sprint test, 505 COD test and the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15 IFT) before and after the experiment. Results show significant improvements from pre- to post-training only in the 505 COD test (left) (p < 0.05) and 30-15 IFT test (p < 0.05) in the combined and shuttle group. No significant differences were observed between the groups in any measured outcome. In conclusion, all HIIT modes performed in 4-weeks period led to improvements in aerobic endurance, speed performance and change of direction speed. In the combined group, we observed the most significant improvement in aerobic endurance and speed performance and in change of direction speed we noticed the best progress in the shuttle group.

Wisnu Sunarto   Suharjana   Sigit Nugroho   Carles Nyoman Wali   Sumaryanto   Komarudin   Guntur   and Michael Johannes Hadiwijaya Louk   

Physical condition is one of the important elements for athletes to develop techniques, tactics, strategies and skills mentally, because good physical condition will affect the athlete's appearance on the field. This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of circuit training on improving the physical condition of soccer athletes at Northwest Pantar football school. The model in this study is a quasi-experimental with a quantitative approach to one group pretest-posttest design. The instruments in this study were the vertical jump test, sit and reach test, 40 meter run test, agility run test, coordination test, endurance test, leg muscle strength test and abdominal muscle test. The population in this study amounted to 20 athletes, and then all populations were used as subjects in this study. Data analysis in this study used a t-test with a significant level of 5%. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of circuit training on improving physical condition for soccer athletes at SSB PBL. Thus the hypothesis in the study is accepted. The limitations in this study include time, number of SBB, research subjects and training models that are still single.

Rumi Iqbal Doewes   Gunathevan Elumalai   and Siti Hartini Azmi   

Shooting can be done with static and dynamic ball movements, but special tests for futsal shooting have been carried out with static balls. This study aims to assess the reliability and validity of the Futsal Shooting Moving Ball Test (FSMT) as a new testing protocol developed for futsal shooting skills. FSMT is a futsal shooting test with the concept of moving the ball, starting from passing, controlling, then shooting the ball into the futsal goal as a target. This study uses 200 futsal players (age 19.1±1.62 years, height 169.6±4.72 cm, weight 58.2±4.43, playing experience 6.05±5.44 years, and training 5.3±1.45 per week) to evaluate concurrent validity (with static ball shooting test) and test-retest reliability. Researchers also evaluated content validity by involving 6 experts (3 AFC instructors and 3 futsal coaches). The results of the study reveal that FSMT provides content validity and concurrent validity, because 84% of expert judgments agree with FSMT and shooting performance related to the static ball shooting test (r_count = 0.57; p-value = 0.00). In addition, the FSMT is reliable, because there is no difference (p-value = 0.36 and high ICC (ICC = 0.84) on the test-retest (2 different occasions). The findings show that the FSMT is valid and reliable, so it can be a new testing protocol for assessing futsal shooting skills.

Miroslav Keba   Anastasiia Zhuravlova   Olha Yatsenko   Victor Lytvynenko   Oleksandra Hres   and Anzhelika Nebesnyk   

An important component of the world choreography are folk dance ensembles, the scientific understanding of development trends of which contributes to the formation of an idea of the current state of the choreographic sphere and comprehension of the future prospects of this art form. The study of the specifics of artistic processes in choreography becomes especially relevant today, which will exclude the possibility of levelling its special features, the uniqueness of the creation and development of the art of dancing in its individual areas. Ukrainian folk stage art of dancing, which is an integral part of the country's artistic culture, reached its peak in the second half of the XX century. In times of historical crisis, when national identity (traditions, culture, beliefs, language, and shared historical memory) was under threat of destruction. Traditional uniqueness manifested itself in various forms of the society, including an increase in interest in one's own spiritual treasures, such as folk choreographic art associated with folk traditions and customs. In modern conditions of social development, there is an urgent need to preserve the cultural heritage of the Ukrainian people, while the main goal of the scientific community in this direction is to recognize the uniqueness and originality of the spiritual heritage of each region and ethnic group of Ukraine. The purpose of the academic paper lies in analysing the features of the interaction of traditions and innovations in choreographic art by comparing the trends of its development in the XX century, in particular, identifying the key methods for preserving folk traditions and the main means of applying innovations for the most effective development of this art form. In the course of writing the academic paper, a set of research methods has been used, in particular as follows: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, generalization), specific scientific (historical-structural), as well as a questionnaire, which has been implemented using the Survio resource. Based on the results of the research, the theoretical fundamentals have been studied and the practical aspects of the features of the traditional and innovative components of the choreography of the XX century in Ukraine have been clarified.

Olga Bigus   Rostyslav Savchenko   Ilona Khomiachyk   Dmytro Kondratiuk   Uliana Danyliuk   and Ivan Yrkiv   

Over the centuries, the Ukrainian people have created a unique culture that reflects their multifaceted life. The art of dancing is one of the most valuable treasures of the cultural heritage of Ukraine. The choreographic art reveals the character of people; it reflects everyday phenomena in an artistic form, reproducing elements of work and life, using national clothes, customs and other attributes of everyday use. Choreography is one of the most significant parts of the spiritual culture of the people. The surrounding world is the most important visual source of choreographic culture, in which artistic development and awareness of reality take place in various forms. The system-forming factor of artistic culture is the art of dancing as an artistic reproduction of the real and imaginary. Studying the trends in the art of choreography and the features of changes in the educational sphere is extremely important for understanding the stages and components of the general cultural development of the country at the beginning of the XXI century, which will allow predicting the directions that choreographic culture will develop in the future.

Nina Jermaina   Nurlan Kusmaedi   Amung Ma'mun   Vanessa Gaffar   Eko Purnomo   and Eddy Marheni   

This study was conducted to reduce the level of anxiety experienced by athletes, especially beginner athletes, who often experience excessive anxiety during matches. In this study, 2 exercise methods were used to reduce anxiety levels, 1) Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) and 2) Autogenic Relaxation (AGR). This research method uses a quasi-experimental design, using a purposive sampling technique. This study divided the groups into 2; 1) 20 athletes used the PMR method (15 males and 5 females, with a mean age of 19.2 years), and 2) 18 samples were in the AGR group (16 males and 2 females, with a mean age of 18 years). Each group will undergo a pre and post-test with the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale instrument. Based on the results of the research conducted, data were obtained stating that 1) the PMR and AGR methods both affected reducing anxiety; 2) athletes who experience decreased anxiety proven to improve the focus of athletes; 3) provide advice to teachers and coaches to reduce the anxiety of novice athletes with various other methods. This study is limited to the PMR and AGR training methods, not looking at other conditions in athletes. Furthermore, the research recommends implementing the PMR and AGR methods for a more extended period to obtain even better results. In addition, further research is also recommended for other sports.

Zulakbal Abd Karim   Ramesh Ram Ramalu   Shamsul Kamar Mohamad   Emilio Miranda   Nor Fazila Abd Malek   and Mohd Aizzat Adnan   

Brazil has had a very big influence in football for years, with numerous players and coaches having secured playing and coaching contracts in leagues worldwide. Ironically, how Brazil has become so successful in producing so many supernaturally talented players has scarcely received scholarly attention. Therefore, the current study aimed to reach a deeper understanding of how supernaturally talented players often emerge from Brazil. Six coaches and 18 players from São Paolo second division league clubs, and four sports science experts from Universidade de São Paolo, were involved in this study. A qualitative study design was conducted where data were collected using an open-ended semi-structured in-depth interview, observations, and field notes during a three-month attachment program in São Paolo. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. As a result, seven core themes emerged: football culture, appreciation culture, futebol de várzea, Futebol de Salao (Futsal), small-sided game, winning mentality, and competition structure. Exchange programs involving coaches, players, sports coaching students and sports science experts should be seriously carried out between Brazil and developing countries in football.

Harilaos Zaragas   Ageliki Rogoti   Konstantinos Sogias   Evi Mike   and Andriana Ntalagiani   

Children with deficits or delays in visual-motor coordination skills experience difficulties in acquiring academic skills, participating in school activities as well as in social relationships. Valid and early detection of visual-motor difficulties and their treatment through intensive and effective intervention programs have been shown to bring about significant improvements in the functioning of children with DCD. The purpose of this literature review was to examine the effectiveness of intervention programs that involve the use of interactive games to deal with visual-motor coordination difficulties in preschool, school and adolescent children. The method used was the search of the relevant literature in databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Plos One, Taylor & Francis, Science Direct, EKT & IKEE, etc.) with keywords in the title and the text of the abstract (video games intervention and DCD, computer games, virtual games, active games, exergames, rehabilitation and DCD, Wii intervention for DCD, etc.), in order to identify and display articles that would be relevant to the topic under consideration as much as possible. 105 bibliographic references (93 scientific articles, 9 conference proceedings and 3 diploma theses) have emerged from the initial search carried out with the aim of a systematic review of the existing literature. After removing studies involving tablet games for people over the age of 18 and for children who did not have DCD, 36 studies were finally reviewed. The results showed, in their majority, a positive effect of interactive games for the elimination of visual-motor difficulties already at preschool age. There have been studies that have shown a positive effect on the social and emotional development of children. Children seem to have a lot of fun using the interactive toys. Of course, the contribution of interactive games to the normalization of DCD has not yet been investigated in depth and more thorough research is needed in the direction of the type, the time frame, the frequency of the activity as well as the training of the special educators and therapists. Future researches on the implementation of programs with interactive games could focus on: a) the long-term effect on preschool, school children and adolescents with DCD problems, b) the combination with physical activity and sports, and c) the development of children's social and emotional skills.

Se Woon Yoon   Gi Chul Ha   Kwang Jun Ko   and Jae Deung Kim   

This study aimed to find the effects of proprioception training for improving ankle and trunk joint position senses, balance ability, agility and power, and thereby to lay the theoretical ground of proprioceptive training for preventing volleyball players' injuries and improving their athletic performance. As the subjects of this study, 30 male players in Korea Volleyball Federation (KOVO), who had the career as volleyball players, were selected. The active motion mode of the Humac NORM (CSMI, U.S.A.), the isokinetic testing equipment to measure ankle joint and trunk position sense accurately, was used to measure inversion, eversion, plantar flexion, dorsi flexion and trunk flexion joint position. For balance ability, static and dynamic balance ability evaluated. One leg standing with closed eyes test was used to measure static balance, and dynamic balance was measured using Y-balance. Agility was measured using a side step and a 20m dash. In the measurement of the joint position senses, with right ankle inversion 15^o, left & right ankle dorsi flexion 10^o, and left ankle plantar flexion and trunk flexion 15^o, interaction effects were found (p<.01, p<.05). Plantar flexion of the right ankle had the interaction effect (p<.01). In the standing on one foot test to measure static and dynamic balance, the interaction effect was observed (p<.01). Right anterior, right posteromedial, left posteromedial, right composite score, and left composite score had the interaction effect (p<.01, p<.05). Right posteromedial and left posteromedial showed the interaction effect (p<.01, p<.05). The side-step test to measure agility also observed the interaction effect (p<.01). 20M dash also showed the interaction effect (p<.01). This study found that the proprioceptive training program affected improvements in volleyball players' ankle and trunk joint position senses, balance, and agility.

Agus Supriyanto   Nur Indah Pangastuti   Lismadiana   La Sawali   and Fx. Sugiyanto   

The Olympics is the largest multi-event championship in the world, which is used to show the performance of athletes. Participation in this big event is a matter of pride, especially if the athlete can present a medal for his country. One of Indonesia's mainstay sports to get an Olympic medal is Badminton. Coaching for national badminton athletes has been carried out in preparation for the Tokyo Olympics. During its journey, this coaching needs to be evaluated with a view to determining what activities are in accordance with the objectives. The method used in this evaluation research is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques using FGD, interviews, observation, and documentation. Subjects were taken purposively, as many as 11 people consisting of: four PP PBSI administrators, three coaches, and four athlete representatives. Based on the results of the context evaluation, it includes: 1) vision and mission; 2) Purpose; 3) Target can be categorized as Good. The input evaluation includes: 1) Trainers, 2) Athletes, and 3) Activity funding is said to be good. Process evaluation includes: 1) coaching 2) competition and 3) relegation is categorized as sufficient. Product evaluation includes: 1) Results and 2) awards for athletes categorized as Good. The obstacle found is the lack of utilization of sports science and technology which is a major part of the coaching process. The results obtained by Indonesian badminton athletes at the Tokyo Olympics were 1 gold in women's doubles and 1 bronze in men's singles.

Nofi Marlina Siregar   Eka Fitri Novita Sari   Marlinda Budiningsih   Lilis Suryani   and Muslimin   

This study aims to create a beginner level surfing practice model. With the aim of research to create a beginner-level surfing training model, especially those related to stand-up techniques and take-off surfing techniques at the beginner level. This research uses research and development (R&D) methods, carried out in Lampung with research subjects as many as 10 children in the small trial and 20 children in the large trial by applying 10 beginner-level surfing training models. Based on the results of the effectiveness test on 20 research subjects, the initial test results of the stand-up technique in surfing were 20.75 and the final test of the stand-up technique in surfing was 26.4, there was an increase in the stand-up technique in surfing. The results of the initial test of the take-off technique in surfing were 18.15 and the final test of the take-off technique in surfing was 22.95, so there was an increase in the take-off technique in surfing. Based on the results of the research above, the beginner-level surfing training model can be applied as well as the beginner-level surfing training model to improve activities, abilities and basic surfing skills, especially those related to the basic stand-up and take-off techniques of surfing training for beginners.

Mo'een Ahmad Oudat   Mohammad Khalaf Thiyabat   and Ismaiel Ghasab Ismaiel   

The study aimed to identify the effect of practical strategy on the acquisition of some physical attributes with the students of the faculty of physical education at Yarmouk University. The experimental curriculum was used. The sample consisted of 30 students of the faculty of Physical Education who were randomly chosen at Yarmouk University during the first semester of the university academic year 2021/2022. They were distributed over two equal groups after applying the tests on the elements of the method (flexibility test, agility test, arm flexion test, medical ball throws test, stability jump test, and 30-meter running test). Then the sample was redistributed into an experimental group (n=15) and control group (n=15). To ensure the parity of the groups in the pre-measurement of the physical fitness elements in the physical education class, the researchers used the statistical significance of the SPSS program and carried out the required statistical processing after collecting the data: Means (M's), Standard deviations (SD's) of the pre-measurement, Independent sample T-Test to the age variable, and the pre-tests. The results showed an effect of the practical strategy on improving the physical fitness traits, and statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group. The researchers recommended applying the practical strategy during the teaching of physical education.

Shestakov Mikhail   Shevtsova Irina   Kruchkov Andrey   Fomichenko Tatiana   and Novolotsky Alexey   

A concept of active inference suggested by K.Friston (2010, 2011) is considered in motor control as an alternative to a concept of optimal control, although they both are based on a theory of internal models. In our study, we applied the concept of active inference for the interpretation of experimental data we obtained in the course of elite athletes' development. To that end, we have studied tracking movements in elite alpine skiers (n=20), who performed several special tests throughout the preparation period. At the same time, they did blood tests, which revealed time spans characterized by significant (p<0.01) shifts in dopamine levels in blood. Dopamine served as an indicator of changes in the athletes' movement control system; these changes were related to the execution of different training loads, which determined demands on the control system. We registered a decrease in prediction errors (i.e. difference between "real" errors and predicted errors) after the 21-day long training period aimed at technique adjustment, if compared to the other 21-day long training period aimed at improvement of physical capacities. Our study demonstrates the ability of the concept of "active inference" to explain differences in the empirical data we registered in elite alpine skiers in different training periods. According to the concept of active inference, alterations in the athletes' control system were caused by changes in somatosensory prediction of the movement results that depended on the state of the somatomotor system.

Eddy Marheni   Donie   M. Ridwan   Goesti Sabda Laksana   Leni Apriani   Ardiansyah   Eko Purnomo   Nina Jermaina   and Firunika Intan Cahyani   

Life skills program as a forum for self-exploration for the younger generation to improve positive behavior. Developing life skills through physical activity can improve skills that aim to grow, expand and increase the potential of students in the future. Structured physical education and sports are deliberately designed to produce quality programs that have the potential to encourage positive youth development. Life skills development programs need to be modified into fun games, one of which is a well-planned sports program. This study examines life skills education; aims to obtain data describing the life skills education system, its learning process, and its learning outcomes in continuous physical activities. This study uses quantitative methods. The design used is the Randomized Pretest and Posttest Control Group Design. The population in this study were sports coaching students studying at Universitas Negeri Padang. The sample of this research was taken by using randomized sampling in this study and was divided into two groups (treatment and control). Each group consists of 50 people. The implementation of the physical activity-based life skills program will be carried out on students who are taking introductory athletic courses. The results of this study explain that the treatment group has a better score than the other groups. The result of the research indicates that life skills education programs have the potential to protect children from possible negative influences, and threats to everyday life, as a way to maximize adolescent development towards a brighter future. Implementing life skills education in sports can contribute to improving life skills and adolescent development literature. The researcher hopes that the life skills development program can be a real step in developing the potential of students, especially in the field of sports, making it easier for students to succeed in their careers in the future.

Lutfi Nur   Mesa Rahmi Stephani   and Arief Abdul Malik   

Teachers have a vital role in children's development. This study aims to collect the perspectives of early childhood education teachers on 1) the importance of their roles and responsibilities in promoting physical activity; 2) their understanding of various physical activities; and 3) their interest in physical activity training. An online survey was employed to obtain a quantitative description of the data and open-ended questions to obtain feedback in the form of early childhood education teacher comments to obtain comprehensive data results. 22 early childhood education teachers were involved in this study. The results showed that most early childhood education teachers revealed the importance of promoting physical activities in early childhood (67.3% to 91.8%), and their understanding of physical activities in early childhood education was between 57.3% - 82.7%. They had the lowest score on the implementation of aquatic activities at schools. Most of the candidates (77.3% - 90.9%) showed an interest in participating in further physical activity training. These findings serve as initial data to develop an appropriate physical education model for early childhood in Indonesia. Overall, early childhood education teachers are very interested in participating in physical activity training that can increase their role in promoting child development.

Donie   Alex Aldha Yudi   Yendrizal   Ardo Okilanda   Eval Edmizal   and Muslimin   

This research aims to observe the contribution of the cybernetic-based badminton skills diagnostic model (BSDM) instrument design formulation as an effective instrument for achieving good motion analysis. Technical and tactical actions are very decisive in competitive badminton players' terms. The use of cybernetic theory becomes the diagnosing basis and improving skills. Cybernetics regulates a goal-directed self-regulation system based on the stimulus process, and the response that occurs. This study uses the Research & Development method. This process is carried out in four distinct steps: first, review of the scientific literature; second, qualitative and quantitative assessments were carried out by 8 experts in the fields of motion theory, tests and measurements and badminton; third, content validity was estimated using the Aiken V Coefficient; Finally, the intra-observer reliability and inter-observer reliability were tested by two badminton-specific observers using the Kappa Cohen coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient. For practicality and effectiveness, testing was carried out on 95 badminton players. Footwork, Execution, Shuttlecock running, and Stroke are used as units of measure by observation instruments in badminton. The data analysis process uses SPSS 25 statistical software. Based on the results, an observation instrument designed to be valid, reliable, and effective to analyze the technical and tactical actions of badminton playing skills. It is possible to analyze players who are lower class and elite class. The result of the flagship project is to present the instrument design solution of cybernetic-based badminton skills diagnostic model (BSDM).

Orif Sobirov   Iryna Skrypchenko   Farruh Ahmedov   Komiljon Norboyev   Rishad Badayev   and Zafar Utayev   

The anxiety of an athlete in the process of participating in competitions and in the process of competitions is the main obstacle to achieving sports results. This study aimed to compare the state of anxiety before and during the competition of different levels and gender categories of kurash athletes. A total of 450 kurash athletes (international level - 225, national level - 225, males - 238, females - 212) voluntarily participated in this study. The verification of participants was carried out at 4 competitions in the territory of Uzbekistan. The instrument used for the research was the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 which consisted of 27 items and was tested twice: to examine the level of anxiety before and during the competition. To test the research hypotheses, t-tests were used, and P values were set at p<0.05. The obtained results showed that the participants in the competition received average scores of 45.5783 for male kurash athletes and 46.6532 for female kurash athletes (t-test-6.506, p<0.05). In addition, the international level kurash athletes in the competition had an anxiety score before competition of 39.3590, while the national level kurash athletes had an anxiety score of 44.0218 (F=14.110, p<0.05). The study also revealed that the level of anxiety of international kurash athletes (38.6400) during the competition was lower than that of national kurash athletes (43.8439) (F=7.899, p<0.05). The results of the study indicate the need to optimize the psychological training that kurash athletes of the national category received before competitions, and to organize the training of females based of an individualized approach, in particular, with the implementation of psychological training.

Mykola Bezmylov   Oksana Shynkaruk   Grygoriy Griban   Bogdan Semeniv   Oksana Yudenko   Andrii Lytvynenko   Olena Otroshko   Nataliya Kholchenkova   Halyna Kurtova   Mykola Kostenko   and Alimie Osmanova   

The article examines the problems of controlling the physical fitness of basketball players who are at the training stage for higher achievements. The comparative analysis of the level of physical fitness of young Ukrainian basketball players and their foreign peers who underwent testing (Draft Combine) during selection for professional NBA clubs was carried out. A significant (p < 0.05) advantage of foreign basketball players in tests that determined the level of speed, speed and strength as well as coordination abilities over Ukrainian basketball players was established. The players of the defending line (point guard, shooting guard) have a reliable advantage over the players of the offensive line (forward, center) in such tests as ¾ court sprint, line agility test, vertical jump, Yo-Yo test. Statistically reliable correlative relationships were established between the results of the multi-stage Yo-Yo shuttle test and the parameters of competitive activities of basketball players in a match. The athletes who showed better results in the Yo-Yo test (m) spent more playing time on the court during the season (r = 0.722).

Mohammed Elgammal   and Naglaa Radwan   

This research aims to determine the effect of unified direction training (UDT) and multi direction training (MDT) on various physical abilities (arms power, legs power, static and dynamic balance, agility, trunk and thigh flexibility) in basketball. Furthermore, identifying differences between the effect of both training protocols on (arms power, legs power, static and dynamic balance, agility, trunk and thigh flexibility) in basketball. The researchers used experimental approach on a sample of twenty basketball players, assigned into two groups, experimental training group with UDT (n = 10) and experimental group with MDT (n = 10), participated in the same weekly basketball training programme, which included three sessions (90 min each). Besides, the UDT and MDT conducted 24 experimental sessions, this lasted 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Pretests and posttests were performed for both groups in arms power, legs power, static and dynamic balance, agility, trunk and thigh flexibility. Improvement percent was obtained for both groups. Results: There are statistically significant differences between posttests for both groups: (UDT) and (MDT) in physical abilities in basketball but with higher increase for MDT group. There is an increase of (MDT) compared with (UDT) posttests improvement percent in physical abilities in basketball.

Mustafa Issa Ali Al Ahmed   and Ahmed K. Hassan   

Digital transformation has led to improvements in the performance of sports teams, clubs, facilities, and institutions, which has resulted in an increase in fans' participation while maintaining the financial efficiency of those sports institutions and facilities. Furthermore, digital transformation in sports has significantly accelerated multiple aspects of management, training, and more. This study proposes a system for digital transformation in order to develop sports facilities' productive and competitive performance. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the form of surveys and determining mutual relations. The data show that the level of digital transformation management in sports facilities was 0.66, productive performance was 0.63, and competitive performance was 0.66. Therefore, there is a statistically significant correlation between all the aspects of digital transformation management, including the overall degree of digital transformation management, and the productive and competitive performance of sports facilities. Therefore, sports facilities, clubs, and institutions should rely on digital transformation. In light of these research results, the following can be summarized: There is a lack of digital transformation in Saudi sports Facilities. There is poor planning of production operations in Saudi sports facilities. There is poor production capacity and poor control over production processes in Saudi sports facilities. Competitive performance levels are low in Saudi sports facilities. There is a positive correlation between the management of digital transformation and both the productive and competitive performance of Saudi sports facilities. Therefore, the researchers proposed a system that can be used to develop the productive and competitive performance of Saudi sports facilities through digital transformation.

Jonar T. Martin   

The study designed and evaluated a mobile application that could be used as an alternative in measuring the Physical Fitness level of senior high school students in Porac, Pampanga and Philippines. This descriptive developmental study comprised of purposively selected respondents, 72 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) senior high school students, 20 Physical Education teachers and 5 ICT experts across various institutions and fields. Participants answered the Technical Evaluation Guidelines and Checklist section 10.2 of the Department of Education which is used for the evaluation of computer programs, applications, and mobile applications. Descriptive statistical treatment was conducted in the analysis of data. Results of the study developed a mobile application for physical fitness testing for Android smart phone applications anchored on the results of the needs analysis, Department of Education manual and the Philippine Physical Fitness Test norms. The mobile application for physical fitness was designed in terms of Multimedia feature, Behavior of Controls and System Information, Overall Interface and Customizability/Support for User Preferences. The developed mobile application for physical fitness testing was evaluated as excellent by students, teachers and ICT experts. Hence, the proposed mobile application could be a viable tool as an alternative mode of tracking and computing the physical fitness level of the students. Results of this study may be utilized by future researchers interested in the development of other mobile applications for fitness and physical activity purpose.

Hayder N. Jawoosh   Harith Abdelelah Alshukri   Mazin Hadi Kzar   Muhannad Nazar Kizar   Mustafa Ahmed Abdul Ameer   and Mohd Radzani Abdul Razak   

Leadership style is a critical factor in achieving success in any field or goal. In sport, it is necessary to consider the complementarity between the coach’s leadership style and sporting satisfaction to achieve team success. In this study, we examine this factor using 194 male football players from public university teams. The research methodology aims to examine the multidimensional model of leadership style to understand the relationship between the five types of leadership styles training and instructions, social support, positive feedback, democratic leadership and autocratic leadership and athletes' satisfaction. Both aspects were captured through (i) the Leadership Scale of sports to assess leadership style and (ii) the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire to assess athlete satisfaction. SPSS was used in statistical analysis of data. From the correlation results, the relationships between all facets of leadership style (training and instruction, autocratic style, democratic style, social support, and positive feedback) and athlete satisfaction are significant. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis found that autocratic leadership was negatively associated with athlete satisfaction. In contrast, a positive relationship was found for the styles of training and guidance, democratic leadership, social support and positive feedback. The relationship between the coaches' leadership style and the athletes' satisfaction is underlined by the results of this research. The leadership style practised by the coach, with which the athletes are satisfied, achieves the desired goal of promoting quality education.

Made Agus Dharmadi   

Strength and speed are very important components in martial arts. The use of Junior Weight Vest (JWV) in training has the potential to increase strength and speed of junior martial arts athletes. This study aimed at determining the effect of wearing JWV on arm strength and running speed of junior martial arts athletes aged 9-15 years, totalling 20 people. This research was conducted for 6 weeks, 3-4 times per week and 50 minutes per day. Two groups were utilized, namely control group and experimental group using MANOVA analysis. The control group was treated with martial arts training using their own body weight and the experimental group was treated with martial arts training by wearing JWV weighing 650 grams - 1000 grams. The conclusions of the study are: 1) there was a difference in the effect of using JWV on arm strength (p 0,001 < 0,05), 2) there was a difference in the effect of using JWV on running speed (p 0,001 < 0,05), and 3) there was a difference in the effect of simultaneously using JWV and Non JWV on arm muscle strength and running speed in junior martial arts athletes (p 0,000 < 0,05). This research shows that the arm strength and running speed of junior martial arts athletes can be increased by using JWV. Trainers, sport teachers, parents, community, sports organizations, and leaders in the field of sports can be informed that the results of this research have a measurable benefit in increasing arm strength and running speed using the Junior Weight Vest (JWV). The application of JWV in other sports such as badminton, basketball, volleyball, tennis, and even swimming can be considered as a topic for further researches.

Siti Musliha Mat-Rasid   Mohamad Razali Abdullah   Hafizan Juahir   Agus Rusdiana   Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki   Rabiu Muazu Musa   Norlaila Azura Kosni   and Abdul Muiz Nor Azmi   

This study aims to investigate the existence of the relative age effect among school children in Perak, Malaysia. A total of 3143 boys and 2700 girls aged seven years old in Perak, Malaysia were involved in this study. Within each year group, four-quarter birth-month groups were formed. There are quarter 1 (Q1), school children born from January to March; Quarter 2 (Q2), from April to June; Quarter 3 (Q3), from July to September; Quarter 4 (Q4), from October to December. They underwent body weight and standing height measurements with fitness tests that included standing broad jump, sit and reach, hand wall toss, and 20-meter run. A one-way ANOVA test with a Tukey post hoc test was used to determine whether there were any significant differences between the birth quartiles and children's physical fitness. Present findings found anthropometrics, leg power, coordination, and speed are different significantly between birth-quartile groups in boys and girls school children. In summary, there is a relative age effect that contributes to children born early in the year having a physical and physiological advantage. There are naturally different levels of fitness depending on age. This information is useful for researchers, teachers, and education policymakers to consider the month of birth, both in terms of practicality and the impact of physical fitness assessment.

Alexios Batrakoulis   

A global study is being carried out by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) to determine trends in the health and fitness industry since 2007. The aim of the present study was to identify the most important health and fitness trends in Greece for the second time and to examine any potential changes in this field compared to 2021 nationwide and 2022 worldwide. An online survey was sent to 4,981 professionals who worked in the health and fitness sector using the methodology of similar ACSM's regional and worldwide studies. A total of 809 responses were collected with a response rate of 17.4%. The ten most important in Greece for 2023 were Personal training, high-intensity interval training, small group training, functional fitness training, exercise for weight loss, high-intensity functional training, body weight training, fitness programs for older adults, exercise is medicine, and group exercise training. Health-related trends appear to be popular while technology- and mind & body fitness-related trends seem not to be very attractive. Traditional exercise modes are still attractive and relevant, but digital services are currently experiencing low popularity after the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Results also showed that fitness programs widely offered in boutique fitness studios demonstrate exceptional popularity nationwide. The present outcomes of this study are in line with those reported for Greece in 2021, but not for Europe in 2022. Such observations may highlight the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Greek health and fitness industry and show a smooth return to normality.

Dennis Dwi Kurniawan   Soni Nopembri   and Eddy Purnomo   

The objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness of athletic learning in junior high school. This descriptive study employs a mixed method design, combining quantitative and qualitative data as primary and secondary data. This study sample consisted of 100 junior high school physical education teachers in Yogyakarta and East Java who were chosen as the best athletic development centers in Indonesia based on the results of the O2SN competition for junior high schools over the previous five years. This research instrument, known as QPE, is an online questionnaire based on Walter King Yan Ho's (Quality Physical Education). The results showed that: (1) Quality teaching of the 6 indicators asked, 43.5 percent chose the answer Yes and as many as 56.5 percent chose the answer No. (2) Skill Development Bodily Awareness of the eight indicators tested, 45.5 percent chose Yes and 54.5 percent chose No. (3) Cognitive Skill Development: Of the five indicators asked, 40.8 percent chose Yes, while 59.2 percent chose No. (4) Habituated Behavior out of the four indicators tested, 51.5 percent chose Yes and 48.5 percent chose No. According to the findings of this study, the majority of respondents still find it difficult to meet the quality of physical education learning for athletic material because the average "yes" answer is 45.33%, which falls into the poor quality category.

Diajeng Tyas Pinru Phytanza   Erick Burhaein   Carla Cristina Vieira Lourenço   and Alek Andika   

This study aims to determine the influence of net play on forearm passing ability in inclusion school students at the junior high school level. The design of this study is a Group Pretest-posttest design. The participants of this study were obtained using a random sampling technique, namely male students who took part in volleyball extracurricular in an inclusion school totaling 25 students. The instrument used is the forearm passing ability test. Data analyses used descriptive statistics and t-tests. The results showed that the t-count value of 5.047 versus t of table 2,060 (df = 25) at a significance level of 5% because t count is greater than the t-table, there is a significant difference. Judging from the average value, the average pretest value = 30.12 and the posttest average value = 34.87, then the effect of increasing the Forearm passing ability through the net game practice method is = 4. 75 or 1 5.77%. The contribution of this research is to the next researcher so that in researching can pay attention to the things that are within the limitations of this study and develop net game methods and other methods to improve the ability to pass down.

Kodai Kitagawa   Koji Matsumoto   Hayato Nodagashira   Takayuki Nagasaki   Sota Nakano   Mitsumasa Hida   Shogo Okamatsu   and Chikamune Wada   

Nurses and caregivers experienced lower back pain (LBP) as a result of patient handling motions to assist in wheelchair or bed transfer and repositioning. Therefore, previous studies provided assistive tools and devices to reduce lumbar loads while these patients handling motions. However, these devices and tools could not be used in several facilities because these facilities require comfortability, time efficiency, and low cost. Therefore, from these backgrounds, LBP prevention is required for any facility and situation without assistive devices and tools. Low load posture and movement of patient handling motions should be provided for LBP prevention without devices and tools. In our previous study, we explored suitable foot placement to reduce the lumbar load during turning a patient on a bed because patient repositioning on a bed is a serious cause of LBP. However, our previous study indicates that lumbar loads while turning patients cannot be improved only by foot placement adjustment. Postural asymmetry is related to lumbar load and cannot be avoided with only suitable foot placement. On the other hand, adjustment of both arm movement and foot placement has a possibility that reduces lumbar loads due to asymmetry posture. This study aims to explore a suitable combination of foot placement and arm movement order while turning patients for LBP prevention. A total of nine lumbar load combinations consisting of three foot placements (parallel stance, left forward, and right forward) and three arm movement orders (parallel, right first, and left first) were investigated via surface electromyography (sEMG) measurement during patient turning. The results of sEMG showed that a combination using anteroposterior foot placement (right forward) and parallel arm movement (both left and right arm operated at the same time) performed turning patient with the smallest activity for both left and right erector spinae muscles. These results indicate that a combination of anteroposterior foot placement and parallel arm movement could provide a suitable posture to reduce lumbar loads during patient turning.

Herman Syah   Johan Irmansyah   Lalu Hulfian   and Muhammad Ridwan Lubis   

The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in educational disruptions in around 80% of children worldwide and has had a devastating impact on the effectiveness of physical education (PE) learning. This research aims to design a hybrid learning space (HLS) as an alternative to PE learning post the pandemic. The participants consisted of 72 PE teachers spread across 35 Senior High Schools and covered in 12 sub-districts in Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. This research used a mix of methods with embedded design, which combined qualitative and quantitative methods with data collection techniques through Focus Group Discussion (FGD), interviews, and teacher's assessment questionnaires. Qualitative data analysis uses inductive content analysis, which includes data collection, data coding, theme mapping, finding reporting, and interpretation of the meaning of the findings. Meanwhile, quantitative data analysis uses statistic descriptive which aims to get an overview of the assessment results from teacher. The results of qualitative data analysis showed that the design of HLS had conformity with the conditions, needs, and characteristics of high school students, and can be implemented directly in PE learning. Meanwhile, the results of quantitative analysis showed a high percentage of assessment from teachers about the efficiency of the design of HLS, although there were still various internal and external factors that hinder the PE learning.

Wilda Welis   Darni   Khairuddin   Muhamad Sazeli Rifki   and Ahmad Chaeroni   

Improving the quality of Indonesia's human resources is a national development goal. The achievement of quality resources is supported by improved nutrition starting at an early age. The impact of malnutrition, including stunting at an early age, causes impaired motor development of children and ultimately reduces the quality of adult human resources. This study aims to reveal the causes of stunting and physical activity at an early age and the impact of stunting on motor development. The long-term goal of this research is to find ways or methods to prevent stunting and minimize the long-term effects of stunting and physical activity and their effects on children's motor skills and concentration. The design of this research is quantitative research with cross sectional approach. The study was conducted in Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The research subjects were school children and their families. The variables to be studied are stunting and motoric status of children. The data were analyzed using a different t test. The results of statistical tests with t-test stated that there were significant differences in students' motor skills before and after breakfast and physical activity. There is an effect of breakfast and the treatment of the traditional game of Sembalakon on the motor skills of students as indicated by t count (3,36) > t table (1,67) for the standing long jump test, t count (7,4) > t table (1, 67) for softball throws, t count (1,74) > t table (1,67) for zigzag run, t count (1,70) > t table (1,67) for put medicine ball, t count (4.42) > t table (1. 67) for a 50 m run.

Oksana Shynkaruk   Viktor Kostiukevych   Olena Mitova   Grygoriy Griban   Soslan Adyrkhaiev   Lyudmyla Adyrkhaieva   Yuliia Kozeruk   Bogdan Semeniv   Tetiana Zhlobo   Vladimir Bakatov   and Maryna Hres   

Improvement of training and its intensification are related to the possibilities of targeted management of the functional capabilities of athletes. One of the key elements of such management is a system of physiological measurements that provides feedback on the expressiveness and nature of the impact of a complex of influences on the body in the course of training. The aim is to monitor the functional status of female athletes in canoeing in the training process for intensive competitive activities. Methods: analysis of competitive activities (video analysis, analysis of result cards), pedagogical observation, methods of functional diagnostics using tools: "MetaMax 3b" gas-analytical complex, KayakPro C1N Canoe Ergometer, "Polar" heart rate monitors. The research involved four competitive female athletes, members of the national canoeing team of Ukraine. Differences in the functional status of female athletes based on the indicators of maximum oxygen consumption, working capacity, respiratory coefficient, heart rate, oxygen pulse, pulmonary ventilation, maximum power for 10s were established. This is due to the individual and age characteristics of the female athletes of the canoe group, their inclination to work in different orientations. The results of functional monitoring of female athletes also depend on the main distances of 200, 500, 5000 m, in which female athletes usually perform and achieve the best time indicators. The monitoring of the functional status of female athletes made it possible to form a crew for the C-2500m distance, where work of a mixed anaerobic-aerobic nature is performed, and for the C-1200 m sprint distance. The recovery time of female athletes, technical interaction in the crew were taken into account. This distribution of crews allowed female athletes to take prize-winning places in the final of the 2021 Olympic Games (Tokyo, Japan).

Awan Hariono   Andrianto   Reza Mouliddina   Rumpis Agus Sudarko   and Carles Nyoman Wali   

Objectives: The aims of the study were to determine: (1) the quality of the basic open spike technique for the male athletes of the Dhaksinarga Gunungkidul volleyball club and (2) the quality of the basic open spike technique for the female athletes of the Dhaksinarga Gunungkidul volleyball club. Methods: The study used a quantitative descriptive method. The population of the study was the athletes of the Daksinarga Gunungkidul volleyball club, totaling 28 people. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, with the following criteria: (1) male and female adolescent athletes, (2) playing as a speaker, (3) not being sick. Samples that met the criteria were 14 athletes (7 males and 7 females). The instrument used an open spike technique of assessment rubric. Data analysis used descriptive percentages. Results: The results showed that: (1) The basic technique of open spike in male athletes of the Dhaksinarga Gunungkidul volleyball club is in the "very poor" category of 0.00%, "fewer" 71.43% "good" 28.57%, and "very good" by 0.00%, (2) The basic technique of open spike female athletes of the Dhaksinarga Gunungkidul volleyball club is in the "very poor" category of 0.00%, "fewer" of 100.00%, "good" of 0 .00%, and "very good" by 0.00%. Thus, the basic open spike technique for male and female athletes is in the poor category.

Ramesh Ram Ramalu   Zulakbal Abd Karim   Gunathevan Elumalai   and Nor Fazila Abd Malek   

The aim of the research is to understand and discover the key development themes of practices in the football coaching process developed by the coaches from Malaysian State Sports School. Fourteen experienced Malaysian State Sports School head coaches were involved as participants in this study and in-depth open-ended semi-structured interview method was used for data collection. Data were analyzed based on Evolved Grounded Theory consisting four core categories and fourteen subcategories emerged that make up the key development themes in coaching process; i) planning (coaching syllabus, signature coaching, individual development, fun elements, risk management), ii) deliver (heuristic, empowerment, spirituality), iii) analysing (evaluating, observation, monitoring) and iv) outcome (competence, life skills, coaching intervention). Subsequent exploration is recommended to identify how this knowledge is integrated into the coaching process and applied in the football development program.

Carles Nyoman Wali   Suharjana   Djoko Pekik Irianto   Wawan Sundawan Suherman   Sigit Nugroho   Dimyati   and Awan Hariono   

The tradition of hunting deer is an inseparable part of human life in ancient times and until now the tradition of hunting in the Kuligang community is still preserved. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of sports, especially athletics. The method in this study is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The population in this study amounted to 10 Kuligang tribal chiefs, and then all of these populations were used as subjects in this study. All subjects were male with 4 people aged 54.56 and 63 years, then 3 people aged 37, 28, and 41 years, 1 person aged 79 years old, 1 person aged 80 years old and 1 person aged 68 years old. The occupations of all subjects are farmers and fishermen. The data collection in this study was observation and in-depth interviews. This study uses two sources of data, namely: 1). Sources of direct data that researchers get from the subject/ resource person, 2). Indirect data sources that researchers found from books and articles that are relevant to this research. Data analysis in this study includes data reduction, data presentation, and data conclusion drawing. The results of this study prove that there are four sports identified, namely javelin throwing, archery, running and walking, so it can be concluded that the hunting tradition of the Kuligang community has sports activities.

Omar Jamil Al Ja'afreh   

The aim of this study, which employed the experimental method, was to determine the impact of a computer-based educational program on learning the accuracy of the forehand serve skill in squash. The study sample consisted of 20 students, which were chosen deliberately. They were divided into two equal groups, the experimental group, learned by using the proposed computer-based educational program for a period of six weeks, three times a week for a period of 50 minutes in each unit, and the control group, learned by using the teacher's teaching method for a period of six weeks, three times a week, for a period of 50 minutes in each unit. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the level of performance of the members of the experimental group and control group in the skill of Forehand Serve used in the squash game and in favor of the post-measurement. In addition, the results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the control and experimental groups in the variable (Forehand Serve), which shows that the electronic educational program had a positive impact on the skill of the forehand serve and in favor of the experimental group. The researcher also recommended to use the computer on the skills to be learned and mastered, which makes the learner more focused and helps to diversify and motivate learners to improve performance for the better.

Kim Tae Ho   and Kang Min Bong   

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cervical mobilization and deep cervical flexor training on muscle tone and pain in adults with non-specific neck pain. Using the Neck Disorder Index (NDI), 30 patients in the normal group and 30 patients in the neck pain group were classified, and comparisons were made between groups to clearly select subjects and identify the characteristics of non-specific neck pain. For 30 adults with non-specific neck pain, each was classified into the joint mobilization group, the deep cervical flexor training group, or the mixed group, and training was conducted twice a week for 10 minutes each for 4 weeks. As a result of comparing normal subjects with adults with non-specific neck pain, there was a significant difference only in the sternocleidomastoid muscle (p<.05). As a result of comparing the tone between groups, there was a significant difference in upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae (p<.05). And there was no significant in all three groups in the comparison of pain (p>.05). As a result of comparing the tone between groups, there was a significant difference in all muscles (p<.05), and there was no significant difference in all three groups in the comparison of pain between groups (p>.05).

Hendrig Joko Prasetyo   Sapta Kunta Purnama   Rumi Iqbal Doewes   Rony Syaifullah   and Sugiyanto   

Throwing is the main form of attack for scoring a goal in a goalball game. This research aims to design and apply throw technique training models to goalball games for blind athletes. The research uses a development study as its method. There were three forms of training models designed in this research whether experts then reviewers. Subsequently, twenty men goalball athletes, divided into two groups of ten each for experiment and control, respectively, participated in evaluating the designs in an eight-week training treatment. In the evaluation process, Aiken V was used to assess the validity of designs. The goalball throw velocity test was used to evaluate both groups' throw velocity, and an independent t-test was used to test differences in both groups' throw velocity. The research shows that the three training models designed are valid (Aiken V value > 0.69). Independent t-test shows that t_count (4.97) > table (2.10) with sig 0.00. It was further demonstrated that the experimental group achieved better throw velocity improvement than its control counterpart. It is assumed that the three throwing technique training models designed were pronounced valid and effective in improving goalball throw velocity.

Alejandro Almonacid Fierro   Andrew Philominraj   Rodrigo Vargas Vitoria   and Noelva Eliana Montoya Grisales   

The COVID-19 pandemic is a health crisis deepening in the current world context, characterized by enormous globalization and scientific-technical development processes. The research aims to understand how university teachers of Physical Education had to reinvent the discipline and the pedagogical relationship based on bodily practices during the two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is based on the interpretative-comprehensive paradigm, with a qualitative methodology. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with university professors from two regional universities, located in the Maule region, Chile. The first category that emerges is Virtual Education, which is related to the challenges faced by teachers with distance learning. The second category refers to the pandemic's impact on the teaching staff's socio-emotional aspects, manifested through fatigue, exhaustion, and stress, affecting teaching practices due to the precarious work and the adverse conditions generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. In terms of conclusions, we can affirm that the COVID-19 pandemic caused profound changes in the teaching and learning processes in the area of Physical Education, with negative consequences for the moment, for the teaching staff as well as for the university students.

Aprizal Fikri   Reza Resah Pratama   Widiastuti   Samsudin   Muslimin   Aridhotul Haqiyah   Arizky Ramadhan   Bayu Hardiyono   and Arif Hidayat   

Strength is one of the biomotor components as the foundation to support technical ability in martial arts. To prove the effectiveness of arm muscle strength training using tennis in martial arts athletes at the Sriwijaya State Sports School was the purpose of this study. The experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design was used. The experimental group (E G) performed arm muscle strength training using tennis balls with a frequency of 6 times a week for 1 month. The control group (C G) did arm muscle strength training by means of push-up only without using variations of movement or (conventional) equipment with the same frequency as the experimental group. The subjects in this study were 50 martial arts athletes aged 14-17 years which consisted of 10 pencak silat athletes, 7 judo athletes, 9 taekwondo athletes, 7 karate athletes, 10 wrestling athletes and 7 wushu athletes, separated into 2 groups, E G (n=25) and C G (n=25).The instruments used in the study were: 1 minute push-up assisted by the Fikri Muscle Strength Test application. Data analysis in this study used the statistical method paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test using SPSS 21 to see the effectiveness of arm muscle strength training using a tennis ball. The results of data analysis showed that there was a higher increase in the E G than the C G with the mean difference in push-up data of 3.84. The findings of this study are that the exercise variation developed is more effective than conventional exercise and the developed test instrument can help to calculate the results of the push-up test.

Sofyan Mohammad Alleimon   

This study intends to measure the level of psychosocial skills among basketball students enrolled in the University of Jordan's Faculty of Sports Sciences. The study sample included (180) male and female basketball students enrolled in courses (1), (2), and (3). Their selection was determined by a thorough survey of the study population. The researcher utilized SPSS version 23. To achieve the study's aims, descriptive analysis was used to process the primary data collected via the primary research instrument (the questionnaire). The study produced some noteworthy findings: The students' psychosocial abilities were average in all domains, with arithmetic averages of 2.98, except for their stress tolerance, which scored low with a 2.98 arithmetic average (2.29). "Sports achievement motivation" is placed the highest at the domain level. In contrast, "self-confidence" is placed second, "leadership and unity" ranked third, "the ability to practice widespread society ideals" ranked fourth, and "stress tolerance" ranked last. The correlation coefficients of academic achievement with the domains of psychosocial abilities ranged from (0.61 to 0.88). There were no statistically significant gender or curriculum differences at the psychosocial abilities domains. The average male estimate for the entire level of the psychosocial abilities scale was 3.15, whereas the average female estimate was roughly 2.77, indicating that the discrepancies favor males. The study's results also indicated that basketball players' psychosocial skills (3) are superior to those of basketball players (1). (2). Based on these findings, the study recommends focusing on formulating specialized qualitative programs in cooperation and coordination between the relevant authorities to develop psychosocial capacities and attempting to include them within the components of the study plans while activating the role of training courses and scientific lectures in boosting self-confidence and motivation for athletic achievement, as well as the ability to deal with stress and the pressures of competition.

Mulyaningsih   Isna Qadrijati   Sri Mulyani   Vitri Widyaningsih   and Nasri   

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition characterized by increased glucose levels in the blood. DM patients are at risk of diabetic foot ulcers. To lower the risk, DM patients need to exercise to train aerobics, balance, endurance, and legs. For this reason, this study aims to produce a gymnastics model that combines aerobics, balance training, resistance training, and leg training. Research using the Research and Development method refers to the Borg &Gall development model, which aims to produce products. Instrument development involves six stages: needs analysis, initial product development, expert assessment, initial product revision, trial, and final product. The results showed that the percentage of the results of expert assessments and trials was more significant than 80%, so this model is said to be very feasible. So it can be concluded that the gymnastics model which combines aerobics, balance exercises, resistance training, and leg training is feasible and applied to diabetic patients. The gymnastics help prevent or lower the risk of diabetic foot ulcers in people with DM.

Surdiniaty Ugelta   Nina Sutresna   Asti Rahayu   Afianti Sulastri   and Jajat   

In gymnastics, injury is one of the causes of not achieving training goals. This is likely to happen to athletes, instructors, and participants in general. The severity type of the injury is determined by the type of gymnastic activity performed. This study aimed to examine the potential for injury or pain that can occur in the upper body and lower body, before and after exercise. This research was conducted using a descriptive research design, which involved a population sample of 108 Indonesian female gymnastics athletes. Data were obtained through observation and questionnaires regarding the condition of the athletes before and after participating in the exercise. The results showed that the most pain occurred in the upper body area (shoulder, back and waist), while the lower body parts where the injury commonly emerged were the hips, hamstrings, and the hollow of the legs. It is also possible that the injury came up long after the exercise. From the observation data, the highest incidence of pain in the upper body is in the waist (34 people) and the least is in the shoulders. While in the lower body, the most pain complaints occurred in the pelvis (30 people) and the least occurred in the thighs (5 people). Thus, it can be concluded that the potential for injury due to movement activities in gymnastics has different proportions for each location. Based on these findings, to avoid the negative impact of these injuries, it is necessary to carry out strengthening exercises in areas that are prone to experiencing pain or injury.

Eka Nugraha   Yusuf Hidayat   Asep Sumpena   Salman   and Ricky Wibowo   

Life skills play a crucial role in the success of individual lives, but research related to life skills in sports activities, especially athletics is still very limited. This study aims to determine the effect of integrating life skills into the Kid's athletics program on extracurricular activities in elementary schools. A quasi-experimental method was administered in this study with a questionnaire technique for the data collection. Collected samples using purposive sampling, forty-five elementary school students aged 11-12 years (11.4±1.1) participating in extracurricular activities were taken as the research subjects. The samples were divided into three groups: the experimental group with an intentionally structured kid athletic program, the experimental group with the unintentionally structured kid athletic program, and the control group without any treatment. All groups were assigned a ten-session program. The results showed a significant difference between the value of the life skills integrated into the Kid's athletics program and the group in the Kid's athletics program that did not integrate life skills (p>0.05). This study indicates that life skills can be developed through Kids' athletic programs by integrating them into extracurricular activities and sports, with the hope that students can implement them in everyday life to be valuable and successful in facing various life challenges in the future.

Yusuf Hidayat   Yunyun Yudiana   Burhan Hambali   and Reshandi Nugraha   

This preliminary study aimed to conduct factorial validity and reliability of the Badminton Basic Skills (BBS), involving both outcome-based (quality of hit) and process-based (quality of movement) on two basic skills (BS), namely high service and clear lob. The study was conducted on 20 beginner badminton athletes aged 10 to 12 from two badminton clubs. The instrument used was an adapted action method developed by Novick (1996) for law tennis to measure the constructs, further elaborating on the dimensions, indicators, and behavioral items. Analysis was conducted using Lawshe's CVR formula, exploratory factor analysis, inter rater validity, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, interclass correlation, and Cronbach Alpha. Data analysis showed estimation of content validity (0.25-1.00), factorial validity (0.62-0.83), test and retest reliability (0.80-0.94), and interrater reliability (0.82-0.92). This early validation study confirmed that both outcome and process-based BBS tests could be used to measure and evaluate the BBS acquisition level for badminton beginning athletes aged between 10 and 12 years old.

Yunyun Yudiana   Sucipto   Yusuf Hidayat   and Burhan Hambali   

This study aimed to analyze the performance of students in volleyball learning by using the Modified Volleyball Information System assessment. This research used the quantitative descriptive method. A total of 99 male students with an age range of 15-18 years (Mean=17.04, SD=0.67) were involved in learning the game of volleyball at the high school level (SMA) in Bandung, Indonesia. The research instrument was a Modified Volleyball Information System application that measures six basic volleyball skills in the playing process, namely service, receive, set, spike, block, and dig. The results of the analysis prove that the student's performance in performing volleyball skills can be described by the percentage of success ranging from 36% to 90%, while the percentage of failure ranges from 10% to 64%. In addition, there was a positive correlation between basic skill scores and the overall score obtained by students after completing the game. Based on the analysis results, it can be concluded that using the Modified Volleyball Information System application in volleyball learning can be one of the parameters to see students' abilities in carrying out movement tasks. The use of a Modified Volleyball Information System in the context of volleyball learning in schools can be an alternative assessment used by teachers, so that teachers can provide direct feedback to students about the learning outcomes that have been implemented.

Gusril   Willadi Rasyid   Anton Komaini   Ahmad Chaeroni   and Ummi Kalsum   

This study aims to determine the effect of the physical education learning model based on physical activity in the form of games for the Anak Dalam Sakai Tribe in the interior of Riau Province, Indonesia. This research begins with developing a product using the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model. The research sample is 30 people. The data collection instruments were observation, documentation, questionnaires and tests for physical education (PE), sports and health (PJOK). Data were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results of the study can be concluded as follows: (1) The playing activities of the Orang Rimba in Sakai Riau Province are in the sufficient category; (2) The design of the PJOK learning model for the Suku Anak Dalam Sakai, Riau Province consists of a traditional game of dust ball, putting nails in a bottle, throwing and catching small balls, dragon snakes, rubber jumps, long jumps without a prefix and throwing the ball with a zig zag run; (3) The Suku Anak Dalam Sakai PJOK learning model based on valid and practical play activities; (4) The Suku Anak PJOK learning model in Sakai Riau Province based on valid, practical and effective play activities.

Wootaek Lim   

Recently, webcam-based motion capture systems have attracted tremendous attention as alternative low-cost motion analysis tools, owing to the rapid advancement of markerless technologies. Although the upper and lower limbs are moved simultaneously in most function activities in daily life, most existing studies focused on kinematic data observed in the hip and knee joints during gait. The purpose of this study was to measure the kinematic data of the upper and lower limb simultaneously during modified squat, using low-cost webcams and to compare them to those of the 3D marker-based motion capture system. The modified squat was performed nine times in total without rest in between. The modified squat consisted of hip and knee flexion with elbow flexion. During modified squat, the kinematic data were collected using 4 RGB cameras and 13 Vicon cameras. The positions of the joints were obtained using OpenPose and the 3D positions were reconstructed using OpenCV. Angular trajectories from the Vicon motion capture system tended to be very similar to the ones from the webcam-based motion capture system. There was no significant difference in the kinematic data at the elbow between two different capture systems. Additionally, the minimum joint angles at the hip and knee were not significantly different. It was confirmed that the markerless motion capture system based on webcam can measure angular joint motions at the same level as the Vicon 3D motion capture system with markers. The webcam-based motion capture system will enhance the usability in clinical settings.

Waluyo   Sapta Kunta Purnama   Rumi Iqbal Doewes   Mohammad Furqon Hidayatullah   and Sugiyanto   

Purpose: Explain the self-confidence and physical capacity of mentally retarded athletes of 1500 meter run after functional training. Materials and methods: The research method used a quantitative study with a survey design. Totally, 20 mentally retarded athletes of 1500 meter run participated in a functional training program for 8 weeks. Researchers used the Personal Evaluation Inventory to explain self-confidence. Physical capacity was tested by a 3-min step test, knee push-ups, and a timed get-up and go (TGUG) test. Self-confidence data were analyzed by KMO factor analysis and Bartlett's Test. Paired t-test was used to evaluate differences in the training groups. Results: A statistically significant difference was found in the physical capacity of mentally retarded athletes after undergoing functional training for 8 weeks (p-value < 0.05). Furthermore, there is a relationship between the self-confidence variable and each subscale (p-value = 0.001 for athletics, 0.002 for mood, 0.005 for general). Conclusions: During participating in the 1500 m running sport, the self-confidence of mentally retarded athletes can develop. To support the self-confidence of mentally retarded athletes, functional training was needed. Through functional training, the physical capacity of mentally retarded athletes increases so as to increase the self-confidence of mentally retarded athletes and produce maximum performance in their sports, so athletics is a sports field where they excel, do not feel worried and anxious in sports, feel better than their age, do not humble themselves, feel optimistic and positive, do not have self-doubt, and are able to handle problems successfully. The research findings have explained the reasons for the self-confidence of mentally retarded athletes of 1500 m run which can be a new understanding in building the self-confidence of mentally retarded athletes, especially in the 1500 m running sport.

Ratna Budiarti   Siswantoyo   Endang Rini Sukamti   Christina Fajar Sriwahyuniati   Ari Iswanto   Rozita Abdul Latif   Sutoro   and Yulvia Miftachurochmah   

Background: Test instrument for flexibility is indispensable in several sports in the national development category, including aerobic gymnastics. However, the fact shows that no aerobic gymnastic flexibility test instrument is yet in the national development category. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the aerobic gymnastic flexibility test in the national development category. Design/ methodology/ approach: This research is a research & development supported by qualitative and quantitative approaches. The data collection was carried out with the Delphi technique, involving ten experts. The data analysis used Aiken's to test the validity and Cronbach alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) to test the reliability between raters. Results: The results show that the value of all items' Aiken's coefficient was above 0.70, so it can be said that all items were valid. With the Cronbach's Alpha value showed 0.919 and ICC showed 0.911, and each rater consistency was 0.507, it can be said that the instrument was very reliable. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that aerobic gymnastic flexibility test instrument in the national development category has high content validity and an excellent agreement between raters, with the consistency of each rater also quite well. For the test instrument to be much more precise, it is suggested to conduct empirical validity tests and reliably test-retests for athletes or non-athletes of the Age Group 1 category for 12-14 years old and Age Group 2 for 15-17 years old.

Ibtehal M Alkhawaldeh   

Introduction: In order to execute the overhead assault with the front racket in badminton, the triceps brachii muscle must stretch the elbow joint. Even though this muscle is crucial for accomplishing this talent, it's crucial to investigate how localised triceps brachii exhaustion affects the ability to execute the overhead shot with the front racket. Therefore, the central continuous contraction was chosen to cause local fatigue in the triceps brachii muscle. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to ascertain how the central isometric contraction, which causes triceps brachii muscle exhaustion, affects the elbow movement, velocity, and accuracy of the shuttlecock when performing the forehand overhead jump smash skill. Method: The study sample consists of 12 international badminton players who have participated in the World Championships and Olympic Games and use the right hand as a favorite according to the following averages (age 25.3 ± 1.2 years, mass 70.20 ± 2.31 kg, height 1.81 ± 0.11 m, training age 7.9 ± 2.1 years, Medicine ball throw test (1) kg overhead 2.96 ± 2.31 kg, distance 1.81 ±0.11 m). They were asked to perform a crushing throw accuracy test, and then they were subjected to a maximal voluntary isometric contraction test. After that, they were asked to repeat the crushing throw accuracy test. The two tests of shooting the crushing throw, before and after, were filmed for the purposes of kinetic analysis through the Kinovea 0.9.5 program. The Automatic Shuttlecock Launcher and the Stalker Sport 2 Radar devices were used. Results: After using statistical means such as statistical averages, standard deviations, and the Wilkeson test, the results showed a negative effect with statistical significance at the level (α < 0.05) of the triceps brachii muscle fatigue caused by the isometric contraction on the movement of the elbow, the velocity and accuracy of the crushing blow against the front racket overhead among the badminton players. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it was recommended that the muscle strength of the triceps brachii should be raised to increase its tolerance to local fatigue resulting from its continuous use among badminton players.

Rivan Saghita Pratama   Purwono Sidik Permono   Andri Pradana   Kriswantoro   Wahadi   Ali MD Nadzalan   Benny Badaru   Fekie Adila   Fatkhul Imron   Sri Haryono   and Taufiq Hidayah   

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and more effective results of the wall pass and diamond pass training methods on the short passing accuracy of players. Information collection was carried out by observing 20 SSB Perseramang players aged 14-17 years old by observing the training process and matches taking place in 2021. Research data was collected by conducting initial tests and final tests using the short passing test instrument to determine the short passing ability of players. The test result data showed that the experimental group 1 had an average initial test score of 3.40 and a final test score of 4.40 with a difference of 1.0 increase. In the test results, the experimental group 2 had an average initial test score of 3.80 and a final test score of 6.10 with a difference of increase of 2.30. The value of the paired difference test for experimental groups 1 and 2 was 0.0001 and 0.000 (p < 0.05). This means that the wall pass and diamond pass exercises have an influence on the accuracy of short passing. From the comparison of the average increase in the two groups, this study reveals that diamond pass exercises have a better and more effective effect than wall pass exercises on improving short passing accuracy of SSB Perseramang players aged 14-17 years. The coach should provide diamond pass exercises to improve the accuracy of the short passing of players and supervise the course of practice.

Ramesh Ram Ramalu   Zulakbal Abd Karim   Gunathevan Elumalai   and Nor Fazila Abd Malek   

This research was conducted to identify the most significant Malaysian football development coaching process model in Malaysian coaching context that describes the key development themes guided by Effective Coaching Model. A total of 14 head coaches from Malaysian State Sports Schools were chosen by using purposive sampling design. The research instrument used was an in-depth semi-structured interview with open-ended questions that emerged from Grounded Theory. Based on the analysis, the following six core categories and eighteen subcategories emerged that make up the effective coaching in the coaching process; i) coaching knowledge (professional knowledge, psychological knowledge), ii) coaching philosophy (characteristics, holistic approach), iii) planning (coaching syllabus, signature coaching, individual development, fun elements, risk management), iv) deliver (heuristic, empowerment, spirituality), v) analyzing (evaluating, observation, monitoring) and vi) outcome (competence, life skills, coaching intervention). It is suggested that the effective coaching process model will provide an impetus to examine further coaching processes and strategies to ensure all coaches are well supported, trained, and developed. The study's implication is suggested to assist the development of football coaches.

Vadivelan Lohonathan   Norhazira Rahim   and Siti Hartini Azmi   

Physical education (PE) subject is an important component in the national curriculum in Malaysia to produce a healthy and fit young generation. Active involvement in physical activity and exercise can improve cognitive function and aerobic capacity of children. In regards to that, High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is an alternative training protocol to improve body physiological function, fitness performance and health. Furthermore, HIIT has recently attracted significant research attention in a wide range of population lately. The objective of this study is to investigate the need of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in the implementation of PE activities. The survey study through a questionnaire involved a total of 220 primary school PE teachers who were selected by purposive sampling technique. The questionnaire was divided into two parts, part A consists of information and background of the respondents, part B is about the development of HIIT activity module implementation in PE. Data were analyzed descriptively. This study showed that 86.8 percent of teachers agree that there is a need to develop HIIT module for PE subject as an initiation of HIIT activities in PE to ensure the practice of HIIT activities in long term among young minds. The implications of this study suggested that teachers pay attention to the need to develop HIIT module as an alternative training program that increases physical fitness among kids. Therefore, this study is expected to provide a basic overview of the need to develop a HIIT module to be practiced in PE class as the implementation of HIIT improves aerobic fitness optimally in a shorter time period.

Fariba Hossein Abadi   Nur Atikah Mohd Khairah   Ai Choo Lee   Fairus Fariza Zainudin   and Saeid Motevalli   

In recent years, aquatic sports (AS) have become more popular, especially for those who enjoy the adventurous sports activities. However, the AS have the possibility of injury, although the activities are performed in the water media. This study aimed to determine the musculoskeletal injury profile and incidence among AS athletes in Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI) from 2018-2020. A total of 62 staff and students who are AS athletes participated in this study. The injuries of athletes were assessed based on the type, location and cause of injuries within the last two years of competition events or training sessions and through an online survey method by Sport Injury Reporting Questionnaire. The AS were swimming, kayaking, canoeing, dragon boating, and rowing. The study recorded 102 injury cases in total. The results showed muscle cramps were the most common injury, followed by abrasion contusion and muscle strain. The most common body location injury specifically in swimming was the shoulder injury, followed by forearm, hip and thigh. In addition, overuse and chronic were the highest injury causes, followed by poor paddling technique and low level of strength and only a few of the respondents reported a lack of proper warm-up and cool-down. These findings revealed the injuries probably occurred in the upper body, which was caused by overuse training and inappropriate technique, particularly in swimming strokes and boating. These findings may be useful when developing future training program that aims to prevent sport injuries in aquatic sports.

Muhammad Amirul Adnan   Norkhalid Salimin   Rozaireen Muszali   Julismah Jani   Mohd Izwan Shahril   Mai Shihah Abdullah   and Mohd Esa Baruji   

This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of sports safety level instruments on the field based on the ADDIE Model. This study used a field sports safety level instrument that assesses the level of safety on the school field including the level of environmental safety, control, information, field maintenance and records management. The measuring instrument of this study was built based on the ADDIE Model. Dan Petersen's Accident Theory and Domino's Accident Cause Theory were used as a basis for the construction of this instrument and adapted to the school situation in Malaysia based on several circulars issued by the Ministry of Education Malaysia. All resources were used as a guide and reference so that the assessment instruments developed are in accordance with the needs and requirements of the school situation in Malaysia. The results of the study found that the validity of the sports safety level instrument on the field was r = 0.91 (N = 3) for the first process of validity and r = 0.92 (N = 5) for the second process of validity. This indicates a high validity value for both validation processes carried out. The value of Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient used in determining the reliability of sports safety instruments on the field was high α = 0.84. Based on the findings, this field sports safety level instrument is suitable to be used as a standard instrument to assess the field sports safety level. The implication of the study is that this instrument as a realistic, holistic assessment instrument can measure the level of sports safety on the field in line with the Safe Schools Policy (2002).

Mohammad Amir Hakim Mat Isar   Nelfianty Mohd Rasyid   and Shaharudin Abdul Aziz   

This study examined the effects of imagery training and instructional self-talk towards cognitive state anxiety, somatic state anxiety, self-confidence and archery performance of the Sports School Malaysia Pahang (SSMP) athletes in 2019. This study used a quasi-experimental design. The instrument consisted of Sport Imagery Ability Measure Questionnaire (SIAM), Belief in Self-Talk Questionnaire (BSQ) and Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R (CSAI-2R), and archery performance scores were considered as well. A total of 45 participants were randomly distributed into three experimental groups: Imagery (I) (n = 15), Imagery and Self-Talk (IST) (n = 15) and Self-Talk (ST) (n = 15). All groups underwent a six-week intervention of eighteen sessions, three times a week for one hour. Two Way Mixed MANOVA revealed significant differences between the three intervention groups. Imagery and Self-Talk (IST) group had a significant effect on decreasing state anxiety and increasing self-confidence as well as archery performance scores over two-time periods (pre and post-test). Such a result opens the way to the idea that, Imagery and Self-Talk (IST) group showed a better effect than study groups (ST) and (I). Factors that reduce state anxiety, increase self-confidence and archery performance, and explain the acceptance of interventions over one method will produce a more positive effect on participants. Imagery and instructional self-talk intervention can be used as a reference for sports psychology coaches to improve archery performance among athletes.

Farizul Athir Mohd Ramli   and Yusop Ahmad   

The aim of the study is to determine the value of the validity and reliability of a swimming aid innovation, which is known as Sharky Buoy. A descriptive study design was used in this study. There are five expert panels involved in this study to evaluate the content validity of the swimming aid by using a questionnaire. Result shows that the swimming aid has a high score of content validity, which is r= 0.81. Meanwhile, to measure the reliability of the swimming aid, 30 swimming coaches were chosen randomly to fill out the questionnaire according to the extent of their satisfaction regarding the swimming aid. The result shows that the swimming aid has a good score of reliability, which is 0.80. The reliability has been evaluated using a Cronbach Alpha in the SPSS. In short, the swimming aid is suitable to be used as a teaching aid to teach children how to swim effectively.

Mohamad Izzudyn Fariss Mohd Hamizi   and Jeffrey Fook Lee Low   

Relative age effect (RAE) has been identified as a contributing factor that could affect the chances of an individual attaining elite athletic level. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of RAE among adult Malaysian field hockey players. Birth dates of both men (n=270) and women (n=197) players were obtained from the official website of the 2020 national hockey competition and analyzed for significant differences in the distribution of their birth months using Chi Square Goodness of Fit test. Players' birth months were distributed according to four quartiles. Presence of RAE was found for both men and women categories. Similar results were shown among the men's semifinalists and those who were selected to the national team. However, no RAE was found in the women's semi-finals teams as well as those who were selected to the national team. Suggested reason for the absence of RAE among the more skillful women players could be a lack of competition for places in the team and possibly due to a high turnover of players. Another reason posited was that the relatively younger players were able to persevere and overcome the selection bias, more with their technical and tactical skills than physical advantage.

Gunathevan Elumalai   Kalaivanee Chinanapan   Wallapa Choeibuakaew   Doewes Rumi Iqbal   and Fariba Hossein Abadi   

The aim of this study is to determine existing teaching and learning process information published over the past five years (2016 - 2020) on how the different approaches in Physical Education (PE) improve physical fitness, academic performance, and enjoyment among pupils. A mixed systematic review was conducted, and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were referred to. The articles included were selected based on the requirements: studies published in the international journal; studies published from 2016 to 2020; studies conducted within primary (7 to 12 years old) and secondary (13 to 18 years old) school context; studies that involved qualitative or quantitative methods; an article that focused on the effectiveness of multiple approaches in PE towards physical fitness, academic performance and enjoyment among pupils. A total of 14 articles were identified. Results showed that model-based approaches in PE such as Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), Project-based Learning (PBL), and Collaborative Learning (CL) gradually improve physical fitness, academic performance, and enjoyment among pupils compared to traditional approaches. Finally, alternative teaching approaches abundantly differ from the traditional method in PE, which potentially improves overall performance among pupils. Therefore, this review can help teachers and researchers to deliver their teaching and learning activities using different approaches in primary Physical Education lessons.

Norkhalid Salimin   Mohammad Zarid Zaini   and Teeraphan Sangkaew   

This trial study is aimed at helping coaches train players for comprehension and intelligence in football. Organized, systematic and comprehensive training modules can help coaches to train and improve player performance. The trial study design is a quasi-experimental method with pretest - posttest design. Subjects were football players under 14 years old from Johor Bahru district in Malaysia. Subjects were divided into treatment group (n = 26) and control group (n = 26). Treatment group was exposed to CGfU Module for nine weeks. On the other hand, control group was exposed to the FAM License 'C' Football Training Module for nine weeks. The research instrument was the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT). The effect of the use of the training modules was tested on the performance of football players under 14 years old in terms of performance quality, place of action on the field and action results. Based on the t-test, the intervention significantly affected the post-test performance of football players in the treatment and control groups. Nevertheless, the t-test showed no significant difference in pre-test performance between the treatment and control groups. The t-test also showed no significant difference in post-test performance between the treatment and control groups. In conclusion, CGfU Module had an impact on the performance of under-14 football players. The game modification training method using the CGfU Module can increase understanding and make players intelligent in the football game.

Zulezwan Ab Malik   Norhazira Abdul Rahim   Ali Md Nadzalan   and Muhamad Arif Abdullah   

Objective: This study aims to identify the hydration knowledge, fluid replacement habit and hydration status among development athletics athletes in Malaysia Sports School Pahang. Methodology: Cross-sectional study was conducted among 63 athletes aged 15.6 ±1.7 (male= 51%, female= 49%) that take part in 3 different events (sprinters n=22, field events n=21, long-distance n=20). The hydration knowledge and fluid replacement habit were identified using a validated questionnaire. Meanwhile, the hydration status was assessed before the athletes started their morning training using urine refractometer. Result: The mean score for knowledge and fluid replacement habit were 6.98±1.20 and 6.81±1.30 respectively. The specific gravity (USG) mean score was 1.034±0.045, which indicated for severely dehydrated. More than half of the athletes (57%) were categorized as significantly dehydrated. Next, there was a strong and positive correlation between hydration knowledge and fluid replacement habit score (r=0.638, p<0.0001). In addition, this study also found there was an inverse correlation between hydration status with hydration knowledge (r=-0.108, p=0.402) and hydration status with fluid replacement habit (r=-0.088, p=0.492), but the correlation was small and not significant. Conclusion: The finding of this study identifies the need of education strategy for athletes to improve their knowledge and behavior toward the hydration status. In addition, facilities and infrastructure such as the availability of water dispensers might reduce the risk of dehydration among athletes.

Kogilavani Krishnan   Fariba Hossein Abadi   Lee Ai Choo   Fairus Fariza Zainudin   and Saeid Motevalli   

Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) causes pain, stiffness, muscular weakness, and walking difficulties, leading to physical inactivity and consequently the rise in obesity as a public health concern. This study aimed to compare the effects of aquatic and Thera-band exercises on pain intensity and endurance among obese people with KOA. In a cross-sectional study, 45 obese participants (n = 45; male = 22, female = 23) with KOA (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg.m^-2) were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups; aquatic exercise (AqG), Thera-band exercise (TBG) and control (CG) groups. For eight weeks, the AqG and TBG groups performed the exercise program twice weekly at 60 min per session. The Mixed-ANOVA statistical analysis revealed significant differences among the effects of aquatic exercise, Thera-band exercise, and CG after eight weeks in terms of pain intensity (F: 2, 42= 34.18, p < 0.001) and endurance (F: 2, 42 = 11.425, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, both intervention groups had a significant effect on pain intensity (p<0.001) and only AqG revealed a significant difference in endurance (p < 0.046) compared with the CG. In addition, there was no significant difference between AqG and TBG in the improvement of pain intensity (p = 0.896) and endurance (p = 0.072). In conclusion, progressive aquatic and Thera-band exercises are alternative suggestions to improve pain intensity and aquatic exercise can also be more advantageous to recover endurance among people with KOA.

Muhamad Fajar Ansharudin   Sulistiyono   Carles Nyoman Wali   Komarudin   Guntur   Gunathevan Elumala   Martono   and Awan Hariono   

The game of gobak sodor is a traditional Indonesian sport that has been preserved to this day. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the traditional sport of gobak sodor on the speed and agility of mawashi kenshi in Shorinji Kempo Martial Arts. The method in this research is Quasi Experiment, with One Group Pre Test and Post Test Design. The population in the study amounted to 30 kenshi, and then 30 kenshi were all used as subjects in this study. The instrument used in this research is a test instrument, pre test and post test. The data analysis technique of this research is t-test with a significance level of 5%. The results of this study indicate that the traditional sport of gobak sodor has an effect on increasing the speed and agility of kenshi when performing the mawashi geri technique in Shorinji Kempo Martial Arts. This is in accordance with the results of the post test t test with the highest score of 39.00% on the speed aspect of doing mawashi geri and the post test result with the highest score of 28.00% on the agility aspect. The limitation in this research is that the basic technique is single, and it does not use all the elements of the biomtor and the research subject. The researcher hopes that other researchers can develop this research by involving basic techniques in martial arts that are not singular and use more complete biomotor elements.

Nurjannah Nurjannah   Andi Dewi Angreyani   Baharman Supri   Musakirawati Musakirawati   and Marwan Marwan   

With no proper stress management, there will be a worse effect towards the athletes e.g. physical and/or mental disorder. Yet, this study discloses that there is a lack of body of knowledge and less literature in explaining the mediating role of stress management effect on such disorders of the professional athletes. As such, this study aims to apply a quantitative research method in explaining the mediating effect of stress management on the relationships between stress and the athletes' achievement and sports organization performance through the use of partial least square statistical test. This study has 96 over 217 samples which consist of the athletes who are officially registered and active in either public or private sports organization. The findings of this study for theoretical contribution disclose and recommend that the athlete's stress is vital and it needs to be coped accurately through the proper technique of stress management. The result of the application of effective stress management technique also leads the athletes to improve their performance as well as achievement. This later directly or indirectly increases the organization performance. For example, it will be easy to promote sports organization product/ service in attracting potential young talents, prospective financial sponsorships, etc.. The contribution for practical implications will also be explained in detail within a particular section of this paper.

Muhammad Ishak   Achmad Sofyan Hanif   Johansyah Lubis   and Moh. Fathur Rohman   

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of implementing mobile learning-based basketball learning in universities during the pandemic. In addition, this research will improve the quality and flexibility of students' distance learning during the pandemic. The method used in this research is experimental. The subject of this research is the education of students who are currently receiving training courses for basketball theory and practice as many as 250 students in five universities. The results of this study consist of three parts, namely identification of the learning environment, justification of the material by experts, and implementation. Based on data analysis, it shows that 100% of students require the development of this learning resource. Meanwhile, according to the evaluation results of basketball experts, sports got a percentage of 89.44% which means very good; according to learning technology experts, it obtained a percentage of 89.34% which means very good; learning experts got a percentage of 91.67% which means very good. Based on the Paired Samples Test, the sig value is known. (2-tailed) experimental group is 0.000 <0.05, then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. Based on the Independent Samples Test, it is known that Sig. (2-tailed) 0.030 < 0.05. So as a basis for decision making in the independent sample t test, it can be concluded that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant (significant) difference in the final test results of basketball skills between the experimental group and the control group. The test results show that there is a significant effect of using mobile learning on student learning outcomes. Besides that, there are also significant differences between classes that use mobile learning for the better and those who do not use it.

Hana Nassef   Hazem Ibrahim   Shaimaa El-Diasty   and Shorouq Sabry   

Enthesitis is defined as inflammation of the tendon, ligament, or capsule insertion into the bone. It is considered an early and cardinal marker of spondyloarthropathy (SpA) diagnosis. There is a growing demand for more accurate methods to diagnose enthesitis as early as possible for a more efficient treatment delivery. Ultrasound (US) is considered a promising tool for the diagnosis of enthesitis. Our study aimed at assessing the correlation between US and disease activity as well as evaluating the ability of Glasgow Ultrasound Enthesitis Scoring Index (GUESS) and Sonographic Enthesitic Index (SEI) US scores to diagnose the condition. We designed a case-control-based study, in which 11 patients with spondyloarthropathy were included and 10 healthy subjects matched for age and sex were invited to participate. For each included subject, a thorough clinical and US assessment was performed on five different lower limb entheseal sites bilaterally. Results showed that among the 210 examined entheseal sites, 30 sites were for patients with active disease process; Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) score > 4, whereas 80 sites were with inactive disease process. Hypo-echogenicity and Doppler signal at < 2 mm of bone surface were the only US findings with significant correlation to disease activity with p values≈0.006 and 0.03 respectively. 194 US abnormalities were detected among cases and only 68 abnormalities were found among controls [p value ≈ 0.024]. Most US abnormalities were reported among patients with PsA; 102/194 [52.58%] abnormalities. GUESS and SEI scores were significantly correlated with the underlying diagnosis of enthesitis, with a cut off value of about 0.986 for GUESS and 1 for SEI scores. In conclusion, Ultrasound proved to be a promising tool in assessing disease activity among patients with SpA yet should be combined with other clinical and laboratory data. Application of GUESS and SEI scores can assist in differentiating US findings caused by underlying SpA from those among normal healthy subjects.

Oleksandr Romanchuk   

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the cardiorespiratory system activity under the influence of traction manipulations in the thoracic spine. The study involved 26 adults, including 18 women aged 39.6 ± 12.1 years and 8 men aged 36.3 ± 8.3 years. The mean age of patients was 38.6 ± 11.2 years. The work used an integral method of studying the cardiorespiratory system - spiroarteriocardiorhythmography (SAKR). SACR registration was performed before and after traction manipulations in the thoracic spine directly in the procedure of manual therapy. The study of the immediate effect of traction manipulations of SMT in the thoracic spine on the cardiorespiratory system allowed establishing the main significant effects: decrease in HR (min^-1) from 85.1 (77.1; 94.2) to 79.5 (69.8; 87.6), p=0.000, decrease in duration of QTC (s) from 0.419 (0.404; 0.434) to 0.413 (0.401; 0.427), p=0.012, decrease in CO (dm³) from 5.2 (4.6; 5.8) to 4.9 (4.4; 5.6), p=0.000, SI (dm³/m²) from 3.05 (2.75; 3.30) to 2.90 (2.62; 3.20), p=0.000, increase in Vexp (L/s) from 0.28 (0.22; 0.34) to 0.31 (0.25; 0.39), p=0.030. The obtained data suggest that the main effects of traction manipulations on the thoracic spine are associated more with the changes in hemodynamic parameters of blood circulation due to activation of expiratory muscles and chest mobility, when the suction mechanisms of the chest and cardiovascular function of diaphragm are activated.

Hendri Permana   Endang Rini Sukamti   Suhadi   and Yulvia Miftachurochmah   

This study aimed to determine the effect of plyometric circuit training on cardiorespiratory and power abilities in male volleyball athletes. This study was experimental research with a Quasi-Experimental Design that involved male volleyball athletes from the Yuso Sleman Club as the population. The sample included 20 athletes determined by ordinal pairing, which were then divided into two groups. Using the multistage test, the first group was utilized to measure cardiorespiratory ability (VO_2max). Meanwhile, the other group used the vertical jump test to measure the power ability. The data analysis applied the t-test to comprehend the data structure in high dimensions because it involved more than one variable. The research analysis showed that the VO_2max variable in group I increased cardiorespiratory ability by 5.21% or 2.24 ml/kg BW/minute, and group II showed an increase by 2.64 or 1.15 ml/kg BW/minute. The power variable or vertical jump in group I showed 66.20, increased by 0.8 cm or 1.2% to 67.00; group II showed 69.50 cm, increased by 3.60 cm or 5.18% to 73.10 cm. The smash variable in group I showed 27.50 times, increased by 0.20 or 0.73% to 27.70 times, group II showed 27.20 times, increased by 5.8 or 31.32% to 33 times. Based on the results, plyometric circuit training before technical training had a more positive and significant effect on the cardiorespiratory and power of volleyball players, and to improve cardiorespiratory ability and power using plyometric circuit training, it is better to give it after technical training.

Yudanto   Wawan Sundawan Suherman   Sigit Nugroho   Guntur   and Dewangga Yudhistira   

Games experience learning (GEL) exercise model is to improve football playing skills. GEL testing has not been done much. The purpose of this study is to test the GEL model and engineering approach including (1) differences in the influence of GEL and technical approaches on football playing skills, (2) differences in the influence between students with high and low fundamental skills on football playing skills, (3) interaction of GEL models and technical approaches with high and low fundamental skills towards football playing skills. The research method was a factorial 2x2 experiment, participants of football players aged 9-10 years totaled 48, and research instruments David lee soccer test and TGMD-2. Data collection techniques are tests and measurements, and data analysis techniques used two-way Anova with the help of SPSS 23. Result: (1) there is a significant difference between the GEL and the technical approach to the skill of playing football, the GEL method is better than the approach of using engineering techniques. (2) There is a significant difference between high and low fundamental skills in football playing skills, and high fundamental skills are better than low skills. (3) There is a significant interaction between GEL and approaches using techniques with high and low fundamental skills for football playing skills. It is concluded that the GEL model is better than the model with a technical approach to improve football playing skills in young players.

Muhamad Sazeli Rifki   Raudhatul Hanifah   Endang Sepdanius   Anton Komaini   Ilham   Hadi Pery Fajri   and Deby Tri Mario   

This study's problem stems from that the volleyball skills test instrument used so far has not fully measured the volleyball skills possessed by athletes. Therefore, it is necessary to have an adequate instrument to assess these two sides, both in accuracy and motion evaluation. This research developed a volleyball skill test instrument such as the bottom pass, smash, and top service that involved athletes and volleyball coaches from West Sumatra. It was conducted at 5 West Sumatra volleyball clubs, totaling 60 athletes. In the first stage, a limited trial was carried out on 25 athletes from the total population. The second stage was tested on 60 athletes and involved 21 trainers for both practicality testing and effectiveness testing. The standardization process was carried out through several tests, namely: (1) validity testing, (2) reliability testing, (3) practicality testing, and (4) effectiveness testing. The resulting volleyball skill instrument consists of three instruments, namely (1) the lower passing instrument, (2) the Smash instrument, and (3) the upper service instrument. The three instruments' applicability has also been tested in practical terms with an average achievement of 85.17 and effectiveness with an average of 85 (practical) usability. This study concludes that creating a standard instrument can be used to test the three mastery of volleyball skills, namely the lower pass, smash, and volleyball service skills.

Ketut Chandra Adinata Kusuma   Wayan Artanayasa   Hendra Mashuri   and Made Agus Dharmadi   

Background: The last action of the offensive process in a game of soccer is shooting and scoring goals against the opponent. Victory in every game is the target of every soccer team competing in a competition both professional and amateur. It is important to know the extent of the relationship between the number of shots on goal and the victory or defeat in a competition. The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between shot on goal level and the final result of soccer matches. Method: This type of research is a correlation research using quantitative approaches. Observation was used as the data collection method on all matches of the Indonesian League 3 Bali Zone 2021 semi-finalist team consisting of Perseden Denpasar, PS Jembrana, Tunas Muda Ubud, and East Bali FC (n=32 matches). The data were analyzed using Pearson Product-Moment with a significance rate of 1%. Results: The results showed a Pearson correlation value of 0.531 and a sig value (2-tailed) of 0.002 which means that there was a significant and positive relationship between shot on goal and the final result of the match. Conclusion: The higher the shot on goal level, the higher the scoring opportunity and the higher the chance of victory obtained. This result can be used as a guideline for compiling an attacking exercise program by coaches at any level, especially in practicing shooting and its accuracy level.

Wen Fan   and Yasuhiko Hatanaka   

Background/Aims: In this study, we observed the effects of orthotics and ankle immobility on lateral stability to establish screening procedures for people with potential fall risk, assess the effect of foot and ankle abnormalities on gait stability, and determine the balance between functionality and stability in the design of orthotics. Methods: We examined 19 young, healthy participants while walking at a fixed gait velocity on a level surface. To calculate the medial-lateral margin of stability (ML MoS), the center of mass (CoM) moving velocity and base of support (BoS) were analyzed. We also examined factors that influenced a significant difference in the medial-lateral components of the CoM moving velocity to obtain the ground reaction force (GRF), joint angles, joint moments, and co-relation of joints. The significant differences in these indicators by gait events were used to verify the effects of different foot and ankle conditions and the wearing of different ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) on the lateral stability of gait events in different stance phases. Results: The ML MoS differed significantly at right heel strike (RHS). In addition, the ML MoS of each of the 19 participants in this study was significantly different immediately before the left heel strike (pre-LHS). However, due to the large heterogeneity of the disturbance generated by the abnormal motion of the ankle joint at pre-LHS, a consistent pattern of differences between groups was not obtained. Conclusions: Limited ankle inversion-eversion and adduction-abduction, combined with poorer foot rigidity, resulted in significantly lower lateral stability in the initial stance phase (at RHS). The angular difference between dorsiflexion and pronation, as well as the greater CoM lateral velocity, are the main reasons for the low lateral stability at this moment. These could be the targeted gait events and ankle movements for further research, treatment, and training.

Koulla Parpa   and Marcos Michaelides   

It has been indicated that strength imbalances following an ACL reconstruction are essential indicators of incomplete rehabilitation programs and increased risk for re-injury. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an isokinetic training protocol on muscular imbalances in soccer players who underwent ACL surgery. Twenty-four elite male soccer players who were found to have strength imbalances six months post-surgery were recruited and randomly assigned to either the control or the experimental group. The isokinetic knee strength was assessed before and after the 5-week intervention program. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant main effect of training intervention on torque production for the quadriceps [F(1,22)= 34.95, p<0.001, =0.61] and the hamstring [F(1,22)= 11.49, p<0.05, =0.34] of the operated leg. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between the exercise condition and torque production for the quadriceps [F(1,22)= 23.46, p<0.001, =0.52] and the hamstring of the operated leg [F(1,22)=6.27, p<0.05, =0.22]. Planned comparisons revealed that the experimental group produced significantly greater quadriceps [t(11)= -5.42, p<0.01, d=1.22] and hamstring [t(11)=-3.09, p<0.01, d=0.45] torque post-training compared to the pre-training intervention. Additionally, there was a main effect of training intervention on the deficits of the quadriceps [F(1,22)=67.95, p<0.01, =0.76] and a significant interaction between the exercise intervention and quadriceps deficits for the two groups [F(1,22)= 32.48, p<0.001, =0.59]. Our results indicate that the isokinetic training program efficiently restored the muscular imbalances post-surgery, and therefore physical therapists and rehabilitation experts should consider incorporating this program into their therapy protocols.

Victor Simanjuntak   Tandiyo Rahayu   and Dewangga Yudhistira   

Monitoring body mass index (BMI) and physical condition in sports are critical, especially in self-defense sports where weight categories and special physical conditions are used for competition. As a result, an examination is required. This study aimed to (1) determine body mass index and physical condition, (2) correlate BMI, speed, and agility factors with VO_2max, and (3) compare BMI and physical condition in karate, judo, and Kempo. The research method was descriptive quantitative and ex-post-facto. Participants included 12 karate athletes, 11 judo players, and 8 Kempo athletes aged ±20-23 years, weighing ±60-80 kg and height ±160-180 cm. Tests and measurements were used to acquire data. Data were analyzed using percentage analysis, Spearman's Rho, and Kruskal Wallis with SPSS 21. The percentage results showed that 30% of athletes were included in the "poor" category on the speed variable, 25% were included in the "poor" as well on the VO_2max, and 10% were included "overweight" on the BMI variable. A significant correlation was found in the results of the correlation between BMI and VO_2max r-0.474 and the value of sig. (2-tailed) 0.007< 0.05. A comparison of all variables with asymp. sig. values greater than 0.05 revealed no significant difference. It was concluded that, in terms of BMI, it is necessary to organize nutritional periodization of athletes whose physical condition has to be improved following the periodization carried out with the hope that nutritional status and physical condition will improve. The findings of this study are expected to be an evaluation for coaches and athletes.

Olena Mitova   Grygoriy Griban   Dmytro Oleniev   Artem Yakovenko   Viola Onyshchenko   Oleksandr Mozolev   Bogdan Semeniv   Andrii Lytvynenko   Oksana Khurtenko   Svitlana Zamrozevuch-Shadrina   Larysa Kozibroda   and Maryna Hres   

The aim of the research is to investigate the level of physical fitness and physical development of 6-7-year-old boys before and after the implementation of the authors' program of mini-basketball training sessions at the stage of initial training. The research involved 32 6-7-year-old boys, who were divided into experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups of 16 each. Physical fitness of boys was assessed by the following tests: 3x10 m shuttle run with running around stuffed balls, 4x9 m shuttle run, running to numbered stuffed balls, assessment of the sense of time, standing long jump, standing high jump, 10 m run, angle body from a sitting position, Romberg test. Physical development of boys was assessed by indicators of height, body weight, wrist dynamometry, vital capacity of the lungs, heart rate and blood pressure. As a result, the Robinson, Rufier, Kettle, vital and strength indices were calculated. At the end of the experiment the EG boys revealed significantly better indicators of coordination skills, static balance, sense of time, speed and strength qualities in comparison with the CG boys. There was also a positive effect of the authors' program on the physical development of boys: the Robinson and Rufier indices improved significantly in the EG. It was established that authors' program of mini-basketball training sessions, which is built according to the age peculiarities of 6-7-year-old boys, creates the most favourable conditions for the development of physical qualities in boys, their harmonious physical development, improvement of body function and revealing cognitive abilities.

Hadi   Dewangga Yudhistira   Syahru Romadhoni   and Haris Kurnianto   

Basketball relies on ideal physical conditions. Power, agility, and strength are three of the most significant physical characteristics. To develop an appropriate training program depends on age, knowledge of power, agility, and strength are required. The study's goal was to examine power, agility and strength as a function of age. Ex post facto sampling was used in this study, and it was done using the purposive sampling strategy. Research participants were basketball junior players aged 15 to 18 years who were divided into 3 groups based on age. Vertical leap, 505, barbell squat, and bench press were the test instruments used. Kruskal Wallis and post hoc tests were used to analyze the research data. The power analysis was found to be 0.041>0.05, agility 0.094>0.05, leg strength 0.0010.05, and arm 0.0000.05 based on the Kruskal Wallis test results. The sig value of the post hoc test on the study of leg and arm strength was 0.0000.05. In conclusion, there was no significant difference between the analyses of power and agility, but there was a significant difference between the analyses of arm and leg strength at the ages of 15 and 18. The results of these findings can be used to increase the knowledge base and as an evaluation material for coaches for their athletes.

Risky Syahputra   Oktarifaldi   Lucy Pratama Putri   and Syahrial Bakhtiar   

It takes excellent physical preparation for athletes to face the XX National Sports Week event in Papua province for West Sumatra athletes. In the following, the characteristics of the physical condition of the athletes at the Provincial Training Center are presented in the martial arts and games. This study involves 77 selected athletes. The sampling technique used is total sampling, making all the population a sample. There are 10 instruments used to get a picture of the athlete's physical condition (Mackenzie, B), namely: sit ups, push ups, medicine hand ball, bleep test, 20 meter sprint, 400 meter sprint, t-run, core stability, split and jumping hurdle. Data analysis using descriptive techniques is conducted with the help of the SPSS Version 21 application. The research findings show that the athletes' Core Stability test results are in the very good category because only 14% of athletes are below the group average. Furthermore, the test results of sit ups, push ups, medicine hand ball, bleep test, 20 meter sprint, 400 meter sprint, t-run, split and jumping hurdle show that athletes' physical conditions were in the medium category, because 44% to 60% of athletes were below average. It can be concluded, from 10 physical condition test instruments, only core stability athletes are good. The average ability of other physical conditions is still not good and needs to be improved again so that the expected performance can be achieved optimally.

Rika Sepriani   Bafirman   Mudjiran   Gusril   Syafrudin   and Syahrial Bachtiar   

The study aims to identify athletes' doping knowledge at the 20th National Sports Week (PON XX Papua) in 2021. This study is a quantitative descriptive research study. The sample for this study included 40 athletes selected at the PON XX Papua using a random sampling technique. An athlete's doping knowledge test in the form of a multiple-choice test with four response choices was utilized as the research instrument, prepared based on the World Anti-Doping Code 2021 (WADC). The data were analyzed descriptively using percentages and significance tests such as the t-test and Kruskal Willis. According to the research findings, athletes' doping knowledge at PON XX Papua was in the low classification with 55%, the sufficient classification with 32.5%, and the high classification with 12.5%. The dimension of factual knowledge of athletes is in the low classification (53%); the dimension of conceptual knowledge is in the low classification (50%), and the dimension of procedural knowledge is in the sufficient classification (59%). Based on athlete characteristics, the knowledge of doping athletes in individual and group sports did not significantly differ (sig. 0.973 > α=0.05). Furthermore, while there was no significant difference in athletes' doping knowledge based on gender (sig. 0.846 > α=0.05), there was a significant difference based on education level (sig. 0.027 < α=0.05).

Berto Apriyano   Zainal Abidin Zainuddin   and Asha Hasnimy Mohd Hashim   

This study is expected to be able to contribute to increasing students' physical fitness and health so that it can help reduce the risk of obesity through exercise-based physical activity, namely TEFIX, which can be used in learning. In this way, it is hoped that the PJOK's objectives can be achieved. Therefore, this investigation is also expected to help PJOK teachers give more focus to the physical fitness stage of students. The method of this study is study and development (Research and Development). This research uses a quantitative approach method using Quasi Experimental Design through the Pretest and Posttest Control-Group Design methods. In this experiment, the investigator uses control and study sets, but the collection of participants into groups is not random. The examination used in this case is TKJI for physical fitness and BMI for health. Before completing the small organization trial, the TEFIX training modules can be verified with experts. With the results of eight validators getting the usual results in the "very good" category, then a small group trial analysis (Pre research) was carried out to obtain reliability using the results of the pre-test and post-test, for the BMI scores of male students "high" and female students "Very high", for TKJI scores of male students "high" and female students "tall". It can be concluded that the TEFIX physical activity module is valid and has a high correlation and high enough reliability to survive in a larger group sample.

Aldo Naza Putra   and Sepriadi   

Physical Education teachers still use conventional and unvaried learning models, and the limitations of teachers in applying learning models result in students' skills in football games not being achieved. In addition, the tools used in learning are standard for professional players. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the learning model in football so that students are more active during learning and improve basic passing technique skills between boys and girls. The learning model applied is based on the 2013 physical education curriculum by taking one of the themes of games and sports. The research method used is experimental with pre-test and post-test designs. There is a division of groups to determine the effectiveness of the applied model (experimental and control groups). The sample in this study was 85 junior high school students (38 boys and 47 girls aged 12-15 years). The results of this study indicate that in the control group, there is a mean difference with the value t₀3,543>t_table2,030. In the experimental group, there is a mean difference with the value t₀29,605>t_table2,030. While the post-test results between the control and experimental groups showed a difference in the mean with the value t₀6,854>t_table1,989 significant 0,05. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the learning model applied is more effective in improving the essential technical skills of football passing in junior high school students. It should also be noted that the model used must be adapted to the characteristics of students so that it is more exciting and can be done during physical education learning. So students will be happier, more comfortable, and able to work together in understanding.

Ramdani Amrullah   Suriani Sari   Ilham Surya Fallo   Whalsen Duli Agus Lauh   and Edi Purnomo   

The core muscles are essential for stabilization and strength building in all sports activities. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Swiss ball-based core stability training model for student-athletes of Pencak silat. Methods: This study used an experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The subject of this research was the student-athlete of Pencak silat in Pontianak. Specifically, the sample was student-athletes aged 15-17 years. The respondents of this study were 60 student-athletes who were divided into two groups, the experimental and control groups, with 30 respondents in each. Analysis: Quantitative data analysis techniques were used to determine the effectiveness of the exercise model with plank instruments and modified bass tests of dynamic balance, before and after treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 16. Results: The results obtained from the core muscle strength test using the plank instrument before was 1.8630 and after being given treatment was 2.763, concluded that the experimental group's core muscle strength was higher or more effective than the control group. While the value of dynamic balance with the modified bass test instrument obtained before was 26 and after being treated was 35.83. Conclusion: The balance test of the experimental group was higher or more effective than the control group. Based on preliminary and posttest evidence, Swiss ball-based core stability exercises effectively improve core muscle strength and dynamic balance. The effectiveness of the Swiss ball-based core stability exercise must be accompanied by a pattern of exercise that is in accordance with the muscle group and anatomical adaptation of the exercise according to the athlete's ability.

Hasan Mohammed Al-Khaldi   

The study aims to pinpoint the effectiveness of organizational agility in crisis management at the Jordan Football Association. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive approach is used, and a questionnaire scale is prepared as a measurement instrument. The study population consists of all the (60) male and female football coaches at the Jordan Football Association. After collecting the data and analyzing them statistically using T-test and ANOVA to find out the gender, the academic degree, and experience differences regarding organizational agility in crisis management, the findings indicate that the issue of applying the concept of organizational agility in crisis management in the Association is of a medium degree. The findings also show that there are no statistically significant differences for the variable of gender, experience, and academic degree exception for the dimension of practice agility, and in favor of the higher academic degree. In light of the aforesaid findings, the study recommends developing organizational and educational structures and regulations in a method that reduces bureaucracy, enhancing the independence of the departments and committees working in the Association to exercise speed and flexibility in decision-making, and improving the capabilities of directors of departments and committees in the Football Association in pinpointing and applying the concept of organizational agility and work practice.

Nurul Ihsan   Rony Hidayat   Damrah   Hendri Neldi   Sepriadi   and Muslimin   

There are many factors affecting Pencak Silat performance, including physical, mental and kicking technique. Based on the preliminary study, it was found that the sickle kick ability of PSN Badai Kuamang Kuning college athletes was low. Thus, the purpose of this study was to know the effect of leg muscle explosive power, agility and confidence on sickle kick. This research used the quantitative approach (path analysis). There were 30 male athletes aged 15-18 years taken as samples through total sampling technique. There were some instruments to gather the data: vertical jump test to measure the leg muscle explosive power, T-test for agility, a questionnaire for self-confidence and sickle kick test to know sickle kick ability. The results of the study show: 1) The influence of leg muscle explosive power was 40.9%, 2) the direct influence of agility was 36.3%, 3) the direct influence of self-confidence was 33.9%, 4) the indirect effect on leg muscle explosive power through self-confidence was 29.1%, 5) the indirect influence of agility through self-confidence was 17.8%, 6) the simultaneous influence of leg muscle explosive power, agility and confidence on the ability of the sickle kick was 70.2%.

Silvi Aryanti   Samsul Azhar   James Tangkudung   Yusmawati   Bogy Restu Ilahi   and Ardo Okilanda   

This study aims to determine the expert validation of the research product in the form of a learning model for the basic technique of overhead pass volleyball based on Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) in elementary school students. The research method used is research and development from Borg & Gall. The research product was validated by physical education learning experts and volleyball game material experts. The results of the expert validation of Physical Education and Sports learning for the top pass, namely the feasibility indicator, were obtained at 77.08%. The results of the validity indicator were obtained at 81.25%. The results of the expert validation of the volleyball game indicators in the variation of the TGfU-based learning model for passing over are 81.25%. The results of the ease indicator in the variation of the upper passing learning model obtained 83.33%. The research product on learning to pass over volleyball was validated by motor learning experts; the results obtained were 83.33% of the upper passing safety percentage. The results of the learning model that can improve volleyball passing skills are 79.17%. Based on the validation results that have been obtained, this research implies that the research product in the form of a TGfU-based learning model is suitable for use in passing learning on volleyball for upper-grade elementary school students.

Jae-Ryang Yoon   and Gi-Chul Ha   

This study aimed to analyze elite modern pentathlon athletes' anthropometric characteristics and present physical characteristics for better performance and investigate the characteristics of cardiorespiratory fitness and exercises to bone health. The subject of this study was 27 male modern pentathlon athletes. The dual-energy X-ray system absorptiometry was used in this study to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) and the bone mineral content (BMC) in the whole body. An automatic metabolic gas analyzer was used for the maximal graded exercise test. BMD differed significantly between the right and left arms and between the right and left parts of the trunk and the total body; however, no significant difference was found in BMD between the right and left legs (P<0.05). As for physiological variables, oxygen consumption (VO₂)/heart rate (HR) were estimated at 60.79 ml/kg/min, and 24.68 ml/bpm, respectively. Such pulmonary characteristics as expiratory minute volume (VE), and VE/oxygen (O₂) were 152.37 ml/min, and 38.21 ml/min, respectively. %VO₂max, and %HRmax at the anaerobic threshold were estimated at 82.61%, and 85.96%, respectively. At the results together, %body fat can serve as a useful predictor in that it is positively correlated with performance. This strongly indicated that the heart rate control for cardiorespiratory fitness can be a vital predictor of performance because a newly combined event (laser-run) is included.

Oman Hadiana   Herman Subarjah ‪   Amung Ma'mun   Mulyana   Ricki Yuliardi   and Lutfi Nur ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬   

Pencak silat is a contemporary general term used in Indonesia, Malaysia, and other Southeast Asia countries to mention hundreds of traditional and modern martial arts which are performed either by a solo player or a duel, with or without musical background. One type of Pencak Silat in Indonesia is Tapak Suci. This research aimed at investigating the impact of Tapak Suci Training Model with Positive Youth Development based training in developing Life Skills for Athletes. This research was experimental research involving 56 athletes who were divided into two groups, 28 athletes for the experimental group and 28 athletes for the control group. The research instrument used was life skill questionnaires involving 35 questions about emotional skills, goal setting, problem-solving and decision making, leadership, and respect. Data analysis was done descriptively and a t-test was employed to investigate the different impacts between the two groups. The results showed that Tapak Suci Pencak Silat Training Model implemented in the experimental group gave a higher impact on the life skill transfer for athletes compared to the control group. This research concludes that Pencak Silat Tapak Suci Training Model is proved to be an effective effort for life skills transfer among athletes. In addition, the employment of programed exercises is recommended to be implemented for individual life skills transfer.

Ridho Bahtra   Aldo Naza Putra   Didin Tohidin   Muhammad Sazeli Rifki   and Windo Wiria Dinata   

Low endurance capabilities will make it difficult for players to compete in competitive soccer matches. Therefore, a training model is needed to increase endurance so that players can play optimally and maintain their skills. This research aims to develop an endurance training model based on technique drills. The method used was research and development (R&D), with a total sample of 55 people who were divided into two groups, namely a small group trial and a large group trial. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation and interview. The observation was conducted in the training subject's location, while the interview was conducted with the players and coaches. The data collection instruments in this study were a list of questions and questionnaires. Based on the research steps that had been conducted, an endurance training model based on soccer technique drill with 26 variations of exercises was successfully developed. In addition, from the data analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the endurance training model based on technique drill is feasible to use, especially for young players (U-18). Young players have emotional characteristics that are still unstable and easily get bored. Therefore, in endurance training which is sometimes very boring, it is necessary to provide a more varied and attractive training model, so that motivation in undergoing the training process is maintained. This training model not only increases endurance but also improves basic soccer technical skills.

Haibing Su   Gao Yang   Ming Yang   and Jindong Chang   

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a motor intervention program on the improvement of fundamental motor skills (including motor skills and object control skills) in school-aged children through a meta-analysis system based on the US Gross Motor Development Test to determine further the effects of motor intervention on fundamental motor skills in school-aged children. A comprehensive search of relevant literature in PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted to include trials on motor interventions published up to October 2021, examining the effects of motor intervention programs on fundamental motor skills in school-aged children. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool identified studies of acceptable methodological quality. Meta-analyses showed that motor interventions had an effect on children's overall fundamental motor skills (N=1197, SMD=0.94, 95% Cl:0.81-1.07, p<0.00001, I²=79%, random-effects model) and object control skills (N=1380, SMD=0.83, 95% Cl:0.45-1.21, p<0.0001, I²=89%, random-effects model) improved by a larger effect size. In contrast, the effect size for improvement in motor skills (N=1380, SMD=0.57, 95% Cl:0.29-0.85, p<0.0001, I²=80%, random-effects model) was moderate. The combined analyses suggest that motor intervention programs can improve children's performance of fundamental motor skills to some extent. However, the optimal type of motor intervention needs to be further determined in subsequent studies. Considering the limitations of this study, the findings need to be interpreted and applied with caution.

J. D. K. Negara   S. W. A. Jusman   R. Sekartini   E. I Ilyas   Nuryadi   H. R. D. Ray   and A. Gumilar   

Futsal sports have high explosive characteristics with moderate-heavy intensity. The increase of cortisol is a biomarker for high-stress situations desirable throughout futsal—that catabolic hormone secreted in a state of physical or psychological stress. Meanwhile, a person's emotions are harmful, such as stress, anxiety, fear, and frustration. The release of the cortisol hormone can activate the sympathetic nervous system, distinguished by an increase in heart rate, and reduce the ability to think and react. Additionally, it represents a role in decreasing mood and muscle fatigue. This study's persistence was to determine the differences in the frequency of futsal practice on physical stress in adolescents (27 boys). This investigation approach is an experimental study in adolescents (13,63±0,84 years old) who perform futsal sports with different futsal frequency groups for ten weeks, specifically 1-time weekly exercise frequency (F1), 3-times weekly exercise frequency (F3), and 5-times weekly exercise frequency (F5). This research had passed the research ethics review issued. The testing results on F1 found no significant improvement in cortisol (51,21±22,66 vs. 61,02±27,69). In F3, there was no significant increase at the cortisol level (57,71±15,45 vs. 61,82±13,57), and in F5 group, there was a significant increase at the cortisol level (51,02±9,38 vs. 70,33±16,36). Interestingly, only the F5 group showed a significant increase at the cortisol level in this study. Anticipated F5 physically attends to be extremely high in the intensity of futsal exercise and induces fatigue and muscle damage that can stimulate an improvement in the endocrine system, constant with enhancing cortisol levels in the blood. This cortisol release can activate the sympathetic nervous system, characterized by a high pulse rate, but it can reduce the ability to think.

Maidawilis   Dewi S   Wilda Welis   Alimuddin   and Ahmad Chaeroni   

Back pain problems that occur in pregnant women are often the causes of other new problems. Early treatment through endorphin massage and regular physical activity is an alternative solution to deal with this problem. This study aims to determine how the effect of endorphin massage and physical activity is on reducing the intensity of back pain for pregnant women in the working area of the Lubuk Alung Health Center. This study uses a quasi-experimental research design (design type one group pretest-post test) by conducting tests before and after treatment with a research sample of 34 respondents. The data were analyzed using inferential statistics. The researcher used the t statistical technique (t test). The results showed that there was an effect of endorphin message therapy and physical activity on reducing the intensity of back pain in pregnant women in the working area of the Lubuk Alung Health Center, Lubuk Alung Regency. The results of the analysis found Asymp.Sig. (2-tails) is 0.014, z -2.449. This shows that the given intervention (endorphin massage and physical activity) can reduce the level of back pain in pregnant women, and there are differences in the level of pain scale for pre and post tests. Thus, it can be concluded that endorphin massage and physical activity are very effective and efficient, especially in dealing with back pain problems in pregnant women. The application of endorphin massage in collaboration with physical activity is a new thing in the medical and sports world, so it is important to follow up in the future. It is expected that respondents can practice endorphin messages and physical activity to reduce pain scale, especially during pregnancy.

Gede Hendri Ari Susila   Nyoman Dantes   I Nyoman Kanca   and Ida bagus Putu Arnyana   

Strengthening character education comes from the values of Pancasila, Religion and Culture. Introducing karate to children is one of the ideal ways to develop character values so that the concept of supporting character education can be instilled through the karate oath tradition. The karate oath tradition consists of 5 sentences which include: (1) maintaining personality; (2) adhering to honesty; (3) being able to enhance achievement; (4) maintaining good manners; and (5) being able to control themselves. Knowing and understanding the content of character values in the karate oath tradition is the aim of this study. The method in this research uses content analysis with a qualitative approach, and the data source comes from a karate practice pocketbook. The content of the karate oath sentences becomes the focus of analysis in this study. The data collection was carried out by careful analysis and recording of the character values contained in the karate oath sentences. The results showed that the five sentences in the karate oath contain 18 character values: tolerance, discipline, nationalism, social care, love of peace, responsibility, independence, communication, honesty, love for the homeland, respect for achievement, creativity, and curiosity. So introducing karate from an early age (7 years old) is highly recommended. Besides that, it has a positive effect on physical development and fitness. The mental quality of children from improving character education will grow and develop.

Albert Wolter Aridan Tangkudung   and Yafi Velyan Mahyudi   

The concept of teaching in physical education has evolved from a teacher-centered approach to a more student-centered approach to develop problem-solving skills and critical thinking in games. This study aims to provide insight and better understand the TGfU pedagogical process of in-game teaching. The method used is a quasi-experimental mixed-methods with a pre-test and post-test design and involves 43 students consisting of (21 girls and 22 boys). The results of the study based on the average difference test on female students showed that the decision-making variable value t = 28,06, technical execution 17,01, game performance 29,06, enjoyment 17,87 significantly α = 0,05 is 1,721. Male students, the value of decision-making 18,56, technical execution 13,54, game performance 13,53, and enjoyment 16,15 significantly α = 0,05 is 1,782. All variables give students the ability to solve learning problems. Students can think to make decisions, be actively involved in the game, have opportunities to learn basketball game techniques well, and participate in game patterns when attacking or defending in the TGfU unit. TGfU also provides enjoyment for students in the physical education learning process in basketball games. The advantage of using the TGfU approach can provide ideas for teachers to make game designs so that students are effectively involved in this unit, and students' abilities and skills in learning the game of basketball can be achieved.

Albert Wolter Aridan Tangkudung   Aridhotul Haqiyah   James Tangkudung   Dindin Abidin   Hasan Basri   and Mar’atul Mahmudah   

Mental factor is one of the factors that should be prepared to achieve high performing athlete. In the athlete rehearsal preparation, mental toughness condition needs to be identified to keep the athletes fit when they have some difficulties in a match, feel the pressure during the match, and take behavior control, so that they will not get stressed easily. This study aims to find whether age, gender, and match experience affect the athlete's mental toughness. The study was done to 174 (age = 19.69 ± 2.89) martial art athletes in Bekasi who were preparing themselves for a province/regional level match (PORPROV West Java 2022). Instrument of mental toughness refers to mental toughness dimension namely: control, commitment, challenge, and confidence. Data were analysed by using multiple logistic regression and cross tab. The result shows that mental toughness of martial art athletes was influenced by gender and match experience. Most of them are on the high level of mental toughness, and the majority is the men at the age of 19 to 22 who have experience in doing a national match. In addition, the relationship observed in this study emphasizes the need of coping and optimism training in mental toughness intervention.

Dewi Septaliza   Achmad Sofyan Hanif   Yusmawati   Firmansyah Dlis   Moch Asmawi   Widiastuti   and Hernawan   

The goal of this research is to examine the effect of jumping and hopping training models using digital mattress for intellectually disabled children. This research was conducted at SLBN Pembina Palembang (Indonesia). The sample in this study consisted of 60 intellectually disabled children. The method used is quasi-experimental research, quantitative data analysis technique, and the design of this research is pretest-posttest control group design. The instrument used in this research is the jump and hop test. The significant test to see the effectiveness of this model is the t-test, and the value of t = 3.827 and the value of Sig. (2-tailed) or p-value = 0.000 < 0.05. This means that Ho is declined or there is a difference between the jump and hop training model using a digital mattress and the conventional training model. In brief, the jump and hop training model using a digital mattress is more effective than the conventional training model for intellectually disabled children. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that: the results of exercise with digital mattress are proven to be effective in developing the basic movement skills of jumping and hopping for intellectually disabled children compared to conventional training models.

Hossam S. Selim   and Ahmed K. Hassan   

The study aimed to identify the impact of stimulating community participation on the development of sports activities in educational institutions. In addition, it sought to provide educational leaders, those in charge of sports activities programs in schools, and the Saudi Ministry of Education with sufficient information to benefit the ideas and resources of community participation in student's development generally and in physical education especially. We use the descriptive analytical approach to answer the research questions. The study sample consisted of school principals, parents, institutions and sports clubs representatives in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results of the study showed that there is an insufficiency of sport activities in the educational institutions and the targets of the ministry plans may not be achieved. Results also showed, despite the importance of the role of community participation in the educational development through many shreds of research evidence in previous studies, there is a weakness in the application of community participation in Saudi Arabia environment. Moreover, there are no plans involving community participation to improve and develop physical education activities in schools. In the light of these results, the main implications of the study were: 1. Developing plans and ways of cooperation between the schools, institutions, sports clubs and the concerned authorities to activate community participation and provide financial and physical support to sports activities; 2. School principals have a greater role in promoting and activating community participation through public communication and social media; 3. Activating the role of the parent's council committee to be involved and understanding the problems and obstacles that the school suffers from, and how to find out ways to improve the sports activities.

Gao Yang   Haibing Su   Ming Yang   and Jindong Chang   

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of physical exercise intervention on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Computer searches of Web of Science, PubMed, Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Library, and Medline databases were conducted on October 6, 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-experimental studies were included. Ten methodological quality trials were identified, and the literature's quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Data from the Gross Motor Function Assessment Scale GMFM-66, GMFM-88 and A (lying and turning), B (sitting), C (climbing and kneeling), D (standing), and E (walking, running, and jumping) dimension scores were extracted, and Meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.4. Data were pooled and expressed as mean difference (MD) or standardized difference (SMD) with 95% CI. The results showed that GMFM-66 [SMD=1.90,95%CI (0.55~3.25), Z=2.76, P=0.006], GMFM-88 [SMD=1.49,95%CI (0.83 ~ 2.15), Z=4.42, P<0.00001] and D dimension [SMD=3.13, 95%CI (1.23 ~ 5.02), Z=3.23, P=0.001] and E dimension [SMD=3.34, 95% CI (2.00 ~ 4.69), Z=4.88, P<0.00001]. The study results showed that the differences between the results of the experimental and control groups were statistically significant. Physical exercise could significantly improve gross motor function in children with CP and could be used as a reference for physical therapy in children with CP. These findings should be used with caution based on the limitations of this study.

Sieun Park   and Wootaek Lim   

While various studies have been conducted on trunk muscle activation in the quadruped position, no research has been conducted on posterior oblique sling (POS) muscle activation in the quadruped position despite its clinical importance. It has been demonstrated that the movement of the upper extremity affects the muscle activity of the contralateral lower extremity through the POS. The purpose of this study was to compare the EMG of the POS muscles during quadruped hip extension (QHE) with different shoulder positions. The participants performed hip extension in the quadruped position without shoulder movement (quadruped hip extension; QHE), QHE with shoulder extension and internal rotation (QHE with SEI), and QHE with shoulder flexion and external rotation (QHE with SFE). EMG of the POS muscles was measured during three different positions. During the QHE with SFE position, the lower trapezius has the highest EMG among all the POS muscles. Additionally, the contralateral erector spinae, ipsilateral erector spinae, and gluteus maximus presented higher EMG activity during QHE with SFE than during QHE and QHE with SEI. Therefore, QHE with SFE position may be clinically recommended as an effective exercise to improve EMG activity of POS muscles and increase lumbopelvic stability.

Adam Tawfiq Amawi   Balkees AbuAwad   Ghareeb O. Alshuwaier   Anwar A. Alnuaim   Abdulmalek K. Bursais   and Abdulrahman I. Alaqil   

Despite the importance of physical activity and training, proper nutrition and good nutrition knowledge plays an important role in enhancing the athletes' performance and health status. Objective: To study the knowledge, attitude, and practice toward sport-nutrition among Jordanian athletes and coaches at Jordanian Olympic Preparation Program for TOKYO2020 Olympic Games. Method: A cross-sectional design was used. 95 participants (85 athletes and 10 coaches) were recruited from 7 Olympic federations (i.e., judo, karate, taekwondo, basketball, football, muay thai, and boxing). The questionnaire consisted of questions related to demographic information, nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice. Results: Individual federation athletes' practice and attitude were significantly lower than group federation athletes (1.659±0.04, 1.318±0.10, 1.84±0.03, 1.54±0.10). Individual federation athletes had significantly higher knowledge than group federation athletes (1.638±0.035, 1.620±0.037, respectively). Coaches' knowledge, practice, and attitude (1.471±0.06, 1.675±0.10, 1.300±0.21, respectively) were significantly lower than athletes (1.647±0.02, 1.771±0.03, 1.459±0.07). Knowledge and attitude were found to have a significant positive correlation (0.261), whereas knowledge was found to have a positive correlation with practice (0.037) and practice was found to have a positive correlation with attitude (0.069), but these correlations were not significant (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The current study identified some gaps in nutritional knowledge and practice among Jordanian Olympic athletes, implying the need for developing strategies in athlete counseling and teaching to improve their knowledge and practices, which have an impact on performance and health promotion.

Muhammad Salahuddin   Armin Haluti   Ardiansyah Nur   and Akbar Sudirman   

The game of football in Banggai regency is progressive and has the potential for outstanding athletes. The existence of the SSB SJS Luwuk football school in Banggai regency is a proof of this. SJS Luwuk Football School has several categories of age levels, from U-10 to U-17. The enthusiasm of the players in attending the football school is very good but many obstacles in the children's ability to pass the inner leg in the regular exercises are still found. In the implementation of passing, they still cannot pass properly and cannot direct the ball according to the target in the game especially at the age of 14. However, in this study, only 27 people aged 14 years were included. This study was designed to test the effectiveness of playing cat and mouse playing on the ability to pass feet in soccer games at SSB SJS Luwuk. This research was designed using a quantitative method, One Groups Pretest-Posttest Design. In processing the data obtained: Initial data are obtained by giving the inner leg passing, so that the Shapiro-Wilk value is 0.510 with n = 27 while the value of sig = 0.510 > 0.05 indicating the final test can be seen on the ability of foot passing distributed football game. The post-test data of foot passing ability in football games obtain a Shapiro-Wilk value of 0.320 with n = 27 while the value of significance = 0.320 is greater than 0.05. The cat-and-mouse exercise has an influence on the ability to pass the legs in the game, namely t count = 8,231 (sig = 0.000 < 0.05). The number (mean) in the pre-test is 8.44 and the post-test result is 11.41 so there is an increase of 2.97. So the game of cat and mouse should be used in the warm-up time and before starting training to increase foot passing skills in football games.

Takuya Ito   and Yasuhiko Hatanaka   

Only walking velocity has been reported as a performance measure of gait in hemodialysis patients, and no kinematic or kinetic analysis has been reported. We evaluated basic information, physical function, aging, dialysis-related complications, and gait in 23 outpatients (≥60 years old) who could walk independently. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using joint angles, joint moments, and gait parameters during gait. The gait of hemodialysis patients was classified into two clusters: Cluster 1 and Cluster 2. Cluster 1 gait showed a longer hemodialysis duration, higher dialysis amyloidosis severity, knee joint pain, lower ankle plantarflexion weakness, and lower extremity joint dysfunction than Cluster 2. The gait of Cluster 1 patients consisted of flexion of the knee joint, ankle joint, and trunk, and excessive knee joint flexion was observed in the stance phase to escape posterior knee joint pain. Cluster 1 patients were also unable to kick out sufficiently, and their walking rate and walking velocity were decreased. Cluster 2 patients had a shorter hemodialysis duration than Cluster 1. External forces exerted on the knee joint in the hyperextension direction during gait could cause pain and inflammation of the posterior knee joint.

Duangporn Suriyaamarit   Sujitra Boonyong   Dannaovarat Chamonchant   and Potjanun Mapaisansin   

Postural control is a fundamental requirement for performing all functional tasks, including standing up from a chair. Although there is a broad literature on postural control development in typically developing (TD) children, there is a lack of specific information on TD children performing the sit-to-stand (STS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the development of postural control during STS in TD children of different age groups. Fifty-eight healthy TD children aged 4–12 years and 19 adults participated in this study. They were separated into four groups: 4–6 years, 7–9 years, 10–12 years, and adults. All participants were asked to perform the STS movement with a self-selected pattern. Participants' dynamic stability was quantified according to centre of mass (COM) displacement and velocity in the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical directions during the four phases (flexion-momentum, momentum-transfer, extension, and stabilization) of the STS movement. The development of postural control was different in each phase of STS. During the flexion-momentum, extension, and stabilization phases, children aged 4–12 had higher COM displacements and velocities than adults. In the momentum-transfer phases, children aged 4-9 had higher COM displacements and velocities than other groups. In addition, children aged 4¬6 had the highest COM velocity during the extension phase of the STS movement. Children aged 4–12 years and adults used different strategies to control COM during STS movement. Adult-like postural control during STS was not found in children aged 10–12 years.

Kunjung Ashadi   Mochammad Purnomo   Subuh Isnur Haryudo   Sapto Wibowo   Oce Wiriawan   Hari Setijono   Soegiyanto   Sugiharto   Tri Rustiadi   Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani   and Shamsul Azhar Shah   

Individuals with disabilities experience more significant challenges in carrying out physical activity than the general population. Previous studies have identified physical activity and fitness levels without measuring barriers to physical activity. This study examines how wheelchair users assess obstacles to physical activity and looks for the significant factors that hinder the biological activity of wheelchair users in urban and rural areas. The method in this research is a cross-sectional study. An online survey was used to obtain information on physical activity barriers in wheelchair users. A total of 81 respondents consisting of 40 wheelchair users from rural areas and 41 from urban areas, filled out the Barriers Physical Activity Questionnaire Mobility Impairment (BPAQ-MI) with a response rate of 70% during one month of data collection. The analysis data technique is mean, percentage, and an independent sample's T-test to compare physical activity barriers between wheelchair users in urban and rural areas. The chief obstacles to physical activity are friends and family as a support system (p<0.05), lack of public facilities (p<0.05), lack of fitness facilities and infrastructure (p<0,05), staff/program/policy (p<0.05), and community (p<0.05). The conclusion is that wheelchair users in rural areas have more significant barriers to physical activity than those in urban areas. Improving support from family, friends, environment, social policies, and a disability-friendly physical environment can be critical points in increasing the biological activity of wheelchair users in rural areas.

Marios Hadjicharalambous   Nikolaos Zaras   Andreas Apostolidis   and Fotini Tsofliou   

Recreational soccer (RS) is widely used for adolescents as a physical activity method. However, its impact on physical fitness, body composition and metabolic health in adolescents has not been extensively examined yet. The purpose of the present study was to examine the contribution of changes in body fatness and aerobic capacity to modifications in circulating blood lipids profile, following 8-weeks of RS in healthy youth. Fifty-three healthy male adolescents were separated in three groups: one performed RS (3 times x 60 min/week); the other two were served as control groups [soccer-specific training (SST) one and inactive one]. Physical fitness, body composition and blood lipids and glucose responses were evaluated before and after 8-weeks of exercise intervention. Post-intervention body weight and body fat percentage (BF%) were lowered, while physical fitness was improved (p < 0.05) in SST group only. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was higher (n² = .378) and total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C ratio was lower (n² = .195) in the SST group relative to RS and inactive groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, although RS may improve aerobic capacity, relative to inactive control group, it does not influence body fatness and cardiometabolic health in adolescents. Consequently, RS may not secure health benefit during the crucial transition period from adolescence to adulthood.

Shi Shaowei   Zainuddin Z. A.   and Huang Kun   

The proposal of the core competence of the physical education (PE) discipline in the curriculum reform reflects the increasing requirements for the training of talents in the new era, and the occurrence of COVID-19's epidemic era has accelerated the pace of teaching reform. Internet technology plays a vital role in promoting teaching reform during the epidemic period. The large-scale online teaching experience during the epidemic control period makes people realise they need to change education in the post-epidemic era. The new normality of education should be a blended teaching model, the critical point and breakthrough of PE specialized courses reform. This study takes blended learning as the primary research object and puts forward the design strategies for the blended teaching of PE majors from five aspects: the principles of teaching design, teaching methods, teaching resources, teaching process and learning evaluation. Then we select the football specialized course of the Physical Education Department of Handan University as an example to perform the teaching practice and effect analysis. Practical research shows that the teaching of this study can effectively promote students' learning.

Farida Mulyaningsih   Wawan S. Suherman   Pamuji Sukoco   and Ermawan Susanto   

Rhythmic activity is part of physical education learning that has an influence on students' rhythmic skills. This study aims to produce a rhythmic activity learning model based on Javanese traditional dance to improve the rhythmic skills of elementary school students. This research was pursued by using the research & development method. The research procedure consisted of four stages; Stage 1. Preliminary study (N=30); Stage 2. Model development; Stage 3. Model validation (N=5); and Stage 4. Model trial (N=64). The data collection technique used is in the form of a model feasibility test. Data analysis through Confirmation Factor Analysis (CFA) is summarized in the form of quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that: (1) The rhythmic activity learning model based on Javanese traditional dance has 7 warm-up movements, 15 core movements, and 4 cooling down movements; (2) The learning model of rhythmic activity based on Javanese traditional dance is effective for improving students' rhythmic skills, in terms of the aspects of memorizing movements (2.738 ± 0.556), the accuracy of movements (3.224 ± 0.529), the flexibility of movements (2.617 ± 0.540), and seriousness of movements (3.158 ± 0.521). Based on the results of the model feasibility test, it is known that the level of implementation of the rhythmic activity model based on Javanese traditional dance is very high at 90.26% and the quality of the rhythmic activity model based on Javanese traditional dance is very high at 92.75%. Through qualitative analysis, it is known that the rhythmic activity model based on traditional Javanese dance is suitable for use in learning rhythmic activities for elementary school students.

Yusuke Oyama   Maki Kameoka   Yusuke Sakaguchi   Toshio Murayama   and Tamaki Ohta   

The purpose of this study was to 1) examine the reliability of the evaluation parameters of the ground reaction force (GRF) in the stepping motion among middle-aged and elderly people, and 2) calculate the number of steps required for the analysis of the stepping motion. Participants were 128 middle-aged and elderly individuals regularly exercising at a health promotion facility. Participants performed 3 trials of the stepping motion for 10 seconds at the optimum speed on the same spot. We used a force plate to measure the vertical GRF during the stepping motion. The number of cycles and spatiotemporal parameters (8 mechanical parameters, 6 temporal parameters) were evaluated from the waveform of the GRF. Results showed that the number of cycles in the stepping motion was higher in the 2^nd and 3^rd trials than in the 1^st trial, and the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were as high as .837 for men and .840 for women. When comparing the two consecutive steps of 10 steps after the start of the stepping motion, the stepping motion was in a steady state from the 3^rd step because the difference between the two steps became smaller after the 3^rd step. Furthermore, when the number of steps required to ensure reliability was calculated using the ICC (1, 1) of each parameter, it was shown that 15 or more steps were required. Our results suggested that stepping motion may be able to secure high reliability with a smaller number of steps than gait.

FransFile Manihuruk   Djoko Pekik Irianto   Suharjana   Widiyanto   Gunathevan Elumalai   and Carles Nyoman Wali   

Background: Tai Sabaki technique is one of the basic techniques in Shorinji Kempo martial arts. Every move made by a kenshi must have elements of the tai sabaki technique regardless of the level in shorinji kempo martial arts. Therefore, the tai sabaki technique must be justified through various training methods, because the tai sabaki technique will play an important role when a kenshi attacks or defends. This study aims to determine the effect of the game gobag sodor on the improvement of the Tai Sabaki technique in martial arts kempo, in which there are factors of speed, accuracy and agility. The method in this research is an experimental one group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study were the teenage kenshi of Triharjo with a total of 20 teenage kenshis. The sample of the study was 20 adolescent conditions which were determined by using purposive sampling technique. The analytical technique used is descriptive quantitative as outlined in the form of a percentage. The results of the study show that 1). The influence of the game gobag sodor on the tai saibaki technique in the training process at the Triharjo dojo. 2). The gobag sodor game has a positive impact on adolescent kenshi in expressing their ability to perform shorinji kempo martial arts techniques. 3). The improvement of adolescent kenshi ability on the tai saibaki technique can be seen from the results of the pretest and posttest, where the results of the pretest are 18.50% and the post-test are 35.80%. Thus, the game of gobag sodor can improve the Tai Sabaki technique in shorinji kempo martial arts.

Tetiana Dorofieieva   

The paper compares the current state of sports development and management in rural Ukraine with other countries in Europe. By conducting the comparison, it aims to find the bottlenecks that can be improved in order to enhance the state of sports management in Ukraine. Rural Ukraine is deprived of laws and opportunities that allow for the development of sports facilities. This research takes an in-depth look into the opportunities that Europe's other countries have yet Ukraine doesn't. The purpose of this research is to analyze what can be improved upon and how Ukraine's rural areas bring change into their current sports condition. The paper used a secondary methodology, which involved analysis of literature from past researches into developing a comparative assessment of how other countries are achieving sports development and how Ukraine can manage it as well. The results showcase that Ukraine still requires a lot of work, effort, time and money to be invested for sports management to prosper. Various limitations were imposed on the research such as lack of time and resources, which limited the comparison to within Europe only. The social implications of such research are that the youth of any underdeveloped country can use the research to bring real change in how sports management is developed and maintained in their countries.

Dikdik Zafar Sidik   and Fitri Rosdiana   

Vest jacket is a training tool that attaches an external load to the jacket pocket which aims to provide resistance to the body during exercise. This research aims to improve power endurance and aerobic through the interval method by using vest jackets. The method used in this research was an experiment with One-Group Pretest-Posttest design. The sample was 17 futsal players who joined the Pro Futsal League in 2020. The research instruments were in the form of power endurance ability test through a Multistage Hurdle Jump Test and aerobic test through a Bleep Test. The data analysis t-test with a significant level of 5% uses SPSS 18 software. The results show that interval method training using a vest or weighted jacket has a significant effect on increasing power endurance and aerobic abilities. The conclusion in this study is that the increase in aerobic capacity is influenced by interval method training using a resistance vest jacket and the increase in the ability of power endurance is progressively greater because the elements of the training material are more dominant with heavy work muscles. For further research, it is suggested that the scientific development in coaching should be more effective and efficient. Therefore, in this research, it can be developed through other forms of training or method to sports that are more specifically dominant in physical abilities, such as sports that are dominant power endurance and dominant endurance.

Natalia Yu. Tarabrina   Tomasz Wilczewski   and Agnieszka Połaniecka   

Background: The problem of increasing coordination and conditioning abilities of young football players largely determining the level of manifestation of such motor qualities as agility, speed and strength can be solved with the help of additional means of fitness. The purpose is to study the effect of a specialized fitness program on the indicators of speed-force and coordination abilities of young football players. Material and methods: The pedagogical experiment lasted 6 months, involving 40 athletes-football players in the age of 8.97±0.04 years old (height: 139.72±1.08 cm; body mass: 31.71±0.66 kg). Children of the experimental group (n=24) were engaged in a specially designed fitness program, including exercises with different fitness equipment in the transitional mesocycle 2 times a week for 45 min, and in the preparatory one - once a week (45 min). The remaining 16 players served as a control group and continued their traditional training. Coordination abilities were determined with the help of tests "running 30 m with the ball at least 3 touches", "hitting a stationary ball from a running distance" (corridor of 10 m) and "juggling with a ball". To assess the speed and strength abilities we used "speed of running for 30 m", "long jump from a place", "pulling up from the high bar". Statistical processing was performed using Microsoft Excel and software package "STATISTICA 10.0". The parametric Student's t-test was used in the study. Differences were significant at P<0.05. Results: We found that the experimental group significantly improved the speed of running for 30 m and long jump by 5.1% and 1.9% (p<0.01), as well as the pull-up from hanging on the bar by 20.9% (p<0.01). Coordination indicators (running for 30 m with ball handling and juggling) changed more significantly by 30.7 % and 26.6 % (p<0.001), respectively. Kicking a stationary ball from a running distance changed by 4.10% (p<0.05). Conclusion: If we apply additional fitness programs with different sports equipment during the training of football players of 8-9 years old, the indicators of coordination and speed-force abilities will improve considerably.

Destriana   Destriani   Ahmad Richard Victorian   and Muslimin   

This study aims to carry out the research, which is a description of what steps will be made and what will be carried out during the implementation of the passing test. The development of volleyball game skills test tools uses research and development (Research and Development). The development research in this exercise uses the ADDIE research and development model. This study uses ADDIE instructional design model Analysis phase, Design phase, Development phase, Implementation phase and Evaluation Phase. This research has reached the stage of developing a prototype for a test kit. Expert validation assessment indicators are in terms of convenience, usefulness, security, and innovation. The data analysis technique used in the development of this product is qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. (1) qualitative data analysis is used to analyze data in the form of suggestions or input from experts. (2) Descriptive analysis in the form of percentages is used to analyze the results of data collection from the initial needs analysis and expert evaluation. The data analysis technique that has been used in the development of a sensor-based volleyball game passing test uses a Likert scale. The result of expert validation obtained a percentage of 85% (Very Eligible) from volleyball game experts, obtained a percentage of 85% (Very Eligible) from test and measurement experts and 80% (very feasible) from censorship experts, so that the development of sensor-based testing tools is declared feasible to use.

Danardono   Agus Kristiyanto   Sapta Kunta Purnama   Tomoliyus   and Nevita Ariani   

Background: Reactive agility test has become one of the most important issues in improving karate skills. Therefore, an instrument is needed to develop the reactive agility test for karate. This study aimed to develop the construction of a reactive agility karate instrument. Methods: This research used mixed qualitative and quantitative methods. The participants are ten experts determined by the evaluation expert and a karate expert or both criteria. The research procedure was divided into three stages. The first stage, document analysis (international journals), was used to develop the construction of reactive agility karate instruments. The second stage was expert validation using the Delphi technique. The third stage was qualitative analysis. It consisted of the suggestion from the expert judgment. Then, the expert analyzed and revised those results until there was no revision of the reactive agility karate instrument, resulting in a coefficient value. This research instrument uses a questionnaire scale of 1 to 4, namely very relevant, relevant, less relevant, and irrelevant. Then, the data analysis used the Aiken formula. This research resulted in the construction of reactive agility karate instruments, namely, the suitability of the test material with foot movements in the karate game has a coefficient value of V 1. The relevant construction for each element of karate agility has a coefficient value of V0.962. The implementation procedure has a coefficient value of V 0.851. The relevant cone distance to the karate foot movement has a coefficient value of V 1. Conclusions: Those items above resulted in a coefficient value of more than 0.70. Indeed, it can be concluded that all experts have very high agreement on the reactive agility karate test items.

Amritashish Bagchi   Anushree Burad   Shiny Raizada   Anshuman Mishra   and Yash Mahimkar   

Point difference in individual sports for performance or match analysis is a very niche area. The purpose of the present study was to compare the point difference between the winners and losers in three different phases of international badminton women's singles matches. The data were only restricted to the 2019 World Championship matches of the women's singles category for which the data of 105 games were used. The variables that were selected for analyzing the performance were maximum point difference and maximum consecutive points. The points for each game were divided into three different phases and accordingly the data were collected for all the games. In all the phases, the winners were found to be significantly (p < .05) ahead of the losers and the difference kept on increasing significantly over the phases with medium to large effect size. All the players who were ahead in the first phase of the game have won 70.47% of the matches. Similarly, players who were not ahead at any point of time in the first phase of the game, 75% had lost the game. Winners also had significantly (p < .05) higher consecutive points than the losers (ES = .65). On average, the winners were 6 points ahead of the losers in the second and the third phase of the game. In badminton, the first seven points are most crucial as they significantly increase the chances of winning. In this study, compared to the losers, winners kept on increasing the point difference in every phase. Whereas, in losers, the point difference reduced from phase 1 to phase 3. The results are helpful in enhancing the winning chances by tracking players' performance, developing strategies and tactics based on point difference.

Nurul Farha Zainuddin    Mohd Najeb Jamaludin   Izwyn Zulkapri   Hosni Hasan   Halijah Ibrahim   and Mohd Syafiq Miswan   

Virtual reality is an alternative tool to provide a safe and competitive environment, especially for training and competitions. This study aims to evaluate the effects of modified psychomotor tasks in the virtual reality on the alpha/beta ratio, power output, heart rate, and cadence. The participants are recruited among national development cyclists from National Sport School. The environment of virtual reality was modified from the available virtual reality TACX smart trainer system. The one-way multivariate of variance (MANOVA) identified the effects of the five different levels of psychomotor task (independent variables) in virtual reality on multiple variables of physiological responses. The MANOVA results indicate a statistically significant multivariate main effect for the five levels of task difficulty in road cycling, when jointly considering on the variables of alpha/beta ratio, power output, heart rate, and cadence. The multivariate general linear model for univariate ANOVA results demonstrates a significant difference between subject on alpha/beta ratio and cadence. Significant task pairwise differences were obtained for cadence between Task 1 and both Tasks 2 and 5. The results suggest human's interaction with virtual reality, specifically during the psychomotor task during road cycling. The significant effects on the joint physiological responses ensured that evaluation of the experiment on developed task difficulty in virtual reality was practical, applicable and can be modified when required for training or assessment. The involvement of cognitive functions in response to behavioural mechanism merits further investigation and are deferred for future work.

Made Agus Dharmadi   I Nyoman Kanca   I Gusti Lanang Agung Parwata   Ni Luh Putu Spyanawati   I Ketut Semarayasa   Made Agus Wijaya   Luh Putu Tuti Ariani   and Ni Putu Dwi Sucita Dartini   

Agility in martial arts is very important. In martial arts, agility is used to support performances in kicks, punches, and sweeps. Quick kicks and quick punches and quick sweeps will allow an athlete to win in the tournament. This study aims to determine the effect of Balinese Traditional Games 'megoak-goakan' and 'megala-gala' on physical agility of the Banyuning Martial Arts Club Athletes. The sample of this study amounted to 36 athletes aged 10-16 years, using a random sampling technique. This research method uses quasi-experimental, data collection using the Shuttle Run test of agility. This research was conducted by dividing into two groups: the experimental group was given the practice of Balinese traditional games 'megoak-goakan' and the control group was given the practice of Balinese traditional games 'megala-gala' for six weeks, three times a week. The data were analyzed using t-test pair test with one-way ANOVA at a significance level of 0,005. The results showed that 1) the Balinese traditional games 'megoak-goakan' affect the physical agility of the Martial Art Athletes, 2) the Balinese traditional games 'megala-gala' affect the Martial Art Athletes, and 3) there is a difference in the effect between the Balinese traditional games training 'megoak-goakan' and 'megala-gala' on the physical agility of the Martial Art Athletes where the Balinese traditional games 'megala-gala' are better than the Balinese traditional games 'megoak-goakan'. This shows that Balinese traditional games 'megoak-goakan' and 'megala-gala' are very much needed for martial arts athletes because they can increase physical agility.

Fadilah Umar   Ruslan   Misbah   M. Furqon Hidayatullah   Waluyo   Tri Winarti Rahayu   Intan Suraya Ellyas   Satria Yudi Gontara   Agustiyanta   Sugeng   and Abdul Aziz Purnomo Shidiq   

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a brain disorder experienced by a person, which results in experiencing many disturbances in motor activities. Impaired motor coordination in people with CP is immediately apparent when observed. The coordination ability of players is needed in activities during playing football. Adequate instruments are necessary to measure the special coordination abilities of cerebral palsy (CP) football players. This study aimed to produce an instrument test model to measure the special coordination abilities of people with cerebral palsy. The research method was research and development using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The respondents were people with cerebral palsy who met the CP football classification requirements according to the International Federation of Cerebral Palsy Football (IFCPF) regulations. Data analysis used the SPSS statistical software. The study resulted in a valid and reliable test instrument for eye, hand, and foot coordination for cerebral palsy football players. The norms for the Eye-Hand and Foot Coordination Ability test of the Cerebral Palsy football players were in the Excellent category (Point 5) if the score was ≥ 29, Good (Point 4) for the score of 19-28, Moderate (Point 3) for the score of 10-18, Deficient (Point 2) for the score of 5-9, and Immoderate (Point 1) if the score was ≤ 4. The eye, hand, and foot coordination test instrument was mainly for the CP football players, which can also be used by athletes, coaches, and educators. This instrument was named Umar Motor Ability Circuit-Cerebral Palsy Football (UMAC-CPF) Coordination Test Model.

Loo Fung Chiat   Loo Fung Ying   Chua Yan Piaw   and Md Jais Ismail   

The use of music in sports routines that involve choreography is inevitable, and the appropriateness between the two is taken into account for awarding points in competitions. In dance, theatre, or in firm music, the use of music in choreography displays the subjectivity of interpretation to a certain extent due to preferences, background of audience, coach, and composer. However, more scientific and fundamental aspects shared between music and movement can provide a better perception of a particular routine. This study reports an experiment on a rhythmic gymnastics routine to investigate whether an increased congruence between music and movement enhances the perception of sports quality from a musical perspective. In the experiment, the original music accompaniment was changed with a new composition to increase the congruence between music and movement using six parameters including tempo, rhythm, phrasing, accent, direction, and dynamic. Fifty-two undergraduate music majors evaluated two videos of the same routine in a questionnaire regarding the qualities of the performance. Apart from motivation, the results show that the sports qualities with the new accompaniment were significantly perceived better than the original version.

Miftah Fariz Prima Putra   and Tri Setyo Guntoro   

The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI) is claimed to be the most popular measuring instrument used by researchers in revealing competitive anxiety in athletes. However, the research report stated that the instrument had psychometric weaknesses, so the CSAI was revised to CSAI-2R. Currently, there are not many tests on the psychometric properties of the latest version of the CSAI. The aim of this study is to test the CSAI-2R in the Indonesian version. A total of 200 elite Papuan Indonesian athletes (120 males, 80 females) whose mean age was 21.98 years, SD = 5.07 took part in the study. There are three instruments used in the study, namely CSAI-2R, Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2), and Spirituality in Sports Test (SIST). The statistical analysis used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and the internal consistency testing used Cronbach Alpha. The finding shows that the model fits on several parameters including RMSEA = .045, GFI = .919, CFI = .964, TLI = .955, PNFI = .717, and PGFI = .661. The factor loading value of each item ranges from .44 to .83 with squared multiple correlations ranging from .19 to .69. The reliability values range from .61 to .86. Overall, the convergent validity test shows a correlation coefficient value of .722, while the divergent validity test shows that the correlation coefficient value is not significant (r = -.120). The conclusion of this study is that the Indonesian version of the psychometric property of the CSAI-2R is a valid and reliable competitive anxiety measurement instrument for measuring athlete anxiety.

Julio Ernesto Pérez-Parra   Alexandra Suaza-Restrepo   and Francia Restrepo-de-Mejía   

The objective of this manuscript is to carry out a conceptual analytical review of verbal language from the theory of Human Body Movement as a Complex System (HMCS). This theory is proposed by the Body-Movement Research Group from the Autonomous University of Manizales, Colombia. This model assumes that language production is essentially an embodied motor function. The analysis here presented involves postulates of both structural and functional theories of language, as well as cognitive linguistics, since the HMCS theory encompasses these multiple possibilities of approach. It is this conjecture of a holistic vision of language from its different approaches that leads to the proposition that, in effect, the different levels of linguistic analysis find several analogous components in the HMCS model. A conceptual analytical review is carried out, and structured in two main components. In the first part, the HMCS theory is exposed with its three levels of interaction: the objectified aspects of movement, the potentiality of movement and the external context of human movement. In the second part, an analysis of verbal language is carried out from this conceptual framework, also analyzed from the three levels of interaction: the objectified aspects of verbal language as a motor expression, the potentiality of verbal language and the context in the production of verbal language. Definitions, concepts, interactions and analogies are presented during the development of the article. In conclusion, body movement is language and language is, in essence, human movement. Both are intricate, integrated, indivisible, and inherently constitutive aspects of the same cognitive processes. The analogy achieved highlights the theory of the shared resource between motor control and cognitive control. In the same way that verbal language allows communication based on communicative intentions, body movement allows the exchange of information, constituting a bridge between cognition and the world.

Moch. Septian Resi Wibowo   Endang Rini Sukamti   Yudik Prasetyo   Paryadi   Muhammad Ramli Buhari   Maftukin Hudah   Dewangga Yudhistira   Noralisa   and La Ode Adhi Virama   

Background: Archery is a sport in which arrows are shot using a bow. The most important physical aspect of archery is balance. Purpose: This research aimed to test the content validity and reliability of the balance training program. Methods: The participants involved in this study were 5 physical trainers and 2 nationally licensed archery trainers. Some documents were also used in this research. The approach used was a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach. This research was divided into four stages: (1) analyzing e-books, textbooks, and pertinent articles qualitatively, (2) evaluating the program using the Delphi technique, which involves experts assessing questionnaires on a 1 to 5 scale until a consensus is obtained, (3) testing the content validity using the CVR formula, (4) testing the reliability using Cronbach alpha and ICC. Results: The content validity and Cronbach alpha values were found to be 0.754 > 0.6 and 0.71-1.00, respectively, based on the findings. In addition, the ICC single measurement value was 0.1191 with a mean measurement value of 0.486 > 0.75. Conclusion: Based on the content validity and reliability test findings, it can be stated that the balance training program has a good score, indicating that it can be applied during archery athlete training.

Genti Pano   Andis Bogdani   and Anduela Lile   

The genetic condition beta thalassemia is one of the most frequent in the world. Beta thalassemia is a blood condition in which hemoglobin synthesis is reduced. Age, gender, gonadal status, nutrition, exercise, and hormonal variables are all factors that impact body composition. The main objective was to see how exercise combined with vibration therapy affected body composition in β-Thalassemia patients. Ten female β-Thalassemia volunteers, aged 18 to 32, were separated into two groups: control group (5 subjects) and experimental/intervention group (5 subjects). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine body composition. A 12-week exercise regimen was designed to be conducted on a vibration platform with a frequency programmed from 15-30 MHz, in total 50 minutes per session including warm-up and cool down. After the intervention, ANOVA findings demonstrated a significant difference in the dependent variable (Fat tissue %) between the experimental and control groups (F(1)=9.111, p=0.017). In the measurements that were repeated after the intervention, the dependent variable (Lean tissue %) showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the experimental and control groups (F(1)=2.671, p=0.141). Exercise combined with vibration therapy improved body composition parameters in the intervention group, indicating that this form of intervention can be utilized to enhance general health in thalassemia patients. Other studies need to be carried out to better identify risk factors, prevention strategies, and to introduce special guidelines in designing customized physical activity programs for different social groups.

Anatolii Rebryna   Vitalii Kytrar   Аnna Коshel   Oleksii Petrovych   Tetiana Bondar   Pavlo Bosniuk   Roman Stasiuk   Volodymyr Serhiіenko   Ivan Tkachenko   Oleksandr Kisiliuk   and Illya Khlibovych   

The article examines the impact of arm wrestling on the level of cadets' physical fitness during their training. The research involved male cadets of the Odessa Military Academy. We formed two groups of cadets to achieve the aim of the research: the experimental (EG) and the control (CG) groups. The EG included cadets who were engaged in arm wrestling during their sporting and mass participation events at the academy (n = 36), and the CG included cadets who were engaged in sporting and mass participation events in compliance with the traditional training methods (n = 36). The level of development of strength qualities was studied according to the following tests: pull-ups on the horizontal bar, hip pull-overs on the horizontal bar, breast-ups on the horizontal bar, kettlebell jerks weighing 24 kg, dip-ups on the parallel bars, push-ups. The speed was studied according to the results of the 100 m run, agility and coordination skills – according to the test on the obstacle course (400 m); endurance – according to the results of the 3 km run. A significantly (p ≤ 0.001) better level of strength development in the EG cadets was revealed at the end of the experiment, compared to the CG cadets, according to the results of all strength exercises. The EG cadets also showed better indicators than the CG cadets according to the tests that characterize other motor qualities (100 m run, overcoming the obstacle course, 3 km run), but the difference was insignificant (p ˃ 0.05).

Alisha Khan   Meenu Dhingra   and N. K. Mungreiphy   

Background: Participation in sports helps an individual to achieve recommended levels of daily moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). MVPA plays a vital role in bringing about positive psychological and physiological changes contributing to both physical and emotional well-being. Aims: There is a scarcity of data to understand the role of regular participation in sports in promoting the overall physical activity in Indian adolescents. Our objective was to evaluate the sports participation as a means of enhancing physical and psychological health of children and youth by helping them to achieve daily physical activity requirements. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 509 [n=259, athletic adolescents (AA) and n=250, non-athletic adolescents (NAA)]. Ryff's Psychological well-being questionnaire was used to assess their mental well-being state. Physical well-being VO₂max and anthropometric parameters were assessed. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 20. Results: In the findings of the study, majority of NAA were found to be practicing low physical activity levels while in contrast, majority of AA were able to achieve moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity. AA were found with significantly better scores for personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, self-acceptance and total psychological well-being. Prevalence of overweight adolescents was higher in NAA than AA, while VO₂max of AA was higher than NAA. Conclusion: MVPA is favourably associated with overall well-being of adolescents. Sports participation has a positive impact on both physical and mental health and should be encouraged since childhood years.

Marivic D. Paghubasan   

Aiming to keep up with the global trends in sports performance brought some challenges among State University and Colleges (SUCs) in Bicol Region. The study is qualitative and quantitative research to develop sports performance metrics for the state universities and colleges in the Philippines. Practices of SUCs in sports development served as a basis to create metrics in measuring SUCs' sports performance in the Bicol Region. The developed metrics were content and face validated by five SUC sports directors, and five professors in sports science. Suggestions from these experts were sought to improve the content and construct of the developed metrics. Fifty respondents pilot-tested the developed metrics of the study and selected sports stakeholders participated in the focus group discussion to discuss their comments and suggestions for the metrics. The development of the metrics was conducted in four phases: selecting possible indicators of the standards; content and construct validation of indicators; try out of the evaluation tool and test of reliability. Results showed that all of the items in the subscales included in the developed standard metrics can be considered good to excellent and can be used to assess the state universities and college's sports performances. The development of the metrics on sports performance may contribute to the total quality management of the educational institution and may provide in promoting healthy and alert citizenry.

Wisnu Nugroho   Tomoliyus   Abdul Alim   Fauzi   and Hari Yuliarto   

Reactive agility measurement tool recently has become one of the important issues in the physical training for tennis performance. Therefore, finding a valid and reliable reactive agility measuring instrument for tennis performance is needed. This study aimed to do a validity and reliability test of the reactive agility measuring instrument for tennis performance. This study used a mixed-methods approach. The seven experts participants were determined by the criteria of an evaluation expert and a tennis expert, or both. This study had three stages. The first was document analysis (international journal). It is used to develop a construction design for the reactive tennis agility measuring instrument. The second stage was content validation. The participants were seven experts. Then, the data collection technique used the Delphi technique. The research instrument uses a scale of one to four, namely very relevant, relevant, less relevant, and irrelevant. The data analysis used the Aiken formula for content validity and Reliability Analysis between raters using ICC. The first stage of research results has found the operational definition of reactive agility tennis: the ability to move in seconds after receiving a stimulus. In addition, the "Y" shape construction design of the reactive tennis agility measuring instrument has been arranged. The second stage resulted in the contents validation of a large tennis reactive agility measuring instrument. The third stage found the reliability between raters of a large tennis reactive agility measuring instrument.

Nekar Daekook M   Jae Ho Yu   Hye Yun Kang   Dong Yeop Lee   Ji Heon Hong   and Seong Gil Kim   

This pilot study aimed to assess the effect of dual-task training, compared to conventional therapy on the hand functional ability and visual perception in children with cerebral palsy. It was a pretest-posttest control group design, conducted for 4 weeks with ten children ranged between 5-13 years old. Participants were randomly allocated either to the experimental group (dual-task training) or the control group (conventional treatment). The experimental group received the usual physical therapy session and dual-task training sessions 3 sessions/week for 4 weeks. The control group received only the conventional physical therapy 3 sessions/week for 4 weeks. Fine and gross motor hand function were assessed by the Jebsen-Taylor hand function test and the Motor-free Visual Perception Test 3rd edition was used to assess visual perceptual ability before intervention and at 4 weeks after intervention. Only the experimental group showed an improvement in hand function (p<0.05) and no significant differences were observed between the groups (p>0.05). Statistically significant changes were noticed in three of the five subscales of the visual perception in the experimental group (p<0.05) with the experimental group superior to the control group. These findings suggest that dual-task training conducted with a precise goal to achieve (problem-solving) and including cognitive tasks is beneficial in means of improving hand function and visual perceptional ability of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy with a short-term effect. However, further studies on children with cerebral palsy with a similar approach are warranted.

Sumbara Hambali   Achmad Sofyan Hanif   Widiastuti   Firmansyah Dlis   Samsudin   and Akhmad Sobarna   

Volleyball is a sport that is quite popular in Indonesia, and this is why this sport is always given at various levels of schools in Indonesia. However, it is still not possible for learning to be carried out directly because the spread of the corona virus in Indonesia is still increasing, requiring learning to be carried out online. The website is one of the media that can be used in volleyball game courses. The question is whether this website is effectively used in volleyball lectures. The purpose of this study was to find out the extent to which the effectiveness of volleyball passing learning using the website was. This study used experimental method, where this experimental method is a research by giving some special treatment to the research subjects used. The one case study has been used in the research. The subjects used in this study were students of physical education, health and recreation STKIP Pasundan with a total of about 120 people. Subjects were given treatment for 8 meetings in accordance with the semester learning plan for the passing technique. The instrument in this study was a test of passing down and up to the wall for 60 seconds. The data analysis technique uses a percentage. The findings showed a rise in students passing learning goals. The results of STKIP Pasundan students' physical education, health, and recreation have improved significantly of the website's material.

Bhanupriya Khatri   Shaina Arora   and Anjali Goyal   

The desire to succeed in a rapidly changing work environment is overwhelming. This study aims to emphasize the importance of work-life balance and to examine the relationship between work-life balance and happiness. Focusing on physical activities and workplace health among the various ways for employee health is one way to ensure employee health and productivity. Managing long working hours in personal life increases employee stress. It consists of various fields related to the IT industry, computer, and digital information. IT professionals are the most in-demand members of today's labor market, as the industry's largest companies fight to expand the adoption of digital technologies. Employers are continually striving to ensure that their employees do their jobs in the best possible way without getting tired. Employee Work-Life Balance is measured by the employee's mental and physical investment in the workplace. You are dedicated to your work in terms of time, energy, and level of motivation to work towards achieving organizational success. This paper purposes to measure happiness and employee work-life balance as a measure of physical activity. Smart-PLS 3.2.8 creates a conceptual reflex model using measures of physical activity and happiness and work-life balance as survey components.

Dzihan Khilmi Ayu Firdausi   Muhammad Eka Mardyansyah Simbolon   Oktarina   Muhammad Rizkan Khadavi   Erick Prayogo Walton   and Widati Amalin Ulfah   

The purpose of this study is to see if the ACSI-28 is valid and reliable after being translated and synthesized to fit Indonesian culture and linguistics, so that ACSI-28 can be utilized on athletes in Indonesia. ACSI-28 Indonesian version is adapted from the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory by Smith and colleagues (1995). A Likert scale of 1 to 4 was used to assign the score. The validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of ACSI-28 were tested using 45 participants in this study. Validity data were examined with Peorsen Product Moment, and reliability was assessed with Cronbach Alpha. The validity of each item based on its respective subscales was found to range from 0.46 to 0.83 in the current study. The coping with adversity subscale item's validity value was found to range from 0.59 to 0.75. The coachability subscale item's validity value was found to range from 0.46 to 0.73. The concentration subscale item's validity value was found to range from 0.67 to 0.72. The confidence and achievement motivation subscale item's validity value was found to range from 0.63 to 0.73. The goal setting and mental preparation subscale item's validity value was found to range from 0.62 to 0.77. The peaking under pressure subscale item's validity value was found to range from 0.71 to 0.83. The freedom from worry subscale item's validity value was found to range from 0.67 to 0.77. The Indonesian version of the ACSI-28 reliability test had a reliability rating of 0.845, according to the current study. The findings of this study show that the Indonesian version of ACSI-28 is valid and reliable for usage in measuring an athlete's sports psychological skills in Indonesia.

Andry Akhiruyanto   Taufiq Hidayah   Zainudin Amali   Dewangga Yudhistira   and Aruna Brama Siwi   

Background: One of the most popular extracurricular activities at school is football. However, extracurricular activities have been temporarily suspended due to the COVID-19 outbreak, which on the other hand will affect students' physical abilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical condition of students which included speed, endurance, agility, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants were 15 male students aged 14-15 years with a weight of 51-71± kg and a height of 157-173± cm. Material and method: This study used a quantitative descriptive method with a survey approach. The instruments used include a multistage fitness test, a 30-meter sprint, and a shuttle run. Data were analyzed based on percentage data analysis and the Wilcoxon test. Result: The Wilcoxon test results on the speed test showed sig (2 tailed) 0.826> 0.05, endurance test 0.001 < 0.05, and agility test 0.033 > 0.05. If categorized, the overall percentage results on the physical condition of students have not been included in the "good" category. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that physical condition tests before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, both fall into the "poor" and "very poor" categories. Furthermore, tests carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced a higher percentage decline compared to tests before the COVID-19 pandemic. The research results obtained can thus be used as material for evaluation and improvement for teachers, coaches, and extracurricular football students, especially training related to improving physical condition so that better results can be obtained in the future.

Shuji Taketomi   Kohei Kawaguchi   Yuri Mizutani   Ryota Yamagami   Shin Sameshima   Seira Takei   Tomofumi Kage   Kenichi Kono   Hiroshi Inui   Sayaka Fujiwara   Sakae Tanaka   and Toru Ogata   

The purpose of this investigation was to clarify the differences in the musculoskeletal profiles between the dominant leg (DL) and nondominant leg (NDL) of Japanese soccer players. This study included 227 young elite soccer players (121 males and 106 females with mean ages of 19.0 and 17.5 years, respectively). Anthropometric measurements were obtained. In addition, joint range of motion measurements was performed for internal rotation of the hip, ankle dorsiflexion, and knee extension. Muscle flexibility tests were performed on the iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris, hamstring, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles. Moreover, isometric knee extension, flexion strength, and isometric hip abduction strength were measured. Single-leg balance tests were also performed. As a result, in male soccer players, DL's knee flexor strength and hip abductor strength were significantly stronger than in the NDL. In female soccer players, knee extension and knee flexion strength of the DL were significantly stronger than the NDL. In male soccer players, the hamstring-quadriceps ratio of the DL was significantly greater than NDL. DL demonstrated a significantly lesser center of pressure excursion in the single-leg balance test in male and female soccer players. In both male and female soccer players, the quadriceps muscle of DL was significantly more flexible than those of the NDL. There was no difference in the internal rotation angle of the hip joint between the DL and NDL in male soccer players. In contrast, the internal rotation angle of the DL was significantly (1.6°) greater than NDL in female soccer players. For some anthropometric measurements, muscle flexibility tests and joint range of motion measurements, the difference between the DL and NDL was significant but not large enough to be clinically relevant. In conclusion, the present study showed musculoskeletal asymmetry between the DL and NDL in young male and female soccer players.

Peter Iserbyt   Toon Dehandschutter   Hilde Leysen   and Joren Loockx   

To date, there is limited research investigating physical activity levels during a sport education season in high school physical education settings and how these are affected by ability levels. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) how students' game play in basketball would improve during a sport education season as a function of ability level, and (2) how students' MVPA levels differ as a function of game play ability. One class with 21 high school students (aged 16-18) participated in a 14-day sport education basketball season. Prior to and upon completion of the season, students' 3v3 basketball game play performance was assessed. Three mixed ability teams were composed with an equal gender distribution. The System of Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) was used to collect students' MVPA during the season. Repeated measures ANOVA detected a significant improvement in game play ability from 52% (range: 28%-68%) to 84% (range: 60%-100%) for high– as well as low-ability students, p < .001. High-ability students engaged in MVPA for 65% during team practice and 49% during game play. Low-ability students had consistently lower MVPA values than high-ability students (41% vs 55%), p <.01, with 56% of MVPA during team practice and 34% during game play. All students spent more than 40% of team practice and game play in vigorous physical activity. We concluded that both high-and low-ability high school students improved their game play and their ability level affected MVPA levels during the sport education basketball season. High-ability students met the 50% MVPA benchmark during team practice and game play, whereas low-ability students only met this guideline during team practice.

Viviane Castello-Simões   Audrey Borghi-Silva   Mariana Pires Carvalho   Clara Italiano Monteiro   Paula Angélica Ricci   Flávia Cristina Rossi Caruso   Rodrigo Polaquini Simões   and Renata Gonçalves Mendes   

Background: Critical load (CL) indicates the transition from moderate dynamic exercise to intense exercise and can be useful as a parameter of exercise intolerance during resistance exercise. In this sense, this study aimed to assess and contrast the cardiac autonomic response by heart rate variability during resistance exercise at CL in elderly and young individuals. Methods: Twenty apparently healthy active men, were allocated into young group (n=10) and elderly group (n=10), who underwent: 1) one repetition maximum (1RM) test on the Leg Press at 45º; 2) constant load exercise tests (70%, 80% and 90% of 1RM and intermediate load) in order to calculate the CL; and 3) CL assessment with record of heart rate (HR) and R-R intervals (R-Ri) to heart rate variability assessment. Results: During CL, the elderly presented lower value of mean HR in relation to young group (p<0.05), and mean R-Ri, RMSSD and SD1 were higher in elderly compared to young (p<0.05). In addition, delta (exercise minus rest) mean HR, STDRR, RMSSD, RRtri, TINN, SD1, SD2 and correlation dimension were lower in elderly compared to young (p<0.05). Conclusion: Elderly presented lower response to vagal withdrawal and less complexity compared to the young people during resistance exercise at CL.

Heildenberg C. Dimarucot   

Teaching Physical Education has been plagued with issues on limited class time, gap between concept and practice, and use of traditional assessment methods. Thus, this study implemented flipped learning (FL), specifically the SPRING framework in a college dance course, to address these problems through the promotion of more student agency, in-depth learning, and enhancement of 21^st century skills. Since there is a dearth of FL studies that focus on a PE context in the country, this study then sheds light on whether flipped learning model can help improve the conceptual understanding and procedural fluency of the students in a dance course. Using statistical treatment, this study examined (1) the conceptual understanding and procedural fluency of the students through the results of the practical tests done before the major exams and the actual major exams, (2) the proportion of the students with improved performance scores, (3) the significant difference of the mean performance scores before and after the intervention, as well as (4) the difference between the male and female students' scores in both assessments. The results revealed that though the pilot implementation of FL in the PE course in the university yielded generally positive outcomes, some obstacles need to be addressed like technological and logistical limitations due to the sudden shift to remote learning during the pandemic, lack of readiness of the students to regulate their own learning and exhibit other relevant 21^st century skills under pressure and uncertain times, and gap between the male and female students performance due to possible latent gender issues in dance education that restrict students' creativity. Thus, the institution needs to provide even more technological, communication, and psychological support for the students to perform better and with more ease whether in a purely online or blended FL environment. More discussions and activities on gender inclusivity in dance classes are also advised to further break barriers against students' artistic freedom and imagination.

Endang Murti Sulistiyowati   Wawan Sundawan Suherman   Endang Rini Sukamti   Ilham   Fajar Sriwahyuniati   Ratna Budiarti   and Nuridin Widya Pranoto   

When compared to the previous youths, especially before the pandemic, younger generations have become sedentary globally. However, the truth is physical activity positively contributes to human growth and development by causing both physiological and psychological benefits. In the wake of revitalizing such benefits, this current study aimed to develop a guidebook containing physical activity tests that should be implemented in primary schools for early childhood through rhythmic gymnastic sport. This study was the Research and Development alias R & D with 106 and 37 subjects on a large and small scale respectively. Whilst collecting data, instruments such as questionnaires for expert's judgment, anthropometric and bio-motor tests were employed, and norm tests and skills tests as well. Data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative approaches based on mean, standard deviation, percentages. After addressing all data, especially going through all R&D steps, it was revealed that the material expert assessment test results obtained a value of over 80%, likewise for the media assessment test. The results of both small- and large-scale testing showed that most experts indeed stated that the development of the current guidebook was in the category of very good to enhance skills accrual in early childhood growth. Therefore, we conclude that the guidebook, VCD, and tests developed are practical, practicable, and suitable for early childhood.

Jennifer Taylan-De Jesus   

Compelling evidence supports that Community-based Physical Fitness Programs (CPFP) can improve physical fitness and health. However, a central issue in CPFP is the lack of evaluation data from participating communities. The study aimed to evaluate the CPFP of three local communities using Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) model. Using a validated tool with a 4.81 mean (SD=0.38) and substantially agreed by three (3) experts (k=0.76), evaluation data were obtained from community members (n=117). This research primarily employed descriptive and correlation analyses to determine the relationships among CIPP elements and demographic profiles of one highly rated CPFP. 117 community members (28% male; 72% female) were evaluated the CPFP of 3 local communities. The context evaluation results showed that only SJC CPFP had a relatively high result with a mean of 4.29 (85.8%). For input evaluation, SJC still had the highest mean of 4.23 (84.6%), as compared to SCM 3.93 (78.6%) and PC 3.67 (73.4%). SJC remained at the top in the process evaluation, with the highest mean of 4.30 (86%). While on product evaluation, all communities had close mean scores of 4.4 (88%) SJC, 3.9 (78%) SCM, and 4.1 (82%) PC. Correlations among data revealed that SJC context and input evaluation results had a significant relationship with sex and age. There was meager participation of males compared to females and even young members compared to older members. While CPFP among communities received good evaluation results, there is still a need to reinforce the program due to lack of pre-implementation assessment and integration of vision-mission, goals, and objectives (context). There should also be a re-structuring of precise action plans (input), a variety of activities (process), and consistent program outcomes evaluation (product). Lastly, the correlated evaluation data suggested the need for a more personalized, gender-sensitive, and age-friendly CPFP. This study provides CPFP administrators with comprehensive data that can assist them in making sound decisions for program improvement.

Su Hyeon Shin   Yu Na Ji   Jae Ho Yu   Hye Yun Kang   Dong Yeop Lee   Ji Heon Hong   Seong Gil Kim   and Jin Seop Kim   

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of music tempo (No Music, 70 BPM, 120 BPM, 180 BPM) on recovery of cardiopulmonary function after an aerobic exercise, identify the effective tempo (BPM) with the highest recovery rate, and propose an effective method for recovery after exercise. A total of ten (10) healthy recreational men participated in this crossover repeated study. Heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SPO₂), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respiratory rate (RR), VO₂, and VCO₂ were measured at four (4) different time periods (immediately after exercise, 2 minutes, 4 minutes, and 6 minutes) for each of the four (4) types of music tempo on separate days. As a result, all the outcome variables showed significant differences for all types of music tempo over the time measured (p<.05) SPO₂ which did not show a significant difference (p>.05). The comparison between the four music tempos showed no significant difference of HR and SBP at 6 minutes after exercise, RR at 2 minutes, and 6 minutes after exercise (p<.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the other values (p>.05). No Music showed the fastest recovery rate of HR, SBP, DBP, and RR and 70BPM showed the fastest recovery rate of VO₂ and VCO₂. Therefore, for efficient cardiopulmonary function recovery after an aerobic exercise, listening to slow music at 70 bpm or taking a break without music can be suggested as an effective method for recovery.

Artur Oderov   Volodymyr Klymovych   Maksym Kuznetsov   Yevhen Anokhin   Oleh Nebozhuk   Serhii Romanchuk   Oleksandr Petrachkov   Volodymyr Andreychuk   Mukola Korchagin   Ivan Danylishyn   Serhii Homaniuk   and Yaroslav Svysch   

Analysis of the scientific literature has shown that weightlifters who specialize in pushing weights over a long cycle to develop special endurance use the interval method of training in lifting weights. In contrast to this technique, it is proposed to alternate the interval and uniform method, the introduction at the special preparatory stage and in the competitive period of competitive actions in modes - one in a microcycle lasting over 5 minutes and the other during the stage lasting over 10 minutes. Analysis of the protocols of the World Weightlifting Championships for the period from 2016 to 2020 showed that they are the current champions of Ukraine and winners of world championships. The closest results to the standard of the master of sports of the international class are that the athlete of a weight category to 78 kg lacked only 1 rise, athletes of weight categories to 63 and 85 kg did not have enough on the 2 lifts, weight category over 95 kg did not have enough 8 lifts, weight category to 68 lifts was not enough for 68 kg, 13 lifts were not enough for the weight category up to 68 kg, 28 lifts were not enough for the weight categories up to 95 kg. The results of Ukrainian weightlifters remained insufficiently high. This determined the need to explore current issues to improve the training process of the national team of Ukraine in weightlifting. The purpose of the study is to study the effectiveness of methods for developing special endurance weightlifters who specialize in pushing weights over a long cycle and develop exercises that will further qualitatively and professionally perform at world-class competitions. Our study showed that the application of our proposed exercises, duration of approaches, and rest intervals between them have a positive training effect to improve athletic performance, as well as the development of functional training of athletes, which will further contribute to their special endurance in world competitions.

Ibtehal M. Alkhawaldeh   

This study aimed to identify the effect of selected kinematic variables on the accuracy of the topspin forehand among table tennis players. The study sample consisted of (8) male players who play in the Jordanian First Division Table Tennis League; (age= 23.74 ± 1.72 years, mass=71.22 ± 11.21 kg, height=1.74 ± 0.10 m). The study used A (Canon EOS 80D) camera, which has a speed of (500) images per second, and Kinovea (0.8.15) program was used to analyze the movements. The shooting accuracy test was also used to reach the accuracy of Forehand Topspin shooting. The results of the statistical analysis confirmed the acceptance of the main hypothesis of the study, which states that there is a statistically significant impact of the selected kinematic variables on the accuracy of the topspin forehand at (α≤0.05). The results also showed the acceptance of three sub-hypotheses, which state that there is a statistically significant impact at (α≤0.05) of shoulder's angular velocity, wrist angle and racket's horizontal velocity on the accuracy of the topspin forehand. In light of the results, the study recommended the necessity of urging table tennis coaches in the Jordanian league to develop an appropriate mechanical kinematic model for each player when performing the skill of the forehand topspin.

Marshal C. Defensor   

An increasing interest in examining the Health and Physical Education Program (HPEP) has become evident to higher education institutions. However, the studies on the satisfaction of university stakeholders from the said program remain scarce. This study, therefore, examines the perceived satisfaction of university stakeholders from HPEP, including its distinct aspects/ areas and program offerings in an international higher education institution. Validated instruments such as a survey that received an overall mean score of 4.85 (SD=0.34) and an interview protocol with a mean score of 4.89 (SD=0.23) obtained data from university graduates/ alumni (n=250) and faculty members (n=10) between 2010 and 2018. The survey data indicated that alumni respondents evaluated the HPEP educational services (4.12 [SD=0.96]), learning environment (4.26 [SD=0.88]), and facilities (4.19 [SD=0.92]) with a high level of satisfaction. The adequacy of skills learned (3.80 [SD=1.16]), adequacy of HPEP as a program (4.08 [SD=0.08]), and relevance of the HPEP (4.11 [SD=0.07]) received a high-level satisfaction. On the other hand, the interview data revealed faculty members' satisfaction with some recommendations for improving the general aspects of the HPEP. While both alumni and faculty members were satisfied based on their understanding and experience of HPEP, discipline-centric activities, and infrastructure, there remains a need for consistency in the services offered, maintenance of facilities and equipment, and demand for strengthening values and transferable skills developed by HPEP. This study is of relevance to health and physical education scholars and practitioners. It may likewise serve as a lens to revisit the HPEP for program improvement.

Taufiq Hidayat   Hari Setijono   Nining Widyah Kusnanik   Nurhasan   Muchamad Arif Al Ardha   and Chung Bing Yang   

This research aimed to evaluate the training camp process of the East Java women's volleyball team in the Indonesia Olympic Games (PON) XX during Covid-19 Pandemic. This research was an evaluation study of the CIPP model with a mixed-method design. Two coaches and 15 women volleyball athletes were selected as research samples by purposive sampling method. The data were collected by questionnaire, observation, document analysis, and semi-structured interview techniques. Triangulation data and thematic coding methods were implemented to analyze the data. The results showed that the government supported the training process very well in the context dimension. The input dimensions were human resources, the availability of training programs, training facilities, and infrastructure was also in the excellent category. There was an excellent result on process dimensions. In the product dimension, most athletes have met the target of the training program. In conclusion, most of the dimensions are in a good category. In addition, the implementation of volleyball training in the covid-19 pandemic developed a good response and connection among athletes and coaches. Meanwhile, the negative values which occurred due to the limitation during the implementation of volleyball training in the covid-19 pandemic were boredom, unmotivated, and other psychological problems. Furthermore, limited training variations could be implemented, and game simulations were eliminated during the covid-19 pandemic.

Ridwan Sudirman   Moch. Asmawi   Achmad Sofyan Hanif   Ucok Hasian Refiater   Taufik Hidayat Suharto   Dedi Aryadi   and Ayi Rahmat   

The purpose of this study was to determine the best training method between plyometrics, circuit training methods, and continuous training methods, which had more effect on improving the results of Pencak Silat kick skills training. The method used in this study is an experimental method (comparative quantitative) with a 3 x 2 factorial design. The number of samples in this study was 56 students of the Health Sports Education Study Program of STKIP Setia Budhi Rangkasbitung in the Pencak Silat course, with a generalization level of students and athletes who have the same population characteristics and attributes. The summary of the results of the calculation analysis (ANOVA) on the variation of the average row, the significance level = 0.05 obtained Fo = 15.49 and Ft(1.54) = 4.02, thus Fo> Ft so that Ho is rejected. In the column mean variation, the significant level value = 0.05 obtained Fo = 8.97 and Ft(2.54) = 3.17, thus Fo > Ft so that Ho is rejected. In the interaction variation, the significant level value = 0.05 obtained Fo = 57.39 and Ft(2.54) = 3.17, thus Fo> Ft so that Ho is rejected. It was concluded that (1) overall there was a significant difference in the effect of training methods and high and low leg muscle explosive power on pencak silat kick skills. (2) there are differences in the average results for the three training methods. (3) there is an interaction between the explosive power of the leg muscles and the training method on the results of pencak silat kick skills.

Eka Fitri Novita Sari   Nofi Marlina Siregar   Sukiri   Rekha Ratri Julianti   and Ayatullah Muhammad Resza   

The rapid development of advanced learning technology requires teachers to make various innovations in the learning activities. The use of social media-based technology is one of the alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the Physical Education teacher's perspectives on using TikTok social media in the learning activities. The study was conducted through a survey method of 125 physical education teachers in Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang, and Bekasi (Jabotabek), Indonesia. The study findings showed that 45.6% of physical education teachers used TikTok social media accounts; 44.5% stated that the TikTok application could be used in teaching and learning activities; 45.8% emphasized that the TikTok application attracts students' attention; 53.6% affirmed that the TikTok application is more user-friendly compared to other social media applications; 49.2% answered that teaching material was provided using the TikTok application; only 37.8% showed that the lack of existing features was the reason respondents did not use the TikTok application, and 50.2% had used the TikTok application for rhythmic gymnastics activities. According to the study results, it can be concluded that physical education teachers have used TikTok social media in learning activities but they are still limited to rhythmic gymnastics activities. It is recommended that physical education teachers develop other teaching materials for different sports units, not only limited to rhythmic gymnastics activities, so that students can explore their learning activities more diversely.

Herman Chaniago   

This study aims to identify the talents of prospective athletes aged 11-15 years through anthropometric, fundamental skills, and biomotor. Researchers conducted an assessment of these three factors to decide whether the candidate was a gifted athlete. The method used is survey and percentage analysis. The participants who took part in this study were 408 (242 males and 166 females) aged 11-15 years. The results of the assessment from the city of Salatiga showed that there were no very talented participants, 2% of participants were declared talented, 12% quite talented, 44% less talented, and 42% not talented. The percentage analysis showed that there were no very talented participants; less than 1% were talented; 3% were moderately talented; 22% were less talented, and 75% were not talented. There is a difference in catch indicators for male and female participants with a percentage of 30.11%. Talent identification that can be decided in this study, based on the results of anthropometry, fundamental skills, and biomotor measurements is in the javelin throw, sprint 100 meters, 200 meters and long jump. The results of this study conclude that the assessment of anthropometry, fundamental skills, and bimotor can be used to identify the talent of athletes at a young age. It could be concluded that biomotor and anthropometry aspects are more dominantly used to identify athletes but need to be added to other skills performance assessments to support this decision. Future research should focus on identifying the determinants of talent and developing assessment instruments.

Evi Susianti   Johansyah Lubis   Junaidi Hamid   Santoso   Astri Ayu Irawan   and Yafi Velyan Mahyudi   

This study aims to determine the effect of plyometric and flexibility training methods to improve the momtong dollyo chagi kick technique in taekwondo athletes. The effect of training programs that combine physical conditions specifically has no results stating that they are interrelated to improve taekwondo kick techniques. The research method used is experimental treatment by level 2 x 2. The results of this study: firstly, there are differences in the leg power of momtong dollyo chagi kicks for taekwondo athletes in the plyometric standing jump and box drill training methods with the results Fo (A) = 12,111 > F-table 4,11. Interaction Fo (AB) = 14,044 > F-table = 4,11 with the percentage effect of plyometric and flexibility exercises of 33.83%. Plyometric standing jump exercise is better for increasing leg power of momtong dollyo chagi kick than box drill exercise for athletes who have high flexibility with t₀ 16,496 >t_{table(0,05:10)} 1,688. Box drill exercises are better for increasing the leg power of momtong dollyo chagi kicks than standing jump plyometric exercises for athletes who have low flexibility with a value of t₀ 2,455 > t_{table(0,05:10)} 1,688. Thus, it can be concluded that both standing jump plyometric exercises and box drill combined with flexibility can have the effect of increasing leg power, so that the trainer can choose a power and strength training program through plyometric training to prepare for the competition.

Nur Syahadati Retno Panenggak   Nurhasan   Muchamad Arif Al Ardha   Panji Bana   Kolektus Oky Ristanto   Ainun Zulfikar Rizki   Rizki Satrio Utomo   Chung Bing Yang   and Wei Jhe Lin   

This study aims to evaluate university students' daily activities and the effect of physical activity on physical fitness, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research used comparative and correlational research methods. Thirty research samples consisted of 13 junior year university students and 17 senior year university students were selected by the purposive sampling method. Every student was monitored for their daily activities for one week and categorized into sports, college, organization, and other activities. Physical fitness was measured using the MFT test to measure the VO₂Max in ml/kg/min units. The data analysis results showed no significant difference between junior and senior semester students in VO₂Max, physical exercise, organizational activities, lecture activities, sleeping, and other activities. There was a significant difference in VO₂Max and physical exercises (sig < 0.05) between genders. Male students spent more time exercising (17.87 ± 11.1) than female students (10.80 ± 6.04). Furthermore, male students had a higher average VO₂Max (42.38 ± 7.53) than female students (29.36 ± 6.07). Based on the regression analysis results, there is a significant value between physical exercises and sleeping toward VO₂Max capacity (sig. < 0.05).

Yuto Inai   Satoshi Oikawa   and Takao Akama   

Considering the problems of data handling methods in the sports field, the use of smartphones, free tools, going online with the COVID-19 disaster, reducing the workload of data managers, creating graphs automatically, and building a system that can provide immediate feedback are considered to be useful. This study aims to improve data handling at sporting events by examining methods of enhancing data provision efficiency, such as collecting the athletes' physical condition and weather data, for the athletes, coach, and trainer. The data were collected using Google Forms and Google Sheets, and the study considered the problems associated with the data handling process. A questionnaire-based survey regarding data handling was conducted among seven athletes, one coach, and one trainer from a local triathlon team. The questions included collecting information on whether the (1) participants had viewed the Google Sheets, (2) data were useful for the race, (3) Google Sheets were easy to view, and (4) participants had any requests. In addition, eight university students were targeted as simulations for data organization. The results indicated that the use of Google Forms and Google Sheets was more efficient than the traditional paper-based method. In conclusion, this method is useful in collecting, organizing, and providing data at sporting events. The results of this study may lead to improvements in the way data are used in sports. In the future, it may be necessary to fine-tune the system to meet the needs of individual users.

Takuya Ito   Yasuhiko Hatanaka   and Naoto Kawamura   

To elucidate the gait characteristics of hemodialysis patients, their gaits were analyzed from kinematic and kinetic viewpoints. The gait of 23 patients in the hemodialysis group was measured using a motion capture system and a force plate. We calculated the joint angles and joint moments of the hip, knee, and ankle joints during one gait cycle. The hemodialysis group was compared with 30 patients in a control group utilizing the AIST gait database 2019. The hemodialysis group had a shorter step length and a greater step width than the control group. In the hemodialysis group, the hip flexion angle at the initial contact, the knee flexion angle at the loading response, and the hip flexion angle at the terminal swing were small. The ankle plantarflexion angle at the loading response and the knee flexion angle at the terminal stance were large. The hip extension moment in the loading response and the knee extension moment in the pre-swing were also large. The knee extension moment and the ankle joint dorsiflexion moment in the loading response were small, as was the knee joint flexion moment at the terminal stance. The walking velocity of the hemodialysis patients was maintained by increasing the walking rate against the reduced step length to increase walking stability in the front–back direction. However, the step width was increased to increase stability in the lateral direction, resulting in inefficient walking. The heel rocker was not functioning in the loading response, so the hip extension moment was increased to provide stable weight-bearing and forward body movement. From the terminal stance to the pre-swing, the knee joint extension increased to control the knee joint and compensate for forward acceleration. The gait of maintenance hemodialysis patients was different from that of healthy subjects. Compensatory movements were observed to compensate for the difference, resulting in inefficient gait. If compensatory movements are observed and walking becomes inefficient, it is predicted to decrease independence in walking, cause a decline in ADL, and fall in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the function of the lower limb joints, especially the knee and ankle joints, reduce the burden on other muscles and joints, and modify the gait to use the muscles that should be used.

Shwe Yee Wint   and Ashira Hiruntrakul   

The main aim of the study was to investigate the relationship among deep cervical muscle endurance, cervical proprioception, and chronic neck pain (CNP). Subjects with CNP (n=47) aged 20 to 45 years were recruited to the study. Cervical joint position sense error (JPSE), deep cervical flexor and extensor endurance, pain intensity and neck pain associated disability were investigated by using common clinical tests. The correlations between measured variables were assessed by Spearman correlation coefficients. Only extension cervical JPSE component showed significant fair correlation with pain (σ = 0.30, p = 0.040) and disability (σ = 0.39, p = 0.006). Both the cervical flexor and extensor muscle endurance were found to have no relationship with both pain and disability. There was no association between deep cervical muscle endurance and the cervical JPSE. But a significant fair correlation was noted between the cervical flexor and extensor muscle endurance capacity (σ = 0.38, p = 0.008). Deep cervical muscle endurance and cervical proprioception were weakly associated with CNP. Chronic neck pain might not influence neck muscle endurance and cervical proprioception. Muscle endurance capacity and proprioceptive functioning also seem to be irrelevant to each other in people with CNP.

Ahmad Chaeroni   Anton Komaini   Nuridin Widya Pranoto   and Despita Antoni   

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the physical activity program in the two groups of Physical Education and Physical Education + Out of School Hours Activity (OSHA) on movement activities and students' mental health based on the school environment where they studied. A total of 113 (57 students in a large school environment and 56 students in a narrow school environment) aged 16-19 years were involved in this study. Collecting data is to determine movement activities using the Barrow Motor Ability Test (BMT) and filling out a mental health questionnaire. The physical activity program was carried out for 12 weeks with a number of meetings once per week from each treatment group and for an additional Out of School Hours Activity program three times a week. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test technique at a significance level of = 0.05. The results show that: 1) There is a difference in the effect of physical activity programs on Physical Education and Physical Education + OSHA on movement activities and mental health of students in a large school environment; 2) There are differences in the effect of physical activity programs on Physical Education and Physical Education + OSHA on movement activities and mental health of students in a narrow school environment. Thus, the physical activity program has an influence on movement activities and mental health even though in a large school environment, which is better than in a narrow school environment.

Diajeng Tyas Pinru Phytanza   Erick Burhaein   Subur Indriawan   Carla Cristina Vieira Lourenço   Nevzat Demirci   Puput Widodo   Ibnu Prasetyo Widiyono   Yogi Ferdy Irawan   Wisnu Guntur Sutopo   Mokhamad Parmadi   Alfiah Rizqi Azizah   Muhammad Saleh   Agus Hadiatmo   and Ari Susanto   

The background in this study is the shooting ability of petanque athletes whose achievements are inconsistent during the match/competition. This study aims to find out the effect of accuracy training on the results of shooting games of petanque athletes. Participants in the study were 20 athletes (ages 15-20 years; M = 17.7; SD: 2.4). This research design is one group pretest-posttest experimental design. The instruments used for the test of ability (shooting) are game numbers (shooting station) 1-5 with a distance of 6-9 meters. Data analysis uses a t-test with the help of IBM SPSS 24. Based on the calculation of pretest and posttest data on the shooting results of petanque athletes who have obtained an accuracy training program, it shows a value of p = 0.000 which means that p<0.05 so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. Therefore it can be concluded that there is an influence between the accuracy training program on shooting results in petanque athletes aged 15-20 years. This study contributed to subsequent research to involve other factors that can improve the shooting ability of petanque athletes.

Boby Ardianzah Efendy   Achmad Sofyan Hanif   Iman Sulaiman   and Muhsana El Cintami Lanos   

The Android application is a Linux-based operating system for cellular phones such as smartphones and tablet computers that can be designed as digital media to facilitate the need for teaching materials. The purpose of this study was to develop Android-based massage sports teaching materials for students in the Physical Education, Health, and Recreation Study Program. The research method was research and development with the Borg and Gall models. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, questionnaires, tests, and documents. The participants involved were students, colleagues, and experts. The results of the study indicate that teaching materials for learning sports massage based on Android provide convenience in understanding the content of the material. Students can access materials easily at any time, both on-campus and off-campus. This application is called "MassageSmartClick," which can be accessed on mobile phones, and students can also study it in the print book that has been presented in the application. It has some menus, namely the splash menu, main menu, competency menu, material menu, illustration menu, evaluation menu, and information menu.

Jae-Ryang Yoon   

Modern pentathlon is characterized by the possible direct effects on performance of physical characteristics, fitness level, and record management and therefore, obtaining information about the fitness level and records can be an important factor in improving performance among athletes. To examine the specificity of anthropometrics, physiology, and performance among modern pentathlon athletes, it is necessary to examine and analyze many factors for performance and few researchers have measured or analyzed modern pentathletes. This study aimed to analyze anthropometric data of elite modern pentathalon athletes through a literature review and determine the physical characteristics for better performance, examine cardiorespiratory functions directly connected with the performance in sport shooting-running. The literature review found that maximal heart rate (HRmax) ranged from 184.10 bpm to 197.89 bpm, maximal voluntary ventilation (VEmax) from 151.7 L/min to 163.05 L/min, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) from 54.4 ml/kg/min to 75.97 ml/kg/min. For the anaerobic threshold (AT) level, oxygen uptake (VO₂) ranged from 53.72 ml/kg/min (82.6% VO_2max) to 63.65 ml/kg/min (84.4% VO_2max), heart rate from 169 bpm to 182 bpm, and blood lactate concentration from 10.64 mM to 17.20 mM. Therefore, it is also necessary to develop an effective interval training method for improving anaerobic threshold, cardiorespiratory endurance, and lactate tolerance. Further research is needed to identify effective training for improving cardiorespiratory endurance, the AT level, and lactate tolerance rather than the physical characteristics.

Felice Di Domenico   Gaetano Altavilla   and Gaetano Raiola   

Sports training is a complex phenomenon which, to be effective for the planned purposes, must consider all the aspects that make it up. Agility, rapid strength, and reactive strength are factors that contribute, at various levels and in an integrated mood, to the achievement of sporting performance. Often, these aspects are considered separately and not always satisfactory results in the competitive phase, as there is not sufficient knowledge of the relationship between agility and levels of explosive and reactive strength. The aim was to show how these factors (agility, explosive and reactive strength) had interactions with each other that could be exploited in the development and refinement phase. The study was conducted on a sample of 30 students from the University of Salerno who were administered a battery of instrumental tests through the Optojump platform to recruit quantitative data regarding explosive strength, reactive strength, and agility. One way, Anova and post hoc Bonferroni were performed as statistical tools to analyze data. The results showed a significant difference between the groups (p <0.001) regarding the jump height in the tests performed. Bonferroni's test for multiple comparisons found insignificant differences between only two variables: SJ and CMJ. The results may be useful to sports training professionals and athletes to improve sports training programs.

Christina Fajar Sriwahyuniati   Nella Novika Nuritasari   Ratna Budiarti   and Endang Rini Sukamti   

This research aims to develop a product in the form of an android application that can be used as a new method of learning and independent training for the basic elements of rhythmic gymnastics. The Research and Development method was used in this study. The research steps were adapted from Sugiyono's research steps which consisted of 13 steps, but the researchers only adapted 10 steps according to the research objectives. Small group trials were conducted at Gymnastics Local Club on 8 children practicing rhythmic gymnastics, while the main field trials were carried out on 15 children practicing rhythmic gymnastics at local clubs. The research instruments were a scale questionnaire and evaluation sheets. Evaluation result data were in the form of descriptive quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data were collected from assessments by means of a product trial questionnaire. Qualitative data were obtained through expert validation and trial activities in the form of input, feedback, criticism and suggestions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative analysis. The results of the assessment obtained through expert validation and trials were processed in percentages. The percentage results were then elaborated using the qualitative method. The assessment for the feasibility aspect of the model of basic element of android application based-rhythmic gymnastics was seen from the results of the validation by material experts at 97.5% (strongly agree) and media experts at 96% (strongly agree). The results of the main field trial showed an assessment score at 98.16% (strongly agree). The product was a model of media for the basic elements of android application based-rhythmic gymnastics. The product was made of several basic elements of rhythmic gymnastics motion pictures and videos (slow motion) supported by brief information, a brief history of gymnastics, videos of elite championships, athletes' achievements, and gym club contact support. The selection of motion elements was based on FIG's Code of points in 2017-2020.

Galih Priyambada   Aba Sandi Prayoga   Andy Widhiya Bayu Utomo   Deny Pradana Saputro   and Rudi Hartono   

Sport is an activity that requires various aspects of support, with the habit that is often done. This study aims to produce a processing system for basic sports results or basic motor skills using a digital-based application for basic movement skills in sports. The research method used in this case is a research and development approach or method. The data collection method used in this study is a questionnaire given to respondents to obtain accurate data. While the data analysis used qualitative and quantitative data analysis to obtain valid and effective value data. The results in this study indicate that the data processing application system to determine the basic skills or basic abilities that were developed received a positive assessment from the trainer with very good and sufficient criteria. The average rating of very good is 37.5%, good is 50% and sufficient is as much as 12.5%. Furthermore, description by respondents shows that the data processing application system for the results of basic abilities or basic abilities is declared valid and can be used without revision and with revision. Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the developed system is valid and can be used to process basic motor skills possessed by athletes or students.

Widiastuti   Hasyim   Muhamad Syamsul Taufik   Budi Ariyanto Muslim   Suharti   Soleh Solahuddin   Silvy Juditya   and Karisdha   

Hollow Sprint Training (accelerated sprint) starts with a slow running motion. Interval training consists of repetitions of a maximum intensity exercise. Detailed data on these two exercises for which one is more effective in increasing the 100 m run is very limited. This study aims to determine the difference in the effect of hollow sprints and interval training in increasing the running speed of 100 meters. Method: A total of 20 samples of 100-meter sprint event athletes participated in this study. The method used was an experiment with a Comparative Design model. The data collection technique used in this study was a test instrument. They were divided into two groups which designed as hollow sprint group (A) and interval training group (B). This study used comparative experimental method where athletes in each group were given two different treatments and a 100meter speed test before and after the treatment. Results: 1) The p-value of the hollow sprint group or group A (0.004) is smaller than 0.05, which can be concluded that group A had a significant increase. 2) The p-value of the interval group or group B (0.006) is smaller than 0.05, which can be concluded that group B had a significant increase. 3) There is a significant difference between hollow sprint and interval training on increasing 100-meter running speed, the p-value (0.035) is smaller than 0.05. Conclusions: Interval training is more effective than hollow sprint training in increasing athletes' 100 meters running speed.

Paula Mae Q. Fernandez   Julius Ceazar G. Tolentino   John Paul P. Miranda   John Gerald B. Guanlao   and Joseph G. Sac   

The interdisciplinary field of human movement sciences (HMS) has gained massive interest among educational institutions around the world, not only in terms of academic programs but also in research. With this emergence, the researchers aimed to describe the productivity of HMS research in the Philippines. The descriptive bibliometric analysis phase of this paper considered papers published and indexed in Google Scholar from January 2010 to June 2021 and was analyzed after data cleaning and preprocessing. Results revealed that a total of 274 research publications were recorded between the years 2010 and 2021 with an average annual publication rate of 28.6% as far as the dataset was concerned. Also, public higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged to be the most productive generators of research outputs, specifically topped by the University of the Philippines (UP). Moreover, UP-based authors dominated the rankings of the most productive HMS researchers, with Jeffrey Pagaduan in the top rank. Results further indicated that 75% of the authors collaborated with fellow researchers within or outside their institution. Meanwhile, the term "physical education" was recorded to be the most frequently appearing word in most of the publications. Through the aid of the data mining approach- social network analysis (SNA), five (5) researchers from public HEIs and two from private HEIs were identified to have the largest networks as discussed in the paper. The exploration of research in terms of productivity and the embedded social network of researchers may serve as a springboard in defining the future development of the field in the Philippines.

Mohammed Nader Shalaby   Marwa Ahmed Fadl   Hoda Abdel Hameed Abdel Wahab   Reda Mohamed Hassan Hashem   Rasha Abd Alfattah Mohammed Faid   Noha Awad Mousa   and Mona Fathi Khalil   

Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in our modern era. As a result of the technological evolution recently and the abundance of public and private transportation, in addition to the lack of movement in our societies, many diseases have spread. One of them is diabetes, which is known now as the lack of movement disease. It is one of the most common diseases worldwide. Diabetes comes with a group of diseases called the "lifestyle diseases" like high blood pressure, obesity and heart disease, and other chronic diseases engaged with the technological evolution and lack of movement diseases. The study aimed to identify the effect of the training program accompanied by the proposed diet on some physiological variables and regulating blood sugar levels (diastolic pressure, systolic pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), fasting blood sugar, non-fasting sugar, cumulative sugar), in type II diabetics. To achieve this, the researchers used the experimental method, as it suited the nature of the study (designed by one experimental group) in a sample of 10 males who were chosen deliberately aged between 45 and 55 years old. The sample members were committed to an eight-week training program accompanied by a diet with three training modules per week. The conclusion of the study showed statistically significant differences between the pre-and post-measurements, in favor of the post-measurement in all variables under study, except for the triglyceride variable. The researchers recommended that sports activity should be practiced regularly in addition to the diet, as it affects regulating blood sugar and controlling its high levels.

Tri Hadi Karyono   Oce Wiriawan   Hari Setijono   Ibrahim   Ramdan Pelana   Sofyan Hanif   and Bagus Winata   

The purpose of this study was to find out and describe the types of injuries sustained by recreational badminton players in Indonesia. In this descriptive study, conducted by interview, we evaluated recreational male badminton players (n=80) at Rawamangun Jakarta Sports Center. The focus of the interview questions was divided into 2 sessions, namely the general session and the main interview session. The general session asks about anthropometry data, years and frequency of playing badminton, medical history, and sports activities, while the main interview session contains the causes of injury, anatomical injury, and frequency of injury in one year. This study showed that the older the participants are, the less frequently they play badminton (41-50 years = 2.2 ± 1.1 vs 31-40 years = 2.9 ± 1.1 vs 21-30 years = 3.1 ± 0.8). Acute injuries predominated in the age range of 21-30 years (83%) and 31-40 years (53%). Meanwhile, at the age of 41-50 years, overuse injury is the dominant injury compared to acute injury (83% vs 17%). In terms of anatomical injuries, 74% of 80 participants had lower limb injuries. Regarding the cause of injury, 52.5% of all 80 participants chose inadequate warm-up as the cause of injury. This study shows that as people get older, the risk of injury in recreational badminton players in Indonesia increases. Inadequate warm-up is a common cause of injury risk for all ages, and the lower limb is the part of the body that is most often injured.

Taufiq Hidayah   Andry Akhiruyanto   Sugiarto   Dewangga Yudhistira   Sulistiyono   and Aan Wahyu Setiawan   

Muscle fatigue often occurs when a person performs a maximal activity. However, some substances are believed to be able to improve exercise performance and control energy due to muscle fatigue called ergogenic substances. Ergogenic substances that are not included in the doping category are theobromine and caffeine. Unfortunately, there are very few exercise studies examining theobromine and caffeine, so further testing to prove their benefits is still needed. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of the administration of ergogenic theobromine and caffeine after the maximum activity so that a decrease in lactic acid levels can be found. This research is an experimental study with laboratory testing and is carried out based on a random control posttest approach. Sampling was done by using the total sampling technique. The research sample was 18 male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months with a weight of 150-250 grams. Samples were divided into 3 groups consisting of the control group, theobromine group, and the caffeine group. The instrument for taking blood samples is accutrend plus. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The hypothesis was tested using One Way Anova with the help of SPSS 16. The tests carried out found that the average values of the control group, theobromine, and caffeine were 5.2, 4.9, and 4.2, respectively. The results of the hypothesis test showed that the significance value obtained was 0.35 > 0.05 which indicated that the hypothesis was rejected. In conclusion, the administration of ergogenic theobromine and caffeine did not give a significant difference in reducing lactic acid levels. This invention can thus be used as a reference for athletes not to use these substances to reduce fatigue and increase energy.

Risti Nurfadhila   Tomoliyus   Abdul Alim   Japhet Ndayisenga   and Endang Rini Sukamti   

Background: Physical fitness training is very important for sports performance. The objective is to assess the different capacities of athletes like speed, strength, flexibility, leg muscle power, and VO₂max. The purpose of this study was: (1) to determine the current status of physical fitness of Yogyakarta athletes, (2) to compare the physical fitness performance on the standard's physical fitness value, (3) to show the effects of physical fitness on the athlete's performance. Research methodology: this is exploring research with a mixed-method qualitative and quantitative study. The sample of this study was 39 subjects from Yogyakarta. The subjects were taken randomly. The subjects were aged between 13-18 years, and they were from many various parties of Yogyakarta. The content of the training was squat jumps: 10 to 15 repetitions, standard push-ups: 10 to 15 repetitions, calf raises 15 to 20 repetitions, bench dips: 10 to 15 repetitions, abdominal crunches: 15 to 20 repetitions, jump rope: 60 seconds, plyometric exercise, sit-ups, press-ups, squats, lunges, and step-ups within three times per week for six weeks. The facts series technique was a physical battery test on the playground. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The result showed that Yogyakarta athletes still have low physical fitness with a P-value of 0.000. Conclusion: Yogyakarta athletes still hold low physical fitness like speed, VO₂Max, flexibility, explosive strength, power, and coordination.

Ahmed K. Hassan   and Ahmed R. Elsayed   

Paying attention to learners with special needs is essential to achieving the principle of equal educational opportunities for all. This study is aimed at determining the effectiveness of sports programs in improving the social interaction of children with Down syndrome. The sample consisted of 12 children with Down syndrome. Their ages ranged from 8 to 14 years, and their IQ ranged from 50 to 70. They were from Al Najashi School in Al Hofuf, Al Hasa. The children were asked questions to gain preliminary data about children with Down syndrome. A scale was used to measure and assess their social interaction, and the efficacy of the sports programs in their social interaction was obtained. The results show that there are differences in the social interaction of group members in the test conducted before participation in the program (pre-test) as compared to the test conducted after participation in the program (post-test). There are also statistically significant differences among the experimental and control groups in their social interaction, in favor of the experimental group. There were no differences in the social interaction in the experimental group between the post- and follow-up tests. This shows the effectiveness of sports programs in improving social interaction in children with Down syndrome, as well as the continuing effectiveness in improving social interaction for these children during the follow-up period. The study recommends that sports programs be used to improve social interaction skills in children with Down syndrome.

Jay C. Santos   and Michael Sagas   

Time commitment of college athletes raises some alarm, leaving them vulnerable to career transitions and well-being consequences. How college athletes spend their academic and athletic time is not much explored. In the United States, college athletes are often classified based on their respective sport revenue production and sport type. The comparison of athletes based on sport category and sport type is sparse in the academic literature. By and large, well-being and time commitment of athletes among some others are believed to be significant factors in college sports success. This study examined the differential effects of sport category (revenue vs non-revenue) and sport type (individual vs team) on academic time use, athletic time use, subjective well-being, emotional well-being, and physical well-being of college athletes. It utilized secondary data provided by the U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) granted upon agreement on data fair use. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was performed to examine the research questions. Significant differences relative to sport type and sport category were found in academic time use and athletic time use. Team sport and revenue-generating sport athletes were more athletically inclined, while individual sport and non-revenue generating sport athletes were more academically engaged.

Wesam Saleh A. Al Attar   Walaa Abutaleb   Nada Alhazmi   and Hussain S. Ghulam   

Due to the high probability of injuries seen from boxing, together with the lack of assessment data examining the degree of risk to athletes, this study searched for solutions that may provide updated information to reduce or prevent the risk of injuries in this sport. This study aims to collect updated information about major injury risks among boxers and devise appropriate means to modify or prevent these risks by investigating the implementation of Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) evidence-based injury prevention exercises among boxers. A survey was published containing a maximum of 23 multiple-choice questions from boxing associations in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries to 300 boxers in six GCC countries. A total of 261 boxers participated in the study, with core stability exercises being the most frequently implemented at a rate of 52.5%. There were no statistically significant differences between the GCC countries in terms of the average number of injury prevention exercises performed. Finally, all exercise programs were studied in terms of injury prevention, and shoulder stabilization exercises were the only ones where the implementation rates varied widely between the GCC countries. Effective injury prevention strategies must be implemented, an athlete injury form report must be submitted to facilitate this, and information must be collected about the mechanism of the injury.

B. Suhartini   and BM Wara Kushartanti   

The phenomenon that occurs in today's children is the decreasing number of play activities that involve children's physical activity. This study aims to produce five models of motor perception activity to improve executive function in kindergarten students. This research was pursued by using the research & development method. The research procedure consisted of four stages; Stage 1. Preliminary study (N=50); Stage 2. Development of 5 models of motor perception activity; Stage 3. Expert validation consists of lecturers (N=7) and teachers (N=3); and Stage 4. Trial of motor perception activity model (N=50). The data collection technique used was in the form of filling out observation sheets for 50 parents. Data analysis was summarized in the form of quantitative descriptive analysis and qualitative analysis. The results showed that children's motoric elements were low, including 15% student activity, 40% balance, 23% motor skills, 27% interest, and 57% attention. The availability of learning equipment to support motor perception activities is indicated by the percentage of 49% or very low. This motor perception activity model is created in 5 activities, namely: (1) walking on a balance beam, (2) jumping in a half circle of hola hops, (3) running, jumping, jumping & tiptoeing, (4) crawling while dribbling, and (5) throwing balloons while sitting. Based on the results of the calculation of quantitative data from the teacher's assessment as the model user, it is known that the level of implementation of the motor perception activity model for kindergarten students is very high at 96.15% and the quality of the model is very high at 94.85%. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis, it is known that the motor perception activity learning model is suitable for use in learning physical activity for kindergarten students while at the same time giving an impact on children's physical activity participation.

Gangu Naidu Mandala   Kavitha Desai   Jerlin Jose   Nilofer Hussaini   and Martha Sucharitha M   

Aggression is one of the significant types of feeling and emotion, which is exceptionally fundamental for sports execution. It is ordinarily propelled conduct at any rate for that specific purpose of time in the genuine play, which drives a player brimming with his energies towards his point. 150 School National Handball female players aged 14-17 years who were concentrated in higher optional schools of Andhra Pradesh Rural and Urban were haphazardly chosen as subjects. An aggression scale is used to contemplate the degree of aggression in any age gathering (over 14 years). The scale comprises 55 articulations. It is a Likert type 5-guide scale toward locating the aggressive conduct among Handball players. The premise of the discoveries is that the shooters have phenomenal aggression conduct than the all-rounders and defenders and shooters have more physical fitness than the all-rounders and defenders. In the examination, the Shooter would have a more aggressive inclination and physical fitness when contrasted with all-rounders and defenders. It is very different on the grounds that the Shooter alone for example independently will confront the adversary gathering of players because of body contact and the battle for greatness will lead the shooter to more aggressive than others.

Mohammad Ahsan   and Mohammad Feroz Ali   

Physical performance characteristics of players have been changed rapidly as team games have become more competitive. Research focusing on the anthropometrical and physiological characteristics of players and the demand of competition are reviewed. The dearth of research for today's elite players was highlighted, along with the need for standardized testing protocols. This research was conducted to investigate the differences in physical performance characteristics between soccer and rugby players with standardized testing protocols. A total of thirty-six male subjects (18 soccer players and 18 rugby players) were chosen for this study. The subjects had an average age of 20.50±1.36 years, a height of 175.28±5.554 cm, weight of 67.73±6.47 kg, and BMI of 22.01±1.01. Any player who had a musculoskeletal injury in their lower extremity or had a record in the previous three months was excluded from the research. Dynamic balance was determined using the Y Balance Test. The Beep test assessed maximal aerobic capacity, and the vertical jump test evaluated the anaerobic power output of the lower body. An independent t-test was applied to determine the differences between soccer and rugby players. Our finding showed that there were insignificant differences for dynamic balance (t=-1.31, p=.19), maximal aerobic capacity (t=.94, p=.35), and anaerobic power output (t=-.403, p=.69) between soccer and rugby players. Findings are also evident for the decrease in anaerobic performance with increased maximal oxygen capacity in soccer players while anaerobic performance increases and maximal aerobic capacity decreases in rugby players. Functional tests for performance parameters should be considered when planning to train players, predict performance, and identify sports talent.

Miftah Fariz Prima Putra   Tri Setyo Guntoro   Yos Wandik   Saharuddin Ita   Evi Sinaga   Rodhi Rusdianto Hidayat   Eva Sinaga   Junalia Muhammad   Friska Sari Gracia Sinaga   Remuz Maurens Bertho Kmurawak   and Agnes Supraptiwi Rahayu   

This study aims to adapt and validate the Indonesian version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2Id). Data were obtained from a total of 268 (male = 154 and female = 114) elite athletes of Papua Indonesia with an age range of 16 to 43 years (M = 22.40 ± 5.01). Furthermore, language adaptation and validation were carried out through a forward-backward translation process using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). An internal consistency approach was used to test for the reliability based on Construct Reliability (CR). The results evaluating the fit of the models showed that the SAS-2Id fits based on RMSEA, CFI, TLI, and PNFI. The three dimensions of SAS-2Id had standardized coefficient values from .77 to .81, with a significant p-value of ≤ .001. The SAS-2Id item factor loading values ranged from .51 to .88, indicating that it is above the recommended threshold (≥ .50). Furthermore, the reliability test carried out using the internal consistency approach discovered that the dimensions of worry (AVE = .60) and concentration disruption (AVE = .50) were above the recommended cutoff points. In contrast, the somatic dimension had the lowest value (AVE = .35). However, from the other two reliability test parameters, it was discovered that the CR and Cronbach's Alpha values were from .73 to .88 and .71 to .88, respectively, which indicated good reliability values. Therefore, the psychometric property at the Indonesian version of the SAS-2 is a valid and reliable measuring instrument for anxiety levels.

Italo Sannicandro   Andrea Piccinno   Rosa Anna Rosa   and Giacomo Cofano   

This study aims to describe and analyse the internal and external load deriving from LSG exercises carried out on two fields, defined as SLSG and BLSG, in the 4vs4 format, with goalkeepers. 22 professional soccer players participated (average age: 23.59±4.87 years, weight: 77.8±7.6 kg; height: 183.5±7.5 cm) including 20 forward players and 2 goalkeepers; the goalkeepers were not considered in the data collection of the external and internal load. The LSG 4vs4 + 2 goalkeepers exercises were carried out on a natural grass playing field. The exercises were performed on a field 55x49m (269.5 m² per player) defined as "small" (SLSG) and on a field 60 x 54 meters (324 m² per player) defined as "big" (BLSG). The results of the internal load analysis show how the BLSG provides higher and more significant HR values than those emerged during the SLSG exercise. Instead, the analysis of the external load related to the observed and described parameters shows that the values emerged from the exercise carried out on the BLSG are higher, except for the distance travelled by walking (<7.30 km/h), in which the SLSG exercise provided higher values, although not relevant statistically. No significant data emerge from the statistical analysis in all the observed parameters. This is the first study that analyses the 4vs4 format in an LSG exercise. The results of this study show that large sided games prove to be very valid exercises if the goal is to modulate the intensity of the game related to what really happens during the match.

Msaad Alzhrani   Ahmad Alanazi   Mazen Alqahtani   Mohamed Sherif Sirajudeen   Lee Herrington   and Richard K. Jones   

Objectives: This study investigated the performance variability between limb type (dominant versus non-dominant leg) with regard to time (over season with three categories: pre-, start- and end-season) of professional soccer players. Methods: A total of 88 out of 124 male soccer players aged 16-30 years were asked to perform the specific athletic tasks single leg squat (SLS) and single leg landing (SLL) during different times in a full sports season. These functional tasks were evaluated using outcome measures of coefficient of variation, including frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) and hip adduction angle (HAA). Results: No significant difference was observed across all events between the dominant and non-dominant leg of the participants between screening sessions over time, for both SLS and SLL functional activities, except for one event in both second-order coefficient of variation for FFPA (FPPA V2) and HAA in SLS (at the start of season, p =0.006). The variations in FPPA and HA are clinically irrelevant, as no statistically significant differences were observed between limb types (dominant versus non-dominant leg) between screening sessions over a season, thereby suggesting that the performance variability is fairly consistent over time. Conclusions: There is consistency across the sports season in the performance variability of SLS and SLL.

Ashar Ashar   Hari Setijono   and Edi Mintarto   

The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the effects of using unilateral and bilateral circuit training with ladder drills and plyometric cones on the speed, agility, reaction, and balance abilities of elementary school students. The subjects of this study were 28 students in grade 5 of SDN Bawakaraeng II Makassar City, male, aged 10–11 years. The type of research used is quasi-experimental research with a quantitative approach. The results of ordinal pairing were divided into 4 groups. This study found that after the training, students who received the training of unilateral and bilateral circuit latter drills showed significantly increased on agility by 3.1 seconds and 2.4 seconds respectively. The balance also showed substantially rising by 8.9 and 6.6 seconds, with p value <0.005. For groups with unilateral and bilateral plyometric cones showed that after the training there was a remarkable increase in agility by 3.7 and 2.9 seconds respectively, with p value <0.005. In addition, balance also showed a significant improvement by 10 and 7.1 seconds with p-value <0.005. To conclude, this study found that unilateral and bilateral circuit training with ladder drills and plyometric cones significantly increased agility and balance abilities on children.

Suwirman   Sepriadi   Nurul Ihsan   and Deswandi   

Pencak silat is a branch of martial arts that really requires good physical condition to be able to achieve maximum performance. One of the most needed physical conditions is speed endurance. However, at this time, there is no instrument to measure speed endurance specifically for the branch of pencak silat. In pencak silat matches, the dominant technique used by fighters to carry out attacks and get value is kicks. Therefore, in the implementation of this designed test, the kick technique is used. The target to be achieved in this study is the birth of a standard instrument to measure the speed endurance of pencak silat athletes. This research is a development research that aims to develop a special speed endurance instrument for athletes in pencak silat. The stages of this study began with an analysis of the needs of the physical condition in pencak silat. After that, the next stage is carried out, namely the making of speed endurance instrument designs for pencak silat athletes. Before conducting field trials, expert validation is first carried out by involving experts in the field of pencak silat, namely pencak silat trainers, sports test and measurement experts, and sports physiology experts. Field trials were carried out by direct testing of the research sample involving 100 male and 60 female pencak silat athletes. This trial is to determine the validity and reliability of field data and to determine test norms. The data analysis technique was done by using the percentage technique. The results showed that: the instrument of speed endurance developed is suitable for use as a measure of the speed endurance of pencak silat athletes with a validity of 0.95 and a reliability of 0.97.

Chaturong Hemara   Pravet Ketkan   Juthamas Singchainara   and Toansakul Tony Santiboon   

The design of effective archery skills of archers for the excellence of international games was analyzed. The time taken for each shot between an arrow scored 10 points, and compared an arrow scored under 10 points with a sample size of 31 archers with international competitions‟ experiences for 6 times on Actual Form (scoring of 79% before their participation) and Preferred Form (scoring of 86% after they trained and practiced) Skills for the Archer Performance Skill (APA) Form, differently. The adaptation of the Archery Skill Analysis Assessment Form (ASAAF) was assessed. Assessing associations between the archery skill and the abilities of archers in their actual and preferred forms, their efficient archery posture training with archery performances for the excellence achievements is related to two variables, relatively. The efficient predictive R² values indicate that 51% and 69% of the variances in archery abilities are related to their archery performance skills‟ achievements. Analysis of archery skills comprises 10 skills, such as, stability, hooking, drawing, anchoring, loading/transfer to hold, physical strength and stability, developing intense focus and concentration, aiming, releasing, and following through skills that are trained and practiced by professional archery expert. The study is very important, which is one of only a handful of studies in archery sport in Thailand, and represents one of the only studies worldwide that has focused on archery sport to improve the analysis of efficient archery posture training for excellence achievements. It may solve problems that have been accumulated for a long time.

Ashraf Kan'an   Malek Jdaitawi   Nagla Eltanahi   Marwa Kholif   Nour Taha   Nahed Nasr   Noha Awad   and Nael Anabtawi   

Recently, social and sport activities are important in improving individual health and promoting social integration. Human rights research among disabled individuals is relatively new and along with it, the call for citizenship development in the same demographic is just being initiated. The aim of this study is to investigate the key role of sports activities participation in the promotion of citizenship among disabled individuals. A descriptive study design was implemented using a survey which was adapted to collect data from a sample of 50 participants. A total of 50 participants in a group of special needs with the age of 15-44 years old participated in the study. As for the results, the participants performed moderate levels on the study variables (citizenship and sport participation). The results also illustrated that there were no significant differences on the study variables based on the participants gender and age groups. Added to this, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between sport participation and citizenship dimensions such as active, semi and passive citizenship. The study results extended literature concerning sport activities participation and citizenship behavior and provided evidence to the sport participation role in boosting citizenship. Based on the results, the study recommended to organize several sport activities among individual with special needs in order to help them to engage in the community as well as to improve their citizenship levels. Finally, practical implications are outlines.

Ganna Dorosh   Liudmyla Mova   Kateryna Lukianenko   Lidiia Shestopal   Daria Dehtiar   and Liudmyla Hladka   

Sports ballroom dancing is a type of sports activity that makes serious demands on the development of new motor actions, the manifestation of reaction speed, the ability to concentrate and switch attention, and many more parameters. Success in sports dance competitions depends not only on natural skills but also to a greater extent on a sportsman's practical training. The analysis of the biomechanics of sports dance and the characteristics of the sportsman's dynamic data suggest assessing the feasibility, efficiency, improvement of the technique of the performed motor action, which determines the goals of the development of the motor abilities of young sportsmen at an early stage. Based on knowledge of biomechanics, it is easier for a teacher to teach his pupils. But for this, it is necessary to be able to analyze motor activity and indicate the direction of active search, form a motor task and, based on the foundations of biomechanics, the necessary fundamentals of technology. Information about the biomechanical structure of the movement is used both in the formation of the technique of motor actions of beginner dancers and in its improvement in qualified dancers. This is what determines the relevance of the study; therefore, the purpose of the article is to identify the features of movements in sports dances using their biomechanical analysis. The authors carried out a theoretical and methodological analysis of special literature on biomechanical analysis of sports dance, which allowed them to analyze the movements of two dances. The analysis made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of the performance of these dances, which means that making adjustments to special preparatory exercises with a similar amplitude of the knee joints will lead to better training of sportsmen. Also, this analysis effectively improves the skill level of performing dance steps by experienced dancers because it clearly shows all the features of the movement at a particular moment.

Michela Montorsi   Alessandro Solmi   Alessandra Vezzoli   Renato De Donato   Gennaro D'Angelo   and Simona Mrakic-Sposta   

COVID-19 pandemic has imposed an Italy national lockdown between 9 March and 3 May 2020, limiting the ability of individuals to exercise/training outdoors. The aim of this study was based on the construction of remote-personalized-training protocols in tennis and examined the effects of a home-based intervention. Sixteen young athletes, divided into four groups in accord with the level of play and the pre-existing technical-tactical preparation, were trained by tennis-coach using simple equipment (i.e., balance board, medicine ball, steps). Physiological parameters (HR, SaO₂), the ability to execute technical gestures in conditions of stress/fatigue, development of adaptation and motor reaction skills, as well as eye-manual coordination; execution of movements at high speeds and precision, prevention of muscle and joint injuries, were monitoring. A questionnaire able to evaluate the subjective perception was administered. Athletes have demonstrated, by means of this latter, the beneficial effects of home-training during the lockdown. Concluding, the remote home-training, offered to athletes one option to maintain "normal" training practices, in view of a return to the tennis court. Furthermore, at today, in post-pandemic environments and behaviors, the results suggest that remote home-training intervention may help foster meaningful improvements in young athletes, strengthening intrinsic/subjective motivation.

Chanh Thuc Dao   

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of motor games to improve physical fitness and vestibular stability in primary school students aged 6-7 years. The study was carried out based on semi-boarding primary schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study was carried out with 142 students in grade 1 and grade 2, who are divided into four groups (male and female experimental group; male and female control group). The indicators of fitness status and vestibular stability of 6-7-year-old students before and after using motor games during PE lessons showed superiority compared to the control group. The study showed positive effects of guiding motor games and outdoor games on fitness status and vestibular stability. The indicators of fitness and vestibular stability of students in the experimental group are higher than the control group and their reliability (р< 0.05). Therefore, it is important to research and select the movement games suitably for the characteristics and interests of students and organize their application in practice. In reality, through the process of using conventional scientific research methods in the field of physical education, this study has selected four new movement games to help develop physical fitness and vestibular stability for primary school students aged 6-7 years old in Ho Chi Minh City and apply it in practice. The study process is carried out in two forms: Educational outdoor activities and extracurricular activities in the Physical Education period. The initial results of the application showed that the selected motor games have developed physical strength, stabilized the vestibule for primary school students aged 6-7 in Ho Chi Minh City, and created excitement in the physical education classes for primary school students.

Agus Rusdiana   Hadi Sartono   Angga M Syahid   and Tian Kurniawan   

The aim of this study is to determine the difference between long drive swing mechanical movement and ball velocity among skilled and unskilled golfers using a 3D kinematics approach. The method used was descriptive quantitative, and the data analysis technique was an assessment of the average test difference. Moreover, the sample was 6 skilled and 6 amateur male player groups, with an average height of 1.67 ± 2.43 m, weight 72.4 ± 86.3 kg, and age 25.4 ± 36.2 years. According to the results, four indicators revealed significant differences among the ten kinematics variables investigated, including club speed at impact (P = 0.038), lateral bend after impact ball (P = 0.041), hip rotation at the top (P = 0.045), and shoulder rotation (P = 0.028). In summary, the long drive swing technique in producing maximum ball speed is dependent on the harmonization of the motion sequence from the lower body to the swing of the stick. Furthermore, the rotational speed of the hip joint at the beginning of the downswin followed by the shoulder angular velocity is a movement characteristic of professional players.

Zihan Novita Sari   Arief Darmawan   Surya Adi Saputra   Qorry Armen Gemael   and Oktariyana   

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of Moodle software to improve student learning outcomes in traditional sports game courses. This research uses a quantitative approach. The design used in this study is the pretest-posttest control group design. This research uses a student cognitive test instrument to measure the increase in student learning outcomes in traditional sports game courses. Based on the results of the test of information on the ability test of student learning outcomes with the test subject again 40 students (20 students for the experimental class and 20 students for the control class) obtained a significance value (sig.) in both the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test or the Shapiro-test. Wilk 0.05 so that the data are normally distributed. Then, the test was carried out using an independent sample test, the value of Sig. (2-tailed) was 0, 000< 0.05 so that Ho (Statistical Hypothesis) is rejected and Ha (Alternative Hypothesis) is accepted so that there is a significant average difference between the post-test results of the experimental group and the post-test of the control group. Based on the N-Gain score test, the average N-gain score for the experimental class was 0.7, the findings were 0.85 in the high category. Meanwhile, the average N-gain score for the control class is 0.3, which is 0.34 with a low type. So it can be concluded that the implementation of Moodle software can improve student learning outcomes in traditional sports game courses.

Gumilar Mulya   Anggi Setia Lengkana   and Resty Agustryani   

From a curriculum perspective, technology has two meanings; as a tool and as a system. Technology as a tool supports the learning process, and technology as a system is related to the curriculum planning stage. Both curriculum planning and technology are objectives. Appropriate technology in every learning or training during the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to apply effectively and efficiently. The expected situation does not work as well as it should be. Therefore, this study investigates the effectiveness of using Android-based TennBasTech application technology to teach tennis with a scientific approach to young athletes aged 10 to 11 years. This study used an experimental method with a pretest-posttest-one-group design to test TennBasTech application in the scientific approach to teach tennis. The instrument used is the service accuracy test, the Groundstroke Forehand test and the Backhand drive test. The sample consisted of 35 participants of both male and female students. As a result, applying a scientific approach using the TennBasTech Android-based application contributes significantly in supporting young athletes to learn tennis at home. It is due to participants' interest in using some of the features in the application to help participants learn every movement well repeatedly. The limitation in this study lies in the form of evaluation that must be carried out by students not yet listed in the application. So for the following application development, research must include an evaluation model to make it easier for students to control their abilities.

Mahmoud Y. Elzanaty   Mai M. Gamal   Gehan M. Ahmed   Amira M. Abdel Rahman   and Rania M. Tawfik   

Background: Stroke is one of the world's leading causes of death and long-term lack of ability. Objectives: This study aimed to test the effect of aerobic versus anaerobic exercise on stroke patients' quality of life. Methods: Thirty male patients with stroke enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into three groups at random: two research groups (GA) and (GB) and one control group (GC). A traditional physical-therapy program was provided for the control group (GC) including: Passive Range of motion exercises for tightens muscles, Facilitation for weak muscles through: PNF technique, quick stretching. Besides traditional physical therapy, an aerobic exercise was performed by the patients in a study group (GA). Other than traditional physical treatment, patients received anaerobic training in the study group (GB). The session time for each group was 50-60 min; it is conducted three times a week for eight weeks. The Outcome Measures: The Arabic version of a short form dimension test (SF-36) used to assess the QOL items of the SF-36 were divided into eight different domains. All groups were evaluated before and after intervention with a QOL questionnaire (SF36). Results: There was a statistical meaningful increase in physical functioning, (vitality) energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, social functioning, pain and general-health in study groups (GA), (GB) compared with that of control group (GC) after therapy. However, there was no significant difference between groups in role limitations due to physical health and role limitations due to emotional problems. There was no meaningful difference in the quality of life items within groups (GA), (GB) after therapy. Conclusion: Eight weeks of training revealed non-significant difference between aerobic and anaerobic groups. However, either aerobic or anaerobic training has a beneficial effect on quality of life in stroke patients.

Bireshwar Bhattacharjee   and Dibyojyoti Bhattacharjee   

Several authors of late have contributed significantly towards developing mathematical models for selecting the best possible team from a host of players in different team sports, including cricket. The performance of cricketers on the different skill sets of the game, such as batting, bowling, and fielding, is considered for selecting optimum teams. Most of these mathematical models are divided into two parts. The first part tells about a method that can quantify the performance of cricketers, and the second part tells about a method that can select a squad of players from a more extensive collection of players based on the value of their performance, taking into consideration the different constraints of team selection and expertise of players. The teams formed through different methods cannot be made to play against each other, so there is no direct way to find out which method delivers the best team. Also, no competition between optimum teams obtained through different methods was ever performed in the absence of objective methodology for such comparison. This paper attempts to compare different team selection methods and identify the best mathematical model for team selection in cricket using the fantasy league scoring system.

Tiziana D'Isanto   Felice Di Domenico   Francesca D'Elia   Sara Aliberti   and Giovanni Esposito   

This study aimed to examine whether constraints-led training improved technical skills in young football players. Twenty-four Under-13 amateur football players were divided into two groups: the experimental group (CLA; n = 12) participated in the Constraints-led training protocol; the control group (n = 12) performed conventional training sessions based on the cognitive approach. The study consisted of a pre-test, two months of training intervention, and a post-test. Contextualized technical skills were tested using the Speed dribbling Test. The experimental CLA group recorded notable improvements in the observation variable, respectively: (d [95% CI] = 0.90 [0.70; 0.94] P <0.05). The control group, on the other hand, did not show significant changes (P> 0.05). From the ANOVA repeated measurements, it was possible to appreciate a significant group x moment interaction, respectively: (d [95% CI] = 0.77 [0.54; 0.85] P <0.05). Participants who practiced with the constraint-driven training protocol demonstrated significant improvements in dribbling accuracy while reducing execution errors. This suggests that integrating CLA as a tool in a football training program can have a positive impact on their technical skills.

Grygoriy Griban   Mykola Nosko   Yuliia Nosko   Tetiana Zhlobo   Romana Sirenko   Bogdan Semeniv   Zoia Dikhtiarenko   Svitlana Zamrozevuch-Shadrina   Alla Khatko   Ivan Rybchych   and Oleksandr Mozolev   

The aim of the study is to test the effectiveness of Kangoo Jumps experimentally for the development of female students' motor skills. The main objectives of the study are: to study the interests and motivation of female students for physical education classes, as well as their attitude to Kangoo Jumps classes; to determine the informatively significant indicators of the development of motor skills of female students during Kangoo Jumps classes; and to develop the author's program for the development of female students' motor skills by means of Kangoo Jumps and test its effectiveness. The research was conducted at T. H. Shevchenko National University "Chernihiv Collegium" during 2019-2021. To solve the first objective of our research, we conducted a survey of 1st and the 2nd year female students (n = 286) according to the questionnaires developed by us; to solve the second objective we investigated the level of development of motor skills of 2nd year female students of the Faculty of Physical Education (Pilot Study Group (PSG), n = 32), who attended the university section of Kangoo Jumps. The author's program of training sessions with Kangoo Jumps for female students of other faculties of the university was developed based on the research. We organized the pedagogical experiment in order to test the effectiveness of the author's program which involved 1st year female students who were engaged in the author's program during their physical education sessions (experimental group (EG), n = 30). Assessment of the development of motor skills was carried out on the following indicators: torso leaning forward from sitting position, push-ups, lifting torso to the sitting position over 1 min, Cooper test, running 100 m, shuttle running 4x9 m., stabilographic test of basic exercise on Kangoo Jumps –"Fly", tensodynamic test of the basic exercise on Kangoo Jumps –"Jumping Jack". Significant improvement in the level of development of motor skills in the EG female students (p ≤ 0.05) was revealed, which testifies to the effectiveness of the author's program for the development of female students' motor skills by means of Kangoo Jumps.

Muhammad Faiz Alias   Hosni Hasan   Mohd Syafiq Miswan   and Daniyal Donny Man   

My Jump 2 is a mobile application that is objectively valid and reliable to measure vertical jumping height. The objectives of this study are to find the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the My Jump 2 mobile application in measuring countermovement jump (CMJ) height. A total of 25 male recreational athletes performed CMJ for five attempts and was recorded by using iPhone 7 Plus in 240 frames per second. The videos were then rated by three raters and rated again seven days later using the My Jump 2 mobile application. An excellent degree of reliability was found between rater measurements. The average measure ICC was 1.00 with a 95% confidence interval from 1.00 to 1.000 (F(124,248)= 18867201.171, p<.001). An excellent degree of reliability was found within rater measurements. The average measure ICC was 1.00 with a 95% confidence interval from 1.00 to 1.00 (F (124,124) = 44750598.291, p<.001). This study provides evidence in supporting the use of the My Jump 2 mobile application to measure the height of the countermovement jump in a research setting. Future research is needed to study the validity and reliability of other parameters possibly measured by the My Jump 2 mobile application like force-velocity profile, jumping launch force, and power.

Sri Mawarti   Nur Azis Rohmansyah   and Ashira Hiruntrakul   

This study aims to analyze the difference in the effect of the side shuffle drill and shuffle reaction ball drill training methods on the reaction speed of volleyball athletes. The study is a 2x2 factorial blinded randomized controlled trial. This study was divided into 4 treatment groups, each group (9 athletes) is trained by a trainer who has the same qualifications and in the implementation of the training program 3 times a week training for 18 times with a span of 120 minutes using side shuffle drill and shuffle reaction ball drill and supervised by a trainer coordinator. Trainers who carry out the training program are drawn at random so that all have the opportunity to train one of the four groups. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the effect of side shuffle drill and shuffle reaction ball drill exercises on the reaction rate of volleyball athletes. The shuffle reaction ball drill method has been proven to have a significant effect on increasing the reaction speed of volleyball youth athletes.

Mohd Faridz Ahmad   Jeffrey Fook Lee Low   and Ali Md Nadzalan   

The objective of this study was to examine the microstructure of practice engaged by elite youth soccer players and compare it to non-elite soccer players. A total of twenty four training sessions (n = 24) were recorded (with 3 days per week, 3 d/wk) over 8 weeks of pre-competitive season. The microstructure of practice activities was divided into two main types that are Training Form (TF) and Playing Form (PF). The sub-activities in the TF consist of technical and conditioning activities while PF consists of tactical, match-play and small-side games (SSG) activities. The result showed that elite youth soccer players spent 46.8% in training form activities (46.8%) followed by playing form (34.7%) and others (18.5%) while non-elite players spent 45% in training form, followed by playing form (36.6%) and others (18.4%). No significant differences were found between the elite and non-elite groups. In summary, elite youth soccer players had spent time in practice activities begin from training form, followed by playing form and others during pre-competitive season. During pre-competitive phase, coaches seem to focus on activities to regenerate and improve the player's conditioning and technical skills since the nature of training for these types of practice activities that had been done in isolation or in small group session. Therefore, an investigation on the types of activities engaged between the different phases should be included in future research.

Iurii Vasiutiak   Olha Babych   Olena Shoptenko-Ivanova   Anastasiia Zhuravlova   Nataliia Myroniuk   and Anzhelika Nebesnyk   

Comprehensive harmonious development of the personality provides adequate physical activity; it is one of the main factors that determine the level of health of young people. Considering students' interests when choosing motor loads increases their motivation for physical culture and health-improving activity in the conditions of sectional work and independent physical exercises. Despite its popularity, sports have become a sport relatively recently, so there is still little research on this topic. The article is devoted to studying influence of sports dance on the provision of students' motor activity. The authors considered the essence and features of sports dance, theoretical and methodological foundations of youth student's motor activity, its principle, identified methods and forms of its control. The theoretical and methodological basis allowed the authors to conduct an experiment during which sports dances replaced one pair of physical education. The authors assessed the influence of sports dance on physical activity, emotional state and physical qualities of students. The experiment showed that the systemic reaction of the body in response to adequate physical activity contributes to its influence on structural and functional restructuring, which is characterized by the appearance of several physiological effects. The results of the experiment showed that sport dance influences the emotional state of students best of all. The authors also gave recommendations on the implementation of sports dance in physical education classes.

Sergey P. Garbuzov   Andrey I. Matsko   Larisa G. Chernysheva   Natalia L. Satosova   and Vachagan S. Avanesov   

The psychological component of the personality of the setter player in volleyball is one of the urgent problems of our time. Based on a brief review of scientific research, the author concludes that various aspects of the problem were considered by psychologists, sports psychologists; trainers - educators; teachers of physical culture, etc. However, according to the author, it is necessary to consider the issue of the formation of the psychological component of the personality of the setter player (maintaining a favorable environment in the team), since this aspect of the problem is not sufficiently considered in scientific research. Having studied scientific research, the author comes to his own understanding of the psychological component of the personality of the setter player in volleyball. The theoretical substantiation of the problem and his own understanding of the psychological component of the personality of the setter player gave the author the opportunity to monitor the maintenance of a favorable environment in the student volleyball team, to identify the correspondence of the setter player to his role in maintaining a favorable environment in the team and to develop a methodology for the formation of the psychological component of the personality of the setter player in volleyball, which in the long term allowed the coach of the team to select the setter player, taking into account the psychological component of the personality. The aim of the study was to form the psychological component of the personality of the setter player of the student volleyball team. A complex of methods of psychological and pedagogical research was used in the course of the research to obtain a reliable result: survey, testing, observation and experiment. Based on the analysis of the research results, the author comes to the following conclusions: the setter player does not fully fulfill the function of maintaining a favorable environment in the team; the selection of a setter player for a volleyball team is carried out without taking into account the psychological component of the personality; maintaining a favorable environment in the volleyball team is at a low level; the setter player does not know how to control the situation in the team; the developed and tested methodology for the formation of the psychological component of the personality of the setter player of the volleyball team is effective.

Carlos A Castillo-Daza   Jhonatan C Peña-Ibagon   and Luis Eduardo Rodríguez Cheu   

This research aims to find the characteristics of motor control at the level of body stability in skateboarding athletes from the city of Bogotá through a Romberg test with eyes open and eyes closed. The present study is of a descriptive cross-sectional type and the sample selection for the development of this research was for convenience, for which a direct invitation was performed at different skateboarding clubs in the city and the league skating Bogotá who supports the sport. The sample population corresponds to 30 people with an age between 22.86 +/- 7.88 years. Participants developed Romberg test with a duration of 30 s and under the modalities eyes open and closed on a platform of plantar pressure and stabilometry BTS P-Walk. Significant changes were found in comparison of the open and closed eyes tests in the lateral flexion of the spine (LSF) with p=0.018, body center of gravity with p=0.043, left center of gravity with p=0.018, showing improvements in body stability evaluation with eyes closed. It is evident that skateboarding athletes due to the dynamics and sports development on an unstable base present a high level of stability represented in mediolateral and anteroposterior stability and variability radii close to zero, additionally it is observed that work at eye level closed generates a better sports adaptation from the vestibular and peripheral system for motor control and balance.

Henry Kota Pirak   Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin   and Mohd Firdaus Abdullah   

The height of the net scaling accordance with the physical size is important to improve performance and produce optimal shot kinematic characteristics in children. This study aimed to identify the average rate of optimal net height scaling among children aged seven to nine years. This study uses an experimental design with a total of 48 children randomly selected as study participants. Participants were divided into 24 pairs (boys = 12 pairs, female = 12 pairs) which were equivalent in terms of skill level and gender. All participants played against their respective pairs using four net height situations namely JP (155 cm), JM100 (127 cm), JM92 (117 cm) and JM82 (104 cm) situations reciprocally. All matches are conducted using a singles competition system with 11 points which is two sets per match situation. Data collection was done through video recordings and questionnaires. Shot performance was analysed from the aspects of serve success, shot chances and rally length. Participants' satisfaction with the four paired match situations was obtained through a questionnaire. Study data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0 program. The results of one-way ANOVA test for repeated measurements showed that there was significant mean score differences (p <.05) for performance and satisfaction between the JP, JM100, JM92 and JM82 situations. The findings of the study showed that scaling the net height of 92% of the average height of children aged seven to nine years was the optimal net height. Therefore, this study suggests that the use of standard net heights among children should be reviewed.

Yustinus Sukarmin   Ilham   Hakim Irwandi Marpaung   Ruri Famelia   Anton Komaini   and Galih Dwi Pradipta   

Despite the growing pace of climbing sports in Indonesia, the level of injury prevention and management could be among extraneous factors that may impede the athlete's achievement in such game. As a lack of adherence to preventive strategies is problematic in injury avoidance, the main purpose of the study is to determine/find out whether there is a significant relationship between variances-variables and variable-indicators along with disclose the level of knowledge, resources, and the ability in injury prevention and management among athletes. The nature of the research is descriptive with the mixed method where its approach was tested using structural equation modeling involving 76 athletes from all Indonesian provinces. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Version 23) and Partial Least Square Structure Equation Modelling. Results showed that information about their level of knowledge and competence towards prevention and management of injuries was still needed for improvement based on the values of data harvested and analyzed. There should be a significant correlation among research variable and indicators. However, not all data justified such relationship, where for some P-calculated was greater than 0.05 as the conventional scale. It is recommended that a certain program be designed and implemented that may nurture the improvement of athletes' skills and knowledge by giving them service training for the same purpose.

Eddy Marheni   Eko Purnomo   Nina Jermaina   Afrizal S   Vega Soniawan   Rizki Burstiando   and Faradifta Tirta Ardita   

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) program and also Autogenic Relaxation (AGR) on improving mood in high jump beginners. The design in this study is a pretest-posttest control group design, which is a design that has a pretest before being given treatment. The participants used were high jump beginner athletes with an average age of 17-20 years. The total participants were 38 people. Then they are randomized and divided into 2 groups (PMR and AGR). A total of 20 samples were in the PMR group and 18 samples were in the AGR group. The results of the study are based on the calculation of independent samples test. It is known that the value of Sig (2-tailed) is 0.000 <0.05, thus it can be concluded that there is a significant (significant) difference in effectiveness between the use of the PMR method and AGR to improve the mood states of athletes, high jump beginners. The results of the study stated that the significance value (Sig) on Levene's Test for Equality of Variances was 0.530 or >0.05. So, it can be concluded that the variance of the N-Gain data (%) for the PMR and AGR groups is the same (no difference). It was further explained that the value of the independent samples test of significance (Sig) (2-tailed) was 0.000 or <0.05. Thus, there is a significant (significant) effectiveness difference between the use of the PMR and AGR methods to improve the mood states of novice high jump athletes. Further research is recommended to implement PMR and AGR programs with a longer period of time and allow them to be applied to individual sports and team sports to be able to determine the level of effectiveness.

Farouk M. Sakr   Khansaa A. Hussein   Ammar M. Atiyah   Tarig M. Hassan   and Al-Saboonchi A. A.   

Background: Dietary supplements (DSs) are widely used in gymnastics around the world to improve health, save energy and increase strength. However, consumers should be familiar with the required knowledge regarding the benefits and risks of these supplements. Objective: To assess the perception and prevalence of dietary supplements among Gymnastics users in the city of Nasiriyah. Material and methods: The study was a pilot descriptive cross-sectional survey of 150 Gymnastics both males (n = 75) and females (n = 75). The data were statistically analyzed and a "p value ≤ 0.05" was taken as statistically significant. Results: Participants Socio-demographic characteristics varied widely and were shown to be related to DSs information sources, purpose of use and beliefs. The coaches were the main source of information for males and the internet for females. Males generally use DSs for Bodybuilding, while females mostly use DSs for weight loss. Gymnastics consumed between 1-2 types of DSs with less consumption of three or more. Electrolyte drink, amino acids, vitamin D, calcium, Red Bull or similar, Omega-3, and slimming products were among the most common DSs. Weight gain, ephedra, and anabolic hormones were less often used. Conclusion: The majority of dietary supplement information was received from unreliable sources. The purpose of using DSs differed greatly between males and females and was related to social and demographic factors. The impact of Covid-19 has limited the size of our participants and more research is needed on wider sample of gymnastics after the pandemic to get a better understanding of the use of DSs and their potential impact on health.

Pringgo Mardesia   Firmansyah Dlis   Abdul Sukur   Rusdi   and Abdillah   

This study aims to see the effectiveness of inclusive and command teaching styles in improving breaststroke swimming learning outcomes for students of Sports Education, Universitas Negeri Padang. This study used an actual experiment research design; posttest only control group designing, which received the inclusive style teaching method and the control group, and the command style teaching method. Participants in this study were students of Sports Education who were studying at Universitas Negeri Padang. The total number of participants is 32. Sixteen participants were in the experimental group (aged 19-20 years), while the control group consisted of 16 participants (mean age 19-20 years). The research was conducted for 16 weeks (2 hours per week) by completing pre-test and post-test. The data analysis was started by testing the normality of the variables and then testing the equivalence of the covariance matrix. The results showed that the inclusive teaching style gave positive results compared to the inclusive teaching style on breaststroke swimming learning outcomes. Because by using an inclusive teaching style, students can choose the desired level of learning based on their abilities. The results of this study provide an implication, especially as an alternative to increase the effectiveness of learning in breaststroke swimming for college students.

Fajar Awang Irawan   Muhammad Thoyibun Nomi   and Hsien-Te Peng   

The basic technique of kicking in pencak silat was often overlooked due to the consideration of increasing the level of the athlete and not on competence or skill. The purpose of this study was to identify biomechanics analysis of pencak silat side kick of Persinas ASAD. This study used quantitative research to obtain data derived from video recordings of sidekick movements that were analyzed using the Dartfish version 8. The total participants in this test were 30 Persinas ASAD martial arts athletes. This study recorded 30 martial arts athletes from Persinas ASAD with an average age (15.37 ± 1.45 years old), height (160 ± 7.9 cm), weight (50.37 ± 8.61 kg), and leg length (86.37 ± 5.73 cm). The results of side kick motion analysis data are obtained from the video analysis using Dartfish version 8 where the focus of the movement is divided into 3 main phases. These phases include the horse stance, the take-off phase, and the impact phase. The results found that the fighters are in the appropriate category. To get very appropriate category, the participants were expected to improve the ability of the components of speed, accuracy, and reaction speed to be more effective and efficient. Further research was expected to do a motion analysis using video recordings high speed camera on the frontal and sagittal angles.

Hemantajit Gogoi   Poli Borah   Lakshyajit Gogoi   Yajuvendra Singh Rajpoot   Tadang Minu   Joseph Singh   and Mantu Baro   

For an active sportsperson, running is the most common physical activity, but it carries a high risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Half of the running injuries are identified as overuse injuries, with the most affected areas being the lower limbs. Previous studies had revealed several factors responsible for the development of running-related lower-limb injuries of sportspersons. However, there have been few studies aiming at predicting them. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a predictive model to predict lower limb injury of active sportsperson. The BTS G-WALK system synchronised with two GoPro Hero 6 cameras were used to conduct the study on seventy-five (N=75) healthy male subjects without any lower limb injury history. The BTS G-WALK system provided spatio-temporal parameters while Kinovea software was used to extract kinematic data from raw videos of treadmill running movement of the subjects. A prospective cohort study design was used to investigate how the difference in running gait kinematic affects the outcome of lower limb injury occurrences of active sportspersons. Further, a prediction model was developed using binary logistic regression, for which IBM® SPSS® version 25 was used. All statistical analyses were tested at 0.05 (p = 0.05) level of significance. The model indicated that Range of Pelvic Obliquity (RPO) and Maximum Toe Out (MTO) were positively and Symmetry Index (SI) was negatively associated with an increased likelihood of exhibiting lower limb injury. The model explained 85.7% variance and correctly classified 93.3% cases of lower limb injury of an active sportsperson. The risk factors for lower limb injuries of a sportsperson can be identified and prediction of lower limb injury of a sportsperson is theoretically possible. To generalize the model for practical implications, the researcher suggested further research with larger sample size.

Risma   Amung Ma'mun   Berliana   and Nuryadi   

Positive Youth Development has become a hot topic of research in sports, physical education and physical activity. Positive Youth Development is a youth approach based on the belief that all young people have strengths and skills that can be developed when matched with the right resources. Positive Youth Development is a strengths-based perspective that focuses on developing skills and natural potential to promote healthy and adaptive development in young people. Positive Youth Development is one of the important factors in producing a superior generation. Therefore, it is necessary to have an instrument to measure Positive Youth Development. The article presents an analysis of the validity and reliability of the Positive Youth Development Inventory Indonesian version, which adopts from the original Positive Youth Development Inventory. Questionnaires are translated by linguists who have more than 10 years of experience. The number of appropriate question items is 53 out of a total of 55 question items, so the level of conformity is 96.3%. The 2 question items should be corrected by the expert, until they were appropriate and legible by the expert. Validity test uses Pearson Product Moment and reliability test uses Cronbach's Alpha. The results of the validity test showed that 55 items had Sig. < 0.05, so that 55 items are valid. The results of the reliability test with Cronbach's Alpha = 0.967 > 0.6, so the instrument is reliable.

Diellza Shaqiri Kelmendi   Florian Miftari   and Murat Tekin   

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic parameters of the body for the preparation phase of the free throw to improve the efficiency and sport performances. The study includes a total twenty elite basketball players from the Kosovo Super League teams: K.B. Prishtina, K.B. Kerasani and K.B. Lipljan. Basketball shooting measurements were conducted during the training of the 2018 year. Filming of the basketball shooting techniques is done with three Canon HD cameras, set at 90-degree angles, which can reproduce sixty pictures per second. 12 variables of kinematic parameters of body were selected for analysis. Only one successful shot from each player was taken for analysis. Analysis is done with Kinematic Analysis System (APAS), outputting the required results and values of the kinematic indicators. The data collected were processed by statistical analysis software "IBM SPSS 20", and statistical parameters were determined using the methods: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, minimum score, maximum score, Skewness and Kurtosis. The confirmation of the mutual influence of the variables was done by the Pearson's coefficients correlation method. The findings of this study show that in the preparation phase for a free throw shot in basketball, variables such as knee angle, wrist angle, thigh angle, and elbow angle have shown to be the kinematic parameters that have the greatest impact on finalizing a successful free throw in basketball. The scientific contribution of this research also provides new insights into the optimal model of basketball player performance during free-throw.

Tatang Muhtar   Tedi Supriyadi   Anggi Setia Lengkana   and Sulthan Hadist Ismaiedh Cukarso   

Literature shows that character and physical educations, to enhance students' fitness and growth through physical activity, have a vital role in the learning process. A character-based physical education learning model is required to integrate the two educational ideas. A study on the development of research on this topic is required for the model's application and development. Therefore, this study aims to find and analyze articles in Scopus indexed journals of the last decade (2011-2020) related to character-based physical education learning models. In this study, a bibliometric analysis was employed to explore the roadmap for character-based physical education learning. This bibliometric study has four steps: (1) finding related articles, (2) filtering, (3) validating and completing the article information, and (4) carrying out a bibliometric analysis. This study discovered eight findings, including: (1) publication trend of the physical education learning model in 2011-2020; (2) citation number of the article; (3) author collaboration; (4) the most used keywords by the authors; (5) abstract analysis; (6) institutional collaboration; (7) country analysis; and (8) analysis of character values promoted in the bibliography. Based on these eight findings, this study concludes that academics and researchers pay insufficient attention to character-based physical education learning models. This also suggests that in the context of physical education learning, their attention is more concentrated on the cognitive and psychomotor domains. On the other hand, academics have not paid much attention to character as an effective area. This finding needs to be highlighted because, in education, besides knowledge, an educator has a duty to transfer values. Therefore, more publications on the integration of character education into physical education are required. This study can assist in mapping future research directions that will encourage further research on physical education.

Agung Nugroho   Tomoliyus   Sumaryanto   and Ilham   

Background: The training center programs are integrated exercises carried out by the Indonesian National Sports Committee (INSC) in the Yogyakarta region in preparing for the weekly National Sports (PON XX) multi-event in Papua. Purpose: The aim was to explore a deeper understanding along examining empirically variable-indicators relationships, simply known as the correlation of service quality, financial support, social environment, motivation, satisfaction, and athlete performance in sports. Design/method/approach: The research is descriptive with the mixed method. The approach was tested using structural equation modeling involving 137 athletes from the training center-INSC in Yogyakarta. Results: The scale/indicators and items used to evaluate the relationship of the variables and whether variable-indicators are valid and meaningful. By employing SPSS.23 and Smart PLS-SEM while testing data, construct validity and reliability compounds (Cronbach's alpha, rho-A, composite reliability, and AVE) were all verified and valid. When testing the correlation between indicators-variables, significance correlation was found in almost relation. However, correlating between variables-variables, a large number of data did not verify such correlation. The expected reason was that the researcher employed many variables with multiples items in one study. Linear regression was also analyzed and found in some aspects with P-value < 0.05. Conclusion: Although not all results showed a significant effect especially on dependent variables, service quality, social environment, financial support should be elaborated in the wake of improving satisfaction, motivation, and athlete achievement. As a suggestion, it could be the first study to be applied directly to the current situation in the PON XX-DIY training center programs.

Heildenberg C. Dimarucot   Jerrwin C. Aguinaldo   and Elaine Carie A. Andres   

Flexible learning has never been more relevant in Physical Education (PE) than during the COVID-19 pandemic as universities continuously provide opportunities to improve students' physical health and address the lack of physical activity among the youth. To understand the importance of flexible learning to the college students in a private university in the Philippines, the extent of the flexibility offered, and the students' satisfaction with it, an online survey and focus group discussions involving college Physical Fitness students were conducted. The significant relationship among the importance of flexibility, the extent of flexibility, and the level of students' satisfaction was also tested. It was revealed that the students found all the flexible learning dimensions vital to them, with the flexibility of time as the most important due to the duality of their roles while studying at home. The students also mentioned that the level of flexibility and the academic and technical support they received benefited them significantly as they became more independent, resilient, resourceful, and critical learners. It was also found that there is a significant relationship among the importance of flexibility, the extent of flexibility, and the level of students' satisfaction. This study could give the higher education institutions feedback on making flexible learning more suitable to the changing needs of the students. Further research on the applicability of flexible learning in other areas of the country and in other disciplines in the academe would give a better perspective on the compatibility of flexible learning in the Philippine university context.

Dewangga Yudhistira   Wawan Sundawan Suherman   Arodotonafo Wiratama   Uden Kusuma Wijaya   Paryadi   Mohammad Faruk   Husnul Hadi   Samsuddin Siregar   Jufrianis   and Kukuh Wahyudin Pratama   

Background: Kumite is a physical contact fight in a karate match characterized by short explosive and intermittent movements. Kumite needs endurance, power, and agility. To achieve optimal performance, special training must be programmed. Purpose: This study aims to test the content validity of the HIIT training program that was created in a special preparation to improve the dominant motor components, namely endurance, power, and agility in the performance of Kumite athletes. Methods: This is development research with a quantitative approach. This research was carried out in 3 stages. The first stage was to analyze journals, eBooks, and textbooks to design a HIIT program. This was followed by the second stage in the form of the Delphi technique by meeting directly with experts to conduct an assessment of the HIIT program created. The third stage is data analysis using the content validity ratio (CVR) formula to test content validity. Participants consisted of 10 experts and documents. Results: The results of the content validity test using the content validity ratio (CVR) formula found that all assessment items from 10 experts showed CVR values of 0.8 and 1.00. In other words, the assessment results can be categorized as having high content validity. Conclusion: The HIIT training program in special preparation to improve the dominant biomotor components of endurance, power, and agility developed by the author has high content validity so it is suitable for use in karate athletes, especially Kumite.

Nawan Primasoni   Sugiyanto   Furqon Hidayatullah   and Muchsin Doewes   

Overweight is the result of a complex interaction between several factors, both non-modifiable and modifiable factors. Modifiable factors include food consumption, lifestyle, and physical activity. If childhood overweight problems continue and are left untreated, it will have a significantly worse impact and can threaten their lives in the future. The most effective and safe method to lose weight is by doing physical activity. This study examines the effectiveness of a play-based physical activity model to lose weight for overweight children aged 9-12 years. This study used an experimental method by involving 20 overweight children aged 9-12 years. Bodyweight measurements were carried out in the control group and the experimental group. The collected data were analyzed using a t-test with SPSS 19 software. The results indicated that: (1) there is a significant effect of play-based physical activity on children's weight loss; (2) the play-based physical activity model is effective for reducing children's weight. The play-based physical activity model needs to be developed and implemented in schools as weight loss strategies for overweight children. The results of this study can be used by sports teachers, instructors, parents, and stakeholders to jointly solve the children's overweight problem. Due to the benefits of physical activity for overweight children, other types of physical activity that can be practiced individually without reducing its enjoyment and satisfaction should be further studied and developed.

I Ketut Hendry Wijaya Kusuma   Moch. Asmawi   Hernawan   Firmansyah Dlis   Widiastuti   and I Nyoman Kanca   

The implementation of traditional game-based learning aimed at improving students' physical fitness is very important to do. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of learning physical fitness activities based on traditional Balinese sports games for the physical fitness of students in junior high schools in Denpasar City. This study used a survey research design using a quantitative approach with a comparative descriptive design. Where, the sample in this study amounted to 200 junior high school students obtained based on cluster sampling technique. The instrument used was the ACSPFT test for junior high school students. The data analysis used includes descriptive statistics (mean, min, max, category) and inferential statistics using MANOVA followed by the Poshoc Tukey test and independent sample t-test. The integration of local wisdom in this case is traditional games in learning very well, in addition to strengthening and introducing local culture, integrating traditional games into learning will make it easier for teachers to teach the learning they want to teach, especially in Physical Education subjects. Physical education is very compatible with the character of traditional games that make children play, which contains elements of cognitive, affective, psychomotor. Moreover, Physical Education for junior high schools in its implementation must generate student interest in learning Physical Education, so one of the learning methods is by using traditional games. Traditional games can be used as an alternative in junior high school physical education. Because traditional games contain elements of play, they are not bound by many rules such as competition which will improve students' physical fitness. Due to the physical fitness of students will be formed, if physical activity is carried out continuously for a long time and is sustainable.

Ahmad Nasrulloh   Sumaryanto   Sumarjo   Sigit Nugroho   and Muhammad Sigit Antoni   

The management of a fitness center needs to apply good management functions in order to improve the quality of its service. HSC Fitness Center is one of the public services which are engaged in physical fitness. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the application of management functions on service quality at the HSC Fitness Center Yogyakarta. This research uses qualitative and quantitative approaches (mixed method) with data collection techniques through observation, interview, documentation and questionnaire methods. The data sources of this study consisted of directors, managers, front office staff, fitness instructors and members of the HSC Fitness Center. Data collection on the application of management functions is obtained from observations and interviews with data sources, while data on service quality is known by using an instrument in the form of a questionnaire. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that the overall HSC Fitness Center Yogyakarta has implemented management functions in the form of planning, organizing, placing, directing, and controlling optimally. This implementation has a positive impact on service quality which includes several factors: reliability, tangibles, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy.

Zheng Xin   Borhannudin Bin Abdullah   Nasnoor Juzaily Mohd Nasiruddin   Shamsulariffin Bin Samsudin   and Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh   

Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are positively correlated with academic achievement, psychology, and participation in physical activities. However, many children's FMS are insufficient, which highlights the need for intervention. The study is aimed at investigating the influence of curriculum foundation intervention on the development of children's FMS and related influencing factors. We systematically reviewed the peer-reviewed articles published across 6 databases (Sport discus, Cochrane Library, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science) on curriculum-based interventions for fundamental movement skills, typically among developing children aged 3-6 years. The risk of bias within the study was assessed using the Quality Assessment and Validity Tool for Correlational Studies (QAVTCS). A total of 14 articles that met the criteria were included, with 1849 participants from across five countries. About 92.9% of the studies reported a significant improvement in the children's FMS after the intervention. Besides the research report on the instruction strategy, teacher experience, gender, and delivery quality influenced the intervention effect of the children's FMS. In future studies, a more rigorous control design, rich theoretical framework, multi-site study, and different perspectives are needed to identify more influencing factors with regards to intervention and an improvement in the efficacy of the intervention.

Gao Jianhong   Chee Chen Soon   Thung Jin Seng   Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh   and Shamsulariffin Samsudin   

Flossband, as a novel and effective tissue flossing technique, is becoming increasingly popular in the field of athletic training, sports injury prevention, and rehabilitation. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize updated evidence about the effects of flossband application on joint range of motion (ROM), pain, muscle tightness, strength, and physical functional performance as well as identify research gaps for future study. Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Science were used to search related articles. The keywords of floss bands, flossbands, floss band, tissue flossing, flossing band, voodoo floss band, voodoo floss bands, track floss, rock floss, life floss band, and Rogue voodoo floss were used to extract target articles. English journal articles, full-text available, and content related to outcome measures were included. Conference abstracts, books, case studies, guideline reviews were omitted. 23 full-text journal articles were included for further qualitative analysis after removing duplicates and deleting articles that violate the screening criterion. Flossband application on limbs, soft tissue, or joints with about 50% flossing tension or 150 mmHg wrapping pressure could have small to medium effects on the parameters of ROM, muscle stiffness, muscle strength, and physical function performance, and large effects on pain management. Most previous studies were mainly focused on the acute effect of flossband application on peripheral joints or soft tissues in healthy and active participants or well-trained athletes. Therefore, for future studies, more evidence is needed on the benefits of long-term flossband trunk application and concerning patients with various diseases.

Mohammed Nader Shalaby   Mona Mostafa Abdo Sakoury   Suhailah S. Al-jameel   and Ahmad Alghamdi   

The current study set out to determine the effect of diving on several physiological variables and stem cells in commercial divers for various years. Twelve divers and six non-divers were divided into three groups: 11 non-divers (1st group), two divers with a diving history of 5-6 years (2nd group), and three divers with a diving history of 9-10 years (3rd group). Physiological measurements of pulse, blood pressure, dynamic breathing functions, stem cells CD34⁺, and cortisol were performed before and after physical exertion during a day dive at a depth of 25-30 meters in the pressure room. The results showed a significant difference in pulse, blood pressure, stem cells, and cortisol, while no change in dynamic breathing functions after exertion. Further, diving for different years may positively affect biological changes of stem cells CD34⁺ in the adaptation process but may harm dynamic breathing functions. Therefore, periodic lung function evaluation should be encouraged to check for potential harm to divers. In our conclusion, diving for different years may have a positive effect on biological changes of stem cells CD34⁺ in the adaptation process, while a negative effect may be induced in a dynamic breathing function. Periodic lung function evaluation should be encouraged to monitor potential harm to the divers.

Saifu   Manil Karakauki   Syed Kamaruzaman Syed Ali   Aida Mustapha   Budi Ariyanto Muslim   Faridah Ismiyati   Cucu Sundara   Sri Wahyuni   Dwi Tiga Putri   Agus Kristiyanto   Kukuh Wahyudin Pratama   Ahmad Nasrulloh   and Dewangga Yudhistira   

Mastering freestyle swimming focuses on increasing the swimming speed in order to complete the swimming distance in the shortest time. Because training for freestyle swimming must be carefully programmed and is progressive-based, this study is set to investigate the effect of small game exercises on freestyle swimming speed among the sport science student of Halu Oleo University. This study uses an experimental method with the one group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study consists of 10 students of Halu Oleo University Sport Science Student taken by simple random sampling. The instruments used were equipment for small games and exercises in the techniques of feet, hands, breath and freestyle swimming coordination. Samples of swimming exercises were speed records with a frequency of 3 times a week and carried out for 6 weeks. The results of the normality and homogeneity test data analysis showed a significance value of p > 0.05, which means that the data were normally distributed and homogeneous. T-test results showed a significance value of p > 0.05 with a calculated F value of 63.119 and an F table of 5.296, it can be concluded that there was a significant effect of small game training on the freestyle swimming speed for Sport Science Student of Halu Oleo University.

Glady Sukma Perdana   Widiyanto   and Ilham   

The application developed is android-based AYOOLAHRAGA, which is an information system for sports venues and sports communities for smartphone users. This development of such application has the main purpose to help users to find out some information readily and quickly about physical activities fields available in Yogyakarta and the nearest places. The information developed in the AYOOLAHRAGA application can be accessed by anyone having a smartphone especially those residing in Yogyakarta city (DIY). This research is a product development study, popularly known as Research and development (R&D) research. Whilst collecting data, three types of instruments were employed, namely a questionnaire for expert media validators, along with two different tests administered in two terms based on the sample size involved. The small-scale test used a sample of 50 respondents whereas the large-scale sample consists of 100 respondents. The data were analysed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. After addressing all data, it was revealed that the results of the material expert test obtained a percentage of 98.82%, felt in strongly agree category of application acceptance while the media expert test obtained a percentage of 97.21% likewise. The results of the small and large-scale testing showed that most respondents stated that the development of the present application for sports lovers' benefits is good and needed so far. Therefore, it can be concluded that an android-based sports venues and sports community information system is useful and feasible to use.

Jae-Ik Lee   Min-Bong Kang   Jung-Hyun Ban   Young-Jae Jung   and Tae-Ho Kim   

In subjects with functional ankle instability, lumbopelvic instability causes instability of the hip and lower extremities. The purpose of this study is to determine whether an ankle exercise program with hip strengthening exercise and lumbopelvic stabilization exercise affects spine and ankle stability through muscle activity in adults with functional ankle instability. Thirty adults with functional ankle instability were randomly assigned to a hip joint strengthening exercise group and a lumbopelvic stabilization exercise group. The subjects participated in the designated program three times a week for 40 minutes a day. In the hip joint strengthening exercise group, a general hip joint strengthening exercise was used, and in the lumbopelvic stabilization exercise group, a lumbopelvic stabilization exercise using a sling was added. The intervention lasted 4 weeks, and both groups were instructed to refrain from other exercise during the 4-week intervention period. The muscle activity of the tibialis anterior, gluteus maximus, external oblique and contralateral latissimus dorsi was measured. Data were collected from the 30 patients. The results showed that the muscle activity of the tibialis anterior, gluteus maximus, lateral oblique muscle, and contralateral latissimus dorsi was significantly increased in both groups. This suggests that the existing hip joint strengthening exercise and lumbopelvic stabilization exercise are effective approaches which not only help reduce hip joint pain and improve function, but also reduce functional ankle instability. Therefore, if an appropriate exercise program is provided for subjects with functional ankle instability, it is expected that it will help improve pain and function by reducing ankle instability and the frequency of re- injury.

Joen Parningotan Purba   Widiastuti   Iman Sulaiman   Milda Vinna Br Payung   and Yafi Velyan Mahyudi   

This study aims to determine the perception of local athletes participating in the Samosir Ultra Marathon based on ambience, achievement, escape, satisfaction and behavioral intention after participating in the championship. The championships that are followed can determine the athlete's perception of participating in this event the following year and can promote friends and family to take part in this championship. The research method used is mixed methods with a sample of 87 local athletes determined by purposive sampling. The results of this study indicate that Ambience gets a score of 885 with a percentage of 84.77%, achievement score 931 with a percentage of 89.18%, escape scores 1237 with a percentage of 88.86%, satisfaction score 548 with a percentage of 83.91% and Behavioral Intention score 606 with a percentage of 87.07%. According to them, the ambience and support from the spectators during the race was very good so that the athletes could achieve their goals by participating in the event. Athletes can also evaluate the results of the race well. All athletes can escape the routine of life and emotions for a while by participating in this event. They are also satisfied with their decision to participate in this event because it is only held once a year and is an international event. As many as 81.61% of the athletes said they wanted to participate in this event next year and wanted to recommend this championship to their friends and family. Ambience, achievement, and escape have a positive effect on satisfaction of athletes based on their experience in participating in this championship, so they want to participate in next year and sports management must maintain its quality in organizing marathon events and be managed properly.

Noviria Sukmawati   Firmansyah Dlis   Ramdan Pelana   Muslimin   and Oktariyana   

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the application of the Cheerful and Creative Child Gymnastics model to improve the physical fitness of kindergarten children. This study uses a quantitative approach. The design used in this study was a pretest-posttest control group design. This study uses a physical fitness instrument designed specifically for children aged 3 and 7 years, namely the PREFIT Battery Test. From the results of PREFIT battery test data for kindergarten children with the test subjects totaling 60 kindergarten children (experimental group (n=30) and control group (n=30), it is known that the significance value (sig.) is the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Shapiro-test. Wilk > 0.05 then the data is normally distributed. Based on the results of the t-test using the independent sample test, the value of Sig (2-tailed) is 0.028 <0.05, therefore Ho (Statistical Hypothesis) is rejected and Ha (Alternative Hypothesis) is accepted so that there is an average difference. The mean significant difference exists between the post-test results of the experimental group and the post-test of the control group. To determine the effectiveness of the application of the Cheerful and Creative Children's exercise model, it can be tested by calculating the N-Gain Score, the average value of the N-gain score for the experimental class is 77.51% in the "Effective" category, with a minimum N-gain score of 48.30% and a maximum N-gain score of 100%, while the average N-gain score for the control class is 52.93% in the "Less Effective" category with a minimum N-gain score of 22.20% and a maximum N-gain score of 100%. Thus, the application of the "Effective" Cheerful and Creative Child Gymnastics model can improve the physical fitness of kindergarten children.

Aprizal Fikri   Muslimin   Samsudin   Hernawan   Firmansyah Dlis   James Tangkudung   Widiastuti   and Arif Hidayat   

The problem to be answered in this study is whether there is an effect of push-up training on smash accuracy in volleyball games at Club Permata. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of push-up training on smash accuracy in volleyball at Club Permata. The research used in this research is pre-test and post-test which are experimental. Researchers collected data from 12 male players of Club Permata as the research sample. Data in this study are collected using test techniques. The type of test is a smash accuracy test. Based on the analysis with inferential statistical techniques, smash accuracy test obtained a calculation that is t_count of 16.55 with t table with a significant level of 5% d.b: (N-1) (12-1) = 11 of 2.201. So t_count is greater than table or t_count =: 16.55> t_table = 2.201. The conclusion of this study is that push-up training can improve smash skills at Club Permata volleyball players. The contribution of this study is a new push-up training model that is appropriate for improving the accuracy of Club Permata's men's volleyball smash and can be implicated for other coaches in an effort to improve men's volleyball smash skills.

Hendra Saputra   Achmad Sofyan Hanif   Iman Sulaiman   Desy Tya Maya Ningrum   and Razali   

Fundamental skills are obtained through physical education learning. Students can master one particular sport that is useful in everyday life. Elementary school students aged 6-12 years like to play or have fun in activities. Teachers are expected to design structured games that provide benefits for children's kinesthetic development. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between TG and Drill that affects the fundamental skills (run, jump, overhand throw and catch) in elementary school. The method used in this research is experimental treatment by level 2 x 2 with a sample of 40 students. Data on the results of fundamental skills were obtained from TGMD-2. The data analysis technique was a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then continued with the t- Dunnet test at a significance level of α = 0.05. The results of this study indicate that students who learn with the TG model (A1) are higher than the drill model (A2) with a t₀ value of 2.243> t_tab 1.684. There is an interaction effect between physical education learning methods and motor ability tests on students' fundamental skills (running, jump, overhand throw and catch) with a value of F₀ 12.835> F_tab 4.08. The fundamental skills of students taught by the TG model (A1B1) were higher than practice (A1B2) for high motor ability tests with a t₀ value of 5.448 > t_tab 1.684. The fundamental skills of students taught by the TG model (A1B2) are lower than a drill (A2B2) for low motor ability tests with a t₀ value of 1.886 > t_tab 1.684. The study concludes that TG has effects on improving students' fundamental skills for high motor skills. Meanwhile, drill has effects on improving students' fundamental skills for low motor skills. The findings of this study also state that traditional games can be used as a physical education learning model because there are elements of physical movement and building cooperation between students.

Ali Maksum   and Nanik Indahwati   

Along with changes in people's lifestyles, the tendency of non-communicable diseases such as heart attacks, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes is increasing. This condition does not only occur in developed countries, but also in developing countries such as Indonesia. As a result, health costs that must be borne by the state are increasingly high. Sedentary living is suspected to be the main cause of the problem. This research aimed to examine the impact of physical activity on health risk and life satisfaction. The research was conducted in Surabaya and surrounding areas with a total of 529 respondents, consisting of 49.7% men and 50.3% women. They were between 40 and 97 with an average of 54.6 years old. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The examination showed that the model was compatible with the data. The test results of the model proved that the value of χ²/df= 2.66, RMSEA= .056, NFI= .95, and CFI= .97. The model explained that involvement in physical activity had a significant effect on decreasing health risks and increasing life satisfaction. The involvement of the participants in physical activities reduced blood pressure, heart rate, obesity, and health problems. Physical activity also increased happiness and reduced stress. Therefore, physical activity needs to be promoted continuously to create a healthier and happier life in easiness and fun.

Nasuka   Anies Setiowati   and Fitri Indrawati   

High intensity of physical exercise in long period causes muscle damage. Muscle damage in physical exercise can occur due to muscle stretching followed by sarcomere disruption. Muscle damage can be detected by measuring several indicators or markers. Muscle protein efflux during severe physical activities signed by the increase of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and CK (Creatine Kinase). Many studies explained the effect of high intensity physical exercise in long period on muscle damage, but only few studies investigated the effect of high intensity exercise in short period. The purpose of research is to analyze the high intensity short period exercise on blood lactate and creatine kinase serum between elite and non-elite athlete. The post test only group design study was conducted to reach the aims of research. Seventy-five participants involved in this research and they were elite athletes (n=37) and non-elite athletes (n=38). The elite athletes were 24.71 ± 4.753 years old, while the non-elite athletes were 20.19 ± 1.619 years old. All participants perform Running -based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) as a high-intensity short period exercise. The velocity of athletes was calculated for each running track. The blood for lactate level and creatine kinase (CK) measurement was taken as soon as they finished the RAST. The blood lactate level was 6.96 mmol/L (non-elite) and 5.5 mmol/L (elite). The serum level of CK was 241 (non-elite) and 198.8 (elite). Both of elite and non-elite CK level were higher than normal value. There was no difference in blood lactate (p=0.063) and serum level of CK (p=0.241) between elite and non-elite athlete. The conclusion was the blood lactate and CK serum level after high intensity short period increased higher than the normal value. There was not difference between elite and non-elite athletes, suggesting that the elite and non-elite athletes put in the same effort in performing and running the test. The recommendation of this research is that the high intensity short period exercise should be alternatively implemented to avoid muscle damage to athlete.

Vorramate Prajongjai   Saowanee Woravutrangkul   Tatpicha Pongsiri   and Nongnapas Charoenpanich   

The original badminton scoring system has been changed into the rally 21-point scoring system since 2006. The alteration allows badminton players to capably score a point in the first shot as service, causing them to equip themselves with faster-and-more precise style of play. Backhand short serve is most frequently used, especially in doubles, to improve the game situation as the players get an opportunity for attacking their opponents, and easily getting a score. The backhand short serve is executed by an upper part of the body which diagonally sends a shuttlecock over the net to land in a receiver's area within boundary line. Components of the service, however, are accompanied by not only the upper part of body but also the lower one. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the accomplice of the lower part through analyzing the force transfer between feet at back swing, forward swing and contact during backhand short serve in elite badminton players. Fourteen Thai elite badminton double players (eight men and six female) were chosen to participate in the study. Two force plates which got set up in front of a badminton court behind short service line, and eight motion capture cameras installed around the court were used. The results revealed that there was a significant difference in anterior-posterior peak ground reaction force between left and right foot at back swing phase (p=0.00), at forward swing phases (p=0.00) and at contact (p=0.00), and there was distinction in each phase of left foot between back swing with forward swing phase, back swing phase with contact, and forward swing phase with contact of medial-lateral peak force (p=0.008). Finally, right foot was found to show difference between back swing phase with contact, and forward swing phase with contact of vertical peak force (p=0.013). In conclusion, the ground reaction force was transferred from right foot to left foot for controlling the center of mass upon effective serving, and for preparing to hit the next shot.

Achmad Sofyan Hanif   Syeni Ratna Amelia   Fatah Nurdin   Hernawan   Uzizatun Maslikah   Meirizal Usra   Ruslan Abdul Gani   Edi Setiawan   and Hasanuddin Jumareng   

The lack of information regarding exercise program assessment tools during the COVID-19 pandemic was the main gap in this research. The purpose of this study was to investigate lecturers' perceptions of computer-based and paper pencil-based performance to assess sports training programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, a combination of quantitative and qualitative (mixed) is used as a method. Participants in this study were male and female lecturers from Jakarta State University (N=15) and Sriwijaya University (N=10). Quantitative instruments use questionnaires and qualitative instruments use in-depth interviews with participants. Quantitative data analysis use the IBM SPSS version 25.0 to find descriptive data, namely mean, standard deviation and percentage of responses from participation. Meanwhile, qualitative data analysis use qualitative thematic data. The results of the study based on quantitative data found that the majority of lecturers strongly agreed to use computer-based instead of paper pencil-based to assess sports training programs. Meanwhile, research results based on qualitative data show that most lecturers favour computer-based over paper pencil-based during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, computer-based has better performance and advantages than paper pencil-based when used in the pandemic era. This research provides benefits for the development of science assessment tools in the field of sports.

Mohamed Soliman Mohamed Ghreeb   Ahmed Mohamed Abdelkader   and Sameer Mohammed Sayyd   

Objectives: The research aims to identify the level of institutional excellence in the Egyptian and Saudi football federations in view of the dimensions of the European Excellence Model EFQM. Methods: The researchers used the descriptive approach, following the survey method, to accommodate it with the nature and procedures of the research in order to achieve the goal of the research and answer its questions. Results: The overall score for the average application of the dimensions of the European Excellence Model EFQM in the Egyptian Football Association research sample is 1.84, which is in the intermediate level raise the level of administrative performance of the Egyptian Football Association through the application of the dimensions of the European Excellence Model EFQM. It is clear that the average level of application of the dimensions of the European Excellence Model EFQM in the Saudi Football Association is 2.41. There are statistically significant differences between the averages of the answers about each of the Egyptian Football Association and the Saudi Football Federation in the application of the dimensions of the European Excellence Model EFQM and the overall degree of application of the dimensions of the European Excellence Model EFQM in favor of the Saudi Football Association. It is also evident that there are no statistically significant differences between the average answers about both the Egyptian Football Association and the Saudi Football Association in the application of some partnerships and resources.

Thanh Nguyen Duc   

The purpose of this study is to select tests to assess physical fitness for students at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technical and Education (HCMC UTE). Through reference to scientific works that have been published in the country as well as abroad, the topic has synthesized 53 tests. On the basis of tests following the selection principles, the topic has omitted complicated and less common exercises, leaving 41 tests to include in the expert interview step. Proceeding a survey of 20 experts, lecturers of physical education and 600 students of Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, finally, the study selected 15 tests including: 03 morphological tests [Standing height (cm), Weight (kg), BMI]; 08 fitness tests [Lying on your back with sit-ups/30s (times), Standing flexible with your body flexed (cm), Force of squeezing your dominant hand (KG), Jumping in place (cm), Long jump (cm), Shuttle running 4x10m ( s), Running 30m (s), Running 800m/1500m(s); 02 physiological tests [Vital capacity (l), Cardiac function (Hw)]; ); 02 psychological tests [Test Tapping (e), LanDolt Open Loop (bit/s)]. These tests have met the conditions such as convention, as well as ensure reliability and informability to be included in the physical assessment test of students of Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education. The research results will be a useful basis for adjusting the content and curricula, contributing to improving the physical quality of graduates, meeting the labor requirements of the society.

Oleksandr Mozolev   Andriy Chudyk   Valentina Miroshnichenko   Klavdiia Тushko   Valentyna Kupchyshyna   Anton Datskov   and Artur Gorbenko   

The article analyzes the results of the formation of physical readiness of cadets aged 18-21 of the National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine for professional activity under the conditions of quarantine. The study involved 168 cadets of 2-4 years of study. The aim is to investigate the influence of motivational and value orientations of cadets on the results of conducting independent classes on the formation of physical readiness for professional activity under the conditions of quarantine restrictions. It is established that in the process of physical self-improvement, the conscious attitude of cadets to their own physical development, state of health, acquisition of professionally significant skills and abilities is formed. It is established that quarantine restrictions of motor activity negatively affect the growth of indicators of physical readiness of cadets to perform professional tasks. Purposeful independent physical exercises can be the alternative to traditional classes. Independent physical training of cadets during quarantine restrictions allows keeping physical qualities at professionally necessary level.

Eko Purnomo   Amung Ma'mun   Nurlan Kusmaedi   Yudy Hendrayana   Yusuf Hidayat   Nina Jermaina   and Eddy Marheni   

Interpersonal communication is the key to success in communication between coaches and athletes to understand and know the state of an athlete. The purpose of the study was to determine the interpersonal communication skills possessed by prospective trainers. The research method used a descriptive method with survey techniques related to the interpersonal communication skills of prospective trainers. The number of samples in this study was 105 samples with a sampling technique using purposive samples. The sample used in this study is a prospective trainer who has currently completed the basic material and is in the process of completing the advanced material. The results of this study obtained data: 1) Session 1: Sending clear messages, getting a score of 60% (Need more consistent attention); 2) Session 2: Listening Ability scored 56.19% (Need more consistent attention); 3) Session 3: Giving and Getting Feedback scored 60% (Need more consistent attention), 4) Session 4: Handling Emotional Interactions scored 60% (Need more consistent attention). These results are considered still not high enough, considering that prospective coaches will meet and deal with athletes who have very different characteristics. So, it is hoped that the prospective trainer can improve interpersonal communication skills (not only the ability to train). In this study, it is still limited to find out and collect data on the interpersonal communication skills of prospective trainers. Interpersonal communication improvement programs will be very possible for future research.

Ermawan Susanto   Johan Irmansyah   Nur Indah Pangastuti   and Fifukha Dwi Khory   

Accident cases in the aquatic teaching indicate that students have not yet formed an attitude responsibility. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an effect of responsibility-based aquatic teaching on respect and caring. This study used an experimental method with one group pretest-posttest design. The study population was eighth-grade students who studied the aquatic lesson (the experimental condition, n = 75). The research sample was selected using cluster random sampling. The 75 participants consist of 40 boys and 35 girls. The experimental test of the effect of the responsibility-based aquatic teaching was carried out for 10 sessions. By analyzing the paired sample t-test data, the results show that the students who took the aquatic lesson demonstrated that there is significant effect between responsibility-based aquatic teaching on increasing student' respect (p < .05, d = 0.14) and on increasing student' caring (p < .05, d = 0.95). Data analysis shows that there is a significant influence of responsibility-based aquatic teaching on increasing student respect and caring (t = 6.8575, p = 0.00 <0.005), so that responsibility-based aquatic teaching is effective in increasing the respect and caring of students. Current studies indicate that the effect of that responsibility-based aquatic teaching has an impact on student responsibility. This attitude appears in an enhancing aspect: respect and caring. Responsibility-based aquatic teaching in this study creates a meaningful and more responsible learning environment. Research findings also suggest that responsibility-based aquatic teaching provides a strong framework for creating a positive and meaningful learning environment. This is relevant to the use of responsibility teaching models in physical education in middle schools.

Langenderfer Joseph E.   Mara R. Thompson   and Ustinova Ksenia I.   

The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictability and complexity of gait under preferred and narrow walking conditions for groups of TBI and age matched control subjects in order to determine if non-linear measures may be appropriate for identifying gait deviations not detected with more routine techniques. Ten participants from each group walked at preferred gait and with a narrow base of support. Center of mass motion was calculated from marker motion recorded with motion capture. Measures of predictability and complexity of center of mass motion were calculated with Recurrence Quantification Analysis. Walking with a narrow base of support resulted in a less predictable center of mass motion (reduced %Determinism) for TBI and control groups (p=0.0019 and p=0.0008, respectively), but no difference was found between groups. For the TBI group, there was a significant decrease in complexity of center of mass motion (lower Entropy, p=0.0038) with narrow base of support compared to preferred walking, but no difference in Entropy was found between groups. These results suggest non-linear measures determined using techniques such as Recurrence Quantification Analysis might have potential to be valid and reliable measurement techniques for predicting gait deviations in future studies.

Sergey H. Sobko   Natalia H. Sobko   Tatiana V. Maleniuk   Victoria A. Babalich   and Halyna I. Panchenko   

The purpose of the study was to examine how the upgraded system of training based on 12 exercises for the development of coordination abilities influenced the coordination of young footballers aged 9-10 years. The quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data in the study. The study used the quasi-experimental design that was based on the pretest-posttest measurements accompanied by observations. The experiment involved only one group and the results of the students before and after the intervention were compared. The study proved that the upgraded system of training based on 12 exercises for the development of coordination abilities influenced the coordination of young footballers aged 9-10 years. The system of training also improved the students' abilities to adjust and adapt motor actions; kinaesthetic differentiation of movements (ball sensation). The overall improvement was approximately 21% which was statically significant. The students were found to have improved in the seven coordination abilities. It was also found that there was shift in students' level of coordination from ‘low' to ‘average' and ‘above'.

Johan Irmansyah   Ermawan Susanto   Ria Lumintuarso   FX. Sugiyanto   Ahmad Syarif   and Hermansyah   

Several countries around the world have promoted, advocated, and developed the concept of physical literacy. The concept of physical literacy is being believed to offer alternative solutions in the future as an effort to overcome global problems related to the lack of interest in individuals in performing physical activity. This research aims to develop a model of physical literacy in the culture of physical education in elementary schools, reviewed from the perspective of West Nusa Tenggara and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research method uses a mixed method with sequential exploratory strategies. The research procedure consists of three phases; Phase 1. Design of Physical Literacy; Phase 2. Expert Consensus (n=8); and Phase 3. Practitioners Assessment (n=12). The results of the study in Phase 1, which was analyzed qualitatively, produced three main themes, namely; (a) theoretical foundation, (b) construction of physical literacy, and (c) operationalization of physical literacy. In Phase 2 and 3, which were analyzed quantitatively, experts and practitioners reached a statement of agreement regarding the physical literacy model which was developed, with a percentage value of 86.01% (Phase 2) and 91.84% (Phase 3). These results show that the physical literacy model developed is in accordance with the culture of physical education in elementary schools, and can be implemented in the physical education learning process.

Sridadi   Tomoliyus   Erda Ayu Septiasari   Parijan   Hari Yuliarto   and Ilham   

Background: One of the techniques used in football activities with the ball that must be mastered by players is the dribbling technique. Coaches are required to be more careful in choosing and applying a training method so that players can accomplish the exercises quickly and correctly. Purpose: The study was to determine the extent of the effect, if any, of technical training using the ball on the dribbling speed of 10-12 years old football players. Design/methodology/approach: The design employed in this study was the One Group Pretest-Posttest Design, while the population were soccer players aged 10-12 years at the SELABORA Football School, Yogyakarta State University. Of 27 soccer players were purposely selected to be a sample of the study. Retrieval of data using tests, with an instrument in the form of a dribbling test from the Bobby Charlton model has a validity of 0.973 and reliability of 0.864. The data were analyzed by using the t-test analysis through the prerequisite test for normality and homogeneity. Results: After addressing all data, results of hypothesis testing using t-test obtained t-calculated of 2.324 > t table with α = 0.05. By it, data implied that there is a significant difference between the data before and after being given treatment. The increase in the mean was evident because there was an increase of 0.85 from 18.2900 to 19.1367, with the cumulative sig equal to 0.028 < 0.05. Conclusion: It can be concluded that technical training using the ball has a significant effect of 4.44% on the dribbling speed with a significant improvement between the pre-and posttest results among football players aged 10-12 years and subsequently hypothesis posed is accepted.

Ivan Okhrimenko   Olena Pavlyk   Oleksandr Tomenko   Petro Rybalko   Serhiy Cherednichenko   Svitlana Gvozdetska   and Oleksii Holovchenko   

The article examines the impact of military pentathlon classes on the dynamics of the cadets' physical development and functional status in the training process. The research was conducted at the Department of Military Training of the National Academy of Internal Affairs (Ukraine) in 2019-2020. The research involved 18-25 years old cadets (men), who studied at the department in 1-4 semesters. Two groups of cadets were formed: the experimental group (EG, n = 44), the cadets of which were engaged in pentathlon, and the control group (CG, n = 45), the cadets of which were engaged in the existing method of physical training. The research of indicators of the cadets' physical development and functional status was carried out on such indicators as body height, body mass, dynamometry of the hands, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, vital capacity of the lungs and design indices. The research methods included analysis of literature, pedagogical observation, medical and biological methods, and methods of mathematical statistics. The positive effect of military pentathlon on the cadets' physical development and functional status was established. At the end of the research, the EG cadets had significantly better indicators of body mass, vital capacity of the lungs, heart rate at rest, vital index, Robinson index and heart rate recovery time after exercise than the CG cadets. In general, the results suggest that the achieved level of the cadets' physical development and functional status engaged in military pentathlon will in the future improve the efficiency of their professional and service activities.

Rony Mohamad Rizal   Mochamad Asmawi   and Johansyah Lubis   

The background of this research is the petanque precision shooting athletes who are inconsistent in obtaining scores. Accuracy is an important part of petanque, especially in the precision shooting numbers, so that it is necessary to have a mental training process that can contribute to the athlete's ability to improve their accuracy. The purpose of this research is to see the effect of a mental training in the form of self-talk on improving shooting accuracy in petanque. Looking at the objectives of this study, the pre-experimental method with the one group pre-test and post-test design has been used. The instrumental test in this study is a shooting test of 20 athletes from FIPJP (Fédération Internationale de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal). The results of this research indicate that the test results are t = 2.690, with db = 19 and the number Sig. (2-tailed) or p-value = 0.014 <0.05. From this result, it can be concluded that self-talk practice can significantly improve the accuracy of the shooting petanque. The implication of self-talk is self-control. Athletes appear to be better able to control arm movements, control emotions, and regulate breathing when shooting. This can be seen from the increase in the scores of the athletes.

Polevoy G. G.   

Background: The problem of lack of physical activity of schoolchildren can be solved by supplementing the standard physical education programs at school. Material and methods: Pedagogical experiment lasted nine months, which was attended by 50 children from the second grade. Children were engaged in physical culture at school twice a week for 40 minutes each lesson. General coordination abilities were determined by the test «Shuttle run 3x10m», and the ability to unite the movements of schoolchildren were determined by the test «Jumping on the spot». Statistical and mathematical analysis of the results was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2016 and Bio-Statistica 2009. The study used the parametric criterion T-Student. The result was significant at P<0.05. Results: After the pedagogical experiment, the indices in children in CG in both tests improved, but not significantly. In the EG, the children which were engaged in the standard program, but additionally performed the exercise «Classic's» at each lesson of physical culture in school, which significantly improved the general coordination abilities in the test «Shuttle run» from 10.5±0.8 sec to 8.5±0.5 sec (P<0.05) and indicators in the test «Jumping on the spot» by 34.9% (P<0.05). Conclusion: If the lessons of physical education in school with children 8-9 years to perform additional exercise «Classic's», the indicators of their coordination abilities and ability to unite movements will improve significantly.

Dwi Hartanto   Nurlan Kusmaedi   Amung Ma’mun   and Bambang Abduljabar   

This study was based on the previous research which found that traditional games given at the elementary level were significantly effective for the improvement of students' socialization in the classroom and the improvement of the quality of students' relationships between classes. This study aimed to examine whether traditional games could affect social skills. The design used in this research was a 3x2 factorial study with the randomized pretest-posttest control group design, while 90 samples were divided into three groups. The result of this research revealed that: 1) there were differences in social skills between groups given traditional games with social elements and groups given traditional games without any social elements. 2) Students with Dayak ethnic/cultural background showed better social skills and social behaviour than students with Malay and Javanese ethnic/cultural backgrounds. 3) Traditional games that contain social elements with Dayak cultural background had a better influence on elementary school students' skills and social behaviour than other groups. 4) There was an interaction between the types of traditional games with cultural/ethnic backgrounds of social skills, while for social behavior; there was no interactional relationship between the two.

Uhud Darmawan Natsir   Tenri S. P. Dipoatmodjo   Arjang Arjang   M. Hidayat   and Muhammad Yushar Mustafa   

The athletes who are attached to coaching and training programs for long periods will have more potential of dealing with stress. In line with this phenomenon, this study indicates that a great number of professional athletes, specifically who formally registered in sports organizations in Makassar, Indonesia, are apparently disclosed on lack of better coaching and training program achievements, decreasing on their performance during coaching and training times, etc. Through the literature review, this study discloses that there is a lack of body of knowledge, specifically in East Region of Indonesia context explaining the effect of such disorders on professional athletes of Makassar. This study hence aims to investigate whether there is a possibility that stress exists among the professional athletes through the application of quantitative approach. There are 258 athletes considered as the population and 72 athletes as the research sample in this study. The results indicate that stress is confirmed statistically to have affected athlete performance and consequently indicate that the effect of stress is negative and significantly impacts the athletes' performance. This study therefore concludes that the stress issue is crucially urgent to be managed properly, especially in the sports field.

Didin Tohidin   Endang Sepdanius   and Ahmad Arhadni Putra   

Service is the basic technique in the Sepaktakraw game. Serve is the initial attack to earn points. To be successful in the implementation of this special technique in Sepaktakraw, a good physical condition and good psychological condition are needed. To see the effect of physical conditions and psychological conditions that have a direct and indirect effect on the ability to serve Sepaktakraw, a research on the ability to serve Sepaktakraw was carried out. The research method used is a quantitative method using a Path Analysis approach. The study population was the athletes of West Sumatra Sepaktakraw. The sampling technique was carried out by means of positive sampling and obtained 40 sepaktakraw athletes. The data obtained will be processed using data analysis techniques with the Path Analysis approach. The research instrument used are vertical jump for leg muscle explosive power, stand and rich test for flexibility, self-confidence questioner for self-confidence and service ability test instrument for service skill. The results showed that leg muscle explosive power has a direct effect on serviceability by 10.1%, flexibility has a direct effect on serviceability amounting to 39.81%, and self-confidence has a direct effect on serviceability amounting to 6.81%. Influence of explosive power through self-confidence on the service ability of sepaktakraw athletes is 19.2%. Influence of flexibility on serviceability through confidence in sepaktakraw athletes is 18.1%, and the influence of the variable explosive power, flexibility and self-confidence had an effect on serviceability amounting to 49.6%. However, the remaining 50.4% is influenced by other factors.

Kang Min-Bong   Shin Hee-Joon   Shin Hyeong-Su   and Jung Nam-Jin   

This study was conducted to identify the effects of mobilization, deep cervical flexor training(DCFT), and mixed training on the mobility of adults with nonspecific neck dysfunction. Thirty adults with nonspecific neck dysfunction were selected as subjects through the Korean version of the neck disability index (K-NDI) and classified into a joint mobilization group, deep neck flexor training group, and mixed group. They were then subjected to an intervention for four weeks. To examine the effect of the intervention on the range of motion of the neck, the range of motion of the neck before and after the experiment was measured. As the result of the four-week intervention, the flexion and extension of the joint mobilization group and the mixed group increased significantly compared to that of the deep neck flexor training group (p < .05). As a result, joint mobilization and mixed training for nonspecific neck dysfunction were effective in increasing the range of motion of the neck. Based on these results, an intervention program including joint mobility can be effective in treating adults with nonspecific neck dysfunction caused by various factors.

Ali Md Nadzalan   Mandra Janep   Ahmad Aqil Ahmad Jahizi   Nor Fazila Abd Malek   Tuan Muhammad Shafiq Tuan Ibrahim   and Nur Ikhwan Mohamad   

Wearable resistance (WR) is an alternative proposed to be used in training with the aim to increase sport performance by allowing specific movements to be performed with additional loading. Although the benefits of allowing more sport-specific movement are undeniable, studies conducted on the effects of this WR in Taekwondo sport are scarce. This study aims to determine the acute effects of WR loading on Taekwondo axe kick kinematics. Twenty-four (n=24) state-level taekwondo athletes were recruited and were required to perform axe kick in four conditions by wearing a WR suit on their thigh and shank. Four different loadings were attached at the suit; i) 3% of body mass (3WR), ii) 5% of body mass (5WR), iii) 8% of body mass (8WR) and iv) without load (0WR). During the movement, movement kinematics (maximum kick height, angle between thighs, range of motion (ROM) of hip, ROM of knee, duration of power load, maximum speed of ankle, duration of drive and total time were analyzed for both dominant and non-dominant leg. Cameras attached to motion analysis systems were used to record participant's kicking kinematics. The kinematics data obtained were compared between each loading condition. Results showed that only wearing WR of 3% body mass did not change the kinematics of kicking (except for maximum kick height) as without WR. Wearing WR of 5% and 8% body mass caused significant changes to the movement kinematics when compared to without WR. To conclude, this study has added the knowledge on the alternatives for resistance training that can be performed among Taekwondo athletes. Through the findings of this study, it was found that wearing WR of 3% body mass is suitable for athletes during training session as they can maintain their technical effectiveness while also increase stimulus for body to adapt in long term while a minimum of 5 % body mass might affect the kicking technical efficiency. It is suggested for chronic studies to be conducted to determine the long term effects of WR loadings on the kicking techniques efficiency.

Wesam Saleh A. Al Attar   Saud Alarifi   Ahmad Alanazi   Msaad Alzhrani   Shady Alshewaier   Saad Alhosayni   Sami Alharbi   Yasser Alraddadi   and Hussain S. Ghulam   

Sports are associated with an increased risk of lower limbs injury that may significantly impact the quality of life for the athletes and negatively affected several functions of individuals for many years. For this reason, several injury preventions programs have been developed. These programs involved exercises that focused on core stability, balance, stretching, and strengthening. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) Knee Injury Prevention Program is an evidence-based injury prevention program designed and developed to prevent knee injuries. The implementation of injury prevention programs is a challenge in sports medicine. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the implementation of the OSTRC Knee Injury Prevention Program among professional basketball, handball, soccer, and volleyball players in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. An online questionnaire to investigate the implementation of the program was dismissed to 500 professional players. A total of 433 players responded to the survey with a response rate of 86.6%. Basketball was the most practiced sport reported 119 (27.5%), followed by handball 109 (25.2%), then soccer 102 (23.6%), and volleyball 103 (23.8%). The highest percentage of participants were from UAE 79 (18.2%), and Saudi Arabia 78 (18%), followed by Oman 76 (17.6%), whereas an equal percentage of athletes participated from Bahrain and Qatar; 67 (15.5%), the least percentage was recorded from Kuwait 66 (15.2%). The most common exercises performed by the participants were squat+ 229 (52.9%), Nordic hamstring 225 (52%), single-leg sideways hop 223 (51.5%), jumping lungs 218 (50.3%), and flyer 217 (50.1%). This study concluded that implementation of OSTRC knee injury prevention exercise was low among participants, and the implementation was not statistically different between different sports or GCC countries.

Chanh Thuc Dao   

Muscle injuries and lactate overload during training or at the end of the season, in top team sports, quickly preclude optimal results and participation. Is total magnesium deficiency responsible for these problems in elite athletes and whether magnesium supplementation improves their muscle metabolism or lactate-pyruvate-metabolism? Methods: In 55 elite athletes [male: 25 – female: 30 / soccer: 26 – Olympics: 14 – tennis: 15 – motorsports (DTM-Formula1): whole blood magnesium were determined. In 25 athletes serum and whole blood magnesium, creatine kinase (CK), venous pyruvate and lactate, and the mitochondrial energy level ATP were determined before and after 3 months of daily supplementation with 370mg magnesium and statistically correlated. A Spearman-ranking coefficient of correlation, a chi-quadrat-test by Pearson, and an independent t-test were used with p<0.05 this value is reliable, p<0.01 highly significant. Results: In 27. 1% of all elite athletes (N=18/55) a whole blood magnesium deficiency (vMg<1.29 mmol/l) was proved. Female athletes were significantly worst supplied than the male athletes [vMg: 1.33 ± 0.11 mmol/l vs. 1.41 ± 0.13 mmol/l (p<0.024].Whole blood magnesium (1.31 ± 0.15 mmol/l before vs 1.45 ± 0.09 mmol/l after therapy, p<0.00025), serum magnesium (0.78 ± 0.06 mmol/l before vs 0.93 ± 0.05 mmol/l after therapy, p<0.00025), the venous pyruvate (0.21 ± 0.12 mg/dl before vs 0.39 ± 0.10 mg/dl after therapy, p<0.00025) and mitochondrial ATP (90.56 ± 10.11 %T cells before vs 99.07 ± 1.21 %T cells after therapy, p<0.00025) significantly increased after 3 months supplementation of 370mg magnesiumoxide. Venouslactate (10.62 ± 3.50 mg/dl vs. 8.08 ± 2.09 mg/dl after therapy, p<0.0025), the pyruvate lactate ratio (69.98 ± 52.81 vs. 22.93 ± 12.29 after therapy, p<0.00025) and the creatine kinase CK (501 ± 323 U/l before vs. 294 ± 161 U/l after therapy, p=0.018) significantly reduced under 3-months old daily magnesium substitution. For each 0.1 mmol/l increase in whole blood magnesium, the pyruvate improves significantly by 0,06 mg/dl and the pyruvate lactate ratio decreases significantly by 90.9. The improvement of the pyruvate as well as the pyruvate lactate ratio leads to a significant improvement in muscularity metabolism (CK) [increase by 0.1 mg/dl pyruvate decreases CK by 89.39, p=0.018, reduction of lactate pyruvate ratio decreases CK by 25.45, p=0.008). An absolute risk reduction of 68% (18/25 before vs 1/25 after therapy) could be calculated for muscular injuries. No side influences were reported. Conclusion: The determination of serum magnesium in elite sports is not meaningful. Whole blood magnesium (vMg), on the other hand, plays a significant role in the prevention of muscularity injuries, independently of the type of sports, by optimizing pyruvate lactate metabolism and thus mitochondrial energy production ATP. Further treatment studies have to prove if optimizing whole blood magnesium can lead to an increase in performance.

Andarias Ginting   Moch Asmawi   James Tangkudung   Raswin   and Anggi Setia Lengkana   

Quality teaching is inseparable from the learning strategies applied in delivering material in theory and practice. However, implementing learning strategies that will provide meaningful learning and a learning atmosphere for students is not an easy matter because students are unique individuals, different from one another, especially in their cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. Based on this, lecturers must have sufficient initiative, knowledge, competence, and adequate conceptual power to implement an effective lecture strategy. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of learning freestyle swimming by using the ISLAMT₂E learning strategy for students. This study used an experimental method with a randomized pretest-posttest control group. The research subjects were 40 people in the experimental group and 40 people in the control group. The conclusion of this study proves that learning to swim freestyle using the ISLAMT₂E strategy on static swimming tools has been proven to be effective in improving students' swimming skills. The magnitude of the increase in students' swimming skills in the experimental group was seven people (17.5%) in the low category, 33 people (82.5%) had the moderate category, and 0% high category. In the control group, the increase in swimming in the low category was 31 people (77.5%), nine people (22.5%) in the moderate category, and the high category 0%. This means that there are differences in learning outcomes of freestyle swimming skills between the experimental group and the control group.

Jong-Rak Park   and Jong-Hyuck Weon   

The forward bending posture is a risk factor that can cause musculoskeletal injury for workers working in industry. Previous studies have been largely concerned with examining the effects of turtle neck, slouched posture, and kyphosis on the scapular upward rotators. However, no studies have investigated the effect of forward bending of the trunk on the scapular upward rotators to date. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of forward tilting of the trunk and the shoulder flexion angle on the muscular activity of the Upper trapezius. The participant population comprised of 10 male adults and 20 shoulders in total were assessed. To begin with, EMG electrodes were attached to the upper trapezius muscles. The participants were instructed to perform isometric shoulder flexion at 120° angles in upright standing and forward bending postures. The muscle activity was measured by surface electromyography to obtain a root mean square value and was expressed as a percentage of the mean maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). A paired t-test was used to determine the changes in muscle activity according to trunk posture and a shoulder flexion angle. A paired t-test was performed at α=.05. The result of Significant main effect for trunk posture was found for the upper trapezius muscles(p<.05). Additionally, a significant main effect for shoulder flexion angle was revealed in the upper trapezius muscles(p<.05). The results demonstrate that forward bending of the trunk may increase the activity of the upper trapezius. Therefore, industrial workers who manifest hyperactivation of the upper trapezius should maintain upright trunk posture while working.

Li-Jun Yu   and Tae-Ho Kim   

This study was aimed at comparing the effects of cervical stabilization exercises with thoracic spine extension exercises and cervical stabilization exercises with breathing exercises on head posture in subjects with the forward head posture (FHP). FHP is a poor habitual neck posture that is defined by the forward translation of the cervical vertebrae and hyperextension of the upper cervical vertebrae. Continuous FHP adds the load to posterior cervical structures, for instance, ligament, and transforms scapular kinetics and kinematics, and affects the quality of life and activities of daily living. The study included 30 adults with FHP, with 15 participants in each group. The experimental group was asked to perform cervical stabilization exercises with thoracic spine extension exercises, and the control group was asked to perform cervical stabilization exercises with breathing exercises. After 4 weeks of exercise, the changes in head posture (cranial rotation angle and craniovertebral angle) were measured again. Craniovertebral angle and craniovertebral angle were assessed using digital, lateral-view photographs of the subjects in their usual standing postures. The results showed that there was a significant difference between experimental group and control group before and after exercise (p < 0.05). In between-group comparison, there were significant differences noted in craniovertebral angle and cranial rotation angle in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Both two groups affect cranial rotation angle, craniovertebral angle, and postural alignment, but it is believed that cervical stabilization exercises with thoracic spine extension exercises directly affect the thoracic and cervical spines. As a result, cervical stabilization exercises and thoracic spine extension exercises are recommended to improve postural alignment.

Jin Park   

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide clinical information by comparing abdominal muscle activity and lumbopelvic rotation angle according to proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) lower pattern with pressure biofeedback unit or PNF lower pattern without pressure biofeedback unit in patients with chronic back pain. Methods: In this study, 20 patients with low back pain were instructed to perform PNF lower pattern with biofeedback unit and PNF lower pattern without biofeedback unit. Surface electromyography data were collected from the ipsilateral internal oblique (IIO), contralateral external oblique (CEO), ipsilateral rectus abdominal (IRA) muscles, and lumbopelvic rotation angle were measured using the motion analysis device. Results: The activation of all abdominal muscles was found greater in PNF lower pattern with biofeedback unit than that PNF lower pattern without biofeedback unit. The degree of lumbopelvic rotation angle in PNF lower pattern with biofeedback unit was found lower than that PNF lower pattern without biofeedback unit(p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that PNF lower pattern with biofeedback unit is effective in increasing abdominal muscle activity and decreasing unwanted lumbopelvic rotation in patients with chronic low back pain. Therefore, if you want to apply the PNF lower pattern to patients with chronic low back pain, it is considered effective to control the pelvis using the biofeedback unit.

Bayu Hardiyono   Riyan Pratama   Arif Hidayat   and Hartati   

This study aims to determine the level of understanding of the teachers in physical education, sports, and health in Muara Padang sub-District about 2013 Curriculum Learning. The research method used in this research is quantitative descriptive. The sample in this study is elementary school teachers in Line 20, Muara Padang sub-district, Banyuasin district with a total of 34 teachers. This study uses 3 indicators, namely understanding the PJOK learning syllabus in the 2013 curriculum, understanding the principles of preparing RPP in learning PJOK in the 2013 curriculum, and understanding the methods in learning PJOK in the 2013 curriculum. The PJOK learning syllabus in the 2013 curriculum got an average score of 54.8 with a percentage of 35.3% and was included in the high category, then for the level of understanding of PJOK teachers in understanding the principles of preparing RPP in learning PJOK in the 2013 curriculum, they received an average value of 43.16 with a percentage of 29.43% and included in the high category, then the level of understanding of PJOK teachers in understanding the methods of learning PJOK in the 2013 curriculum got an average score of 43.04 with a percentage of 38.23% and entered in the high category.

Maryna Khmara   Oleksandr Mozolev   Inna Yashchuk   Oleksandr Alieksieiev   Vasil Kravchuk   Yuriy Dolynniy   Ihor Tomkiv   Oleksandr Binkovskyi   and Vasyl Prontenko   

The article analyzes the results of testing the effectiveness of the author's fitness program "WAY TO A HEALTHY LIFE" and identifies its impact on physical and morphofunctional indicators of student development during quarantine restrictions. The study involved 149 students aged 17-19 of Khmelnytskyi of Humanitarian-Pedagogical Academy. Methods: Analysis of scientific and methodological sources, pedagogical modeling, pedagogical experiment, pedagogical observation, methods of functional state research (Ruffier test, Stange, Genchi, Yarotskyi, Recovery time after 20 squats), methods of physical condition research (running on the spot for 10 seconds; squats for 30 seconds, hyperextension, twisting the log scale (cm), lifting the torso to the buttocks from a supine position behind the head for 30 seconds, maintaining the position of the stop lying on the forearm, maintaining balance while standing on one leg with arms outstretched), methods of mathematical statistics. Results: The students of the experimental group improved their functional indicators of the development of the cardiovascular, respiratory systems and vestibular stability. The increase was: the Stange test + 7.3 ± 0.5 (s) (p <0.001) girls, + 9.2 ± 0.4 (s) (p <0.001) boys; Genchi test + 4.6 ± 0.5 (s) (p <0.01) girls, + 5.4 ± 0.7 (s) (p <0.01) boys; Yarotskyi test + 7.5 ± 0.4 (s) (p <0.001) girls, + 7.9 ± 0.7 (s) (p <0.001) boys; recovery time after exercise improved - 8.5 ± 2.5 (s) (p <0.01) girls and - 7.5 ± 1.5 (s) (p <0.01) boys. The developed program contributed to the development of flexibility, improvement of speed-power and coordination abilities of students. Conclusions: Analysis of the dynamics of indicators of morphofunctional and physical condition of students shows the effectiveness of the program "WAY TO A HEALTHY LIFE".

Dicky Waluya Badrukamal   Adang Suherman   and Amung Ma'mun   

One of the determinant aspects of the success of sports development in one area is the level of the Community Participation Rate in Sports (APMO). This study presented the results of West Java Community Participation Rate in Sports (APMO) in 2019 and also revealed the motives (goals and methods) of the community in exercising, which was a part of the activity tracking of the Sports Community Participation Rate in West Java. Cross Sectional Study was used to uncover research problems, involving 108 staff of Bachelors of Sport Development Trainer (SP3OR) in the data collection process. The instrument used was a modified IPAQ questionnaire contained in the APMO Measurement Guidelines for the Youth and Sports Agency in 2017. The results of APMO measurements showed that 51.6% of West Java people were active in sports. 78.65% of them aimed to maintain health; 9.45% aimed to excel in sports; 4.4% aimed to lose weight; 4.38% aimed to increase association; 1.7% aimed to other purposes; 0.53% aimed to fill spare time; and 1.35% did not answer the question. 49% did sports independently; 20.2% participated in community/sports clubs; 15.3% participated in the school activities; 10.1% exercised at work; 3.98% did sport through other means, and 1.4% did not answer the question. The results of the study reveal that the majority of West Java people expect health benefits from sports activities carried out both independently and in community/sports clubs.

Endi Rustandi   Adang Suherman   Amung Ma’mun   and Rudi   

Background: The development of appropriate and comprehensive sports for all levels of society is essential in every regional development step in sports. Various approaches have been made to study the development of sports, but the primary system is sport development and development through sport. At the same time, both systems relate to facilitating sport participation. Methods: The method used was a systematic literature review (SLR). The literature search was limited to articles published from 2012-2019 in the research database, including in Elsevier and Taylor and France online. Result: This review provides a comprehensive and systematic view of sport for all and sport development from previous research to assess community participation through several sport programs to create a healthy active lifestyle. Conclusion: This review shows a shift in the concept paradigm from sport development to Sport for Development. Sport is not only to create a healthy active lifestyle, but also a medium for maintaining and enhancing social relationships and stimulating and increasing sensitivity to mental, emotional, and character building aspects.

Adang Suherman   Nur Indri Rahayu   Jajat   and Mohammad Zaky   

The research aimed to examine the prevalence and comparisons between physical activity and sedentary behavior of early-year children in preschool. The samples were 55 early-year children under five years old whose parents were willing to become participants voluntarily. Considering that the children have a plasticity characteristic, it is possible to form movement and healthy behavior from this early stage. Twenty-four-hour movement behaviors (physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep) were assessed using the ActiGraph^TM accelerometer. Compared to early childhood children in a rural area, the results showed that early childhood children in urban areas were more physically active and spent less time on sedentary behavior (p < 0.05). Overall, there were no physical activities or sedentary behavior differences based on gender (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, male children in the rural area spent less physical activity and were more sedentary than male children in the urban area (p < 0.05). There was no difference in both physical activity and sedentary behavior (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that interventions aiming to improve physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in early childhood may be more effective by considering the residential location.

Udi Sahudi   Ali Priyono   and Yudha M. Saputra   

Locomotor skill has an important role in the implementation of Physical Education learning, especially sports that require moving places or stresses, such as sprinting, long jump, high jump, and other sports. This study aimed to determine the differences in the student locomotor skills before and after the students played the Ular Tangga game. In a quasi-experimental study design, thirty-two (n=32) grade 3 elementary school students (age: mean ± SD) participated in this study. Findings showed that the t-count value was greater than the t-table value in the initial and final test results (12.155> 2.042). The results showed that the post-test mean score was higher, 8.28, with a higher standard deviation, 9.71. It means that there was a difference in the average score of the student locomotor movement skills before and after playing the Ular Tangga game. The average value and the t-count value was 12.15. It was due to an increase in student's locomotor movement skills. The application of the Ular Tangga game caused students to move places. Thus, the student movement increased. It concludes that children who play Ular Tangga games will experience better motor skill development and improvement than their peers.

Septian Williyanto   Agus Wiyanto   Nurhadi Santoso   and Masri   

This study aimed at developing a backhand serve test model for junior badminton athletes. The research method used was a research and development method. The samples of the study were more than 120 athletes divided into ten badminton clubs in Central Java. This study involved academics and badminton practitioners with an excellent design validation score that reached an average score more than 3.5. The product of the research was Backhand Serve Test Model development, which was equipped with the test norms for junior badminton athletes. The Short Serve Test validity score was 0.702 and the reliability of the test score was 0.910. The developed Serve Test model is proven suitable to be used for measuring the serve skills of junior badminton athletes, because the samples of this study were athletes aged 15-18 years. Of course, the developed test model will be useful as a measuring tool for the backhand serve test for junior badminton athletes at the regional level.

Sandra Arhesa   and Dewi Laelatul Badriah   

This study aimed to determine the increase of swimming skills in aquatic training by playing methods for preschool children. The research method used was pre-experimental with a one-shot case study design. The populations were forty swimming participants at the Arhesa Swimming Club. Thirteen preschool children aged four to six years old (five males and eight females) were involved in the study. The research instrument were swimming skills test for preschool children's with water recognition indicators, pool entry, breath control, float, arms push, leg movement, and complete swimming. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that six children were in a good category with a percentage of forty-six point fifteen, four children were in a moderate category with a percentage of thirty point seven six, and three children were in a low category with a percentage of twenty-three point zero seven. It concludes that aquatic training with the play method can improve swimming skills of pre-school children. It is suggested for further research to use other experimental methods, with a large sample, and increase the number of meetings.

Sucipto   Yunyun Yudiana   Burhan Hambali   Lilis Komariyah   and Agus Gumilar   

This study aimed to examine the effect of tactical approach on students' enjoyment and skills in playing football. The study used an experimental method with a pre-test post-test control group design. A total of 40 students aged 14-15 years were involved in the study at one of junior high schools in West Bandung Regency, Indonesia. Data were collected using the Pleasure Scale and Game Performance Assessment Instruments (GPAI) which were aimed to measure the level of enjoyment and skills of the students in playing football. The measurement data were analysed using the one-way MANOVA technique. The results of the analysis showed that the F value (df = 37) was 47.57, p value = 0.00. These results indicate that the learning approaches given to students, both tactical and technical approaches, have a significant effect on the enjoyment and skills of playing football in a multivariate manner. While the analysis of the mean comparison between the two groups obtained p value = 0.00. This proves that the tactical approach has a higher and significant effect on the development of enjoyment and football playing skills. The results of the analysis also conclude that the application of tactical approach has a significant effect on the development of students' enjoyment and playing skills.

Yunyun Yudiana   Yusuf Hidayat   Burhan Hambali   Agus Gumilar   and Mudjihartono   

This study aimed to test the application of the volleyball information system (VIS) based performance appraisal model to assess the performance of volleyball athletes. The research method used a quasi-experimental design with interrupted times-series design. Participants in the study were 12 volleyball athletes who were trained at one of the volleyball clubs in Bandung, Indonesia, aged 15-17. The instrument used in this research was the observation format developed from the VIS FIVB 2005 which measured six skills to play volleyball, namely serve, receive, set, spike, block, and dig. All data from the measurement results of the VIS assessment model were analysed using the one-way analysis technique of variance in the overtime measurement (repeated measures ANOVA). The results of the study proved that the VIS-based performance assessment model has a significant impact on improving the basic skills of playing volleyball. The result of analysis concludes that the implementation of the VIS-based performance assessment instrument model can be used in the volleyball training process and contributes to improving the basic skills of volleyball performance.

Dupri   Oki Candra   and Novia Nazirun   

The challenges of the current industrial revolution era 4.0 have an impact on the skills that must be possessed by the younger generation, one of which is the ability to think creatively to face fast technological developments. Therefore, the research objective was to observe the effect of volleyball on students' creative thinking skills. The method used was an experimental design with one group of pre-test post-test each. Meanwhile, the research location was a high school, and a sample size of thirty-five students from the tenth grade was selected by cluster random sampling. This research was conducted for two months, with meetings held weekly, resulting in a total of eight sessions. The ability to think creatively was evaluated with the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT), while t-tests were employed for the data analysis. Subsequently, the study results indicated an increase in creative abilities at the application of volleyball during physical education learning. With this research outcome, it is necessary to perform other development studies, which involve utilizing a control group and more interesting strategies. Consequently, mini volleyball modification is suitable to be applied in physical education learning at schools because it provides a sense of comfort, joy, and activity in the game.

Doddy Abdul Karim   Yudi Hendrayana   Amung Mamun   and Dian Budiana   

Objective: The Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia (KEMENKES) says that obesity, stress, and degenerative diseases are among the symptoms and impacts of the less participation of Indonesia's youths in doing physical activities. The major goal of the present research is to measure the impact of compulsory sports course on student motivation to take part in sport activities after the course, as well as on the fitness of ITB first-year students. Materials and Methods: The research used a qualitative-descriptive research method. 310 informants were involved in the research. All informants filled in a three-stage questionnaire, including informant identification, informant motivation, and the impact of their involvement in compulsory sports general course (MKU). The data analysis used in the research was statistic-descriptive. Results: The research results showed that 86 (57%) informants said that they had not background in doing sports and 64 (43%) informants said that they routinely did sports. Moreover, the data showed that all informant (150) said that they would do sport activities individually and be motivated by the compulsory sports general course they did at ITB. Conclusion: Based on the questionnaire that we had developed and distributed, the research showed that there were some changes in both motivation and enjoyment in doing sport activities individually after having taken part in compulsory sports course at ITB.

Beltasar Tarigan   

Background: This paper discusses the scientific approach in Physical Education. Physical Education emphasizes personal or body fitness. It promotes healthy living by exercising the body. Purpose: This study was aimed at analyzing the influence of the Physical Education approach to the creativity and physical fitness of high school students in mountainous areas. Methods: The method used was an experiment with pre-test and post-test designs. The populations of this study were students of Lembang Public Senior High School 1, consisting of 2 groups. 36 students were taken as samples through simple random sampling technique. The instruments used were creativity tests and physical fitness tests. The data were processed using independent t-test statistical analysis with a confidence level of 0.05. Results: The independent t-test calculation results, both the student's creativity and physical fitness components, showed a significant effect. Conclusion: The scientific approach in Physical Education carried out 3 times a week can increase the creativity and physical fitness of high school students living in mountainous areas. Meanwhile, if it is only done once a week, the results will be lower.

Didik Subhakti Prawira Raharja   Nurlan Kusmaedi   Amung Ma'Mun   and Berliana   

The completion of the sports facilities available in each region is not evenly distributed, apart from the 4th largest population in the world, the various sports activities carried out by the community must be supported by means of transport. Support, the availability of sports facilities is affected by the policies of each regional government. SPOrT (Integrated Sports Development Center) Jabar Arcamanik is a sports complex owned by the West Java Regional Government. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the emergence of local government policies in the provision of sports facilities. The case study method used in this study is the semi-structured interview and observation as a data collection tool, as well as the participants involved, namely the head of the relevant department and the management of the sports facilities. The presence of sports facilities is the implementation of local government policies through the transformation of national and regional development plans, in order to bridge the gap between regions in terms of infrastructure development. Infrastructures for sports facilities bring cultural heritage and benefits to the community. Therefore, the construction of sports facilities can be achieved when policy makers have a desire and understanding of regional regeneration associated with regional development, the allocation of budgets related to the needs are determined and adjusted to current regulations so that the benefits from the availability of sports facilities can be felt by the community.

Komarudin   Yusuf Hidayat   and Geraldi Novian   

Nowadays, there are a number of non-conventional training methods utilizing science and technology that can improve athlete performances, one of them is NeuroTracker technology. In Indonesia, this technology is still limited. Meanwhile, in developed countries, this method is developing rapidly and implemented for gaining sport achievements, including in archery. In archery, athletes must focus on performing techniques consistently, be fast, and be precise in making decisions when aiming and releasing arrows. In this condition, athletes often experience disturbances and doubts in aiming and releasing arrows so that the shooting performance is often not optimal. To overcome this problem, NeuroTracker technology can be provided in the training process to improve the archery athlete shooting ability. The method of this research used the experimental method with pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this study consisted of 40 archery athletes of one of the campus sports clubs. Samples were selected using non-random sampling to obtain 20 athletes. The samples were divided into two groups, including the experimental group and control group. The experimental group received NeuroTracker trainings, while the control group received the conventional trainings. The instrument used to measure the archery shooting ability was the 30m shooting test. The results showed that NeuroTracker training and conventional training had a significant effect on the archery athlete shooting performance. Furthermore, NeuroTracker training had a greater effect than conventional training on the archery athlete shooting performance.

Yusuf Hidayat   Komarudin   and Tri Martini   

The implementation of mental imagery in the badminton sport coaching is often neglected, especially for beginner badminton coaches. As an integral part of psychological skill training (PST), the intervention of mental imagery could be conducted in education and training programs. The objective of the study is to help improve the knowledge, attitude, and skill of badminton coaches of the beginners about how mental imagery could be integrated in the training process. The program was conducted in a workshop and coaching practical training involving 20 beginner badminton coaches and 56 beginner student-athletes aged 10 - 13. The results of the analysis showed that the education and training program were successful on improving knowledge, attitude, and skill of the badminton coaches for beginners regarding the implementation of integrating mental imagery in a training process. Hence, it can be concluded that the applicable conceptual framework of using mental imagery developed in this study can be used as an applicative model for implementing mental imagery programs in an integrated manner with the training process.

Komarudin   Patriana Nurmansyah Awwaludin   Yusuf Hidayat   and Novrizal Achmad Novan   

This study examines the influence difference between Life Kinetik training and conventional training on increasing concentration and football playing skills. This exercise has not been widely applied in the training process to improve psychological abilities and football skills. The method used in this study is an experiment with 90 football athletes subject in one of the state universities in Indonesia. Through random selection subjects, 40 people were taken, and the random assignment of subjects was divided into two, namely the experimental and control groups of 20 people each. The instrument to measure concentration was used, the Concentration Grid Test (CGT), and the instrument to measure football playing skills, the Games Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI). This study uses a pretest-posttest control group design. The data analysis technique used the non-parametric Mann Whitney Test with SPSS version 21. The results showed significant differences in the effect of Life Kinetik training and conventional training on increasing concentration and football playing skills. Life Kinetik Training is better than conventional training for increasing concentration and soccer-playing skills. The authors would like to recommend coaches and athletes in the football to use Life Kinetik in the training process because it can improve athlete concentration and football playing skills.

Arvin A. Andacao   and Carla Jane B. Linganay   

Background: Basketball is a popular team sport played mostly by men. However, female athletes are quite daunting to play. Aims: This study was designed to explore and unveil the adaptability among female athletes in playing basketball. Settings and Design: Using the qualitative and interpretive orientation research, the study employed a phenomenological approach with ladies' varsity and athletes in the Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology. Methods and Material: The researchers utilized a validated content and conducted interview guide schedule prior to obtain the investigated data from the informants through in-depth interviews and focus group discussion techniques. Statistical analysis used: Thorough transcription, careful translation, and appropriate decoding of data were conducted before the generation of the interview results operating the NVivo 12 software. Results: The findings of the study indicated that adaptability occurred when there was a need for change. Time-management, focus, conflicts among teammates and coaches, and physical qualities were recognized as problems and challenges by the informants. Identified limitations brought negative interconnected effects from their academics, athletics, and social relationships in which athletes self-assess for obtaining poor performance. Focus and adjusting are a few of the essential elements as a resolve to overcome hurdles. Conclusions: Finally, adaptability varies depending on the perception and the range of the experience of the athletes. Few of the informants have been now not all successful in overcoming playing basketball. Moreover, the authors recommend the RID Adaptation Framework as a guide for the athletes to play and future researchers for further investigation and improvement of this context.

Yusni Yusni   Muhammad Ridwan   and Amiruddin Amiruddin   

Objective: The research objective was to analyze the effect of providing material about Basic Life Support (BLS) on increasing the knowledge of coaches. Methods: This study was an experimental study with one group pretest and posttest design. Subjects of the study were 10 male coaches from Aceh Province, aged 22-32 years, from 5 different types of sport, namely Rugby, athletics, Taekwondo, Archery, and Karate. Data analysis used descriptive analysis, chi-square (p<0.05), and paired sample t-test (p<0.05). The results showed that the average age was 26.7 years. 30% of the subjects had a high school degree, 50% of the subjects had undergraduate degree, and 20% of the subjects had a Master degree. The level of coach's knowledge about BLS increased by 40.37% after receiving material about BLS. The knowledge level of the coaches was different before and after receiving education about BLS (56.67 and 79.55; p = 0.001). It was also related to the level of education (x² = 0.007*). Conclusions: The level of the coach's knowledge about BLS is related to education level. The coaches with undergraduate degree had better knowledge than others. The study concludes that providing BLS materials could effectively improve the knowledge level of the coaches from Aceh province.

Ricky Wibowo   Didin Budiman   Gano Sumarno   Mesa Rahmi Stephani   and Wulandari Putri   

Objectives: The results of the study in various countries show that students do not achieve the recommended level of physical activity during physical education class. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of physical activity of elementary school students in a physical education class and the relation between the level of physical activity of elementary school students and fundamental movement skills (FMS). Methods: Correlational approach was used to analyze the results of this study. Third grade elementary school students (n=43; boys=23; girl=20) were enrolled in this study. The instrument used to measure the level of physical activity was the heart rate monitor chest strap (Polar H10) connected to IPAD Polar Team application Mini that was used during physical education class. To measure FMS, TGMD-2 was used consisting of locomotor and object control skills. Results: The results indicated that the distribution of physical activity levels in Physical Education learning at elementary school classes in Indonesia did not reach the recommended level of physical activity (31.20%) MVPA. Boys only reached 32,65% MVPA on average and only 10% of them managed to reach the recommended MVPA. Meanwhile, the girls reached 31,08% MVPA and only 16% of them reached the recommended MVPA. FMS was correlated with the level of physical activity of students during Physical Education learning at the low level (.203). Conclusions: Physical education class needs to pay attention to the intensity of children's physical activities to get benefit from physical activities besides learning through movement.

Indra Adi Budiman   Brio Alfatihah Rama Yudha   and Yoyo Zakaria Anshori   

Self-esteem has been identified as an initial buffer against childhood mental illness and with participation in physical activity as an approach to mental health promotion, as well as additional therapy treatments for mental illness. The purpose of this study was to determine the results of the traditional Sundanese ethnic game intervention on the self-esteem of elementary school students in physical education learning. The method used in this research is quasi-experimental. Participants in this study were all students of grade 6 elementary school and were selected as the experimental group (N=30) and one class 6 as the control group (N=30). The experimental group and the control group were treated for 12 weeks. The instrument used in this study was the Self-esteem Rating Scale (SERS). Paired t-test results obtained p <0.05 and t count> t table or 2.830> 2.143, so it can be said that there is a significant difference in the experimental group's self-esteem before and after the application of traditional Sundanese ethnic game treatment in physical education learning. Based on the results of the research and discussion that have been described and explained above, it can be concluded that through traditional Sundanese ethnic games, the self-esteem of elementary school students can be increased.

Ali Priyono   Udi Sahudi   and Yudy Hendrayana   

People with Intellectual Disability (ID) can and do learn new skills, but they learn them more slowly. Children and adults who were consistently retarded were found to be significantly lower than non-retarded people in measures of physical development, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of games toward gross motor skills on ID students. This study uses a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design. Subjects were 28 moderate mental retardation students institutionalized at the Gelora Karya Special Needs School Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia. The Sig value obtained was 0.001 and the T-score was 3.774. The value of 0.025 is a significant level obtained from 0.05: 2 = 0.025 and 20 is the degree of freedom (df), namely n-k-1 = 22-1-1 = 20. These results indicate that games have an influence on students' motor skills. Games can develop themselves optimally in physical, motor, social, emotional and cognitive aspects. Moderate mentally retarded students have difficulty doing physical activities or basic movements. They can participate in playing activities but with simple directions, therefore they need practices that can develop their physical motor skills.

Lukmannul Haqim Lubay   Amung Makmun   Tite Juliantine   and Nuryadi   

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the application of the playing understanding training method on the performance of basketball athletes. This study used an experimental research method involving 40 basketball athletes aged 11-14 years in Bandung Regency as the study population. A sample of 20 people was tested for understanding playing through the instrument used was the Game Performance Assessment Instrument observation sheet. The sample taken was a group of athletes with early ability to play high basketball who were given the playing comprehension exercise method, the sampling technique used was saturated sampling with a one group - pretest - posttest design. The results of data processing and data analysis were obtained using the sample t-test, namely paired t-test. Based on the results of these calculations, the conclusion is that the method of understanding play can improve the performance of a group of athletes with high initial abilities to play basketball.

Badruzaman   Yudha M. Sapoetra   Agus Rusdiana   Jajat   and Septian Williyanto   

The study aimed to examine the concurrent validity of front-crawl swimming competence as a criterion by measuring the basic swimming ability for estimated swimming distance. The research samples were 35 students (15 people from the Sports Science program and 20 from the Physics program) aged 19-21. The seven components of basic swimming ability, including submerging, floating, gliding (Gd), leg propulsion, hand propulsion, leg coordination, and breath control, were the predictors, while the front-crawl swimming competence referred to the criterion. Concurrent validity analysis used PPM correlation, while factor analysis used stepwise multiple regression methods. The results indicated a significant association between basic swimming abilities and swimming competence. The moderate relationship (r = 04-0.7, p <0.01), was found in gliding, leg propulsion, hand propulsion, hand and leg coordination, and breath control. While the relationship in the ability to submerge and float is weak (r = 0.22 and 0.16, p <0.05). Basic swimming ability as an estimator of swimming competence has a significant concurrent validity in the moderate level, except for the basic ability to dive and float, which were in the weak category. Only two factors are estimated to have the greatest influence on the beginner's front-crawl competence achievement, namely basic ability to control breathing and coordination of legs & hands.

Agi Ginanjar   Mochamad Zakky Mubarok   and Dicky Oktora Mudzakir   

College Sports or Physical Education Teacher Education programs must be able to provide a learning experience that can motivate college students and also equip them to become sports teachers in the future. Motivation has an important function because it can determine the efforts of college students in the learning process and teaching process later. Therefore, we need a learning strategy that can provide a learning experience with motivation in the learning process. Sport Education (SE) can provide all of that. This study aims to see the level of college students' motivation after participating in the SE season according to their role in SE. The research method used descriptive approach. Participants were 35 college students in the eastern part of West Java Province, Indonesia. The instrument used in this study was the Learning Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-L). The data analysis technique used descriptive statistics. The results showed that the level of motivation of the coaches compared to all other roles and the roles involved in the team have a higher level of motivation than the roles involved out of the team. It is necessary to investigate what sports orientation underlies college students with the existence of competition activities in SE and a deeper study of research instruments.

Rayvin D. Pestano   and Florante P. Ibarra   

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the implementation of a Special Program in Sports (SPS) in eight secondary school implementers in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Likewise, student-athlete performance in sports competitions in the division level, regional level, and national level athletic meet was also assessed. Methodology: Using a descriptive correlational research design, 59 teacher/coach/trainer handling specialization subjects in SPS program participated in the study. Quantitative data were gathered using a self-made questionnaire as the main instrument. Findings: Respondents perceived evaluation on the implementation of a special program in sports were highly sufficient in the areas of the planned curriculum for sports, admission and retention policies, student support, manpower resources, and instructional resources and moderately sufficient in the areas of school sports facilities. Furthermore, student-athletes performance at the division level was found to be very satisfactory, while unsatisfactory at the regional and national level sports competition. Human resources and school sports facilities were found to have significant relationship with student-athletes performance in sports competition. Contribution and Recommendation: Therefore, it is highly recommended that schools that implement special program in sports should provide adequate sports facilities, equipment, and competent coaches as these more likely to have great impact on athletes' performance.

Nedal Ahmad Alghafary   Khalaf Waleed Diabat   and Mohammad Ahmad Hamed Abuhawileh   

The study aimed at investigating the degree of availability of crisis management elements in the boards of directors of Jordanian football sport clubs in light of the Corona virus pandemic (COVID-19). The study adopted the descriptive cross-sectional research approach. The sample of the study comprised of (208) members of clubs boards of directors. The study utilized a 5-domain. The findings revealed that the degree of availability of crisis management elements in the boards of directors of Jordanian football sports clubs in light of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic was at a moderate degree. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences in the degree of availability of crisis management elements in Football sport clubs' boards of directors referred to the variables (administrative experience, educational qualification, team rank). The study recommended the necessity of activating the role of crisis management elements in sports bodies and institutions and the need to enact legislation and laws that oblige members of sports club boards of directors to obtain training courses in the field of crisis management.

Grygoriy Griban   Serhii Zhembrovskyi   Vitalii Yahodzinskyi   Tatiana Fedorchenko   Volodymyr Viknianskyi   Pavlo Tkachenko   Tetiana Samolenko   Ruslan Malynoshevskyi   Svitlana Solohubova   Olena Otravenko   Maryna Hres   and Vasyl Prontenko   

The CrossFit training's influence on the morphofunctional state (morphological and functional indicators) of cadets who are the future officers of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces is studied in the paper. The research was conducted at the Odesa Military Academy (Ukraine) at the Faculty of Air Assault Forces training in 2018-2020. 90 male cadets took part in the research. We formed two groups: experimental group (EG, N=45), the cadets of which were training in the academy CrossFit classes during sports and mass work, and control group (CG, N=45), the cadets of which were training according to the traditional classes of physical training. The morphological (conditional) indicators of cadets were assessed in terms of such indicators as height, body weight, handgrip test, body mass index, power index. Their functional state was examined in terms of the following indicators: heart rate at rest, blood pressure, vital capacity, life index, Robinson index, and heart rate recovery after physical activity. The positive influence of CrossFit classes on the morphofunctional state of paratrooper cadets was established. In senior years of study, the indicators of the cadets of EG were significantly (р<0.05-0.001) more advanced than those of the cadets of CG by all indicators studied. The most pronounced influence of CrossFit training was found in terms of the indicators of the cardiovascular system, body weight, and power qualities of cadets. A high level of the morphofunctional state of future officers of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces in the educational process will increase the efficiency of the future combat activity.

Didik Rilastiyo Budi   Rindha Widyaningsih   Lutfi Nur   Boby Agustan   Dicky Reva Apriana Sanga Dwi   Wildan Qohhar   and Arie Asnaldi   

The increasing trend of cycling during the Covid-19 pandemic is a common social phenomenon that is common in various countries. This study aims to overview the cycling phenomenon during the Covid-19 Pandemic and the factors causing the cycling trend during a pandemic. In addition, the main highlight is to determine the emergence background of the cycling trend; whether it is an increase in people's awareness of sports or is it merely a lifestyle trend? The research method uses a systematic literature review by conducting literature reviews in reputable journals and scientific publications that discuss cycling in the pre-pandemic and pandemic times. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis and phenomenological approach as a theoretical framework. The results showed that four factors caused the cycling trend during the pandemic. Those factors are health, environment, media and lifestyle factors. Health reasons are due to the desire to maintain health and body immunity, and cycling is a sport recommended by health experts and according to the principle of physical distancing. Environmental factors are caused by being economical and environmentally friendly, supporting the "go green" program, and cyclist could get fresh and clean air. The media factor is driven by the significant influence of social media content and hashtags about cycling. While lifestyle factors arise due to following the latest trends, cycling can relieve stress and increase social status indicated by the price of bicycles and reasons for conformity in social groups. The increasing trend of cycling is mainly motivated by the desire to accompany the social demands of the current lifestyle, while the motivation related to health factors to increase body immunity in dealing with pandemic situations is secondary motivation. This conclusion is obtained based on the instability of the cycling trend and the downward trend in the cycling intensity graph.

Jae-Ik Lee   and Tae-Ho Kim   

In subjects with functional ankle instability, lumbopelvic instability causes instability of the hip and lower extremities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a lumbopelvic stabilization exercise program on the balance and instability of adults with functional ankle instability. 30 adults with functional ankle instability were assigned to a hip joint strengthening exercise group and a lumbopelvic stabilization exercise group at random. General ankle intervention was used in the hip joint strengthening exercise group, whereas a stabilization exercise using a sling was added in the lumbopelvic stabilization exercise group. The dynamic balance ability, static balance ability, and ankle instability were measured. A Paired-sample t-test was conducted to see the within-group changes in dynamic balance, static balance, and ankle instability scale before and after the experiment. To compare the changes between groups, an independent-sample t-test was conducted. The lumbopelvic stabilization exercise group showed increased the posterior-lateral distance and the scores on foot and ankle ability measures (p<0.05). The average movement distance of the center of pressure, average movement speed, and average movement area 95% decreased significantly (p<0.05). The ankle instability instrument score decreased (p<0.05). The results suggest that existing lumbopelvic stabilization exercises not only help reduce the pain and enhance the function of the hip joint they are also an effective approach for adults with functional ankle instability. Lumbo-pelvic stabilization exercise programs that are tailored to individual characteristics, such as functional level, muscle strength, and duration of ankle injury, reduce the frequency of re-injury and stabilize ankles to improve pain and function.

Hyojin Choe   and Joong-Hwi Kim   

The purpose of this study was to compare three clam exercises (clam, modified clam 1, and modified clam 2) used in the Pilates physical fitness system, to examine the activity of the gluteus medius and tensor fascia latae and to determine which of the three exercises maximizes the activity of the gluteus medius while minimizing the activity of the tensor fascia latae. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in this study. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to measure the electrical activities of the gluteus medius (GMed) and tensor fascia latae (TFL). This study showed significant differences between GMed and TFL muscle activities according to each of the three clam exercises (p < 0.05). The gluteus medius showed the highest activity during modified clam 2 and the lowest in clam (p < 0.05). Tensor fascia latae showed the lowest activity during clam and the highest in modified clam 2 (p < 0.05). The gluteus medius to tensor fascia latae ratio was the highest in modified clam 1 and the lowest in modified clam 2 (p < 0.05). Therefore, these findings inform clinicians and Pilates instructors that the appropriate exercise to maximize the activity of the gluteus medius while minimizing the activity of the tensor facia latae is modified clam 1.

Jin Park   

In patients with total knee arthroplasty, the improvement of knee extensor muscle strength is an important factor in restoring stability, movement and function, and reducing pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cryotherapy to improve knee extensor strength and balance ability of total knee arthroplasty patients. In this study, 14 patients with total knee arthroplasty patients were recruited from a rehabilitation hospital. They were divided into two groups: a cryotherapy group (n=7) and a control group (n=7). They all received 30 minutes of continuous passive motion (CPM) and sit to stand training for 15 minutes and cryotherapy five times a week for two weeks. Knee extensor strength and balance ability were measured. Knee extensor strength was measured by Biodex system 3, balance ability was measured by Balancia software. To verify the difference in muscle strength and balance ability between groups, the pre-intervention value was set as a covariate and an analysis of covariance was performed. After the training period, the cryotherapy group showed a significant improvement in knee extensor muscle strength (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between groups in balance ability (p>0.05). This study examined the effect of cryotherapy on muscle strength and balance ability after rehabilitation exercise in patients with total knee arthroplasty. The cryotherapy after rehabilitation exercise was found to have an effect on muscle strength improvement. However, it did not affect the balance ability. Therefore, it is recommended to improve muscle strength by applying cryotherapy after rehabilitation exercise for total knee arthroplasty patients.

Diajeng Tyas Pinru Phytanza   Erick Burhaein   and Ratko Pavlovic   

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of gross motor skills in ASD children during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Participants in this study were ASD children with a total of 25 children aged 8-12 years (M = 10.02; SD 1.27), who were selected by random sampling technique. This research instrument is the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). Data analysis in this study is descriptive analysis. The results of gross motor skills show that 20 ASD children are in the average standard score of 4-5 (gross motor question = 70-79) in the low assessment category (80.00%) and 5 ASD children are in the average standard score of 1-3 (gross motor question = <70) is included in the very low assessment category (20.00%). Therefore, the majority of the total gross motoric data for ASD children are in the low category, namely 20 children or 80.00%. This research is not without limitations in its implementation. This research contributes to the implementation of future research, namely the need for treatment to optimize Gross Motor skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The urgency for proper and measurable treatment and the limitations of this study are important things to pay attention to for further research.

Japhet Ndayisenga   Tomoliyus   and Ilham   

Background: Chronic hip, knee, and ankle injuries are very common issues in the whole world. Musculoskeletal disorder hampers the development in several sectors including training and athletes' performance. Social, industrial, economic, and education declines are often caused by poor muscular-articular problems. This research aims to reveal the effectiveness of combine massage and physiotherapeutic exercises in: (1) the treatment of chronic hips, knee and ankle injuries; (2) improving and increasing the low limb strength and flexibility; (3) reducing the chronic pain of degenerative diseases; (4) improving the physical and mental wellbeing of human body; (5) increasing motor or sensory function; (6) increasing athlete's performance. This research is quasi-experimental with: quantitative approach. The sample of this study was 15 patients with chronic hips, knee and ankle injuries, taken by purposive sampling technique. The data were collected using measurement and treatment with combine massage and physiotherapeutic exercise. Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, paired sample t-test, and correlation among items using SPSS Amos.23. The result showed that there is a significant difference between pre-test-posttest strength measurement with P value (0.003<0.05). A significant difference between pre and posttest of all kinds of movement flexibilities is with the P value < 0.05. There is a strong correlation between combine massage and physiotherapeutic to the chronic knee, knee, and ankle with r>0.5. In conclusion, massage and physiotherapeutic exercise were found to be a vital part to improve human body health and it can be used by everybody.

Purwanto Purwanto   Ria Lumintuarso   and Erick Burhaein   

With the spread of the Covid-19 virus that is increasingly widespread, athletes cannot train optimally. This study aims to determine the effect of sprint running techniques on the ability of the 100-meter sprint in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method in this study was a true experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The total participants were 38 male athletes with an age range of 15-18 years (M = 17.3; SD: 1.26). Data analysis in this study is descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing. The results of the study are: 1) For the control group, the H0 (not significant) statement "There is no effect and difference of sprint running technique on the athlete's 100 meters running ability", is not rejected. Then, there was a decrease in the mean of 0.23 or 1.78%; 2) For the experimental group, the H1 (significant) statement "There is an effect of sprint running technique on the athlete's 100-meter running ability during the COVID-19 pandemic ", is not rejected. Then supported by an increase in the mean of 0.44 or 3.42%, the conclusion is that there is an effect of sprint running techniques on the ability of the 100-meter sprint in athletes. This finding can have implications, namely being a reference for coaches or teachers in compiling training programs to improve the achievement of the 100-meter sprints in athletic sports during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further researchers should be able to modify other types of exercise and conduct research with a wider sample and population and add different variables.

Loitongbam Baby Sujata Devi   and Takhellambam Inaobi Singh   

Physical fitness was an important aspect for leading a complete life. Women, in general, have lesser involvement on a physical fitness regime. To maintain the youthfulness of body, regular physical activity and exercise was a key ingredient. This study aims to assess the effect of aerobic training on body composition among sedentary women of Manipur. The study made random inclusion of subjects who volunteer to participate in the training programme from Lairikyengbam Leikai, Imphal East District Manipur. Totally 30 subjects of age 46.5±4.9 years who volunteer to participate in the training were selected and minimize as control group and experimental group with N=15 each. Medical examination was conducted prior to training under registered practitioner. The training intensity was determining by using Karvonen formula. The training was given for 8 weeks regularly for 3 days alternately to determine the changes brought by training on body fat and fat free mass. The measurement was done before training as baseline score and after completion of 8 weeks as final score using Bio Electrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) method, TANITA TBF300. The paired t test was used to analyze the data at a 0.05 level of significance for pre-and post-difference comparisons, followed by an independent t test to compare the mean difference between groups using SPSS software20. It shows statistically significant decrease in body fat (P<0.05) while fat free mass shows statistically not significant (P>0.05). It also shows that fat mass has a significant difference between the experimental and control groups while fat free mass shows no significant difference between groups. The result indicates that aerobic training can be an effective program for body fat reduction and positively alter one's body composition.

Mohammad Ahsan   and Mohammad Feroz Ali   

The maximal oxygen uptake and dynamic stability is frequently assessed separately for different team players. However, most research is limited to specific sports players, so the maximal oxygen uptake and dynamic stability in rugby and soccer players are poorly documented. This study provides relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and dynamic stability in university rugby and soccer players. Twenty-eight participants were recruited for the study (14 rugby players and 14 soccer players). Maximal oxygen uptake was determined by multistage fitness test and dynamic stability was determined by Y balance test. A linear regression analysis was used to identify relationship and effect of maximal oxygen uptake and dynamic stability on university rugby and soccer players. Both groups were similar in characteristics. Our findings showed there was a significant relationship between the maximal oxygen uptake and dynamic stability for rugby players (r=.890) and soccer players (r=.811). Relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and dynamic stability (r=.836) was significant for both sports players. Rugby and soccer players achieved good scores in maximal oxygen uptake and dynamic stability and high maximal oxygen uptake scores lead to better dynamic stability in both teams' players. Maximal oxygen uptake affects the dynamic stability. Team coaches and physiologists must consider functional test outcomes while preparing players for competition. The individual training program should also be established on test outcome, which is more likely to improve performance.

Dewangga Yudhistira   Siswantoyo   Tomoliyus   Sumaryanti   Devi Tirtawirya   Paryadi   La Ode Adhi Virama   Sinta Naviri   and Noralisa   

Background: Kata is a series of moves competed in karate that require agility in its movements. Purpose: This research aimed to determine the validity and reliability of karate agility test in kata category. Method: This was a developmental research. The data were collected using the Delphi technique, involving 7 experts and test-retest. The participants were 20 karate aged at least 20 years old who have practiced karate for 6 years and have won regional competitions. This was to determine the test of empirical validity and reliability. The content validity was calculated using the Aiken formula, the empirical validity was calculated using Pearson Product Moment, while the reliability was calculated using the Cronbach Alpha. Results: The results showed that the karate agility test in kata category had high validity and reliability. The Aiken results were as follows: Item (1) size has fit the karate in kata category with a value of V 0.85; Item (2) distance between cones has fit with a value of V 0.80; Item (3) equipment has fit with a value of V 0.80; Item (4) number of test repetitions has fit with a value of V 0.80; Item (5) test procedure has fit with a value of V 0.80; Item (6) safe instrument has fit with a value of V 0.85; Item (7) agility has fit with a value of V 0.85; Item (8) score taking has fit with a value of V 0.80. The results of Pearson product moment r-table were 0.444, r-count (test 1) was 0.927, r-count (test 2) was 0.903, significance was 0.000 < 0.05. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the agility test can be used to measure the karate agility in kata category.

Juriana Juriana   Yuli Rahmawati   Muhamad Syarif Sumantri   and Dede Rahmat Hidayat   

The first phase of sports coaching often determines whether children maintain an interest into the next phase of coaching, therefore, parental support for children's sports activities in early childhood is very important. This qualitative research aims to explore the four dimensions of social support: emotional support, instrumental support, informational support, and companionship support for developing sport talent in early childhood. In addition, the differences between the roles of fathers and mothers in providing social support are examined. Participants involved in the study were seven parents of children aged between 0-6 years, who were members of a track and field club which has a Super Kids program. Super Kids is a program aimed at training fundamental movement skills. Interviews and observations formed the basis of the research methods and data were analysed by taxonomic analysis with results indicating that all parents provided the four types of emotional support, instrumental support, informational support, and companionship support to their children. Support from the father and/or mother plays an important role in develop children's positive characteristics to engage in sport and develop their talents through coaching. The study found that parents who had educational backgrounds and/or work in jobs associated with sport were more confident in providing detailed informational support.

Jhonatan Camilo Peña-Ibagon   William Felipe Martin-Aleman   Carlos Alberto Castillo-Daza   and Cristian Andres Yanez   

There is no conclusive evidence determining whether grip strength (GS) correctly represents total muscular strength (MS) in young university students. To determine the correlation between GS and total MS of a sample of university students from the city of Bogotá, Colombia, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on 191 students from the University Foundation of the Andean area, located in Bogotá, Colombia. GS was measured using a model T.K.K.540 dynamometer. The total MS was evaluated through the assessment of one-repetition maximums (1RM) in five different exercises. The five exercises were assessed in the following order: bench press, squats on the Smith Machine, military press, leg press, and pull down. Following the assessment, the results of the individual tests were summed together and divided by five in order to estimate a variable known as the general strength index. Results were evaluated for correlations between the variables using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The criteria to interpret the strength of association were as follows: small (0.1-0.3), medium (0.3-0.5), large (0.5-1.0). In women, large correlation was present between GS and general strength index (r= 0.894; p=0.001). In men, this correlation was medium (r= 0.492; p=0.001).

Deni Mudian   Moch Asmawi   Taufik Rihatno   Muhsana El Cintami Lanos   Veny Elisyah   and Tri Aji   

The referee has an important role in football matches. The referee determines the level of fairness in the match so they must be mentally and physically fit. The purpose of this study was to examine the application of psychological skills training and the level of physical fitness to the performance of the referee. Psychological skill exercises used are relaxation, imagery, and relaxation-imagery combination that exist in conditions of high and low physical fitness. This research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental method. The research sample consisted of 48 people who were taken using purposive sampling based on the criteria that the referee had a provincial level referee license (Code C2) and has led a provincial level competition. Data collection techniques are through pre-test, post-test and treatment during the study. The data analysis technique used two-way ANOVA analysis followed by the Tukey test. The findings showed that psychological skill training, both relaxation, imagery, or a combination of imagery-relaxation and physical fitness, had a positive effect on the performance of the referee in leading the match. These results have implications for the concept of psychological training for football referees in West Java, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, who had limited access to training in the field. However, this psychological skill training makes it easier to train the referee mentally.

H. R. Dharmadasa   and H. P. N. Perera   

The main intention of the study is to identify the differences between facilities available for players at International Cricket Stadiums in Sri Lanka and Australia. To successfully explore the differences, the study was conducted using a qualitative research approach. Data were gathered primarily through interviews and observations. Photo-elicitation was the data analysis technique used and two sites: Optus Stadium in Western Australia and R. Premadasa Cricket Stadium in Sri Lanka were focused under this study. Accordingly, the study identifies facilities available for players at R. Premadasa Cricket Stadium, Sri Lanka and Optus Stadium, Western Australia separately. In total, seven managerial level interviewees took part in the study. Four interviewees came from Western Australia and three interviewees from Sri Lanka. These participants were directly linked with the two research sites and perception of these managerial level individuals was considered under the current study. The findings of the study confirm that there is a difference between R. Premadasa Cricket Stadium and Optus Stadium, in terms of facilities available for players. This reflects a gap between facilities available for players at International Cricket Stadiums in Sri Lanka and Australia.

Nuridin Widya Pranoto   Amung Ma'mun   Mulyana Mulyana   and Nurlan Kusmaedi   

Background: The ability of motor skills becomes the basis for children to master movement skills. There are still many students whose motor skills are below average. Objective: The aim is to compare the fundamental motor skills (FMS) regular program with the intervention FMS program conducted in 12 meetings within 6 weeks in schools. Methods: 80 kindergarten students were sampled and split into two equal groups where 40 students were placed in the control group to receive regular training and the rest 40 students in the intervention group. The test of gross motor development-2 (TGMD-2) was employed while measuring the motor skills through pre-test and post-test approach. Results: There was an increase in motor skills in both learning groups. After testing with the Mann-Whitney test, obtained with the mean range of 21.44 in the regular FMS program which was found lower comparing to the other one of the FMS in the intervention program of 59.56, Sig. equal to 0.000 <0.05, meaning that this discrepancy was statistically significant at p-value = 0.05. These latter findings imply that motor skills were highly increased in the intervention group rather than in those who followed the regular FMS program. Conclusion: The FMS learning through intervention programs is better at improving students' motor skills. Schools can use FMS interventions to improve motor skills, provided that the teacher understands the implementation of the program, implements the program according to the guidelines, students follow the entire learning process.

Wesam Saleh A. Al Attar   Yousef M. Alshehre   Khulud Alanazi   and Hussain S. Ghulam   

The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) back injury prevention program (IPP) is an evidence-based injury prevention exercise designed to prevent back pain and other related injuries. The aim of this study was to assess the implementation of the OSTRC Back IPP among professional basketball, handball, soccer, and volleyball players in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The survey was developed by the study authors and it consisted of two sections: the socio-demographic and questionnaire assess the implementation of OSTRC Back IPP. A total of 360 athletes responded to the survey (response rate was 93.75%). The mean (±SD) of the total implementation score was 6.6 (±1.8) out of 13. Jumping lunges exercise was the highest implemented exercise, making up 56.1% of the participated players, followed by the side plank and jump turns 53.3% and 53.1%, respectively. In contrast, the lowest implemented exercise was the rotational strength exercise which accounts for 46.4%. There were no statistically significant differences between the GCC countries in the implementation of all exercises except for the side lunges exercise. The rate of implementation of the OSTRC Back IPP among players was low in the GCC countries.

Intan Suraya Ellyas   Sugiyanto   Muhammad Furqon Hidayatullah   Muchsin Doewes   Rumi Iqbal Doewes   and Fadilah Umar   

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) , as a cause of death and illness, is increasing, which is also associated with lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Physical exercise can improve CRF and spur increases IL-6 (an anti-inflammatory) induced through this same means, which therefore reduces the risk of non-communicable diseases. In addition, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) have a positive effect on health. This study aims to compare the effect of HIIT versus MICT on CRF and the acute response to exercise-induced plasma IL-6 in healthy and untrained adolescents. Methods: An experimental study with a pre-post design was conducted on 60 untrained and healthy adolescents aged 16.1 ± 0.4. The groups had been trained for 6 weeks with a frequency of three days weekly, while VO_2max and blood sampling were performed before and after this activity. The CRF was tested using a multi stage fitness test (MFT), and IL-6 plasma levels were measured with ELISA methods. Results: HIIT increased CRF from 31.2 ± 5.8 to 35.6 ± 6.9 mL / kg / min (p <0.001) and MICT elevated VO_2max from 32.3 ± 6.8 to 37.3 ± 6.7 mL / kg / min (p <0.001). In fact, there was no significant difference (p = 0.292) between the two types of training. There was no change in the acute response of the IL-6 at the time of the first and last exercise in both groups. Conclusion: Teenagers need to practice the HIIT and MICT training to reap the associated health benefits. The acute inflammatory response to exercise did not increase significantly, but there were elevated levels of plasma IL-6 afterward.

Hary Muhardi Syaflin   Fatah Nurdin   Widiastuti   Syafaruddin   Muhsana El Cintami Lanos   and Sylvia Lara Syaflin   

Locomotor is a fundamental aspect of learning to move effectively and efficiently. For children, locomotor motion becomes a variety of movement activities in daily activities so that this movement becomes a fun learning process if done through activities. The study aimed to get the concept of basic locomotor motion characteristic using games. Locomotor motion learning increases the students' endurance and academic achievement. The method used to research and development is Dick and Carey procedure. Data are collected using observation, interview, questionnaire, and test. The data analysis used judgment expert and the result of the test using the independent sample t-test. The findings show that students need some variation of basic locomotor motion using traditional games. The motion is walking, running, and jumping which creates 14 basic locomotor motions. They have differences in goals and objectives motion. This model is feasible and effective, which can be used in the school. Also, it can use for the public elementary school in Indonesia because all motion with the traditional games is familiar games for Indonesia children. It is easy to do at school. In Indonesia, many traditional games are used to support learning process in physical activity. Thus, the learning activity can do in the class or out of class.

Wahyu Nopianto   Yasep Setiakarnawijaya   Widiastuti   Daryono   and Muhsana El Cintami Lanos   

Handball games are currently favored by young athletes in primary and secondary schools. The purpose of the study was to see athlete's needs of shooting skills training. It is one of the basic techniques of playing handball, especially for the young athlete. The study used qualitative descriptive approach through survey which has been used to collect data in handball club. The primer data are taken from questionnaire. It is divided into five parts. Part A is related to the coaches' style, part B is related to the shooting training variations, part C is related with the facilities of training, part D is related to the athlete needs of shooting training through basis coordination playing, and part E is related to the model of shooting training. The secondary data are taken from observation, and interview. Sample of study is young athletes that are taken from school clubs in Palembang. They are 15-17 years old. Data analysis used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The finding shows that the shooting skill training variation needs used 54 models to play handball game. It focused on the coordination-based game that has been divided into two types, namely type (invention) and type (improvement). Also, the concept of training instruction is individual, pair and group training which completed using appropriate media for handball game. The implication of the study is that the study helps some coaches to increase the game to be interesting and fun for the young athlete.

Ihor Zanevskyy   Romana Sirenko   Oksana Shukatka   Natalia Bashavets   and Ivan Rybchych   

BACKGROUND. The archery sport needs a high level of accuracy and coordination between muscle forces. Electromyography is a useful and effective method in studding the electrical activity of muscles in archery. Resulting in a great variation in EMG data repeatability, the results regarding a theory of test reliability should be studied. PURPOSE. The research aims to develop a method of determination concerning reliability of testing of the electrical activity of muscles during isometric contractions in archery. METHODS. The electrical activity of rectus femoral muscle during isometric contractions with the maximal effort in bending of a thigh from −15º to 70º is tested in a sample of twenty skilled male archers of 23–28 years old. ANOVA for repeated measures, ICC and regression models are used. RESULTS. The electrical potential is found to be maximal (7.15 mV), when the joint angle equals −8.9º and minimal (1.44 mV), when the joint angle equals 62.8º. A ratio of sum of squares due interaction between subjects’ and joint angles’ variability to the total sum of squares variability of all measures is accepted as a measure of the error in a hypothetical function of dependence of the electrical activity of muscles on joint angles (23.3%, p < 0.001). A single measure test after elimination of trends in test–retest results shows a sufficient level of reliability: ICC(1,1)=0.745. Corresponding mean scores reliability of the test with five trials is estimated as good: ICC(1,k)=0.936, (k = 5). CONCLUSION. A method of determination concerning reliability of testing of the electrical activity of muscles during isometric contractions specifically to the archery sport is recommended to the practical employment.

Somayeh Farzaneh   Rosa Rahavi Ezabadi   Samaneh Sadat Khalili Rad   Pari Khalili Marandi   and Vikram Ranawat   

Today, the role of women in social activities in Iranian society is more important than ever. Despite the increasing presence of women in the social arena, their participation and attendance in sports activities are limited. The purpose of this study is to investigate the barriers affecting women's non-participation in sports activities in both urban and rural communities. The data of this study were collected using a questionnaire on barriers to women's participation in sports activities. Findings indicated that the two groups of urban and rural women reported similar priorities, with the highest priority being related to economic and personal barriers. The lowest priorities were related to family, cultural barriers. With extensive and targeted advertising, a variety of mass entertainment programs of sports activities can be assigned to the adult age categories. Such interventions will lead to better welfare and quality of life for women in urban and rural communities.

Imane El Moutaraji   Said Lotfi   and Mohammed Talbi   

Due to this unexpected pandemic situation, the objective of this study is to explore the mental strength of elite athletes and their coping strategies to manage stress in different types of sports and according to their level of competition. 344 competitive athletes responded to a questionnaire on the training characteristics during this period, a Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire to assess mental strength and coping strategies to manage stress was assessed by the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory ACSI-28. The data were analyzed by ANOVAI. We found that the coping strategies adopted by elite athletes during this pandemic period vary significantly depending on the type of sport practiced, namely in terms of confidence and achievement motivation, freedom from worry and coping with adversity. We also found that coping strategies to manage stress have significant relationship with level of competition in terms of goal setting and mental preparation. For mental strength we found significant variation in self-confidence and control depending on the type of sport practiced. Also, depending on the level of competition, the control dimension varied significantly. It is suggested that the mental health for professional athletes be carefully managed during confinement to anticipate a possible recurrence of this epidemic.

Shahin Ahmedov   Figen Yaman Lesinger   Onur Sanivar   and Perihan Sanivar   

Substantial knowledge in human anatomy is the premise for constructing lifelong effective exercise programs in public health. The level of public awareness of the basic structure of the human body remains low for years and continues to be a challenge for trainees. The traditional teaching approach in anatomy studies utilizes inductive methodology, where body parts of the structure are taught separately, which might be productive for medical students. Teaching anatomy in nonmedical programs like physical education (PE), however, intends for a holistic understanding of the subject to accentuate functional anatomy, which differs from its classical medical programs purely structural comprehension. Consequently, we suggested that a deductive rather than an inductive form of teaching anatomy in PE might bring the difference and ease the studying process. To statistically analyze this hypothesis traditionally utilized in the PE inductive educational approach for anatomy study was compared with the newly introduced deductive form of teaching through retrospective evaluation of student's exam results. Exam scores of 1167 first-year students were divided into population and sample groups. The former included 1055 exam results of students previously taught by inductive methodology, whereas the latter consisted of 114 students' exam results after the deductive presentation of anatomy. The comparative analysis made by t-test for population-sample groups demonstrated significantly higher (p<0,001) exam scores in the sample group (40.1 ± 14.2 [95%CI 37.45-42.73]) comparing to the population group (34.5 ± 14.0 [95%CI 33.75-35.43]). The limited time of anatomy study and preliminary unawareness of human anatomy made the teacher-centered deductive approach in PE more effective.

Rizky Nurulfa   Christianti Anggraini Motto   Firmansyah Dlis   James Tangkudung   Johansyah Lubis   and Junaidi   

Almost the whole world was affected by the Study From Home (SFH) policy from Elementary Schools to Higher Education during the Covid-19 Pandemic. However, teaching and learning activities did not stop even though the world was facing an outbreak of this disease including Indonesia. Despite face-to-face teaching and learning activities since last March, schools are not ready to reopen face-to-face teaching and learning activities physically because it is still difficult to implement the Covid-19 prevention health protocol and increasingly massive procedures in educational institutions during face-to-face learning. This study aims to see how the distance learning activities for students are implemented in eastern Indonesia. A total of 432 students from junior high school, high school and tertiary education were sampled in this study. Through this research, data about interest in distance learning can be obtained, as well as what they experience during the distance learning period. This study also provides an overview of difficulties during distance learning, the dominant material and tasks given by the teacher during the Pandemic period as well as inhibiting and supporting factors in distance learning. This study uses a descriptive method, with the research instrument using a questionnaire made through the google form application from respondents and direct visits of subject teachers to students’ homes that are not reached by the internet.

Feri Budi Setyawan   Suharjana   and Ria Lumintuarso   

The physical education teachers' active role also affects the low level of elementary school students' movement skills. The aim of the study was to find out the game strategies in strengthening physical education teachers' role to improve students' manipulative motion skills selection for upper-class elementary school students because of the ease of research and conformity of research purposes. The research was conducted at the public elementary school and it was located in the Ngemplak sub-district. The researcher developed the instrument relevant of manipulative game instrument to measure elementary school students' manipulative skills; the instrument was more focused on manipulative assessment (throwing, catching, and kicking). The study used an experimental quasi-design, consisting of 48 upper-class students divided into control groups and experimental groups. This study was conducted in five elementary schools in Ngemplak Subdistrict. Manipulative motion skills tests were given as pre-tests and post-test. To analyze the data, independent and paired t-tests were used at a .05 significance level. The results showed that the experimental group students had higher scores on both dependent variables than the control group. This suggests that manipulative play significantly improves the experimental group of manipulative motion skills compared to students in the control group.

Sheila Dwi Loviani   Yudha Munajat Saputra   Nurlan Kusmaedi‪   Hamidie Ronald Daniel Ray   and Lutfi Nur‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬   

Physical activity and physical fitness have a vital role in enhancing a healthy and active lifestyle for individuals. This study aimed to see the impact of providing a health-related fitness model on physical improvement and vocational high school students' physical activity. The experimental method with randomized control group pretest-posttest design was applied in this research. The sample selection was based on random cluster sampling to select two classes as the experimental group and the control group consisting of 33 students each, with an age range of 16-17. The instruments used in this study were physical fitness test instruments and students' physical activity tests. The data analysis technique used the Mann-Whitney test and t-test to determine the difference in influence between the experimental and control groups. The results showed that overall, the two groups had a positive impact on the improvement of students' physical fitness and physical activity. However, the experimental class showed a significant increase compared to the control class on the physical fitness variable. Meanwhile, in the physical activity variable, there was no significant difference between the two groups. From these findings, the researchers concluded that the health-related fitness model and the direct instruction model could be applied as an alternative for teachers to improve physical fitness and physical activity for vocational high school students. Furthermore, the researcher explicitly suggests the use of health-related fitness models to improve students' physical fitness.

Ranu Baskora Aji-Putra   Tommy Soenyoto   Agus Darmawan   and Roas Irsyada   

This study examined the association between leg flexibility, leg length, jump height, and split leap movement scores at various levels of rhythmic gymnasts. Fifty-two young rhythmic gymnasts (age: 10.63 ± 2.9 years) were divided into two groups (qualifying, n = 32 and non-qualifying, n = 20) based on age and regional championship level. The gymnast underwent a series of fitness tests in the form of leg flexibility and leg explosive power as well as a split jump performance which was judged by 2 national and international certified judges. There was a significant difference and correlation between qualification and non-qualification in the split leap score (p = 0.00), body weight (p = 0.00; r = 0.351), limb length (p = 0.00; r = 0.420), High Jump (p = 0.01; r = 0.279), raised straight legs (p = 0.021; r = -0.279). There was no difference found in point feet but positively related at split leap score (p = 0.386; r = 0.373). The overall multiple regression analysis of all novice athletes revealed that Limb length, point feet, and high jump accounted for a medium part (32%) of the split leap score. In conclusion, the level of the gymnast (non-qualification), weight, Limb length, and arm length had a greater effect on the implementation of the split leap, whereas at the junior level (qualification) the leg explosiveness and flexibility of the leg effectively contributed to the split leap movement. Overall, the athlete's flexibility, body composition, and the explosive power of the limb variables effectively contribute to the split leap movement in youth rhythmic gymnastics.

Desy Tya Maya Ningrum   James Tangkudung   Johansyah Lubis   Ade Ros Riza   and Eskar Tri Denatara   

The learning model used is based on the material provided and adapted to the situation and conditions in the field. There needs to be a game modification so that students can actively participate in learning volleyball games. The purpose of this study was to see the effectiveness of the small side games learning model on the mobile phone application to increase student participation in physical education. The research method used was an experiment with a control group. Participants involved in the study were 84, subjects in the experimental group are 42 (26 male and 16 female), subjects in the control group are 42 (17 male and 28 female). Instrument in this study include: observation, questionnaire, and forearm pass test. Data analysis used in this study using Excel 2019 by testing the difference in mean (t-test). Number of active students during physical education learning in the control group is 28 students and inactive 14 students. The number of active students during physical education learning in the experimental group was 37 students and 5 students inactive. The results of the effectiveness test show that the learning model of small side games is better for improving volleyball forearm pass skills with the results obtained for t0 7.884 and t_table 1.292 db 82 and α = 0.05. Although this study only focuses on learning basic skills forearm pass volleyball in high schools and there is no control during the effectiveness test, it can be concluded that this application in mobile learning based small side game forearm pass volleyball can be used to increase participation and basic skills of volleyball. Besides, it's easier for teachers or students to receive material either face-to-face or long distance. This study highlights the benefits of SSG because the mobile learning application contributes to the teacher in making lesson plans and as pupils study guide application for implementing small side games in physical education.

Eddy Marheni   Eko Purnomo   Nina Jermaina   Afrizal S.   Surya Rezeki Sitompul   I Kadek Suardika   and Faradifta Tirta Ardita   

This research is based on the importance of student discipline in learning at school. In this study, the authors conducted a quantitative research using the pre-experimental design type one group pretest-posttest method. One group pretest-posttest design is a research activity that provides a pre-test before being given treatment, after being given treatment then gives a final test (post-test). The sample of this research was 50 students of class XII Vocational High School 1 Bangkinang. This study was analyzed using a quantitative descriptive technique. The study results as a whole are that there was an increase in the level of student discipline by 9.11% with the acquisition of pre-test scores of 76.68% and post-test of 85.78%. The results explained an increase in the level of student discipline when given physical education learning treatment. The score is still considered very low and needs to be improved so that later students have a high discipline level. One of the most effective ways to improve student disciplinary behavior at schools is to carry out physical activity. This research still has shortcomings and weaknesses; namely, the research was conducted in just one month. This allows further researchers to carry out research to improve student discipline for a longer time.

Ardo Okilanda   Firmansyah Dlis   Hidayat Humaid   Dede Dwiansyah Putra   Arisman   and Muslimin   

The purpose of the study was to make the material model for the defence warm-up exercise using video. Technology advance gave a new perspective on organizing football. While the pandemic Covid-19 has influenced all human activities and limit them at home. Therefore, the method used mixed method which uses research and development. The participants of the study are 120 students from football school at South Sumatera and Lampung. The data are collected through observation, interview, the trial of the product, and test. The analysis data used two independent raters (judgment expert and peer assessment). While the result of the test used an independent sample T-test to get the effectiveness of the product, the result of mean of a pre-test for the defence warm-up exercise model in football games before using the new material model is 12.8 and after using the new material model has increased to 20.7. In the significance test of the difference with SPSS 21, the results of t-count = -17.065, DB = 119 and p-value = 0.00 <0.05, which means that there is a significant difference in the defence ability of the students' warm-up exercise before and after using the new model. They can access the material at home and watch it in the training process directly. The model can be accessed using a smartphone or computer because it is uploaded to YouTube or an e-book at the website. The model gave the implication of using the video for learning.

Ahmad Chaeroni   Nurlan Kusmaedi   Amung Ma'mun   Dian Budiana   and Fahmil Haris   

The learning environment is a place that has an impact on physical activity so that it affects the level of physical fitness and mental health of students. The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of the learning environment in urban and rural areas on the physical fitness and mental health of students who are grouped by sex (male and female). A total of 160 students aged 15-18 years are involved in this program, consisting of 80 urban learning environments (40 male and 40 female) and 80 rural learning environments (40 male and 40 female). To determine the level of physical fitness of students measured using the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI), while for mental health data were obtained using a questionnaire. Based on the analysis that has been done, there are differences in the physical fitness of students based on the learning environment (urban and rural) in general, rural students are better than urban students. Seen from gender, it proves that the level of physical fitness of rural male students is better than urban men and rural women are better than urban women. Meanwhile, mental health proves that urban students are better than rural students. Based on gender, it proves that the mental health of urban male students is better than that of rural students, while the mental health of urban female students is lower than that of rural students.

Asep Prabowo   Resty Gustiawati   Dian Pujianto   Eka Purnama Indah   Palmizal Abu Hanifah   and Sahabuddin   

This study aimed to determine the effects of physical fitness on body fat. Research methods: The researcher implemented causal studies and path analysis testing Causal studies, aiming to determine whether the independent variable or dependent variable affected the outcome. In causal studies, the cause is considered as the independent variable, while the effect is the dependent variable. 14 respondents were selected by purposive sampling. Harvard step test was used in order to measure the physical fitness, and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) was used in order to measure the body fat. The findings of this study are the path coefficient value of the physical fitness on body fat is -0.212, while the value of t-count is -2.468. Therefore, the value of t-count is smaller than t-table, while the degree of freedom = 9 and α = 0.05, such as -2.26, and the probability value of Sig. (0.036) < significant level (0.05). In other words, physical fitness significantly has direct negative effect on body fat. In conclusion, physical fitness has a significant and direct negative effect on body fat. Even when the athlete's physical fitness is better, it does not guarantee his body fat is also good.

Dede Dwiansyah Putra   Moh Agung Setiabudi   Usman Nasution   Ibrahim   Habibi Hadi Wijaya   Yafi Velyan Mahyudi   and Desy Tya Maya Ningrum   

Training units are commonly used in basic techniques of playing football through training models for players over 12 years old. Drill practice is practiced more on players than games. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the Game Analytical Game (GAG) training model in improving basic soccer shooting skills. This research method is quantitative research with Quasi-Experiment. The designs used were pre-test and post-test non-equivalent control group design. Participants who took part in this study were school soccer players (SSB) PORASS totaling 80 players aged 6-9 years. The data was collected by conducting tests using basic shooting technique instruments. The results of this study are based on data analysis through independent sample t-test. It is known that the sig (2-tailed) value is 0.000 <0.05 which indicates that the GAG model is effective in improving football shooting skills. It can be concluded that the GAG training model is effective in improving basic shooting technique skills in soccer games for SSB players aged 6-9 years. The literature that discusses the GAG training model in soccer games and studies investigating its effectiveness for improving the technique in players under 9 years old are lacking. It is important for future research to examine whether the GAG training model is effective in improving basic skills of passing and control in football or other sports.

Veni Elisyah   James Tangkudung   Wahyuningtyas Puspitorini   Oktariyana   Ever Sovensi   Deni Mudian   Heru Setiawan   and Muhsana El Cintami Lanos   

The purpose of this study was to create and test the effectiveness of basic athletic motion of 40 meters running based on the traditional Lahat game at the elementary school level. This research uses research and development (R&D) methods. This research has been carried out at the primary school level in Lahat Regency, South Sumatera, with the subject of small group trials totaling 20 elementary school students and large group trials of 60 elementary school students by applying 30 basic motion learning models of 40-meter athletic running based on games traditional Lahat. Based on the results of the effectiveness test with 40 elementary school students as the test subjects, the N-gain score was obtained an the average value for the experimental class was 85.04% and it can be said to be "effective". Meanwhile, the average N-gain score for the control class is 46.53% and it can be said to be "ineffective", so the products that have been developed have been proven to be feasible and effective in improving the basic movement skills of elementary school students.

Dindin Abidin   Memet Muhamad   Johansyah Lubis   Ujang Maman   and Sudirah   

This study aims to examine the effect of the type of weight training with active and passive recovery treatment on the composition of the improvement of volleyball smash technique. This research is a quasi-experiment, with data analysis using SEM-PLS in the weight training model treatment group with active and passive recovery intervals. The subjects of this research were 120 semester IV students of the 2018/2019 Academic Year in the Health and Recreation Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (FKIP) UNISMA Bekasi. The measurement results show that the active and passive recovery weight training treatment has a significant effect on the volleyball smash technique skills. The SEM-PLS analysis results show that active recovery weight training improves volleyball smash technique skills (β=0.521, T_count=5.602≥T_table=2.001, P-Values=0.000 ≤ 0.05). These findings could assist in adjusting strength training for volleyball player performance enhancement in an effort to improve certain technical abilities, and enable coaches to positively detect people who stand out in volleyball smash speed and accuracy.

Akef M Taifour   Aman S Khasawneh   Wasfi M Al-Kazaleh   Salwa A Alshorman   Haitham M Bani Eisa   Gada M Khasawneh   and Malek S Khasawneh   

The purpose of this study is to determine the common patterns of brain dominance and the levels of the emotional intelligence of students, also the study aimed to recognize the variances of the common patterns as well as levels of the emotional intelligence according to the independent variables (gender, specialization, academic year), furthermore, the study identifies the variances of levels of the emotional intelligence among students according to the left, right and integrated dominance brain patterns. The Sample of study consisted of (329) male and female students who are chosen randomly from the faculty of physical education and sports science. The study used Othman and Rizk Emotional Intelligence Scale and Diane scale to measure the brain dominance after confirming its validity and reliability. The results of the study showed that the prevailing pattern among students was the integrated dominance brain patterns. Also, there was no significant effect of the independent variables (gender, specialization, academic year) on the left, right, and integrated dominance brain patterns. Moreover, high levels of emotional intelligence, the results appeared no effect of the dominance brain pattern in the emotional intelligence.

Vélez-Meza Edda   Méndez-Urresta Jacinto   Vargas-Chagna Johanna   and Flores-Torres Diego   

Cognitive-motor skills and the social dimension of sports games are relevant factors in sports initiation. The research aimed to analyze the theoretical-practical mastery of the cognitive, motor and social abilities of the game and its compliance in sessions by the basketball and football coaches of Imbabura. As well as establishing the relationship of the skills developed by sports children with coaches who have a traditional teaching approach versus those with a formative focus on sports initiation. The research is descriptive-observational, mixed and transversal. The survey and participatory observation were applied to 12 coaches. It shows that most teachers have little information about the skills and dimensions that the sport develops at the initiation stage. Participatory observation of the indicators of motor skills and the social dimension of the game is carried out in a high and medium degree by the coaches. Indicators of cognitive abilities were achieved to a limited and medium degree by coaches. Motor and social skills show greater development in the practice of children's play and sport to the detriment of cognitive abilities. The Wilcoxon Mann Whitney Test for each of the game's skills and dimensions chronicles that the strata of trainers with a traditional approach have a higher score on motor skills, while cognitive skills and social dimension have a lower score compared to the training focus coach. It is concluded that the development of the game's abilities and dimensions depends significantly on the approach to teaching sports initiations that coaches have.

Gita Febria Friskawati   Vicki Akhmad Karisman   Dedi Supriadi   and Mesa Rahmi Stephani   

Physical education teaching and learning in the new normal era requires teachers to hold online learning. Most teachers choose mobile learning in spite of its debatable pro and contra in responding to it. The purpose of this study was to describe the attitudes of elementary school physical education teachers towards the use of mobile learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The teachers' attitude was also examined based on their gender, age, and teaching experience. A survey was conducted on 71 physical education teachers across West Java, Indonesia. All physical education teachers had agreed to be involved in this research and were willing to provide information about their attitudes towards the use of mobile learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The instrument used in this study, Physical Education Teachers' Subjective Theories Questionnaire (PETSTQ), was distributed online using Google Form from June to July 2020. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U non-parametric were used to reveal the differences in attitudes towards mobile learning in physical education learning during COVID-19. The results showed that the attitudes of elementary physical education teachers varied based on gender, age, and teaching experience. The findings of this study can inform policy makers to formulating a more applicable online physical education system during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Nedal Ahmad Alghafary   

Aim: The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of self-questioning strategy in improving some basketball skills among seventh grade female students in Amman, Jordan. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study. The study was conducted in the period between 6th of January 2019 and 14th of February 2019. The study included a random sample of 36 students from the seventh grade. The participants were randomized equally into a control group (n=24, received traditional teaching) and an experimental group (n=24, instructed through self-questioning strategy). The study used the anthropometric measurements and valid and reliable skills pre and posttests to identify any significant effect of the self-questioning strategy on the shooting, passing and dribbling basketball skills among the study participants. Results: The results of the study showed that there were significant statistical differences at significance level (α≤0.05) in the mean scores of the shooting skill (t=6.0684, p=0.000), passing skill (t=4.1412, p=0.000) and dribbling skill (t=2.4581, p=0.0178) between the control group and the experimental group in favor of the experimental group referred to the use of self-questioning strategy. Conclusion: The study concluded that self-questioning strategy is an effective strategy in improving shooting, passing and dribbling basketball skills. The study recommends conducting further research studies to support the research-based evidence regarding the effectiveness of self-questioning strategy on improving the basic sport skills among school students.

Alejandro Almonacid-Fierro   Rodrigo Vargas-Vitoria   Manuel Almonacid   and Miguel Martínez   

This article aims to investigate the perception of the quality of life of the elderly as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic that has been affecting the world since December 2019, and that as of January 2021 records more than 100 million cases worldwide. The most affected population has turned out to be the elderly with chronic diseases and those with organic dysfunctions, product of physiological changes that are expressed with old age. The study is framed in the interpretative-comprehensive paradigm, with a qualitative methodology, considering the realization of 17 semi-structured interviews to older adults who participated in sports-recreational workshops offered by the National Institute of Sports in the region of Maule, Chile. The interviews were conducted during the months of July and September 2020 and were carried out via Skype or video call, in order to maintain the distance and respect the measures established by the health authority in Chile. As for the results, the affectation of the quality of life of older adults, who have not been able to perform regular physical activity during the months of the pandemic, added to the adverse psychological effects of confinement and social isolation, which has prevented them from having direct and face-to-face contact with their loved ones, is evident.

Made Agus Dharmadi   Ni Ketut Widiartini   and I Gusti Lanang Agung Parwata   

Background: Increasing the athlete's physical element is the foundation for improving sports performance. One way to improve physical abilities is through weight training. Junior Weight Vest is one way to exercise weight for junior athletes. This study aims to analyze the development of the Junior Weight Vest to obtain accurate and complete information about the needs, benefits, urgency, form and specifications of the Junior Weight Vest in an effort to improve the physical abilities of junior athletes. Method: This research is a descriptive qualitative study with interviews (Focus Group Discussion), questionnaires and literature studies as the data collection methods. The subjects of this study are 20 people consisting of 15 sports coaches and 5 sports training experts. Results: The results showed that 1) weight training for junior athletes is needed for physical improvement of athletes, 2) the existence of Junior Weight Vest is not widely known by trainers and sports training experts, 3) the need for Junior Weight Vest is needed, 4) the benefits of Junior Weight Vest are believed to be able to improve junior athlete physical abilities, especially speed, endurance and strength. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that the development of Junior Weight Vest is greatly needed by coach and sports experts with all the benefits it causes, so that junior athletes can gradually improve their physical abilities in accordance with the rules of sports training.

Yogi Mandala Putra   Sugeng Purwanto   and Erick Burhaein   

This study aims to determine the effect of leg muscle power training with leaps on athlete's speed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method in this study was a true experiment with pretest-posttest control group design. The total participants were 38 male athletes with an age range of 15-18 years (M = 17.3; SD: 1.26). Data analysis in this study is descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing. The results of the study are: 1) For the control group, the statement H0 "There is no effect of leg muscle power training with leaps on athlete's speed during the COVID-19 pandemic", is accepted. Then, there was a decrease in the mean of 0.23 or 1.78%; 2) For the experimental group, H1 statement "There is effect of leg muscle power training with leaps on athlete's speed during the COVID-19 pandemic", is accepted. Then supported by an increase in the mean of 0.44 or 3.42%. The conclusion is that there is an effect of leg muscle power training with leaps on athlete's speed during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings may have implications, namely being a reference for trainers in developing training programs to increase leg muscle power with leaps that seem to be of significant effectiveness. For further researchers, it is hoped that they can modify other types of training and conduct research with a wider sample and population as well as add different variables so that the treatment given is to influence speed through treatment of leg muscle power.

Esam Najeh Abu-Shihab   

The small-sided games are widely used by coaches to develop physical abilities, technical and tactical skills. This study aimed at investigating the effect of using small-sided games on developing the level of skillful performance of students of an advanced football course at Mutah University. The study sample consisted of 28 students of both genders, which were chosen from an advanced football course at Mutah University and were divided into two groups (14 each). The experimental approach was applied, while "t-test" was used to detect the differences between the control and the experimental and to detect the differences between the members of the two groups at the post application stage. The results showed statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≤0.05) in the Pre- and post-measurements of the effect of using small-sided games on developing abilities and the skill level. And statistically significant differences were detected for the benefit of post measurement for students of an advanced football course. The results also showed that there were statistically significant differences at the significance level (α≤0.05) in the Post measurement, between the use of small-sided games and the regular training in developing the level of skill performance, and for the benefit of the small-sided games for students of an advanced football course. The researcher recommended the importance of making use of the small-sided games program to developing the level of skillful performance of students in football courses, in all departments and colleges of Physical Education and for both genders in Jordan.

Francesca D’Elia   Danilo D’Andrea   Giovanni Esposito   Gaetano Altavilla   and Gaetano Raiola   

The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a specific 12-week HIIT methodology for improving aerobic and anaerobic performance in a group of young basketball players. Twenty-two (n=22) players participated in the study. (age 19.1 ± 1.1; height: 185 ± 5.2; body mass: 70.9 ± 6.0). In the pre-season (4 weeks, from July to August), the players performed Pizzolato's 7-minutes test, to evaluate aerobic and anaerobic performance before the start of the season. After 12 weeks of training (in-season), using the Tabata training methodology, the same players repeated Pizzolato's 7-minutes test to look for improvements in performance and evaluate if the distance covered during the test is better, equal, or worse compared to the pre-season. After 12 weeks of training, in the experimental group we found a significant increase in the values of VO₂max (p = 0.02) and SAN (p = 0.01) and a significant decrease in the values of HRmax (p = 0.00), such as to be able to attribute them, with a margin of error of 5%, to the benefits produced by a twelve-week mesocycle based on HIIT principles. No differences between groups were found in the control group. The effectiveness of specific High Intensity Interval Training has been revealed in improving aerobic performance in young basketball players.

Subarna   James Tangkudung   Moch Asmawi   Anggi Setia Lengkana   Aam Ali Rahman   Ruslan Abdulgani   Defri Mulyana   and Benny Badaru   

A sports competition is a measure of success for an athlete. However, factors affecting an athlete's success come from the athlete and all competition aspects, including referees. Referees need to have a good reputation before and after carrying out their role as court judges. A referee must have competencies, including refereeing skills, rules of the game/competition, physical condition, mental-psychological conditions (self-confidence, calm, consistency, the assertiveness of attitudes and actions, accuracy in weighing and deciding, high motivation, honest & sincere, socializing). Thus, this research aims to examine the effect of physical conditions, primarily components of endurance, eye-hand coordination, and self-confidence, as psychological aspects that strengthen the referee's performance. To achieve this research's objectives, a survey method was used using path analysis and measurement techniques in tests through standard performance evaluation of volleyball referees, confidence questionnaires, 12 minutes running fitness test, and eye-hand coordination. The population involved in this research was 335 referees who had regional and national diplomas. The sample of this research used the Slovin pattern with an error rate of 10%, so that the sample amounted to 77 volleyball referees in West Java. The conclusions of this research are (1) Endurance affects the performance of the referee by 42.9%, (2) Eye-hand coordination affects the performance of the referee by 39.6%, (3) Confidence affects the performance of the referee by 45.8%, (4) Endurance affects self-confidence by 51.2%, (5) Eye-hand coordination affects self-confidence by 40.8%.

Oleksandr Mozolev   Oleksandr Polishchuk   Inna Shorobura   Valentina Miroshnichenko   Klavdiia Тushko   Volodymyr Voloshyn   Ihor Tomkiv   and Oleksandr Binkovskyi   

The article analyzes the results of the research of impact of limitations of motor activity of students in the conditions of pandemic COVID-19 on the indicators of functional and physical condition of students 17-19 years who studied on the 2nd course in Khmelnytskyi Humanitarian-Pedagogical Academy. The study involved 121 students (89 girls; 32 boys). Methods: The assessment of the state of the cardiovascular system: heart rate at rest (HR); systolic blood pressure (SBP); diastolic blood pressure (DBP) has been done; assessment of the respiratory system (RS) has been conducted. The analysis of morphofunctional changes in the following indicators has been done: life index (LI), body mass index (BMI), Index of Robinson (IR), Ruffier-Dixon Index (RDI). Results: It is established that the restriction of motor activity has led to functional changes in the bodies of students, reducing their efficiency and recovery of the organism after physical exercises. In both groups of students after four months of research, there was deterioration in performance (RS), (LI); (IR); (RDI); (BMI). After nine months of quarantine restrictions, there was a gradual improvement in functional parameters in both groups, indicating the adaptation of students to the new conditions of limited motor activity. At the same time, the functional indicators failed to reach the initial level. It is found that during the first four months there was a decrease in physical fitness of students, namely: the development of strength by 34% in girls (р<0,001) and 28% in boys (р<0,001); coordination abilities by 12% in girls (р<0,01) and by 13% in boys (р<0,01); development of speed and strength abilities by 15% in girls (р<0,01) and by 13% in boys (р<0,01); 5% speed development in girls (р<0,05) and 4% in boys (р<0,05). At the second phase of the research, some students (12% - girls and 21% - boys) were able to reach the previous physical condition. These are mainly the students who led an active lifestyle before the pandemic and sought additional exercise during quarantine restrictions. Conclusions: the processes of adaptation and restoration of motor activity under quarantine restrictions of boys were faster. After nine months, in the majority of exercises tested, the boys' level of physical fitness reached 95-98% (р<0,001) of the initial level; in girls it was 91-94% (р<0,001). Only the performance of exercises for the development of strength in boys corresponded to 88.6% of the initial, and in girls to 81.2%.

Abeer Rasheed   Rania Abduljawad   Sherrin Mabrouk   Malek Jdaitawi   and Mona Abdulmonem   

Recently, technology has been suggested as an effective tool during COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study examines the physical training fitness activities using electronic simulation games on fostering psychological health among university students during COVID-19 pandemic. A quasi-experimental pre-post-test design was employed. Students were divided into two groups, one experimental and the other controlled. The research community included female students at the preparatory year and supporting studies deanship at Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University in Saudi Arabia. The data were collected from a sample of 24 female students during the first semester of the academic year (2020-2021). The results revealed that the experimental group attained higher mean scores than students in control group in the study variables. The result of this study evidenced that game simulation devices promote positive psychological health among students. The study concluded that technology devices can be used for exercises and can be very effective in the teaching and learning process of physical education courses.

Imane El Moutaraji   Said Lotfi   and Mohammed Talbi   

To address several recommendations proposing to cross the impact of different variables on cognitive performance, the objective of this study first is to examine the impact of physical exercise variables on cognitive tasks (visual perception, information processing and motor response) at different level of training. The study was carried out on a sample of 88 participants (experts: n = 29, advanced: n = 30, novices, n = 29) performed the coding decoding test, search symbol and the lead psychomotor tester, in order to assess the variations of cognitive profile, at rest and after bout of handball exercise. The results showed, a higher level of training corresponds to a higher level in visual perception with 301ms, motor reaction time with 170ms and choice reaction time with 472ms for the expert's group, although novices have a greater range of improvement following the exercise with a respective improvement of 33% and 20.20% in search symbol and coding decoding and a respective decrease in visual perception time, motor response and choice reaction time by 16.18%, 14.42% and 14.10%. Also, the combination of the level of training and exercise attenuates differences on some sensorimotor speed performance between the two sexes. The cross effect affects positively but selectively on certain cognitive functions. Our findings enlighten the sport cognition relationship and suggest using physical and sport activity as a means of stimulating cognitive skills and student development in school and university training programs.

Ilham   and Tomoliyus   

Background: The speed world record (WR) performance is an achievement achieved by athletes in the competitive rock-climbing category, where the athlete must complete the climbing route on a standard artificial climbing wall with a height of 15m in the shortest possible time. Purpose: This study aimed to construct and validate an observational instrument to assess technical execution in lead climbing. The instrument developed can be used to assess progress to achieve the important aspects of climbing movement methods. Design / methodology / approach: Importantly, the construction of its validity and reliability was conducted in four stages. The first stage was a literature review on the construction of the observational instrument. In the second stage, the instrument's construction was established. The content validity coefficient was determined in the third stage using Aiken's V and 7 experts with various qualifications, including the level of understanding, appropriateness of the words, and the relevance of the statement with a grading scale of 0-10. The instrument's internal validity was calculated using 20 climbers and was quantitatively tested using the product-moment correlation. In the fourth stage, instrument reliability was determined using Cronbach's Alpha reliability test. Results showed that the observational instrument has content validity with optimal internal value as well as satisfactory reliability. Conclusion: Observational instruments were valid and reliable; therefore, they can be used to assess technical execution for novice climbers in lead climbing. It allows instructors, coaches, and teachers to assess the technical execution of novice climbers specifically in lead climbing.

Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin   Mohd Firdaus Abdullah   Mohd Radzani Abdul Razak   Abu Yazid Abu Bakar   Denise Koh Choon Lian   and Wan Ahmad Munsif Wan Pa   

This research focuses on determining the efficacy of sports massage (SM) and foam rolling (FR) to decrease Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) among users of recreational gyms. The goal of this study is to fit the physiotherapist's more efficient technique or techniques to scale back DOMS. SM and FR are two factors that help to illustrate the efficacy of DOMS scale back. Both therapies, SM and FR party, were handled with the selected samples for this analysis. Repeated measure ANOVA was used for testing results on the impact of SM on the range of motion (ROM). Results showed the effect of SM on pain meter supported on three occasions, and the effect of froth rolling on the pain meter on three times. Results suggest that there are not substantially different effects between therapies for all elbow flexion ranges of motion. Both therapies are often used to minimize DOMS due to growth over a 3-fold duration. The researcher has dressed up a couple of the guidelines and ideas required for future studies to be used. Future research should refer to the feminine community to boost the performance.

M. F. Abdullah   A. M. Pilus   M. R. A. Razak   A. Y. A. Bakar   and M. N. Nazarudin   

This study explores the inherent and external factors which influence university students' involvement in physical activity. As the key respondents were reacting to the adapted Exercise Reward Inventory and Participation Motivation questionnaire, 400 students comprising 200 males and 200 females were sampled. It shows that health and fitness (M = 4.37) are the intrinsic highest mean value variables, whereas peers and friends (M = 3.97) are factors for extrinsic variables. There are substantial differences in the presence of inherent health and fitness motives between gender and physical influences (t = - 6.51, p < 1.05) (t = - 5.05, p < 0.05). Only in the family did there appear to be substantial sex variations in extrinsic motivation (t = 6.98, p < 0.05). There were only substantial variations of sex in relation to external motivation in the family (t = 6.98, p < 0.05). Lastly, the most contributing factors to physical activity are the inherent motivational and extrinsic motivational factors (the position of the university). University should emphasise the opportunity to promote physical activity among more students by encouraging safer cultural activities between men and women. This study is also important for the physical and spiritual growth of healthy students. This experience shows that the most successful way, particularly for students, is to make the next generation safe and energy efficient.

Heildenberg C. Dimarucot   and Luisito S. Macapagal   

In an effort to reduce obesity rates among young adults resulting from their increasingly sedentary and stressful lifestyle and poor diet, three common endurance exercises that have been practiced in PE classes and also studied worldwide are jumping rope, step test, and beep test (20 meter multistage fitness test). This study shed light on the suitability of these three field tests as assessment tools for measuring the cardiovascular endurance of the college freshmen students of Physical Fitness (HKD-01) course since none has been investigated so far about this in the Philippine university context. Specifically, this study aimed to identify (1) the validity of the three tests as assessment tools for gauging cardiovascular fitness; and (2) their reliability as shown in the correlation between the directly measured and predicted VO2 max. The statistical analyses revealed that the fitness tests were found valid and reliable. Each fitness test has its own peculiarity and course of action that make each distinct from one another. The step test is known to measure submaximal, the jumping rope test can be categorized as mid-maximal, and the beep test is known as a maximal test for cardiovascular endurance. It is then recommended that these fitness tests be employed in PE classes in the university following correct protocols to develop the cardiorespiratory endurance of the students.

Yulvia Miftachurochmah   Tomoliyus   Salvator Nahimana   Endang Rini Sukamti   Abdul Alim   and Fauzi   

Background: Futsal tactics are very important elements in supporting athlete performance. Purpose: This study aims to observe and analyze the tactical attack process used by the Pansa FC women's futsal team. Design/methodology/approach: This is a descriptive study with quantitative approach. The research sample was futsal team like Pansa FC, FFYK, JFA Angels, and Pansa Academy. The instruments employed in this study were Counter Attack (CA), Organized Game (OG) and Stopped Ball (SB) used to see the success rate of attacking tactics based on the finishing performance by the Pansa FC women's team during the offensive play. Data analysis with descriptive statistic used SPSS.26 version. Result showed that OG has an efficiency value of 12.66%, SB has an efficiency value of 14.29%, and is followed by CA which has an efficiency value of 17.28%. Conclusion: Thus, based on the number of finishes, the CA is dominant. Meanwhile, based on the influence of the attacking tactics process used along with the total goals marked, CA has an efficiency value of 40%, SB has an efficiency value of 10% whereas OG has an efficiency value of 50%. In the wake of these results yielded, it can be concluded that the influence of the attack tactic process used along the total goals marked in such futsal game the OG tactic was more dominant.

Oleksii Tymoshenko   Valery Arefiev   Zhanna Domina   Tetiana Malechko   Tetiana Bondar   Mykola Tymchyk   Olena Pliushchakova   Viktor Riabchenko   Grygoriy Griban   and Kostiantyn Prontenko   

The article presents the original methodology for using exercise machines to develop speed and coordination of students playing basketball in order to improve traditional approaches to physical education of basketball players. The introduction of exercise machines in the training process increases the developmental effect of exercises due to the possibility of a targeted impact on physical qualities together with training, accurate dosing of physical parameters, and an increase in motor activity in classes. The study involved 169 students who play basketball between the ages of 17 and 23. Experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups, which included 127 and 42 students respectively, were formed. The EG students played basketball in classes using exercise machines according to the methodology developed. The CG students were trained according to the traditional methodology of teaching basketball. The experimental group was divided into two subgroups – EG1 (n=69) and EG2 (n=58), which included students with initial and high levels of technical preparedness in basketball. It was found that after the pedagogical experiment, ball speed was increased by 24.6% and 4.6% in the experimental groups, in comparison with 3.9% in the control group. The results of the complex test, which characterizes the level of coordination, were improved by 24.7% and 13.8% in the experimental groups, and by 11.4% in the CG. This indicated the efficiency of the proposed methodology for using exercise machines to develop speed and coordination of students playing basketball.

Mohd Firdaus Abdullah   Asiah Mohd Pilus   Mohd Radzani Abdul Razak   Abu Yazid Abu Bakar   Denise Koh Choon Lian   and Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin   

The goal of this paper is to explore perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of physical exercise, in particular workouts among students at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). These students must ensure that they are clever and fit if they want to be created to become highly profitable staff who are keen to play their part in the dream of a developed country of world class. Objective: To explore perceived advantages and barriers to physical tasks among students of the Technical University. Method: 355 students from the curriculum courses at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) completed the EBBS (Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale). Findings: Physical fitness was the foremost perceived advantage of exercise, accompanying the benefits of cognitive perspective, precautionary well-being, life improvement, and social interaction. Physical output was substantially above the other benefits. There were no major variations in psychological and preventive health outlook, but they are substantially beyond enhanced life and social ties. Also greatly beyond social interaction was the transition to life. Working-out's, slightly higher than time, exercise and family discouragement obstacles were the most perceived obstacles to exercise. The findings of this survey include the significance, for women, of perceiving a good benefit-barrier ratio that is conducive to exercise participation for preparation of physical activities services. In particular, methods must assist students to disengage or monitor physical perception ‘delusions' or flowing from perceived during physical operation (reduces their perceived barriers) or to further emphasize the various safety and other wellness advantages. (Increase their perceived benefits).

Nur Cholis Majid   and Fauzi   

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the 60-m sprint training program on the vertical jump height of female youth volleyball players. In this quasi-experimental study, a one-group pretest/posttest design was utilized. Participants were 10 female youth volleyball players (aged 12-15) who were registered in a 12-session sprint training program at a junior sports organization in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The training program was carried out on a 100-m flat track at the Athletic Field, Faculty of Sport Sciences of Yogyakarta State University. The stand and reach method was used to measure the vertical jump height. To compare the pretest and posttest scores, a paired samples t-test was used. The results indicated that there was a significant increase in vertical jump height from pretest to posttest with a high effect size. Thus, it can be concluded that a 4-week sprint training program can effectively increase the vertical jump height of young volleyball players. It is recommended that volleyball coaches and trainers implement a sprint training program as a step towards developing the vertical jump of their young athletes.

Linda N. Chukwurah   Umar Badaru   Oliver R. Ngwoke   and Oliver I. Abbah   

Risks are inevitable in sports activities and organizations; however, there are increasing occurrences of risks in Nigeria sports organizations in spite of standard risk management process. This study therefore examined socio-demographics determining risks management among sports administrators in Nigeria. Mixed method design was adopted. 150 coaches provided quantitative data by completing a validated questionnaire. 10 interview sessions were conducted among 10 sports administrators for the qualitative data. Pre-tested validated questionnaire and an in-depth interview guide were used for collecting data. Descriptive statistics T-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the quantitative data. Using NVivo 11 pro, qualitative data were coded and thematically analyzed, and data were presented using verbatim quotes. It was found that type of sports (p = > .05), educational level (p = > .05) and job experience (p = > .05) did not exert significant differences on risks management of sports administrators. However, the qualitative data show that majority of the participants view interactions between the variables and application of risks management, which is in line with contingency theory. The findings have implications for the effective risk management in Nigeria sports. Therefore, Nigeria sports governing bodies must demonstrate commitment and establish strong alignments between socio-demographics of sports administrators/managers and practice. These would ensure best practices in sports councils/organizations.

Mona Soleiman   Ahmed Mahmoud Elkilany   Hager Al-Sayed   and Reda Abdelsalam   

Recently, Zumba practices were introduced to enhance the physical and social outcomes of the students. This study ascertains the effectiveness of Zumba exercises (individual- collective) on the physical outputs sought by the physical and health education course offered at the preparatory year for the university students. The current study employs a quasi-experimental pre-post-test design. Students were divided into two groups, one experimental and the other control. The potential participants included around 1040 students from the science track who took the course during the first semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. The research sample was selected using the specific selection method which reached 60 students; 30 for each group. Zumba group exercises were employed in the warm-up part and as homework for the experimental group, and the method followed at college was employed by the controlled group. Some fitness tests were used to measure the factors of speed, muscle strength, agility and periodic respiratory endurance. From the results, the experimental group attained higher mean scores than students in control group. The study concluded that Zumba exercises are very effective in the teaching and learning process of physical education courses.

Ihor Donets   Dmytro Petryk   Yurii Cherezov   Vitalii Honchar   and Maksym Kostiuchenko   

The article is devoted to the research of the influence of crossfit classes, as one of the types of modern sports technologies, upon the development of physical qualities of the cadets. Crossfit is quite popular in all over the world and effectively promotes the development of all physical qualities of a human being. The main purpose of crossfit training is to improve physical fitness and functionality of the cardiorespiratory system. The research was conducted at the Academy of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine (Chernihiv) in 2019-2020. The research involved 60 cadets of the academy. Two groups were formed: experimental (EG, n = 26), the cadets of which were involved into crossfit academy classes (3 times a week), and control (CG, n = 34), the cadets of which were trained according to the current system of physical training at the academy. The research of the cadets' physical qualities development was carried out in the following exercises: horizontal bar chin-ups, horizontal bar hip-swing-ups, horizontal bar breast-ups, parallel bar dip-ups, 100-meter race, 3000-meter race. It was established that conducting classes with the use of sets of physical exercises according to "Crossfit" system helped to improve the level of physical fitness of the cadets who attended the classes of the academy. The results of the senior year cadets from the EG were significantly (p < 0.05 - 0.001) better than in the CG for all researched exercises. The greatest effect of crossfit training was found in the indicators of strength and endurance development of the cadets of the EG. This suggests that the high level of physical qualities development of the cadets i.e. future specialists of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine will improve the efficiency of performance of duties and functions during their future service and professional activities.

Galang Qowiyyuridho   Tomoliyus   and Fauzi   

This study aims to find the validity and reliability of the agility test with the dribbling and passing of soccer players. Data collection uses the Delphi technique with 5 experts and also test-retest. Twenty football players aged 13-14 years who had been training for one year in junior school soccer classes were used in this study to seek empirical validity and the reliability of the test. Analysis of content validity data uses the Aiken V formula, empiric validity uses Pearson Product Moment and Reliability uses Cronbach's Alpha. The results showed that the agility test with dribble and passing showed a high value of validity and reliability. The Aiken value on the Agility indicator according to the soccer gets a value of 0.87, the indicator of the level of difficulty following the soccer gets a value of 0.93, the component herding following the soccer gets a value of 0.87, the component of the bait component according to the soccer gets a value of 0.87, the distance indicator for dribbling is following the value of 0.87, the distance indicator between cones is in the value of 0.93, the distance indicator for baiting is in the amount of 0.87, the Instrument indicator safe to do is getting the value of 1.00, the indicator for short and clear language is in the value of 0.93. The results of the Pearson Product Moment data analysis results obtained 0.991. The Cronbach's Alpha score is 0.995. It can be concluded that the agility test with dribble and passing can be used to measure the agility of soccer players.

Wootaek Lim   

Although recent studies have confirmed that muscles of the upper body are obliquely linked with the muscles of the contralateral lower extremity through posterior oblique sling (POS) system, the upper portion of the POS connected to the lower leg below the hamstring is yet to be determined. In the supine position, the active maximum dorsiflexion (DF) angles of the right and left legs were randomly measured. During passive trunk rotation performed by the therapist, the active maximum DF angles of the right leg (contralateral side) and left leg (ipsilateral side) were measured. In a long sitting position with and without trunk rotation, the active maximum DF angles in both legs were measured. The left upper body was made to rotate rightward in trunk rotation. In the contralateral lower extremity, the DF ROM in the sitting position with trunk rotation was significantly different compared with those in the sitting position without trunk rotation, and in the supine position with trunk rotation. In the comparison between the ipsilateral and contralateral lower extremity, significant differences were found in the DF ROM in the sitting position with trunk rotation. This study indicates that the tensile force generated by trunk rotation is transmitted to the contralateral terminal end by examining changes in DF ROM. Since the upper portion of the POS is connected all the way down to the contralateral calf, the POS must be considered during the clinical treatment of patients with restricted DF mobility.

Tengku Fadilah Tengku Kamalden   Qais Gasibat   Agiela Emhemed Rafieda   Walied Ashoor Sulayman   Roxana Dev Omar Dev   Alif Syamim Syazwan   and Mohd Rozilee Wazir   

Sub-acromial pain syndrome (SAPS) in overhead athletes is the most common reason for shoulder pain. As a rational decision, the medical treatments of today will likely be the best cure for this particular population. Conservative techniques are generally utilised to treat inflammation and pain through electrophysical approaches or to control the subacromial space to avoid impingement by rotator cuff and scapular muscle exercises, as the SAPS (subacromial pressure) mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this analysis is to assess the efficiency of these measures for pain reduction and function improvement. The literature, the best research source to be used, was searched using such search engines as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The articles were chosen in a manner that relates to the study objective and also their scientific relevance. This research may inform that in subjects with a reduced subacromial space, exercise can have a greater impact on overhead athletes. The effectiveness of centred therapy with Extracorporeal Shockwave (ESWT) on severe plantar fasciitis is uncertain. A greater cohort with its training efficiency in comparison with the conventional physiotherapy programme is required to demonstrate the efficacy of SAPS bodyblade exercise on overhead athletes.

Min Liu   Rui Gao   Klaudia Kukurová   Walter Ho   and Jian Wang   

Background: The difference of parental involvement in children's sport activities is a hot social issue when parental socio-economic background is investigated. Parental input, investment and social stratification could influence children's sport participation. Purpose: This study investigates the levels of parental physical activity and their investment in children's sport involvement across different socio-economic backgrounds. It expects to find out the best predictor in understanding the relationship of parental sport involvement across different socio-economic situation. Methods: Questionnaire survey method was selected and 863 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire content included questions about families' basic information, social stratification, parental physical activity and parental investment in children's sport involvement. Results: When parents in low, middle and high social classes were compared, there were significant differences in parents' levels of physical activity, spiritual support, financial support, opportunities given and daily physical activity (all p < 0.01). Significant correlations between daily physical activity, physical exercise and social stratification were found (p < 0.01). Another significant correlation was found between spiritual and financial support, opportunities given and social stratification (p < 0.01). Parental investment, parents' level of physical activity and physical exercise were the predictive values for understanding children's sport involvement. Conclusion: The higher social stratification, the higher parental physical activity and parental investment will be involved in children's sport. Physical exercise had the highest predictive power as it related to parental investment in children's sports participation.

Badriya Al-Hadabi   Suhail Al-Zoubi   Bakkar Bakkar   Fakhriya Al-Yahyai   Mohammad Al-Gaseem   and Ibrahim Al-Qaryouti   

The adapted physical education (APA) is a set of sports activities, programs, and exercises that are adjusted to be compatible with individuals with special needs. This research explored the effect of an adapted physical education course on attitudes toward the sport of Omani individuals with disabilities. Participants were 25 undergraduate female students from the Department of Physical Education at Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Sultanate of Oman. The participants responded to the attitudes toward APA scale before and after studying the APA course. This scale consisted of 30 items distributed into three domains related to course instructor, course topics, and course teaching methods. The results revealed that studying the APA course significantly contributed to modifying the participants' attitudes toward the sport of Omani individuals with disabilities. In other words, these effects were demonstrated by the high effect size of the studying the APA course on modifying the participants' attitudes. The research recommends converting the course into a compulsory one, upgrading its credit to 3 credit hours, and adding other courses on Paralympic Games to the program plan at Physical Education Department, SQU. The contributions of this research focused on university special education courses. The presence of these courses will actually contribute to modifying college students' attitudes toward the sport of individuals with disabilities.

Jelena Turlisova   and Anita Jansone   

The authors have previously researched and analyzed, both manually and with the help of a computer program, preschool and primary school children's performance in the eye-hand coordination test and their depth perception. The study used the standardized DTVP-2 test - a psychophysiological test, and it will report as a golden standard for evaluation of visual - motor and visual perception integration. Computer-aided test processing significantly accelerates the collection and acquisition of test results - as we know, time is now a very high resource that everyone needs to spare. We evaluated the stereo vision of 56 participants by using the TNO test and eye-hand coordination. The participants were children of preschool and primary school age. Twenty of them were from a school for children with cognitive disabilities. The TNO test results showed that 54% of children between the ages of 5.5 and 9.0 years old had 60 arcsec, 18% - 120 arcsec, and 29% - 240 arcsec. The DTVP -2 test execution rate shows a very strong correlation with the stereoacuity (r = 0, 90; p < 0, 05). A computerized DTVP -2 test performance coefficient shows a higher correlation with stereo (r =0, 99; p < 0, 05). The DTVP -2 performance coefficient related to stereovision value - the higher the eye-hand coordination performance coefficient, the lower are the stereo threshold value. The conclusions of master thesis research became hypotheses of PhD research and started developing a ViMoT methodology. The development of a new methodology (ViMoT) for assessing visual-motor coordination and visual perception in electronic format and the subsequent development of a computer program will facilitate many specialists' work. It will make it possible to devote more time to processing, but correction or help of an individual (patient), depending on his problem. By working in an interdisciplinary manner, there is an in-depth knowledge of the topic, researched, and new solutions relevant to e-learning. Ensures the quality of the research and increases competitiveness. The following primary research methods will be applied to achieve the aim of the study: theoretical data research as descriptive analysis, content analysis, and comparative method; mixed type of methods as both qualitative research methods and quantitative research methods – document use, case studies, surveys, focus groups discussions and interviews with target groups, experimental and practical testing of recommendations; analysis methods as descriptive analysis, statistical analysis, and others. Today's users and learners require a user-oriented and personalized approach, not only in applications but also in education. The primary study aims to develop components for improving e-learning and learning process Visual-Motor Test (ViMoT) methodologies based and a new computerized tool on visual science basic principles, psychophysiological, and learners' needs.

Mahmoud AL-Haliq   Esam Abu-Shihab   Manal Al-Kloub   and Ibrahim Harafsheh   

Physical fitness is one of the most important indicators of adults’ health and low mortality. The mastery of cognitive physical fitness and the methods of its application may help in improving performance. The need to engage this concept in sporting activities for both genders becomes vital for the value and benefits that reap through it. This study aimed at identifying the cognitive level test of physical fitness for female employees of the Hashemite University. Using a descriptive design, 135 female employees were surveyed by a questionnaire which consisted of (39) items testing the cognitive level of the university's faculty and staff. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Arithmetic means and standard deviations were also applied to measure the cognitive level in physical fitness. Three-way ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of the independent variables (scientific qualification, experience, job title) on the knowledge outcome of female employees. The results revealed that there was no statistically significant effect of the independent variables on the cognitive results of female employees, because their true significance levels were (0.324, 0.76, 0.379) respectively. Hence, all of them were greater than the real significance level (α≤0.05), which indicates a lack of significant differences in these variables. Accordingly, the researchers recommend establishing special ladies’ facilities to increase sport activities, and conducting more special courses to develop the elements of fitness, including wider segment of female employees.

Vijayamurugan Eswaramoorthi   Mohamad Razali Abdullah   Naresh Bhaskar Raj   Rabiu Muazu Musa   and Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki   

The intention of this investigation was to decide the most significant exercise intervention in enhancing maximum voluntary ventilation in young male soccer players. Sixty non-smoking young male soccer players with the mean age of 14.18 (0.79) years, were randomly assigned to four groups (Group A, B, C, D) of 20 players in each group. Maximum voluntary ventilation was measured at baseline using digital pony FX micro spirometer. The Group A athletes were instructed to do diaphragmatic breathing exercise with conventional sports training. Group B athletes received pelvic floor muscle exercise with conventional sports training. Group C athletes received synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor contraction with conventional sports training and Group D (Control group) players received conventional sports training alone. The training protocol was designed for 15 minutes duration 5 times per week for 8 weeks, along with their 60 minutes conventional sports training. Mid and post intervention measurements were carried out at the fourth week and the eighth week with identical baseline assessment protocol. The repeated measures of ANOVA revealed that, marked improvement in maximum voluntary ventilation was evident amongst all of intervention groups except control group however post hoc analyses implicated that synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor contraction was beneficial in enhancing maximum voluntary ventilation than the pelvic floor exercise, diaphragmatic breathing exercise and conventional sports training (P<.05). Therefore, synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor contraction training should be considered as a part of sports training to improve maximum voluntary ventilation.

Ji Young Yoo   and Yeon Soo Kim   

In general, each of the aggregates is favored as not being a carrier. Foreign visitors were applied, information responsive, and visit experience. The reason was, the intimacy of behavior change and behavior change of attitude later became an opportunity to create Korean dance. In this study, 268 foreign visitors were examined to derive the creation and behavior of Korean dance. We investigated the behavioral change and its impact on the creation of Korean dance. It was supported by factor variables: intimacy, attitude, behavior change, and Korean dance creation. These results are probable as content factors of knowledge as manipulated variables estimated to increase. It applied the tools of the methodology to frequency analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis in social science with statistical use. Independent variables are intimacy, attitudes, and behavioral changes. The intervening variables are foreigner's visit experience, information acquisition. The dependent variables are behavior of change and Korean dance creation. As a result, there was a significant impact on visitor intimacy, attitude, nationality and behavioral change, which positively affected 67.8 (%) behavioral change. In addition, the creation of Korean dance was influenced by the result of behavioral change, intimacy, attitude, and visit experience and information acquisition, and 77.9 (%) very high result in behavioral change and creation of Korean dance. However, there was insufficient impact significant effect on performance viewing and time 9.8(%). When the results of the study are concluded, the factor contributing to the creative development of Korean dance has an indirect effect where there is a behavior of change by foreign visitors. It was found that it had an indirect effect on the new of Korean dance creation.

Hartono   Agus Cahyono   and Eny Kusumastuti   

Dance can serve as an effective medium to instill aesthetic values for children given the many artistic elements of this type of art including movement, music, visual, and performance. For this reason, incorporating dances is an appropriate medium to introduce the aspects of aesthetics to children. This literature review specifically analyzed the elements of the Warok Dance that actualizes the fulfillment of aesthetic values and how the children express their aesthetic needs. The data from the observation and interview were interactively analyzed; its stages involved data display, data reduction, and verification. The results showed that the medium of expression of aesthetic needs involves the elements of movements, music, makeup, and costume of the Warok dance. The fulfillment of aesthetic needs in the dance was conducted directly and indirectly. As appreciators, the children were directly involved in the dance practice and performance sessions. Moreover, the children were also indirectly involved into the dance when they watched their peers practice and perform the dance. In particular, the study concludes that the elements of Warok dance serve as the medium of fulfillment and expression of children’s aesthetic needs, either by participating into the dance directly, or by watching their peers perform the dance (indirectly).

Muslimin   Muhamad Syamsul Taufik   and Eneng Fitri Amalia   

This research aims to find out use the development in depth training model at Suryakancana University. In addition, research and development were conducted to obtain in depth information about the development and application of training models, to find out and effectiveness, efficiency of the models made, and to increase the curiosity and motivation of athletes in practicing can deepen the exercise. This research and method development used applied for the Research & Development (R & D) of Borg and Gall. The method subjects in this research and development were the futsal players the University of Suryakancana. The effectiveness tests that the average value of the game results in futsal before given the training model is as much as 7.0 times and after given the treatment with the model of futsal survival exercise result in 8.4 times the average, which means that there is an increase in the results of the game futsal defending. The model uses the Survival game 0.00 < 0.05 with an equivalent significance to 0.05 then H0 rejected. Based on the information can be concluded that the defensive exercise Model of the University of Suryakancana Futsal game can be applied effectively and efficiently in order to improve the defensive of playing futsal.

Budi Aryanto   Awan Hariono   and Cukup Pahalawidi   

This research aims to know the quality of instrument proved through the construct validity and construct reliability of korfball-playing skill assessment. This research and development applied the modified development model of Strand & Wilson. The performance control sheets were used as the main instrument to observe the korfball-playing skills. The data were analyzed using the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) technique, which is prolonged by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) technique to make a good instrument for performing korfball-playing skills observation. The EFA analysis uses software support of SPSS 23.0 and CFA analysis uses software LISREL 8.8. This research is obtained that the estimation of construct of reliability is reliable, where the result of estimation of reliability use confirmatory factor analysis in the indicator of skill execution as well as decision making which are about 0.80 to 0.88. This research is also obtained of construct of validity is valid, where the result of estimation of validity use confirmatory factor analysis in the indicator of skill execution which are about 0.87 to 0,95. Estimation of validity in the indicator of decision making is about 0.73 to 0.79. The result of this research shows that the instrument which used to measure korfball-playing skill is considered valid, reliable, and meets the criteria of a good instrument which shows that the developed assessment model is fit to the actual data.

Khurotul Aini   Moch. Asmawi   Ramdan Pelana   James Tangkudung   and Muslimin   

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of target games and net games training on the accuracy of passing volleyball. The research method used is the experimental design method using pretest-posttest control group design. The research subjects used the experimental method. The research subjects were 120 participants of men's volleyball extracurricular activities at Makassar City Junior High School. Participants are divided into two groups using total sampling, namely 60 subjects in the experimental group (net games) and 60 control subjects (target games). The test instrument is passed over the head using the Russell-Lange test. The effectiveness test was delivered to see the difference between the control group and the experimental group using the t-test. Data analysis techniques used the help of SPSS 21 application. The results of the study with a value of t = 10,971, df = 118 and sig (2 tailed) or p-value = 0.000 <0.05 or Ho was rejected. As the result, the hypothesis proposed was tested with the data so that it could be concluded that the accuracy of overhead pass the experimental group using the netting games method was higher than the control group that used the target game. The netting games training method is suitable for increasing the accuracy of beginner age athletes in passing on volleyball. The novelty of this training method combines the netting games training model into volleyball games, especially over passing. The research contributes to the accuracy of passing skills for junior high school volleyball players.

Sumbara Hambali   Asep Akbaruddin   Domi Bustomi   Achmad Rifai   Tatang Iskandar   Azi Faiz Ridlo   Yopi Meirizal   Ruslan Rusmana   and Rury Anggoro Tyas   

In some countries, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a major disaster that has caused several areas to experience serious problems. One of them is the field of education, which requires online learning. However, this is effective? The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The object of this research is the Effectiveness Learning of Physical Education in the Pandemic COVID-19 at West Java Elementary School. This study aims to reveal field data by explaining what is revealed in the field, analyzing and concluding the results of the research. This research uses descriptive research with the process of collecting and compiling data, as well as analyzing and interpreting the data. The sample used is the West Java Elementary School, such as Bandung City, Cimahi City, Subang City, Bekasi City and Karawang City. The data collection technique in this study used a google form questionnaire that was sent through the WhatsApp application group through the homeroom teacher. After collecting data using a questionnaire, it can be seen that the effectiveness of the Physical Education Learning at the time of the COVID-19 Pandemic was at a score of 50%. This means that physical education learning carried out online is still not optimal. Students and teachers must be able to better adapt to the implementation of the online Physical Education learning process.

Irfan   Rusdin   Sri Yanti   Shutan Arie Shandi   and Ihsan   

Purpose: Analyze government policies regarding the financing of physical education. Design/methodology/approach: This research is a descriptive study using qualitative methods. The research subjects were 32 people. The research analysis is data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Findings: (1) the regional budget allocation policy for financing education delivery exceeds the minimum limit of 20% of the regional revenue and expenditure budget. (2) the operational implementation of physical education in educational units only relies on school operational assistance funds. (3) the education budget allocation is not proportional to the funding of programs to increase the competence of human resources, only 0.3% is budgeted by the Education Office. The funding for physical education providers is more dominant in the program to improve sports facilities and infrastructure, namely 8% of the budget for education providers. Originality/value: (1) The education financing policy model needs budget allocation management to increase human resources (internal) to strengthen the competence of technical personnel in various fields in the Education Office in the form of training. (2) Model of budget allocation for human resource development (external), the budget allocated for teacher and student activities in the form of technical guidance and training. The realization of this policy model requires policy intervention in the form of political will with an approach of communication, authority, trust, value.

Lutfi Nur   Arief Abdul Malik   Didik Rilastiyo Budi   and Muchamad Arif Al Ardha   

This research is a pilot study aimed at analyzing the intensity of male and female students' learning movement comparison using a polar global positioning system (GPS). It is a comparative study, and participants in this study were junior high school students aged 12-13 years, totaling eight students (four males and four females). The research instruments used were Polar GPS RC3 and Polar Heart Rate Sensor H3 to measure the distance and heart rate of students during the learning process. All participants were given a tactical learning model and a technical learning model on different physical education learning days. After that, they were analyzed comparatively to find out the difference. The results showed differences in the intensity of movement in male and female students, with the tactical learning group had higher intensity of movement. Besides, the average male students had higher movement intensity than female students. This study's findings could be used as evaluation material for teachers to improve the physical education teaching and learning process quality. Furthermore, the use of technology, such as the Polar Global Positioning System (GPS), helps teachers monitor their students' level of physical activity. Since this research is a pilot study, further research is needed to determine the differences between the two learning models and gender-based student movement intensity more comprehensively. Besides, the comparison of giving feedback during the lesson is also suggested for further research.

Umair Anwer   Shibili Nuhmani   Saurabh Sharma   Mohd Arshad Bari   Shaji John Kachanathu   and Turki Saeed Abualait   

Speed, agility and quickness (SAQ) are the key determinants in soccer which enable the player to address decisive situations. Therefore the objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of the SAQ training with and without specialized training equipment on sports performance parameters in amateur soccer players. In this study, 64 amateur male soccer players between the ages of 18-25 were recruited and randomized into the experimental group and control group. The experimental group received SAQ training with specialized equipment whereas the control group received SAQ training without equipment for six weeks (three times/ week). The study adopted a pretest-posttest design. Vertical jump test, 20-meter sprint test and Illinois agility test were the outcome measures. Both groups were significantly improved (p< 0.05) from pre to post-training in all sports performance measures. Between-group analysis by independent t-test showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group significantly in vertical jump test t(53)=7.71; p=.01,Cohen's d =1.24; 20 m sprint test t(53)=5.05; p=.03,Cohen's d =1.12 and in Illinois agility test t(53)=2.84; p=.03,Cohen's d =0.72. This study found that SAQ training is an effective training program for improving selected sports performance measures in amateur soccer players. Addition of specialized training equipment in SAQ training can cause a significant improvement in sports performance measures. The findings of the study can assist the clinician to design the late stage of rehabilitation protocol, preseason training and conditioning in novice and semiprofessional athletes.

Mo'een Ahmad Oudat   

The study aimed at identifying the level of the supervisory competencies of physical education supervisors from the point of view of (PE) teachers. The researcher applied the descriptive method, and the study population comprised all the male and female teachers of physical education in Irbid in the first semester of the academic year 2019/2020 (n=240). The study sample included (144) male and female teachers accounting for (60%) of the study population. A questionnaire is designed to measure the level of the supervisory competencies of physical education supervisors from the point of view of (PE) teachers. It consisted of (24) items distributed over four domains (Personal competencies, curriculum development competencies, competencies for providing services required for the educational process, competencies for establishing human relations between workers). The coefficients of the instrument were calculated by using the content validity, and the total reliability coefficient amounted (0.88), and the data were processed by (SPSS). The results showed that the level of the supervisory competencies of physical education supervisors from the point of view of (PE) teachers was medium in all domains. The overall mean was (3.60) with (72.25) relative significance. And it also showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the level of the supervisory competencies of supervisors attributed to the gender variable. The results also showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the level of the supervisory competencies of supervisors in the domains of (Personal competencies, competencies for providing services required for the educational process, competencies for establishing human relations between workers) Attributed to the variables of academic qualification and experience years. While it also showed that there are statistically significant differences in the level of supervisory competencies of supervisors in the domain of curriculum development competencies, and in favor of a higher academic qualification than a bachelor's, and experience less than 5 years.

Polevoy G. G.   

Aim: to determine the influence of exercise Classics on the development of vestibular stability of schoolchildren aged 9-10. Methods: the study was conducted over a period of 9 months, and 40 9-10-year-old schoolchildren took part in. Physical education classes were held 2 times a week for 40 minutes each lesson. The level of development of coordination abilities was assessed on the "Shuttle run " test, and the indicators of vestibular stability on the "Turns on the gym bench " test. The programs bio-stat 2009, Microsoft excel 2016 and t-student were used for mathematical and statistical processing of results. Results: at the beginning of the pedagogical experiment, the indicators of school children between the groups did not have significant differences (P>0.05). At the end of the study, the indicators in both groups improved. In CG, in the Shuttle run test, the indicators improved from 10.2±0.6 to 9.9±0.5 (P>0.05); and in the vestibular stability test, the indicators improved by 2.9% (P>0.05). In EG, in the "Shuttle run 3x10 m " test, performance improved from 9.9±0.5 to 8.5±0.4 (P<0.05), and in the " Turns on the gym bench " test, performance improved by 34.8%. These results indicate the effectiveness of using exercise Classics in physical education lessons in working with younger schoolchildren. Conclusion: if you perform a Classical exercise in physical education classes at school, you will improve not only the indicators of coordination abilities, but also the vestibular stability of schoolchildren.

Sulistiyono   Sugiyanto   Agus Kristiyanto   and Sapta Kunta Purnama   

Coaching in sport is a complex activity where several components influence each other to achieve the goal, especially in team sports. Skills, physical abilities, and tactics are not enough, but with strong character by the players increasingly the chances of achieving team success. Researchers have not found coaching models that aim to improve technical skills and character integrated and proven to be effective. This research aims to find the effectiveness of the games experience learning coaching model to improve passing, receiving, dribbling, shooting technical skills and teamwork, respect, discipline character in a youth football player. This research used experimental methods. The sample was 46 youth football players from some football schools in Sleman District, Yogyakarta Region, Indonesia. Twenty-three players sampled the intervention group and 23 players sampled the control group. Data collection used skill tests for technical skills and observation tests for character players. Skill and character measurements are carried out before and after treatment, where the treatment is carried out for 10 weeks. Data analysis was done with the ANCOVA technique, strengthened by paired t-test using SPSS 22 program. The results of the study are games experience learning base coaching model (1) having a significant influence on technical skills and character youth football player, (2) effective to improve skills and character youth football player. The limitation of this study is the interaction activities of players with peers in the environment, with families that researchers cannot control may influence the results of the study. The games experience learning base coaching model can be an alternative that can be used by football coaches in charge of coaching young players. This coaching model is following the youth positive development policy where sports activities not only think about winning but also attention to attitude, life skills, character that can be a provision for the lives of young athletes in the future. The games- experience learning based coaching model requires improvement in some parts of the game to make skill improvement more optimal.

Vijayamurugan Eswaramoorthi   Mohamad Razali Abdullah   Naresh Bhaskar Raj   Rabiu Muazu Musa   and Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki   

The aim of this study was to find out the most significant exercise training in improving lower limb power in young male football players. Sixty non-smoking young male football players with the mean age of 14.18 (0.79) years, were randomly allotted to four groups (Group A, B, C, D) of 15 players in each group. Lower limb power was assessed at baseline by vertical jump test. The Group A athletes were instructed to perform diaphragmatic breathing exercise with conventional sports training. Group B athletes instructed to do pelvic floor muscle exercise with conventional sports training. Group C athletes advised to do synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor contraction with conventional sports training and Group D (Control group) players received conventional sports training alone. The training regimen was scheduled for 15-minute length 5 times per week for 8 weeks, along with their 60-minute conventional sports training. Mid and post intervention assessment were carried out at the fourth week and the eighth week with similar baseline assessment regimen. The repeated measures of ANOVA exposed that, noticeable development in lower limb power was obvious amongst all of intervention groups, however post hoc analyses implicated that synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor contraction was advantageous in enhancing lower limb power than the pelvic floor exercise, diaphragmatic breathing exercise and conventional sports training (P<.05). Hence, synchronized diaphragmatic breathing with pelvic floor contraction training should be considered as a part of sports training to improve lower limb power.

Siti Ayu Risma Putri   Firmansyah Dlis   Samsudin   Mutiara Fajar   Sugar Wanto   and Puput Sekar Sari   

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of smash practice using a hanging ball on the accuracy of open volleyball smash games. This research method is to use an experimental research design. The research sample consisted of 60 male volleyball players. The sample was divided into two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group with the matching ordinary pairing technique. The research instrument was the APHEER test smash skills. The data analysis technique used the t-test to see the effectiveness of increasing the training given to the sample, processing data analysis with the SPSS version 23 software program. The results showed that the average accuracy of the smash of male volleyball players who participated in extracurricular activities was the pretest group results, control of 6.83 and posttest control group of 5.65 which means there is no significant increase. Then for the results of the research group that was given exercise, the pretest score of 6.77 and posttest the experimental group was 10.63. Based on the research data, there was a significant increase in the smash results in the experimental group. The conclusion of this research is that there is an effect of smash practice using a hanging ball on the accuracy of open volleyball smashes. The results of this study provide a contribution for coaches and volleyball players to improve smash skills, especially increasing the accuracy of open smashes.

Winara   Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani   Sulaiman   and Rumini   

The purpose of this study was to see: The effect of submaximal physical activity to increase MDA levels in the blood of soccer players given submaximal physical activity. The effect of giving tempe drinks for 2 weeks on changes in MDA (malondialdehyde) levels after getting submaximal physical activity in the sample. Providing tempe drinks with MDA levels in the players' blood, the sample consists of 15 players who get high sub-maximum physical activity (pulse) and 15 players who get sub-maximum physical activity (pulses). The instruments used to collect data are: physical activity running 2400 meter pulse measurement and MDA test (malondealdehyde). There was a significant effect on muscle recovery that was given tempe drinks, namely offering tempe drinks. The MDA (malondialdehyde) muscle recovery rate was very fast compared to samples that were not given tempe drinks (the average value of the players who were given tempe drinks was around F = 42). It can be seen from the MDA blood while without offering the tempe drink F = 47. The data will show that muscle recovery is faster if you are given tempe drinks defeatingly because in the tempe content there is a lot of protein so that muscle recovery is faster.

Nurul Ihsan   Khodijah Reza Amum   Willadi Rasyid   and Hendri Neldi   

The athletic learning process in short distance running numbers at SMP Negeri 2 Quality in Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Province, has low learning outcomes in the aspect of knowledge, because it has not utilized information technology-based learning media and the learning needs of Physical Education in schools have not been fulfilled completely. The purpose of this study is to develop information technology-based learning media on athletic material for short distance running numbers for students and to determine the increase in learning outcomes before and after using the media. This study uses a development method with a model design adapted from Borg & Gall. The subjects of this study were students of SMP Negeri 2 Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra Province, totaling 15 people from each class level, and three experts, namely one media or teaching materials expert and two athletic material experts. The learning media development process is carried out through a modular test stage which is packaged in an application that contains a description of the material accompanied by pictures and video tutorials. Then the validation test was carried out with the help of instructional media experts and inget a percentage of 88.89% in the Very Appropriate category from the media expert's assessment, while in terms of the learning material provided by the first material expert, the results are 86.42% in the Very Appropriate category and the second material expert's assessment results in the amount of 97.15% are in the Very Appropriate category to use and will attract students and make it easier for students to imitate the movements they have seen and indirectly shorten the time in learning the movements. In addition, there is an increase in learning outcomes before and after the use of instructional media that has been given. This study uses a development method with a model design adapted from Borg & Gall.

Muhammad Salahuddin   Armin Haluti   and Nurhikmah   

Banggai regency futsal sport is quite well known among the people, but no futsal athletes have been able to compete at the provincial or national level such as in the provincial sports championship (Porprov) held in Moutong in 2019. Even though seeing many futsal athletes who have talent, skill, and good ability in playing futsal when participating in the championships that held in the district, this futsal development especially the futsal district association (AFKAB) has not shown achievements. The purpose of this research is to find out: the quality of athletes, coaches, training programs, organizations, facilities and infrastructure, funding for the Banggai Regency Futsal Association. This research was conducted in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi. The method used in this research is a qualitative method using questionnaire or questionnaire. The results of this research in the classification of the quality of futsal athletes in Banggai Regency the frequency of futsal athletes in Banggai Regency are classified as Good with criteria of 17 people or 51.5% of 33 athletes. The quality of the trainers is quite poor with a frequency of 2 people or 66.7% of the 3 trainers. The quality of the training program is quite poor with a frequency of 2 people or 66.7%. The quality of the organization is good with a frequency of 3 people or 60% of 5 management. The quality of facilities and infrastructure is classified as poor in terms of athletes, trainers and administrators. The quality of funding is classified as good with a frequency of 3 people or 60% of 5 management. The quality of athletes in fostering Futsal sporting achievements in Banggai Regency is included in good criteria, seen from the spirit of training and athletes' efforts in achieving optimal performance. The conclusion of this study: the quality of athletes, administrators and funding is good while the quality of trainers, training programs, facilities and infrastructure is still not good in fostering futsal achievement in Banggai Regency. So the development of futsal sporting in Banggai Regency needs to get special attention for the trainers, facilities and infrastructure of the KONI management and the Government.

Maya Kurnia   Putri Cicilia Kristina   Husni Fahritsani   Perabu Nita   Hengki Kumbara   and Daryono   

The problem in this study is that there is an effect of shuttle drill training on the ability to dribble in extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. This study aims to determine the effect of shuttle drill running on the ability to dribble in soccer games for extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. This type of research is experimental research, using the one group pretest-posttest design method. The population in this study was 30 SMA Negeri 1 Lembak soccer players, while the sample in this study amounted to 20 people. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling technique. The data collection technique used the dribbling or dribbling test method. The data analysis technique used the t-test formula. Based on the results of research conducted on football extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak, the average pretest result was 26.45 seconds and the posttest average was 19.55. This shows that shuttle drill practice can improve students' dribble skills in playing soccer football extracurricular activity at SMA Negeri 1 Lembak. Because there is an increase after being given treatment compared to before being given treatment. In testing the hypothesis, the value of t-count> t-table or 16.33> 1.73 is obtained, so it can be concluded that there is an effect of shuttle drill training on the ability to dribble in soccer games for extracurricular students of SMA Negeri 1 Lembak.

Jajat Darajat Kusumah Negara   Sufyar Mudjianto   Astri Budikayanti   and Adhitya Nugraha PP   

Hitting the ball is a complicated ability in softball academicie, because in appreciation to prioritizing movement skills, cognitive appearances additionally need to be investigated, one of which is attention. Meanwhile, going to hit the ball requires excellent attention for an individual student. Exhibiting gamma waves further influence arrangements of hitting performance. The objectives of this study were first, to determine the negative functional correlation between gamma brain waves and hitting skills, then second to know the positive functional correlation between attention and hitting skills and third to determine the effect of attention on increasing hitting skills. The method used in this research is an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design research design. The sampling technique in this study was using a saturated sampling technique. This investigation amounted to 20 subjects, in the calculation of the Pearson product-moment correlation test using SPSS v.23. The first results collected were p-value 0.026 with an r square value of 0.25, so there is a significant negative functional correlation between gamma brain waves and hitting skills in softball learning of 25%. The second issue obtained p-value 0.017 with an r square value of 0.28, so there is a significant positive functional correlation between attention and hitting skills in softball learning by 28%. Furthermore, thirdly, the results obtained p-value 0.0001 between pre-test and post-test, with a significant increase in skills of 70.17%, so there is a significant influence between attention and hitting skills.

Fauziah Nuraini Kurdi   Hartati   Yeni Risnawati   and Destriana   

This study aims to determine the effect of various push up exercises on the results of passing over in extracurricular volleyball activities for male students of class VIII Muhammadiyah Junior High School Megang Sakti, Musi Rawas. This type of research is a quasy experiment with a pretest-posttest one group design. The sample in this study amounted to 30 people. The instrument used was a passing test on the wall. The treatment in this study was in the form of various push-up training methods, after being given exercise for 6 weeks with a frequency of training 3 times a week. Based on the results of research and data analysis with statistical t test with a significant level of α = 0.05, it was obtained tcount (0.10) while ttable (1.70), then tcount> ttable, then Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. Thus Ha can be submitted it can be accepted, that the push up exercise varies with the results overheadpass in the volleyball extracurricular activities of male students class VIII Junior High School Muhammadiyah Megang Sakti Musi Rawas. The findings in this study are the results of training methods of variation push up that can be used to improve the ability overhead pass volleyball. The implication of this research is that various push up exercises can be used as a type of exercise to improve of the volleyball overhead pass ability. This research was conducted in junior high schools and the samples were students who took volleyball extracurricular activities, so this study was aimed at novice athletes or new to volleyball, so this research is suitable for beginners.

Eva Julianti P   Yusmawati   Heni Widyaningsih   and Abd. Halim   

The aim of this study is to propose a practical, theory-based framework that can be applied in analyzing the modeling of quality physical education based on kinesthetic perception as a socio-technical entity, and in identifying potential improvements. Physical education learning in elementary schools is one of the important stages for optimizing the development of a child's fundamental movement, stimulating motor abilities and physical activities that stimulate intelligence optimization. However, kinesthetic perception is the feeling of muscle that directs the movement correctly, without using the eyes. Method of this research used Modeling Process and Mingers' sequential type multi-method research design. Since there is no single model, this study consolidated a hybrid model (motor learning Model, sport education model, Tactical Games Approach model and VARK learning model). Research process (Constructing thematic questionnaires, web-based data collecting and analyzing data) and this article presents the results of the first stage i.e. theory adaptation as resilient arguments about the need to develop a quality physical education learning model based on kinesthetic perceptions for elementary school students.

Nofi Marlina Siregar   Eka Fitri Novita Sari   Marlinda Budiningsih   and Zulham   

This study aims to create a basic motion model of traditional games based on early childhood games (5-6) years. The aim of research is to create models and improve basic movements of early childhood education, especially those related to locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative movements in early childhood (5-6) years. This research used a research and development (R&D) method which was carried out in DKI Jakarta with small experiment on 10 children and large experiment on 30 children by applying 20 basic movements based on traditional games. Based on the results of the effectiveness test on 30 research subjects, the initial test results of children's activities in motion were 12.8 and in the final test 20, there was an increase in children's activities in motion. The results of the initial test of children's activeness in non- motorized motion were 13.66 and in the final test 16.8 there was an increase in children's activeness in non-motorized movement. The initial test of children's activeness in manipulative movements was 19.7 and the final test 22, there was an increase in children's activeness in manipulative movements. Based on the results of the above research, basic motion models based on traditional games for early childhood (5-6) years old can be applied as well as effective basic motion models to increase activities, abilities and skills through movement, especially those related to basic locomotor motion techniques, non locomotor and manipulative.

Selvi Atesya Kesumawati   Fakhruddin   and Husni Fahritsani   

The backgrounds of this study are (1) the Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) of children with mild Intellectual Disability (ID) experience barriers caused by mental disorders, (2) the limitations of teachers in developing play activities models to improve FMS of children with ID, (3) facilities and equipment in schools using for standard normal child. This study aims to produce a learning model to improve FMS for children with mild ID. The learning model is packaged in game activities, and takes one of the themes in the 2013 curriculum. This learning model is named activities in the morning. The research method used is research and development (R&D) proposed by Borg and Gall. The R&D procedure basically consists of two main objectives, namely: (1) developing products and; (2) testing the effectiveness of the product to achieve the goal. The subject of small group trial used 10 students (6 boys, 4 girls 8-10 years old) and 4 teachers, and the large group trial used 23 students (13 boys and 10 girls 8-10 years old) and 4 teachers in the 3 SLB in Palembang city. The results of the effectiveness test of the different learning model activities in the morning in small and large group trials for aspects of movement skills, cognitive skill and fun are analyzed, and focus of attention in trials small and large group obtained an average value of trial 2 greater than trial 1. Also, the calculated z-test is greater than the z-table value, so the difference is significant.

Mykhailo Khoroshukha   Grygoriy Griban   Nataliia Terentieva   Pavlo Tkachenko   Oleksandr Petrachkov   Bogdan Semeniv   Olena Otravenko   Zoia Dikhtiarenko   Eduard Yeromenko   Oksana Khurtenko   and Andrii Lytvynenko   

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different training activities on the development of the logical thinking of junior athletes who specialize in various sports. 131 students-athletes and 77 students-non-athletes aged 17-20 took part in the study. They were divided into two experimental groups (group A and group B) and one control group (group C). Group A included 69 students-athletes who were engaged in speed and power sports (boxing, freestyle wrestling, sprinting, hurdling, jumping, throwing). Group B included 62 students-athletes who were engaged in endurance sports (skiing, cycling, swimming). Group C included 77 students of higher education institutions who did not do sports. The study of the athletes' logical thinking was carried out according to the methodology of "Numerical series". It was found that the student-athletes who were engaged in endurance sports (group B) were registered to have significantly better (р<0.05-0.001) values of all three indicators of logical thinking (number of errors, speed of thinking and general assessment of the state of logical thinking) in comparison with the student-athletes who were engaged in speed and power sports (group A) and students-non-athletes (group C). Moreover, it was established that the students-non-athletes had a significant improvement in the indicators of logical thinking in comparison with the students-athletes who were engaged in speed and power sports (р<0.05-0.001).

Ria Lumintuarso   Suharjana   Widiyanto   and Japhet Ndayisenga   

Background: Sport management plays an important role in the athletes' achievement and championship. Sports Management helps us to learn how to overview the business side of sports organization with the use of the latest trends and technologies. Sport management is applied in various fields. The benefit of sport management is to increase the quality of business whether in sport industry, physical education, but it is also used in coaching athletes during the pre-competition, the competition process, and post competition. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the principals of sport management like: (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) staffing, (4) leading and (5) controlling in Asian Games 2018. Design/methodology/approach: This was a qualitative descriptive study. The research sample was made of all Indonesia sports professionals in 2018' games. To collect data, the researcher conducted an assessment of service quality from planning, organizing, staff, leading and control during the Asian championship using questionnaire, interview, and observation. The Results showed that the achievement of the Indonesian athletic team was more programmed and planned, which is evident from the early age athletes were selected and coached by senior athletes. Indonesia's role in the development process was more apparent in the government support, the support of stakeholders, and academics from universities. Conclusion: Sport management is a strong tool that helps physical education teachers, sport medicine managers, and coaching training managers to decide how to improve the peak of performance and to maintain a good quality of athletes and non-athletes.

Ilham   and Dimyati   

Background: The speed world record (WR) performance is an achievement made by athletes in the competitive rock-climbing category, where the athlete must complete the climbing route on a standard artificial climbing wall with a height of 15 m in the shortest possible time. Purpose: This study aims to determine: (1) the effect of visualization and relaxation training on athlete's performance; (2) the effect of self-efficacy on athlete's performance, and (3) the interaction between exercise (visualization, relaxation) and self-efficacy on the performance of rock-climbing athletes in the speed world record category. Design/methodology/approach: This research is experimental research with a true experimental design modified with a factorial design (2x2). The population in this study was all junior and youth WR speed rock climbing athletes, aged between 15-20 years in Yogyakarta and Central Java. A sample of 20 men athletes was taken with the Slovin Formula and ordinal pairing technique. The data were collected using the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE) to measure self-efficacy and motion climb to measure the performance of rock-climbing athletes with WR speed. A Two-Way ANOVA test was used with the following analysis prerequisites: normality test and homogeneity test. The results of this study showed that: (1) Visualization is better than relaxation; (2) Athletes who have high self-efficacy have better performance than athletes who have low self-efficacy; and (3) There is a significant interaction (p<0.05) between exercise (visualization and relaxation) and self-efficacy (high and low) on the performance of rock climbing athletes in the WR speed category. Conclusion: The highest performance is obtained with visualization exercises with high self-efficacy; followed by relaxation with high self-efficacy; and visualization exercises with low self-efficacy.

Chanh Thuc Dao   and Van Tang Nguyen   

In Vietnam, physical education is mostly still taught in a traditional model. Volleyball is one of the most practiced sports in Physical Education classes. The study of this article was to explore students' difficulties in the practice of volleyball in school Physical Education (PE) classes, according to the tactical principles of the sport, and to compare them with teachers' understanding of the discipline. This qualitative study was developed in two stages: a) observation of 14 hours/class PE volleyball classes in two different schools and field diary records of students' difficulties during the game according to the tactical principles of the sport, and b) application of a Linkert scale with active PE teachers to classify such problems (Thomás A.P, et al 2020). In the first stage, the following situations were identified as difficulties, in decreasing order of occurrence in the observations: building the attack, occupying spaces on the court, looking for empty spaces, intending to contact the ball, and directing serves. In the teachers' view, however, difficulties in serves were indicated as students' main problem and, on the other hand, occupying court spaces as the action they performed more easily. On this basis, it is concluded that there are differences between the researcher's and the teachers' views, possibly related to teachers' initial coaching and previous experiences based on the traditional model, whose focus is not on the teaching of tactical principles.

Ali Bedaiwi Tapoor   Ammar Muthanna Jameel   and Mushtaq Abed Alredha Mashi   

Some of the main problems facing sportsmen, and males in general, are obesity and the accumulation of unwanted fat. Gynecomastia is the phenomenon of a body deformity in males that occurs in the chest area and causes a lot of embarrassment. It is quite uncomfortable for sportsmen and males. They experience embarrassment and dissatisfaction, making them dress in such a way that may hide their weight or gynecomastia. The importance of this research lies in developing a general suggested rehabilitative program (training and diet) by trainers and experts in the field of training and bodybuilding. This program is developed to: address the phenomenon of gynecomastia, burning accumulated fat in the chest area, raising testosterone level, and lowering (progesterone and estrogen) hormone levels in participants. The research problem is explored through observing some males with noticeable bloated or flabby chest appearance. They are examined to check the amount of accumulated fat in their bodies -using calipers- and examine the chest glands by feeling them to detect the texture of this gland. The results are presented to doctors specialized in this field, showing that they suffer from a form of sagging. This condition occurs due to three reasons: a genetic glandular disease, a difference between the proportions of male and female hormones, or the accumulation of fats as a result of a diet containing fats, carbohydrates, and sugars which the body keeps in the form of fats in the chest area. This phenomenon is called gynecomastia. The research community consists of students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences - University of Qadisiyah for the academic year 2018-2019. The sample consists of (10) students divided into two groups (experimental and control) - (5) students per group. The researchers check the homogeneity and equivalence of the research sample in the studied variables. All field procedures have been appropriately done, from measurements to obtain the necessary data, to conducting the appropriate statistics and classifying them in the form of tables, analyzing and discussing them, and coming up with some conclusions and

Rumpis Agus Sudarko   Hari Setijono   and Edy Mintarto   

The aim of this research is to know whether the use of new guideline produced is effective toward the athlete’s prestige of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial government of all Indonesian athlete association in East Java. Type of this research is Research and Development (R&D) by following research procedure which is conducted by seven stages, including: 1) Potential and problem, 2) data collecting, 3) product design, 4) design validity, 5) revision of design, 6) product testing, 7) product revision. Kinds of data used in this research are Qualitative data including field observation data, interview and questionnaire, and quantitative data including validity counting of data and reliability of questionnaire assessment of design model of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial government of all Indonesian athlete association in East Java. Technique of collecting data is conducted into two stages such as processing qualitative and quantitative data. Analyzing data in this research uses qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. Qualitative analysis is conducted on interview, input and reduction in product assessment, as well questionnaire about development model design. Meanwhile, quantitative analysis is used for assessment of development model design of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial government of all Indonesian athlete association in East Java. The research finding indicates that the prestige reached by the athletics athlete of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial government of all Indonesian athlete association in East Java after applying the model has been significant increased. This case shows that the model applying has good level of effectiveness. Therefore, the development model of National Athlete Training Centre-B of provincial government of all Indonesian athlete association in East Java is feasible to apply to improve the junior athlete prestige in East java.

Chakravarthy Marx Sadacharan   

The eccentric (ECC) exercises are an efficient way to exercise the muscles than concentric exercises. However, unaccustomed ECC may cause muscle damage, pain, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) that may lead to temporary functional impairments. The aim is to measure the effects of performed yoga poses after various intensities of ECC exercise protocol with different ranges of motion (ROM) at the elbow and knee. Thirty-six participants aged between 18 and 30 years performed yoga after the ECC protocols (weeks 3, 5, 7, 9) and the ECC protocols without yoga poses (weeks 2, 4, 6, 8) on the elbow and knee muscles (5 × 10 repetitions each session) using their 25%/35% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The subjective and objective assessments were carried out (activities of daily living (ADL), pain (visual analog scale (VAS), pain pressure threshold (PPT), and MVIC). The FROM ECC exercise with 35% of MVIC without yoga showed moderate pain (0-3.5) in ADL, VAS, and PPT for elbow extensors and showed a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the PROM ECC exercise with 25% of MVIC without yoga. ECC exercise performed with 35% of MVIC without yoga induced a higher degree of DOMS, pain, ADL limitations than 25% of MVIC without yoga. Yoga after PROM ECC protocol showed less pain, DOMS in VAS, and PPT for elbow flexors, knee flexors, and knee extensors. The overall percentage of increased MVIC value at the end of the study was between 30.53 and 43.12%. The upper extremity (extensors) muscles are more prone to DOMS and pain when compared to the lower extremity muscles. Performing yoga stretching poses after the eccentric exercise protocol may affect reducing DOMS and muscle pain.

Hasanuddin Jumareng   Edi Setiawan   Ihsan Abdul Patah   Mela Aryani   Asmuddin   and Ruslan Abdul Gani   

The current COVID-19 pandemic becomes a problem for education, especially in the physical education learning process at the university level. The aim of this study is explore students' perceptions of online learning and preferred platforms in physical education classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method in this research was a qualitative exploratory study by interview. There were as many as 60 students became the sample from Suryakancana and Halu Oleo University. Data collection is done by interviews to find out student perceptions about the online learning and preferred platforms in physical education classes. The results of this study showed the different perceptions of students regarding online learning and platform favored in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, from those who consider online learning to be very helpful and some are highlighting the obstacles faced when implementing online learning. Overall, students' perceptions consider online learning very important in the current era of COVID-19, and the majority of the platforms that students like the most are Zoom Meetings. The contribution of this research can provide information to teachers and lecturers about online learning and platforms that can be used in physical education classes, so that later learning outcomes from students can be achieved more optimally.

Lalit Mohan   Syed Tariq Murtaza   and Ashish Kumar Katiyar   

In this existing time, the approaches made in field hockey are highly appreciable. As the synthetic surface introduced, many drastic changes have taken place. The game got a new trend for assessing functional playing abilities, and performance-based specific skills of advanced field hockey players. Field hockey is a stick-based game; where stick-work with speed and accuracy is required for controlling the movement of the ball. A number of specific skill tests had already been developed and produced to test the functional abilities of players’ stick-work with other developmental work as fielding, dribbling, driving, controlling, and shooting while moving the ball. However, no existing test fulfills the criteria of modern field hockey playing skills. In order to test the specific skills and evaluate the performance level of advanced hockey players; the authors designed and constructed a test with proper selection of specific skills, in which many other movements related to advance skills were combined with stick-work. Wherein major focus was laid upon the player’s ability to control the force element when contacting the ball, manipulation of stick-work by combining wrist and hand movement with quickness to control the movement of the ball while running in speed and hitting the right target was the prime concern. The idea presented in this paper is the need of the day and, the test is known as the ‘Veer- Lalit Field-Hockey Skills Test’ which meaningfully analyses the overall performances of advanced hockey players.

Palmizal A.   Dian Pujianto   Nurkadri   and Anak Agung Ngurah Putra Laksana   

This study aims to produce a creative exercise learning model for the basic locomotor movements of elementary school students. This study uses the Research & Development (R&D) development research method from Borg and Gall in Sugiyono. The small group test consisted of 10 students at the State Elementary School 40 / XI Talang Duku, Muaro Jambi Regency, the item model, in the large group trial of 18 students with 28 model items. The 10 students' effectiveness test used the locomotor test with the one-group pretest-posttest design by obtaining the effectiveness test value with an average pre-test result of 34.30 and an average post-test result of 69.90 with sig. 0.00 then the data is declared homogeneous. Therefore, the data read is equal variances assumed, so the t-count is greater than the t-table (20.463> 2.26216) with a significant expectation of 1%, df 9 and sig. (2-tailed) = 0.000 <0.05 with an explanation of the application of the creative exercise learning model for basic locomotor movements of elementary school students effectively. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that: (1) With this creative exercise learning model, students can learn more effectively and efficiently, (2) with this creative exercise learning model, an increase is shown in the pre-test and post-test results. There is a significant difference.

Yudy Hendrayana   Jajat Darajat Kusumah Negara   Nuryadi   Agus Gumilar   and Martina Lesyiana   

Cognitive function is a process of thinking systematically, logically, and analytically. In the present study, it is indispensible and has an important role in the learning process's success. The enhancement of cognition could change a person's behavior for the better. The thought process depends on the brain's electrical activity and a person's mental condition, which is indicated by brain waves, beta waves. Beta waves affect a person's concentration and awareness. Improvement beta waves on adolescents are positively correlated with improved cognitive function. In addition to cognitive function, they are stimulation by brain jogging or brain exercise. Brain jogging is a mental exercise model that combines cognitive and multitasking. This study used an experimental method with brain jogging treatment intervention for eight weeks, with 17 students who had met the sampling criteria. The beta wave measurement results increased significantly by 19.92% or (16.99±8.48 vs. 20.38±9.34) with a p-value of 0.0001**. Cognitive function increased significantly by 44.36% or (290.88±31.92 vs. 419.94±97.01) with a p-value of 0.0001**. Meanwhile, the Pearson correlation test results between beta waves and cognitive function in the pre-test obtained r = -0.642 with a determinant coefficient of 0.054 or 5.4%, there was no significant correlation, while in the post-test it was obtained r = 0.482 with a determinant coefficient of 0.232. or 23.2% with a p-value of 0.050*. Research and analysis of brain jogging treatment have been shown to improve cognitive function and affect beta waves.

I Bagus Endrawan   Martinus   Rabwan Satriawan   and Khairul Amar   

Futsal is one of the many games favored by people in all parts of the world. Those who play this kind of big ball sport have a special preoccupation. Many futsal tournaments are held in regions, from student level to club level. This is of course a great opportunity for sports lovers in general and futsal in particular. Apart from clubs, futsal is also very popular among students ranging from elementary, junior high, high school to tertiary institutions in Indonesia, especially in the Palembang area. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of agility and running speed to the ability to dribble students extracurricular participants futsal Public Junior High School, the method used is the correlation, and the sample amounted to 20 men who follow extracurricular students. Data analysis used is simple correlation analysis for each independent variable with related variables, whereas for together with double correlation of research result between variable X1 with Y obtained rhitung = 0,586> rtabel 0,444 then H0 rejected and Ha accepted, variable X2 and Y obtained rhitung = 0.792> rtabel 0.444 then H0 rejected and Ha accepted, and variables X1, X2 with Y obtained rhitung = 0.817> rtabel 0.444 then H0 rejected and Ha accepted and value Fhitung = 17,044> Ftabel 3.59 means H0 rejected and Ha accepted. Because the three variables show a positive direction, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between agility and running speed to the ability to dribble students extracurricular participants futsal Junior High School.

Mohd Najib Abdullah Sani   Azrul Amri Amran   Muhammad Jameel Mohamed Kamil   Hanim Romainoor   and Louis Ringah Kanyan   

The intensity of environmental heat stress during a marathon race increases the runner's metabolic heat production. Based on series of participatory studies and interview sessions with 100 respondents among runners, the contributing factors to this homeostatic imbalance risk are the excessive amount of body-water deficit from extensive sweating, and the rapid increase of cardiovascular and thermal strain while running. In addition, environmental factors such as humidity, the increase of air temperature, wind speed and solar radiation contribute to the marathon runner's low performance during running with the paucity of cooling strategy that results in the increase of core body temperature with symptoms of exertional heat illness. This paper elucidates the integration of the statistical and theoretical studies of exertional heat illness and the human physiological responses complementing with the product design context. The integration demonstrates the synchronisation of design thinking process within the ergonomics ergosystem framework to develop the appropriate prototype design for marathon runners. As outcome, this research has successfully developed a running suit as its design proposal to minimise exertional heat illness risk and promote the runner's safety, wellbeing and performance in the heat.

Aisya Kemala   Khurotul Aini   and Elly Diana Mamesah   

In 2019, all countries experience the corona virus including Indonesia. The spread of the Covid-19 virus outbreak caused obstacles in the athletics training process. This study used a Google form help questionnaire by asking 10 questions to 104 Elite athletes respondents in DKI Jakarta. The results showed 100% were athletes in DKI, as many as 65.4% stated that athletes experienced co-19 effects. As many as 73.1% said exercise could still be done during the outbreak, 76.9% of athletes stated that the training program was conducted well online. 26.9% respondents said the exercise was done online with the trainer. As many as 87.4% of athletes knew the training procedures online 25% had difficulty training with online trainers; 34.6% did not always and 40.4% had no difficulties. 64.4% of respondents stated online exercises made the training process easier and 35.6% said there were no obstacles. Barriers to equipment availability are the most dominant experienced by athletes. The results found that online training is suitable for athletes to use in the new normal era.

Ucok Hasian Refiater   James Tangkudung   and Hernawan   

This study aims to develop an Android-based model of measurement in orthodox shot put styles. The research method used is research and development which adapted from Borg and Gall's theory including the 10 stages of development. The research subjects were 12 males and females athletes. Data collection uses observation, questionnaire, interview, and test. Data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive qualitative and statistics analysis. The result showed the average value of the small-scale trials with 8 subjects of athletic athletes is 82% in the category "Good" which means the android-based shot put gauge is "feasible" to be used as an orthodox shot put style. The average value of large-scale group trial with 12 subjects of athletic athletes is 86,2% also in category "Good" meaning the Android- based shot put is also "feasible" to be used as a gauge for orthodox shot put style. The conclusion from this study is the Android-based in orthodox shot put measurement test instrument which is feasible to be applied to measure the results of shot put. Future research can develop further in sensor system. However, the sensors used in UDM devices use laser sensors.

Silvi Aryanti   Hartati   and Syafaruddin   

The purpose of this study was to develop a badminton learning model through animated videos on physical education and health students of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Universitas Sriwijaya. The media used is only in the form of images so that the use of the media is still not optimal. Furthermore, students participate in learning less actively. This research method is Research and Development. The research sample was conducted on the third semester. These steps were adapted into the following seven design research and development procedures: information gathering in the field, information analysis, early product development (draft model), expert validation, small-scale field trials and revisions, large-scale field trials and revisions, and manufacture of the final product. The data collection techniques in this research are documentation, walkthrough, questionnaire and tests. The results of research on small-scale trials conducted on 20 students obtained a percentage of 63.1, which is included in the category of "good enough" to be continued at the next stage, namely large-scale trials. The results of research on large-scale trials obtained a percentage of 82.59, which is the average result of 55 respondents included in the "feasible" category. The finding of this research is that badminton learning model can be developed by video animation. The implication of learning this video animation based learning model can be used by students for learning badminton.

Muslimin   Moch. Asmawi   Samsudin   Firmansyah Dlish   James Tangkudung   Aprizal Fikri   and Destriana   

The purpose of this research is to develop a digital-based volleyball service skills test instrument. The research method used is research and development which adopts Borg and Gall theory which has 10 stages of development. The research subjects numbered 28 male. The results of this development research are the 12 subject small-scale trials getting an average value of 82% the category of "Good / feasible" to proceed to the large-scale trial phase volleyball players and daughter. Data collection uses observation, questionnaire, interview and test. The results of 16 subject large-scale group trials obtained an average value of 85.3% in the category of "Good / decent" which means that the digital-based volleyball under service skills test instrument was "feasible" to proceed to the stage of tool implementation. The conclusion from the results of the development of a digital-based volleyball under service skill game instrument "Eligible" is used as a tool to measure the technical ability of volleyball players.

Yusmawati   Eva Julianti   and Ruliando Hasea Purba   

This research is part of the research and development phase conducted by researchers. The purpose of this study is to describe the physical education learning environment by integrating the neuroscience concept. The method used in this research is literature study and survey with the following steps, 1) conducting a theoretical study and related principles, 2) analyzing learning (including analysis of learning tools to its implementation), and 3) describing the findings. The subjects in this study were grade 3 elementary school physical education teachers in Jakarta. The instrument used was developed by the researcher according to the needs consisting of four indicators, namely, the teacher's teaching style, student learning styles, the integration of neuroscience in learning, and learning support facilities. Literature study data were analyzed using a normative approach while survey data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results obtained are that there are four main principles of neuroscience learning, namely 1) multi-tasking, 2) modeling, 3) fun, 4) sequential. Meanwhile, field findings show that teachers have unconsciously integrated neuroscience in learning, but have never seriously and specifically designed their learning according to the principles of neuroscience-based learning. Researchers suggest developing a neuroscience-based physical education learning model that is based on the found neuroscience learning principles.

Oki Candra   

This study aimed to determine whether there is an effect of concentration training on shooting free throws by female students in basketball extracurricular. This research was a quantitative research using experimental design. The research design used was a pre-test post-test system aimed to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment given. The population in this study was basketball extracurricular students at State Senior High School 10 Pekanbaru consisted of 15 students. Sampling was done by using total sampling technique which all of them were used as samples. The t value obtained based on the findings of research using the t test was 3.49. The results of this calculation were then consulted on the t table with 14 degrees of freedom, so that the t table obtained was 1.76. In other words, t count was greater than t table which indicated a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results of 3.86 and 5.13, respectively. The increase in this value was found through the following steps: It was known that there has been an increase of 32.4% from the t table calculation as the difference between the results of the pre test and post test. Based on the research findings, the conclusion obtained is concentration training affects the shooting basketball free throws.

Ika Novitaria Marani   Ari subarkah   and Vian Octrialin   

Swimming is a way to maintain a streamlined body position, which requires core muscle strength; the core muscles must be strong to carry out their function in maintaining body position during swimming. Core muscle strength correlates with swimmers' buoyancy and performance. Thus, training such as core stability exercises is needed to increase the strength of the core muscles. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of core stability exercises using a Swiss ball to increase core muscle strength in junior swimmers. An experimental method was employed with one group only pretest and posttest design. The research instrument utilized to measure the core muscle strength of junior swimmers was the sit-up test. 50 members of the Taksaka Swimming Club were determined as the population of the study while only 30 of them were involved as the sample of this study. Out of the 30 people, 15 of them were given treatment and the rest 15 people were grouped in the control group. They were divided using a purposive sampling technique. The results showed that core stability exercise using a Swiss ball was effective in increasing core muscle strength in junior swimmers as indicated by a t-score of 7.5 at the significance level of α = 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that core stability exercises using a Swiss ball can be used to increase the strength of the core muscles to enable the stability around the lumbar spine and abdominal muscles might bring about biomechanical changes that allow swimmers to swim faster in a more efficient way.

Eka Fitri Novita Sari   Rekha Ratri Julianti   Nofi Marlina Siregar   and Sukiri   

Children's health could be monitored through basic motion skills, for example, running, walking, jumping, sliding, galloping, skipping, hopping, and leaping. Children could be determined as healthy if they can perform those movements properly aligning with their development phase. This study is a part of research development in order to develop test instruments of basic locomotor skills through puzzle-based activity. This study aims to describe elementary school students' health levels through 8 basic locomotor skills measured by the test instruments. The data were collected through a descriptive approach. The participants consisted of 60 students in a class, Ciracas, East Jakarta. The study shows that 35 students (58,33%) received a good score in walking, 29 students (48,33%) received a good score in running, while 38 students received a good score in jumping, hopping, leaping, galloping, skipping, and sliding. According to the results, students' health levels in this study varied as 25 students (42%) received overall good scores, 20 students (33%) received overall average scores, while 15 students (25%) received an overall bad score.

Surya Rezeki Sitompul   Firmansyah Dlis   Hernawan   Anisa Sholihamia   and Galang Pakarti Mahardika   

This study aims at developing multiple-training-based learning model to improve technical capabilities of tennis serve of the students of the Faculty of Sports, Medan State University. This study used research and development method propounded by Borg and Gall. Based on the test result that was taken and applied to small and big samples, it is revealed that the multiple-training-based learning model can be implemented to improve the skills of tennis serve technique of the students of the Faculty of Sports Science, Medan State University. The subjects of this research and development study were 38 students of Physical Education, Sports, Health, and Recreation Department, Faculty of Sports, Medan State University, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The study found that the effectiveness level of the old teaching model is 66% out of the expected level criteria, while that of the new learning model reaches 96%. It means that the effectiveness level improves for 30%. Accordingly, it can be concluded that: (1) the multiple-training-based learning models can improve the serve technique and the serve result, and (2) the learning model is more effective and efficient in increasing students' participation in the instructional process.

M. Haris Satria   Bangkit Seandi Taroreh   MargarettaIneke Melynda   and Novri Asri   

This research aims to, 1) develop a draft of play activity: to increase fundamental movement skill for children with mild mental retardation and 2) obtain empirical data on the effectiveness of the results of play activity: to increase fundamental movement skill for children with mild mental retardation. This research is the development of (research and development). The sample in this study is retarded children in SD SLB C KaryaIbu, SD SLB C YPAC and SD SLB B Pembina. The result of research and development as well as the procedures, the resulting product is a model of instruction play activity: to increase fundamental movement skill for children with mild mental retardation currently consists of 46 model variations. From the results, small group test showed that model of play activity: to increase fundamental movement skill for children with mild mental retardation, this good and can be used by students and teachers in SD SLB C in Palembang. From the results field try group test stated that the products developed can be used by children with mild mental retardation however still needing guidance. The effectiveness test product development showed a significant improvement to the fundamental movement skills (locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulative) children with mild mental retardation, and the results large-scale trial stated that the products developed can be used without guidance. Suggestions on this research are that this product can be used as one way to increase fundamental movement skills for children with mild mental retardation and specific to the teacher that this product can be used as material to instruct the basic motion of matter.

Shanjida Chowdhury   K. M. Anwarul Islam   MD. Mahfujur Rahman   Tahsin Sharmila Raisa   and Nurul Mohammad Zayed   

Cricket is now a game of enchantment, refreshing and physical strength of 22 players. As the popularity of one-day international (ODI) games increases, it is essential to understand the game results' potential predictors. The advantage at home ground, coin-toss result, decision on first batting or fielding first, and day-to-day games are such popular cricket literature variables. The Indian subcontinent is like a game of thrill, war, friendship, and finally, and the best fighting teams are India and Pakistan. This study emphases a comprehensive analysis of the importance of these important predictors by various statistical calculations. For all ODI matches played by India & Pakistan from 1978 to 2019, information was manually collected from the website, www.espncricinfo.com. For purposes of model-building, logistic regression is applied retrospectively to data already obtained from previously played matches. Univariate, bivariate, binary and skewed logistic regression on the multivariate context are considered. In bivariate analysis, only the day/day-night format match is statistically significant at a 5% level of significance in favor of winning the Indian team. In binary logistic regression, the odds of winning team India was 70.6% times more for home ground and 2.28 times more for data compared to day-night times match. For skewed logistic, the odds of conquering for both teams increase, but the model performs comparatively worse than binary logistic regression.

Nabofa Ochuko Eric   Akarah Emmanuel Oghenebrorien   Angba Tessy Onogimesike   and Onohwosafe Peter Suoke   

Exercise can help mitigate mental wellbeing problems that people are likely to suffer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, there are few or no official guidelines on exercising among the strategies for containing the pandemic. It could be due to the fact that the relationship between exercise participation and mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic had been empirically demonstrated. This study was conducted to establish the relationship between exercise participation and mental wellbeing during the pandemic among the adult residents of Nigeria's Niger Delta metropolitan cities. The cross-sectional survey research design was adopted to study all adult residents in the area. A sample of 1,800 adult residents was selected using purposive and stratified systematic sampling techniques. The 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) and the Exercise Participation Questionnaire (EPQ) adapted from the Historical Adulthood Physical Activity Questionnaire (HAPAQ) were the data collection instruments. Frequency counts, means, standard deviations and linear regression analysis were used to analyse data. It was found that, although Total Daily Energy Expenditure on exercise during the pandemic was found to be significantly (β = 0. 504, t = 13.905, p = 0.000) related to mental wellbeing of respondents during the pandemic. It was concluded that current exercise participation can help in preserving one's mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Hend Faye AL-shahrani   

Sports field is a strategic tool to achieve the 2030 vision. It is a substantial way to modify human behavior, self-discipline, refine the soul, and build the body. In addition, it plays a great role in building capital Social, strengthening the community fabric, and improving cohesion and social solidarity among individuals. The culture of sports in Saudi society, as a healthy lifestyle, is still absent. Therefore, it's indispensable to stimulate this concept in our society, to improve the quality of life and eliminate non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and obesity. This could be achieved by motivating and sensitizing individuals to the importance of sport to have a healthy lifestyle. This study aimed to determine the extent of sports practice among women in the Saudi society, by identifying the motives and obstacles among the women society in Saudi Arabia, moreover, seeking for suggestions and solutions to increase the culture of sports practice among women in Saudi society. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire has been applied to 432 Saudi women in Riyadh. The study was based on a descriptive approach. We conclude that Saudi women are keen to keep their fitness and increase their motivation for sports practice, increasing their motivation for exercising. The high cost of participating in the club is one of the obstacles that women face in society. Besides, the absence of school curricula for sport reduces Saudi women's awareness of the importance of practicing sport.

Shu-Chu Yang   Shu-Jung Lin   Hsin-Ying Chang   and I-Tso Chien   

The main purpose of this research was to determine which items in the Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition(TGMD-2) and Bruiniks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency, with which Second Edition (BOT-2) preschoolers have difficulty. The methodology consisted of qualitative research. We used two motor skill testing and observation children's motor skill. The participants were 40 preschoolers, 20 participants were 48 months through 59 months of age, and the other 20 participants were 60 months through 78 months of age, all of whom completed both of these standardized tests. The findings were as follows: For TGMD-2, in galloping, the 1st group participants lacked a coordinated stride. Over 85 percent of all children were unable to transfer body weight to the front foot. Around 70 percent of the 1st group were unable to push a ball with their fingertips, and 65 percent of the 1st group were unable to maintain control of a ball for four consecutive bounces without having to move their feet to retrieve it. For BOT-2, all children had difficulty copying a five-pointed star and dribbling a ball with alternating hands. Around 95 percent of the 1st group participants were unable to do the knee push-ups, and 42 percent of them were unable to do sit-ups. It is recommended that preschool teachers should design low structured ball activities, which kids enjoy playing due to the lack of formal instruction. Moreover, instructions and demonstrations should be given in a lively manner, so as to make the activity more appealing. Finally, in light of the difficulties, Taiwanese preschoolers have with several of the items (dribbling, dribbling with alternate hands, etc.), we recommend that the scoring criteria be minorly adjusted based on the results of same test administered in various countries.

Grygoriy Griban   Оlena Kuznіetsova   Pavlo Tkachenko   Dmytro Oleniev   Oksana Khurtenko   Zoia Dikhtiarenko   Eduard Yeromenko   Andrii Lytvynenko   Alla Khatko   and Larysa Pustoliakova   

The aim of the study is to investigate the development level of the students' volitional qualities and their impact on physical fitness. The research of the formation of the students' volitional qualities was conducted in 2014-2020 in three stages. At the first stage, the significance of the difficulties that arise in the process of physical education was assessed, and the volitional qualities structure of the students of different genders was determined. At the second stage, the methodology of the volitional qualities assessment was developed and the development level of the students' volitional qualities in the process of physical education was defined. At the third stage, the students' level of physical fitness concerning the level of volitional qualities development was investigated. The study involved 972 students between the ages of 17 and 22. It was found that the main volitional qualities of students are purposefulness, persistence and perseverance, endurance and self-control, proactivity, and independence. In addition, purposefulness is the leading volitional quality around which other qualities are grouped in a certain system. It was found that 16.2% of male students and 10.1% of female students had a high level of volitional qualities development. 54.7% of male students and 37.6% of female students had a medium level. 29.1% of male students and 52.3% of female students had a low level of volitional qualities development. It was designated that students who were characterized by highly-developed volitional qualities had a high level of physical qualities development.

Kuswahyudi   Firmansyah Dlis   Yasep Setiakarnawijaya   Abdul Gani   Zulham   Ferry Yohannes Wattimena   and Bagus Winata   

Sepaktakraw athletes have an extremely high-risk ratio of injury to the lower body, especially the hamstring, when compared to sports like badminton and tennis. This study aims at measuring and comparing the recovery method of the hot-water immersion (HWI) and the foam rolling (FR) in the recovery process of Sepaktakraw athletes. Material and Methods: Overall, 18 Sepaktakraw players aged 18-20 years, who are members of the Sepaktakraw Club of Universitas Negeri Jakarta were involved in this study. 6 participants are randomly assigned to the HWI group, 6 players are assigned to join the FR group, and 6 players are assigned to join the passive recovery group (PR). Three of groups completed measurements pre- and post-recovery for blood lactate concentration and the total quality recovery (TQR). Blood lactate concentration was measured before, immediately, and 15 minutes after recovery. Meanwhile, the total quality recovery (TQR) is taken before the match starts and 15-min after each recovery method was completed. Results: ANOVA showed significant differences between the HWI and PR groups, as well as the FR and PR groups (p = 0.001). The post-TQR, ANOVA showed differences between the HWI and PR groups, as well as the FR and PR groups (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed HWI and FR can reduce blood lactate levels better than the PR group at 15-m after each recovery process in Sepaktakraw athletes. On the other hand, this study shows that the TQR is an accurate predictor index in measuring the effectiveness and quality of a recovery method for Sepaktakraw athletes.

Hasan Mohammed Al-Khaldi   

This study aimed to identify the coaches' ability to solve the administrative problems they face in some soccer academies in Jordan. The study sample consisted of (60) parents that were chosen randomly. The researcher prepared a questionnaire composed of two axes; the first one is related to the problems that players face in the academies, which simultaneously weaken their technical development, the second one is all about the Coaches' actions in disciplining the players' negative behaviors. After conducting the appropriate statistical treatments, the study found crucial results which are the following: firstly, there are many problems that the players face in the soccer academies that weaken their technical development at the same time. Secondly, the coach is not able enough to solve the problems that the players face. The recommendations are as the following: assigning administrative staff with technical staff to work separately but having the same goals is something necessary. The administrative and the technical staff should attend training courses to develop their skills in solving the administrative problems that they face in the work environment (Soccer Academy).

Alexander Romanchuk   and Oksana Guzii   

Using spiroarteriocardiorhythmography, 202 highly qualified male athletes aged 22.6 ± 2.8 years, who are representatives of acyclic sports were examined. According to HRV (hearth rate variability), the types of the athletes' cardiac rhythm regulation were determined. There are 4 types of autonomic regulation of cardiac rhythm: Type I – indicates moderate stress, Type II – indicates a decrease in the functional state of regulatory systems, the development of fatigue, Type III – indicates the optimal state of regulation, Type IV – indicates overstrain of autonomic regulation or high fitness. The athletes with a predominance of central (types I and II) and autonomous (types III and IV) effects on the cardiac rhythm regulation are differentiated by indicators of total respiration power (TP_R, (l/min)²) and power in the high frequency range (HF_R), (l/min)²). Athletes with the type IV cardiac rhythm regulation had a more significant contribution of the low-frequency component (LF_Rn, n.u.) in the regulation of spontaneous respiration than athletes with type I and II cardiac rhythm regulation. In the type II regulation of cardiac rhythm there is a significant decrease in expiratory duration (s), which is also manifested by a significant increase in the ratio of inspiratory and expiratory phases, which may characterize expiratory insufficiency for this type.

Sharifah Maimunah Syed Mud Puad   Mazlan Ismail   Mohad Anizu Mohd Nor   Wahidah Tumijan   Ahmad Fikri Mohd Kassim   and Muhammad Amiruddin   

Music has been used generally as a powerful tool to enhance an athlete's performance due to its psychological advantages. However, there has been a lack of data on the effects of music on anaerobic performance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fast tempo music during warm up on short-term maximal performance of football players. This study involves twenty-four (n=24) football players of DRB Hicom FC 2 from Kuala Lumpur Division 1 League. They need to undergo both tests which were with and without music. Heart rate before and after warming up, RPE, peak power, mean power and fatigue index were measured for this study. Mixed ANOVA was used to investigate the effect of music on heart rate while independent t-test was used on RPE, peak power, mean power, and fatigue index variables. The results showed that there is significant interaction of music on heart rate and fatigue index. In conclusion, there are significant effects of fast tempo music during warm up on short-term maximal performance in football players.

Anggi Setia Lengkana   Aam Ali Rahman   Muhammad Nur Alif   Gumilar Mulya   Ari Priana   and Dadang Budi Hermawan   

Balance is the ability to react to any change in body position so that the body remains stable and in control. A right balance will enable a person to carry out activities and movements effectively and efficiently with minimal risk of falling. A balanced training program is given as many athletes get injured during peak periods and training for patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Down Syndrome. The author is interested in proving and implementing various forms of balance training applied to children who participate in various sports at primary school age to prevent them from avoiding injury. Therefore, all physical conditions must be met so that they are ready to receive training at the next stage. This study aims to determine the effect of learning static and dynamic balance in elementary school students. The method used is a pretest-posttest control group design experimental random sampling method. The sample is elementary school students in grades 5 and 6. The instruments used in the form of tests are the standing crane test and the Star Balance Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). The results showed that static and dynamic balance learning significantly influenced the improvement of balance in elementary school students. In conclusion, learning static and dynamic balance together provides increased balance in elementary school students

Mohammed Elgammal   Ibrahim Hassan   Nagla Eltanahi   and Heba Ibrahim   

Repeated sprint training is usually performed in team sports, but its combination with blood flow restriction has a lake datum existing on the intense response to this type of training. This study aims to determine the acute effect of repeated sprint training in combination with blood flow restriction on the strength, anaerobic and aerobic performance in basketball. Twenty-four basketball players participated in current study were divided into two groups. They performed twelve on-court sessions; each consists of 3 sets of 8 repetitions of 20-sec and 4-min rests. Strength (1-RM bench press and half-squat), anaerobic, aerobic measurements were tested before the beginning of the study and two days followed by the training intervention period. The results presented a small increase in upper maximum strength (bench press) and anaerobic (Suicide Run) variables (ES 0.2 to 0.5) in (RST-BFR) group. In addition, there is a large increase in lower body maximum strength (half-squat) and aerobic capacity (VO_2max) variables. In comparison, the control group reported a small increase only in the aerobic capacity (VO_2max) (ES = 0.26), otherwise trivial effect size was observed in other variables. The t-test reported a significant difference between both groups (p < 0.05) after the (RST) with blood flow restriction on the lower body maximum strength (half-squat) and the aerobic capacity (VO_2max) measured variables.

Olena Miroshnychenko   Igor Pasichnyk   Alexander Voznyuk   Serhii Kubitskyi   Marina Roganova   Hanna Tsvietkova   Inna Shorobura   and Ihor Bloshchynskyi   

The research is devoted to the study of Ukrainian polar explorers' psychological readiness for extreme environments of the "Academician Vernadsky" Antarctic station. The relevance of the study is substantiated; the scientific papers of domestic and foreign researchers on the problem concerned are analyzed. The concept of psychological readiness for extreme environmental conditions is specified; the age limits of the studied groups are determined; methodological tools of psychological research are presented. Theoretical bases and practical results on the problem involved are considered. The three aspects of readiness of the polar explorers, namely psychophysiological, personality, social-psychological are differentiated. The peculiarities of psychological training are described. The complex of methods of psychological research of three age categories is implemented. The comparison of the results of the research has revealed some changes in psychological characteristics. It is proved that the most prepared age group includes middle-aged persons (from 35 to 45 years), which constitutes about 40% of the participants and indicates a sufficient level of psychological stability of wintering teams. These results enable to identify new criteria for psychological prediction, as well as to confirm the need for further psychological research.

Tommy Apriantono   Indria Herman   Bagus Winata   Iwa Ikhwan Hidayat   Muhamad Fahmi Hasan   Agung Dwi Juniarsyah   and Sri Indah Ihsani   

The primary aim of this study is to assess the VO_2max and anthropometric characteristics of men's double category; Next is to analyze match characteristics of men's double category; and finally, to compare the heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration calculated on-court with that obtained under laboratory conditions during an incremental test. 12 junior badminton players from Jaya Raya Badminton Club were enrolled as the subjects for this study. All participants were partnered up in 6 pairs (pair 1 to pair 6). During the first session (laboratory condition), VO_2max was measured by using a velocity dependent ramp test (INCS) based on incremental protocols. During the second session (on-court condition), the participants played a simulated match on court. A total of 350 rallies were analyzed. Statistical analyses revealed that double junior men's players hit the shuttlecock more often using drive shots techniques (466 shots). The ANOVA revealed significant differences regarding f_B between pair 3 vs pair 6 (p=0.004), pair 4 vs pair 6 (p=0.030), and pair 5 vs pair 6 (p=0.023). For the lactate measures, ANOVA revealed significant main effects of time (p=0.001) and group (p=0.001). Furthermore, the significance of HR average among laboratory and on-court conditions was established with the help of an independent t-test. The study demonstrated that the physiological characteristics of Indonesian men's double category are intermittent activities of high and low intensities, interspersed by short recovery periods. It was also discovered that the adrenergic strategy results in enhanced HR and lactate levels in the laboratory than on-court conditions.

Edilberto A. Artiga Jr. II   Charis B. Limbo   Lyndon L. Maningo   and Leo A. Mamolo   

Swimming is an essential skill, especially to the barangay emergency response teams near lakes, rivers, and beaches. It is a skill intended not only for recreation and livelihood but as preparation for unforeseen water emergencies. Acquiring this skill may help prevent drowning incidents that can lead to death. This research aims to determine whether the "Langoy sa Kaluwasan-Learn to Swim" extension project improved and developed the swimming skills of thirteen (13) barangay emergency response personnel in Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines. It utilized an experimental research design, specifically a one-group Pretest-posttest Research Design. The experiment took five weeks duration conducted at the Visayas State University (VSU) beach resort. Results showed that the participants' swimming competency is Satisfactory before the project and enhanced to Outstanding after the project. Results further affirmed the significant increase of the participants swimming competency with the help of the extension project. The results implied that although the participants are the barangay emergency response personnel of their barangays, they still had a lot to improve, especially in the different swimming skills, namely, bubbling, floating, gliding, direction change, water-treading, underwater swim, and freestyle. With these enhanced skills, they will also be expected to teach children and the youth of their respective barangays the skills they have learned. Thus, the national government may structure similar training capacitating and improving the barangay emergency response teams' skills to respond appropriately in calamities and unforeseen water emergencies.

Ria Lumintuarso   

This research gives the description about the implementation and implementing strategy of multilateral development in sport training session on young athletes in Indonesia. This research is designed by action research approach and using action intervention such as learning package by multilateral approach. The subjects of the research are the fourth-grade students joining co-curricular program in school consisting 20 student-athletes with the program activity schedule which has been determined. The data analysis was done by describing the data collection through observation and interview from various sources. On the result description, it is elaborated that the multilateral learning model, schematic picture of multilateral learning model is a sport learning program based on multilateral development consisting the summary and the elements of basic movement and the basic sport technical movement integrally in one learning session. Development model following the normal learning flow such as: opening, essence and closing. The Multilateral Learning Model is an alternative learning strategy which can be used by physical education teachers in elementary schools to provide better solutions for the implementation of physical education as the foundation of future life development both related to physical freshness and sports mobility skills. Therefore, in adult aged, students will have readiness to live their lives, both in life leading to sporting achievements and in the life of other professions.

Mélanie Gallot   Nathalie Rieth   and Alexandre Ganea   

Purpose: Chronic kidney disease and its treatment, hemodialysis, cause many side effects and disease-related pathologies appear due to inactivity, which characterizes the dialysis population. However, literature demonstrates that physical activity is beneficial for these patients. Nevertheless, few data are available concerning our studied parameters with a resistance training program. Methodologies: We observed the effects of a 3-month intradialytic resistance training program (t₀ vs t₃) on body composition, food behavior and physical capacities of 23 patients; 17 patients in the physical activity group and 6 patients in the control group. The resistance training program consisted of 3 sessions per week and involved the use of elastic bands and soft balls on the lower extremities. All the measures were realized at t₀ and t₃. Principal results: The leg muscle mass and the Time Up and Go test were improved after the resistance training program. The other body composition parameters and physical capacity tests (2 min step test and one leg balance test) presented no significant differences. No food behavior modification was observed. No changes were observed in the control group, regardless of the parameters measured. Major conclusion: A three- month resistance training program can improve both the leg muscle mass and the associated physical capacities. Contributions to the fields: Our study provided additional knowledge about resistance physical activity during hemodialysis sessions, few studied with our measured parameters.

Razak M. R. A.   Ismail E.   and Bakar A. Y. A.   

The balance of physical activity, fitness and nutrition is important to people's daily lives. The main purpose of this study was to establish profile of physical activity, health fitness (VO_2max), body composition, and dietary intake among college students in Malaysia. This cross-sectional study was carried out at the Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), whereby a total of 330 respondents of 1500 undergraduate and postgraduate students. Energy expenditure exercise levels (EEEL) was assessed by using physical activity lifestyle questionnaire (PALQ), health fitness (VO_2max) and body composition were examined through Queen's College step test, Heath & Carter method, and skinfold technique, whereas dietary intake was assessed via the administration of Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). According to somatotype anthropo¬metric rating (low = 0.5 - 2.5, moderate = 3 - 5 and high = 5.5 - 7), in Endomorphy 5.17 and 4.83, Mesomorphy 5.12 and 3.15 and Ectomorphy 1.72 and 2.09. BMI for male and female were 24.8 and 22.0 in Malay 24.9 and 22.2, Chinese 23.1 and 20.8, Indian 27.4 and 23.2. Overweight prevalen¬ce was 46.5% men, 17.4% women. %BF in below and above 30 years in male were respectively 17.1±8.2 and 28.9±5.9 and in female 20.89±4.5 and 28.18±6.7. Estimated VO_2max was 44.5ml.kg^-1.min^-1 in male and 34.34ml.kg^-1.min^-1 in female. Thus, male respondents were more susceptible to diseases and compl¬ications in comparison to females. Therefore, physical activity may need to emphasize the amount, int¬ensity, and activity types for promoting overall public health, not merely exercise time.

Volodymyr Naumchuk   Anna Sydoruk   and Natalia Makovetska   

The purpose of the study is to determine the content and organizational and pedagogical conditions of professional training of future teachers of physical education for animation activities in secondary schools and involves the development and experimental testing of the relevant conceptual model. For a physical education teacher, animation is a purposeful activity that provides the formation of a spiritually and physically health, socially active personality of a student capable of self-development and self-improvement in the field of leisure. The structural components of the readiness of future physical education teachers for animation activities, which is considered as a systemic quality of personality, are motivational and target, cognitive and content, activity and creative, and reflexive and evaluative. The effectiveness of professional training of future physical education teachers for animation activities in secondary school is ensured by the implementation of a set of organizational and pedagogical conditions, namely: orientation of the content of pedagogical education of future physical education teachers on the formation of readiness for animation activities; directing the practical training of students to the development of skills in the design and organization of animation activities in a secondary school; formation of students' holistic idea of the essence of animation activities by involving them in the developmental animation educational environment.

Syahid Nur Yasin   Amung Ma’mun   Agus Rusdiana   Ade Gafar Abdullah   and Lutfi Nur   

This research aimed to identify the talent needed by kayak athletes between 14-16 years old. Furthermore, the data gathered in this study would be analyzed by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to find out which element has significant roles in supporting kayak athletes. Mixed-Method Research (MMR) was employed in this research by using a literature study and administering a questionnaire to 32 professional coaches consisting of twenty eight male and four female coaches. The rationale for selecting these coaches is to identify their opinions regarding the talent criteria of selecting kayak athletes. The result of the analysis showed that there were five parameters that could be used to identify the talent of kayak athletes, such as anthropometry (height and weight), biomechanics (endurance and strength), psychology (self-confidence and focus), special endurance (aerobic and anaerobic; physiology), and skills (catch and pull-push). This talent identification model provides information for coaches, athletes, and parents to find out the talent of kayak athletes.

Emad Eldin Mohamed   and Reda kotb Abd Elrazik   

Background: Mechanical neck dysfunction (MND) is a common disorder prevailing among the individuals of different populations. It is characterized by pain and limited range of motion (ROM) which, in turn, affects the activities of daily living and quality of life. Although manual therapy is commonly used in MND treatment to restore a range of motion and reduce pain, some techniques have low evidence in treating MND. Aim: This study was conducted to compare the effect of sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) with positional release therapy (PRT) on cervical ROM, pain intensity, and functional disability in patients with chronic mechanical neck dysfunction. Methods: One hundred and twenty patients from both genders, where they were divided randomly into three groups. Group A received conventional physical therapy, group B received conventional therapy in addition to SNAGs, and group C received conventional therapy plus PRT three times per week for eight weeks. The universal goniometer was used to measure cervical ROM, numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) was used to measure pain intensity, and neck disability index was used to measure cervical function disability at two intervals, pretreatment and post-treatment. Results: The results showed significant difference in the cervical ROM, NPRS, and NDI between the three groups (p < 0.001) in favor of the group B. Conclusion: SNAGs with conventional physical therapy have been proven to be effective method in treating patients with chronic mechanical neck dysfunction patients.

Farruh Ahmedov   Novica Gardašević   Komiljon Norboyev   and Karim Umarov   

The purpose of this study is to compare the time characteristics of introductory and final rounds of judo competitions. This study analyzed 656 male judo fights in National Championships of Uzbekistan which were held in 2018 and 2019. All competition rounds were divided as first and the second subsample. Results were processed at the level of descriptive statistics. Descriptive parameters were counted: Average Indicator (M), Standard Deviation (SD), Minimal (Min) and Maximal (Max) results. The normality of the distribution of findings was tested using the Kolomogorov-Smirnov test and the T-test for independent samples was applied. Data were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 20.00 statistical package. The research results show that judo fights last longer in the second phase of the competition. The difference in the duration of the judo fights is - 63.47 seconds, i.e. the fight in the second phase of the competition lasts significantly longer, about 1.03 minutes. The results indicate that in judo both anaerobic and aerobic exercises are essential to get high achieves. High endurance capacity plays a crucial role in last rounds of the competition. This investigation would help to improve competitive effectiveness judokas, results would be clear indication of how to energy expenditure in a various rounds of the competition. Time characteristics of each phases of the contests are directly connected with physiological bases of judo such as energy consumption, VO² intake and Blood Lactate concentrations of the athletes during the different rounds.

Emad Eldin Mohamed Abdelatief   

Background: Bell’s palsy is one of the most common problems that affect motor neurons of facial muscles either unilateral or bilateral. It affects the function and quality of life frequently. Therefore, physiotherapists focus on restoring the facial function with different modalities. Electrical stimulation is one of these modalities included in the physiotherapy program to enhance recovery of Bell’s palsy. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and faradic current stimulation on the recovery of Bell’s palsy. Methods: One hundred and ninety-six patients from both genders with unilateral Bell’s palsy; their ages ranged from 15 to 60 years. They were divided randomly into four groups with forty-nine patients in each group. Group A received conventional therapy, group B received transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), group C received faradic current stimulation, and group D received TENS + faradic current. All patients were assessed at the initial treatment (after 2 weeks of onset), after one month, and at the end of the study by using the House Brackmann Scale (HBS) for the severity of symptoms and facial symmetry which consist of six grades from normal to total paralysis. Results: In group B, there was a statistically significant improvement in grade IV, V, and VI compared to groups A, C, and D while there was no statistically significant difference among the four groups on grade II and III. Conclusion: TENS is more effective in treating moderately severe dysfunctions as well as total paralysis than convention therapy, faradic current and TENS plus faradic current in patients with acute Bell’s palsy.

Rony Syaifullah   and Rumi Iqbal Doewes   

High achievement was determined by many factors, one of which is athlete's talent. A child's talent identification program needs to be carried out before carrying out achievement-oriented training process. The research purpose was to produce anthropometric, physiological and biomotor measurement indicators to identify the talented athletes in the pencak silat sport category of 12-14 years old. The research used development research by referring to the Borg and Gall's development stages. The stages begin from the need analysis, instrument preparation, testing and application in group trials. The development of talent tests includes 15 test series consisting of 5 anthropometric tests, 5 physiological tests and 5 biomotor tests. The results of validity and reliability tests on 15 test items produced high category validly and reliably. So it can be concluded that (1) The guiding model of pencak silat talent named "RS Silat Talent Test" can be used in displaying or identifying pencak silat talents as an operational step of implementing certain strategies in guiding pencak silat talent; (2) The guiding model of pencak silat talent contains fifteen units of test items.

Denise Koh   Nur Hamizah Zainudin   and Mohd Khairi Zawi   

This study aims to measure the level of validity and reliability of Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) in Bahasa Malaysia in measuring Malaysian youths' level of fitness. The absence of Bahasa Malaysia questionnaire in measuring the level of Malaysian youths' fitness further strengthens the study carried out. Descriptive statistics are applied to describe respondents' demographic distribution such as sex, race, height, weight and BMI. A total of 60 respondents were involved in this study, 29 of them are males (48.3%) and 31 others are females (51.7%). Reliability of PAQ-A is determined by doing test retest after 12 days. Convergent validity and criterion validity were measured by comparing PAQ-A and IPAQ as well as PAQ-A and pedometer overall pace. Pearson Correlation (r), Alpha Cronbach (α), and ICC were used to assess the degree of reliability while Spearman Correlation (rho) was used in deciding level of validity of PAQ-A. Overall correlation between first and second PAQ-A administration is r=0.719, p<0.05. Coefficient α PAQ-A was 0.836, with the value of ICC=0.718 and 95% range CI =0.569-0.822. Correlation value between PAQ-A and pedometer overall pace is low (rho=0.167, p=0.202). Meanwhile, the correlation between PAQ-A and IPAQ was high (rho=0.516, p<0.05). In conclusion, PAQ-A questionnaire has high degree of reliability and convergent validity and is acceptable in measuring Malaysian youths' fitness level but is low in measuring criterion validity level.

Tatang Muhtar   Tedi Supriyadi   and Anggi Setia Lengkana   

To foster good character through physical education, teachers need to have a conceptual framework that is used as a guideline in implementing the learning process that integrates character education in it. Therefore, this research aims at exploring and developing steps to foster good character in physical education learning that can be used as a guide for teachers by using 4D designs (Defining, Designing, Developing, and Disseminating). This research involved 200 primary school students in regency in West Java, Indonesia, and 30 physical education teachers from various regions in West Java, which was carried out using mixed-method research. This research resulted in several findings, including; 1) physical education teachers did not have a reference to the character learning model, so the characters developed were unclear, 2) there were nine characters that need to be developed in physical education learning in primary schools in West Java Province including respect, responsibility, caring, honest, fair, civilized, confident, togetherness, and religious, 3) to develop the nine characters, there were 10 steps that must be taken by the teacher in the learning process that is summarized in the INTEGRATED acronym namely Introduction, Narrative, Test/Pre-test, Education, Growth, Repetition, Action and Analysis, Training, Evaluation, and Doing, 4) the steps have been proven to grow nine characters in students in the learning process. The character was represented by 90% of students in every primary school in both urban and rural schools. Thus, to foster good character, the physical education learning process must implement the INTEGRATED Model in its learning.

Fadilah Umar   Sapta Kunta Purnama   Mohammad Furqon Hidayatullah   Jumintono   Yulingga Nanda Hanief   Sri Sumarni   Intan Suraya Ellyas   and Ulfa Fatahara Laras Fadian   

This research aims to determine the increasing speed and agility of CP Football Indonesia team players using the Umar Motor Ability Circuit-Cerebral Palsy Football (UMAC-CPF) exercise model. The research method used was pre-experimental with research design, one group pretest, and posttest design. The sample of this research was 14 all-athletes of the cerebral palsy Indonesia team. The research data were obtained using a 20-meter sprint test instrument to measure speed and an arrowhead test to measure agility. The data's technical analysis was a t-test (hypothesis test) with a level of significance of 5%. The influence test results using the t-test of the difference in player speed test results between pretest and posttest obtained amount t-Count 4.921 more significant than the amount t-Table 1.761 (at the level of significance 0.05), then the nil hypothesis is rejected. While the test results influence the player's agility test results between pretest and posttest obtained amount t-Count 9.169 more significant than the amount t-Table 1.761 (at the level of significance 0.05), then the nil hypothesis is rejected. Both tests mean there is an increase in the speed and agility of CP Football Indonesia players. The study concluded a significant increase in the speed and agility of the player's football team of Cerebral Palsy Indonesia using the UMAC-CPF exercise model. The research's impact makes CP Football Indonesia team players have excellent speed and agility to improve motor skills in supporting the game.

Tengku Fadilah Tengku Kamalden   Shashini Anushka Wickramarachchi   Soh Kim Geok   and Qais Gasibat   

The emphasis is on puberty, as this is a crucial period of the growth of becoming overweight and obese due to inadequate eating habits and physical inactivity. Lifestyle risk factors are not well known to the South Asian people. The purpose of this review is to determine whether self-monitoring physical activity (PA) programmes can be an effective tool to improve PA levels in school-age children and adolescents, hence be adopted to serve as a platform for additional research. Systematic search was conducted using PUBMED, MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases from Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and the Maldives. The electronic search yielded an initial 70 articles and the majority of articles were eliminated. The remaining relevant papers were 18 that became the basis for this review. Review sources were from 2008 to 2019. The majority of South Asian adolescents were not active enough to meet the recommended guidelines for PA. Further, none of the articles were published under self-monitoring PA interventions among age 11 to 19 adolescents in South Asia. Further knowledge concerning Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) and healthy lifestyle factors were poor among school adolescents. The outcomes of this review highlight the need for evidence-based intervention programmes with the potential of self-monitoring to be incorporated into the national education system.

Alexios Batrakoulis   Athanasios Chatzinikolaou   Athanasios Z. Jamurtas   and Ioannis G. Fatouros   

The objective of this study was to identify the most important health/fitness trends while examining the impact of various demographics of respondents on the top trends for the first time in Greece. An online survey was sent to 3,487 professionals who worked in the health/fitness sector using the methodology of similar regional and worldwide studies extensively conducted by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). A total of 542 responses were collected with a response rate of 15.5%. The ten most important trends were personal training, exercise is medicine, high-intensity interval training, small group training, and functional fitness, body weight training, exercise for weight loss, circuit training, strength training with free weights, and fitness programs for older adults. Health-related trends appear to be popular while technology- and mind/body-related trends seem not to be very attractive. Traditional exercise modes are still attractive and relevant, but specialized group training approaches are currently experiencing low popularity. Results also showed meaningful sex differences for 68% of the examined trends where female respondents reported higher scores. The main findings of this study are in line with those recently reported in the ACSM's European survey even though similar research design and data analysis are limited internationally.

Mahmoud Al-Haliq   

Purpose: This study aims at identifying the effect of a training program using speed-specific strength exercises on sensory-motor perception in learning stroke forehand smash in badminton material for students of the Hashemite University. Methodology: Using experimental design, 40-badminton course students consisted the sample of this study, as they were chosen intentionally, and were divided into two equal groups (control, experimental). The instruments used to measure sensory-motor perception were; dynamometer, stopwatch, ruler, tape measure, and blindfold, as well as, badminton rackets, shuttlecock, rubber cord, extra pillars badminton "213 cm high", and stripy court for testing to measure skill performance. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Findings: The results showed that there was a lack of a positive effect of the traditional program on improving sensory-motor perception and learning stroke forehand smash skills of both types of badminton skills in tests: ruler, grip strength, and jump 60. Meanwhile, there was a positive impact of the traditional program on improving sensory-motor perception and learning stroke forehand smash skills, of both types of badminton skills in tests: watch, stroke forehand smash, and stroke forehand smash with a jump, and a positive impact of the experimental program on improving sensory-motor perception and learning forehand smash skills, of both types of badminton in all test skills. Contribution and Recommendation: This research contributes to both types of badminton in all test skills, by making the speed-specific strength exercises as sports training program.

Aida Bendo   and Ferdinand Mara   

In vertical jump performance, the goal of the task is simply to jump as high as possible. In many sports, the height at which an athlete can jump is often of critical importance, as well as the maximal force applied during the vertical jump. In the absence of resistance to air and other external forces, the projection of the center of gravity COG of the whole body is completely determined by the vertical velocity at the moment of takeoff and the acceleration due to gravity. However, this quality does not fully describe the full jump and height achieved. This study aims to use the multiple regression method in both CMJ and SJ vertical jump tests, to understand whether vertical jump performance for Hmax and Fmax respectively parameters, can be predicted based on anthropometric variables such as: age, height, and body mass, as well as biomechanical variables such as: vmax, F.tot.rel, EFI and efficiency. Multiple regression method allows to determine the overall fit of the model and the relative contribution of each of predictor to the total variance explained. The equations of regression for this team emerged these parameters as the best predictor of the main variables for each test: for Hmax in CMJ test: vmax and body mass; and for Fmax in SJ test: body mass and Pmax/kg.

Padli   Yanuar Kiram   Sayuti Syahara   and Heru Syarli Lesmana   

Sports with a combination of weight training and aerobics are expected to be an alternative to increase students' desire to exercise and reduce fat more effectively. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of combined aerobic exercise and weight training to be an alternative to reducing body fat combined with a normal diet program with a low calorie diet program. This research is a quantitative quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test control group design. With a total of 60 participants, which were divided into two groups, namely the experimental group using the low calorie diet program and the control group using the normal diet program. All data obtained were searched for the mean and the differences between the two body fat reduction programs using independent sample t-test. The combination of aerobic exercise and weight training can reduce participants' body weight, body fat and waist circumference, both in the normal diet and low-calorie diet groups. However, the low calorie diet program is more effective than the normal diet. This is evidenced by the significant reduction in body fat and strengthened by the independent sample t-test which is seen from the t value which is greater than the t table and the significance value obtained is less than 0.025, namely 0.012 for weight loss, 0.011 for a decrease in the percentage of fat, and 0.010 for a decrease in waist circumference. It is concluded that there is a difference in the decrease in the percentage of fat in the normal diet and low calorie diet groups.

Bambang Priyonoadi   Japhet Ndayisenga   Panggung Sutopo   and Ali Satia Graha   

Background: All massages, including sports massages and frirage massage can reduce muscle tension, improve blood circulation, increase aggressiveness, increase nerve delivery, and reduce blood pressure and pulse rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sports massage on changes in IgA levels. Method: This research is an experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. The research sample was 27 subjects divided into three groups: Technique collection data with blood drawing in vena of the three groups before and after treatment. Results showed that the sports massage treatment results in P > 0.05, which means that there is no positive effect of sports massage treatment on increasing IgA immunity. In the frirage massage treatment, P > 0.05 was obtained, which means that no positive effect on the increasing of immune IgA was found. Likewise in the control group the P value was not significant with a P value > 0.05. This means that the one way ANOVA statistical test found that the two treatment groups, namely the sports massage and frirage massage groups did not have a significant effect on increasing IgA levels in the blood. When seen in the data on the mean results of the sports massage treatment group of 36.22 mg / dl, the frirage massage treatment was 32.44 mg / dl, but after being tested by one way ANOVA showed that the two groups were not significant. Conclusion: Sports massage to athletes performed heavy work and or exercise at high intensity may increase IgA.

Erick Burhaein   Bagus Kanang Ibrahim   and Ratko Pavlovic   

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between leg muscle power, balance, coordination, and shooting skills in soccer. Participants in this study used 89 soccer athletes with an age range of 15-18 years (M = 17.6; SD: 1.30). The research instrument used a coordination test (soccer wall volley test), balance test (modified bass test), leg muscle power (standing long jump test or broad jump), and shooting skills test. Data collection techniques, namely by measuring tests and measurements by the implementation procedure. Data analysis in this study was using Pearson correlation and regression analysis with the help of the IBM SPSS 24 application. The results showed that: 1) There was a relationship between leg muscle power and shooting ability using instep; 2) There is a relationship between balance and the ability to shoot using the instep; 3) There is a coordination relationship with the ability to shoot using the instep; and 4) There is a relationship between leg muscle power, balance, and coordination with the shooting ability using the instep. Recommendations for further research are suggested to involve other independent variables (X) that are relevant to this study, such as leg length, running speed, and angle of impact.

Nur Azlina Mohamed Mokmin   

Inactivity has been the main cause of obesity which has affected many people worldwide. Studies show that fitness is an important goal for a healthy lifestyle and has been used as a measurement for health-related quality of life. A fitness trainer can motivate and teach users to do fitness activities. However, to use a human fitness trainer may involve high cost and is not suitable for a certain school setting. A personalized virtual fitness trainer has the potential to replace a human trainer whenever possible. It can help physical education teachers in schools to motivate students to exercise. This study discussed the design and development of an AI-based application coined as an Intelligent Virtual Fitness Trainer (IVFIT) as an attempt to provide a personalized physical learning experience for school students. This app is developed to (1) demonstrate five workout activities for 30 minutes; (2) teach the user three types of dances for 22 minutes, and (3) demonstrate five basic self-defense moves. These training scenarios were administered to a physical education class consisting of 23 students in which the recommendation of the fitness trainer is done using a calculation of artificial intelligence algorithms. The percentage of prediction error was calculated after each activity to measure the effectiveness of the app in giving recommendations. Subsequently, a teacher observation test was conducted to determine students' perceptions of the effectiveness of the proposed VFT application. Overall, students found the VFT application to be effective in stimulating higher levels of involvement in physical activity without teacher supervision. It can be concluded from the study that a personalized virtual trainer can assist in assigning a suitable virtual trainer for specific users and can be used for physical education activities.

Vitaliy Kashuba   Olha Stepanenko   Nataliia Byshevets   Olena Kharchuk   Svitlana Savliuk   Bozhena Bukhovets   Igor Grygus   Marek Napierała   Tetiana Skaliy   Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska   and Walery Zukow   

Purpose: The urgent task of higher education is the formation of skills of processing sports-pedagogical and biomedical data in masters of physical education and sports. Recently, sufficient attention to the question of verifying the subordination of empirical data to the normal distribution law in biomedical and sports pedagogical studies was not paid. The purpose of the article is to increase the level of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in statistical data processing in masters of physical education and sports by the example of testing the hypothesis about the normal law of distribution of observed values. Methodology: Methods used at studying process are studying, analysis, systematization of scientific and special literature, generalization of scientific, educational and practical experience, pedagogical experiment. Findings: Methodological techniques that ensure the improvement of the quality of mathematics and statistical training of masters in physical education and sports have been highlighted. The use of professionally directed tasks, the presentation of a step-by-step algorithm for solving them along with the automation of computational procedures creates the conditions for the effective assimilation of educational material. There is the scheme of a practical class on the formation of skills to assess the normality of the empirical distribution. Contribution and Recommendation: Mathematical statistics is a powerful tool for studying patterns, and the use of statistical methods in sports-pedagogical and biomedical research ensures the development of sports sciences. It proves the versatility of proposed methods. Thus, this research contributes to all elements, both sports and education.

Suharjana   Eko Priyanto   and Japhet Ndayisenga   

Background: Service jumping is one of the volleyball techniques which is very important to be trained in the game in order to complicate the opponent reception. Proposal: This research aims to determine the contribution of leg power, arm power, abdominal muscle strength, and back muscle strength to the volleyball athlete's jumping service ability. Method: This research is a correlational descriptive study. The subjects of this study were volleyball athletes from Bantul Regency club. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with a total of 42 respondents. Data collection instruments using measurement tests. Data analysis used multiple regressions. The results showed that there was a contribution of leg power to the volleyball athlete's jumping service ability (p value = 0.011) with a contribution of 28.7%. There was a contribution of arm power to jumping service ability in volleyball games (p value = 0.015) with a contribution of 20.4%. There was a contribution of abdominal muscle strength to the volleyball athlete's jumping service ability (p value = 0.018) with a contribution of 23.2%. There was a contribution of back muscle strength to the volleyball athlete's jumping service ability during games (p value = 0.031) with a contribution of 16.7%. There was contribution of leg power, arm power, abdominal strength and back muscle strength to the volleyball athlete's jumping service ability (p value = 0,000). The amount of contribution of leg power, arm power, abdominal strength and back muscle strength to jumping service ability is 89%. Conclusion: a volleyball training must be complete because its techniques include the whole body.

Heildenberg C. Dimarucot   and Gil P. Soriano   

Several studies have shown that there has been a sudden decrease in physical activity levels among University students. This is alarming as physical inactivity is a known risk factor for many chronic diseases. Hence, Universities are in the best position to examine the personal and professional lifestyles among their students. The study was conducted in order to determine the effectiveness of the eight week multistage jumping rope training program in enhancing the physical fitness levels of Filipino university students. The study utilized a quasi-experimental research design and employed a purposive sample of 70 participants， who were screened using Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire+ and were required to undergo a progressive eight-week jumping rope test. Cardiovascular endurance was assessed through volume of oxygen uptake or VO₂ max before and after the multistage jumping rope training program. Data was analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and paired t-test. The results revealed a significant difference in the VO₂ max of males and females after the multistage jumping rope training program. The study affirms the effectiveness of the multistage jumping rope test in increasing the VO₂ max of the participants. Hence, integrating the said program in the school curriculum can significantly enhance their cardiovascular fitness.

Rina Ambar Dewanti   Beltasar Tarigan   Dian Budiana   Yudy Hendrayana   and Lutfi Nur   

This study was aimed at developing a new model of resistance-based strength training for junior tennis athletes and examining its effectiveness on their serve performance compared to traditional model of training. It is a Research and Development study focusing on developing, validating, revising, and testing the model of training. In testing phase, effectiveness test was accomplished to examine the effectiveness of the new training model and compared to the effectiveness of the traditional model. There were 60 junior athletes contributing to this study. The data were gathered by distributing questionnaires to reveal the convenience and attractiveness of the model developed and using Collang Smart Tennis Racket Sensor Tracker Motion Analyzer to reveal the tennis athletes' serve performance. The data were analyzed by employing descriptive statistic and t-test. In terms of convenience and attractiveness, this study revealed that the use of resistance training for junior tennis athletes showed good results. T-test proved that this new model was more effective in improving players' serve speed compared to traditional model was. Thus, researchers concluded that the new model of resistance-based training can be implemented to increase tennis junior players' serve speed.

Nedal Ahmad Alghafary   

The current study aimed at exploring the availability of the 21^st century skills in the sport and health for all curriculum designed and introduced for the undergraduate university students in Al-Balqaa University, Jordan. The study adopted the descriptive analytical design. The study analyzed the objectives, activities and the assessment questions of the sport and health for all curriculums through using a researcher-developed checklist that included indicators for three major skills: the learning and innovations skills, information and technology skills, and life and work skills. The results of the study revealed that learning and innovation skills (59.73%) are available to a moderate degree, the life and work skills (38.38%) are available to a low degree, whereas the information and technology skills are available to a very low degree (1.87%). The results of the current study revealed that the mean score for the availability of the 21^st century skills in the sport and health for all curriculums designed for the undergraduate students in Al-Balqaa university was 33.33%, which is a low degree of availability. The study concluded that there was a significant shortage of including the 21^st century skills in the sport and health for all curriculum designed and introduced for the undergraduate university students in Al-Balqaa University, Jordan. The study recommended performing a thorough revision of the curriculum content and improving the content through integrating more of the 21^st century skills in order to enable the students cope with the challenges of the 21^st century.

Dewangga Yudhistira   and Tomoliyus   

Background: Kumite is a category in karate match. It is a one-on-one match that requires complex physical aspects, one of which is physical agility. In a real match, kumite requires movements to shift the direction quickly when a karateka aims to hit his opponent. For that reason, there should be a program and an assessment to improve the physical agility of the karate athletes who compete in kumite category. The document analysis of this research found that there has not been any assessment tool for the agility aspect in kumite, while the existing agility test measuring tool was only designed for sports in general. Purpose: This research aimed to develop the construction of karate agility test for the kumite category. Design/methodology/approach: This is a developmental research which consisted of 3 stages. In the first stage, documents and research journals were analyzed to develop the construction of karate agility test for the kumite category. In the second stage, the Delphi technique was utilized and the experts were asked to assess he construction of karate agility test for the kumite category resulted in the first stage. In the third stage, the results of expert judgment with the Aiken formula were analyzed to test the content validity. The participants in this research were documents and seven experts. Results: It was found in the construction of the Kumite category karate agility test; item one, the content or material got a V value of 0.85; item two, the distance between the cone had a V value of 0.95; item three, the safety of the equipment used has a V value of 0.90; item four, the number of test replications had a V value of 0.90; item five, the clarity of the test procedure had a V value of 0.90; items six, the clarity of the test score had a V value of 0.90. Conclusion: The karate agility test construction for the kumite category had high content validity.

Hemantajit Gogoi   Yajuvendra Singh Rajpoot   and A. S. Sajwan   

Objective: Previous researches on sports injuries primarily focused on specific games or sports or on specific types of injuries. None of them had tried to explore the injury patterns of games and sports altogether. The current study tried to explore the injury patterns of sportspersons over 16 different types of games and sports. Materials and methods: Total of 1008 injury cases (649 male and 369 female, age 21.07±2.78 and 20.81± 3.01 years) between the academic sessions 2008 to 2017 were analysed. Injury data were extracted from the institute injury record book. Apart from age and gender, 'Body site of injury', 'Types of injury' and 'Recurring of injury' were selected as variables for the study. Descriptive statistics, bar and pie diagram were generated using crosstabs function of IBM SPSS. Results: An average 101.80±12.59 injury was reported per year. Footballers were found to be the highest injured sportsperson (19.5%). Injury percentage of male players (63.75%) was higher compared to female (36.25%) counterparts. Lower limb area (45.28%) was found to be the highest affected body site of injury followed by upper limb area (29.47%). Acute injury constituted 50.39% of overall injuries. Most injuries were non-recurring in nature (63.65%). Further different combinations of analysis revealed more insight of injury patterns of sportspersons.

Budi Aryanto   Pamuji Sukoco   and Ria Lumintuarso   

This research is quantitative research which aims to know the quality of instrument proved by the validity of construct. The empirical validity of research instrument is tested to senior high school students both public and private school in Special Region of Yogyakarta which hold the basketball competition among senior high school. The result of tested then is analyzed by using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA analysis uses software support of SPSS 23.0 and CFA analysis uses software LISREL 8.8. The result of analysis by EFA shows that the grouping data into two big groups such as skill execution and decision making. The result analysis of EFA also shows that the value of KMO is about 0.747 > 0.50. The value of Bartlett’s test and Chi-square is about 318.020 and the significance is on 0.000, therefore the analysis tested factor can be continued. The result of assessment calculation of basketball skill by using first order CFA shows that the value of p-value=0.16220 (>0.05), RMSEA = 0.042 (>0.08) and chi-square =11.76 > 0.05 which means that the model is appropriate with the data, the analysis of model structural equation, and decision making effect the ability of playing basketball. The amount of contribution of decision making toward the ability of playing basketball is about 26 percent, while the contribution is about 74 percent influenced by another variable.

Wootaek Lim   

In most previous studies of PNF stretching performed at different intensities, the subjects were provided with the intensities in a randomized order. In addition, subjects were aided in maintaining a steady level of contraction force using a dynamometer as visual feedback. However, such a procedure differs from the procedure used in actual clinical settings. This study aimed to examine the effect of the applied order of three different intensities of PNF stretching on the ability to regulate the contraction force and increase muscle flexibility. During the 1^st period, three different stretching intensities were applied in the order of 25%, 50%, and 75% of MVC in the group A and in the order of 75%, 50%, and 25% of MVC in the group B. This order was reversed during the 2^nd period. The contraction force was measured using the strain gauge and hamstring flexibility was measured using active knee extension. There was no significant difference between target and contraction intensity at three target intensities in both groups. Additionally, contraction forces between different intensities clearly were distinguished by subjects in both groups. In Group A, increase in flexibility was significantly higher in the 1^st period than in the 2^nd period. Healthy adults could clearly differentiate and regulate contraction intensity when the intensities were differentially applied at 25% intervals. The higher target intensity compliance and increase in flexibility may be anticipated when progressively increase intensity was applied, compared to the same factors in reverse order.

Wan Mohamad Hafiz Bin Sulaiman   Jumintono   Christina Fajar Sri Wahyuniati   Wiwik Suryandartiwi   Jaka Sunardi   Fadilah Umar   Febri Kurnia Manoppo   Yudanto   and Jamaluddin Hos   

Progressive muscle relaxation can improve students' learning performance in the classroom because it provides a good focus during classroom learning sessions in developing technical communication for educational institutions. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of video-based learning on the understanding of secondary school students related to Progressive Muscle Relaxation. The research was a quantitative descriptive method. Based on research that has been done, researchers found differences in students' understanding between before and after watching videos related to progressive muscle relaxation. In this study, respondents need to answer questions raised by researchers before viewing the video and after watching the video. The respondents in this study were only six students. The percentage of respondents who answered the question correctly after seeing the video provided by the researcher rose quite significantly. Respondents are interested in the video provided, and respondents can understand the video content they want to convey. The use of video in teaching and learning is beneficial for students to increase their interest and demand Progressive Muscle Relaxation knowledge. Video-based learning can be implemented in teaching and learning in various fields of education. Visual lessons are more quickly remembered and understood by students. Learning to use videos can increase student's interest in learning new things.

Muhammad Hazman bin Shamshuddin   Hosni Hasan   Mohd Syrinaz Azli   Muhamad Noor Mohamed   and Fatin Aqilah Abdul Razak   

Plyometrics are exercises that involved the enhancement of muscle performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of 6-weeks plyometric training on speed and agility performance among recreational football players. This study was conducted following the pre-post test model of quasi-experimental method. Twenty-two recreational football players were chosen for this study (aged between 19 to 26 years old) and randomly assigned into control (N=11) and intervention group (N=11) for six weeks. Subjects in the control group did not undergo any plyometric training. In contrast, the intervention group performed plyometric training for six weeks. All subjects participated in two tests; 1) Sprint test of 20 m distance for speed performance and; 2) Agility test using Agility T-test for agility performance before (pre) and after (post) training. For the intervention group, significant improvement in the difference of sprint time before and after six weeks of training were discovered (t = 3.76, p = 0.001) when compared to the control group. The agility performance of the intervention group also showed a significant difference when compared to the control group (t = 2.53, p = 0.01). Therefore, this will help players to improve their performance during a football match and prevent injury among recreational football players.

Dadi Darmadi   Mohammad Fakry Gaffar   Amung Ma'mun   and Nuryadi   

Coach is one of the supporting factors in creating outstanding athletes and improving sports achievements in Indonesia. The Ministry of Youth and Sports (Kemenpora) organized a training program that involved 100000 coaches and sport staffs. In this study, researchers focused on discussing what is meant by novice coach training; why novice coach training is absolutely pivotal; and what is the function of novice coach training. This research employed qualitative method. There were 150 participants involved in this study. They were the organizing committee, speakers, sports teachers, club coaches, and sports students. The instruments used in this research were document study, interview, and observation. From this research, it can be illustrated that the training of novice coaches is the flagship program of the Ministry of Youth and Sports which has been carried out as an effort to improve national sports achievements. Training is an activity designed to develop human resources through a series of planned identification, assessment, and learning processes. Novice coach training activities will motivate coaches, always improve their abilities and competencies and can create potential athletes in the future. With the existence of novice coaches training, it helps the local government, especially for KONI (National Sports Committee of Indonesia) in Regency/City level and the governing body of the sports branch for collecting data and mapping coaches. The coaches in this case are those who have not been well recorded.

Arief Abdul Malik   and Lutfi Nur   

This research aimed at determining the effectiveness of the use of computer-integrated anthropometrics and vertical jump as a measuring device. The participants were 42 students aged 18-21 years old. The research design used was counterbalanced-design. The instrument used was the Integrated Anthropometric Test (IAT) to measure body weight (BW), body height (BH), arm span (AS), limb length (LL), and vertical jump (VJ) in one set of device and compared with Standard Anthropometric Test (SAT) consist of anthropometric measurements including BW, BH, AS and LL that follow the standard procedure from the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment (ISAK) and Sargent Jump test to measure vertical jumps. The results showed that the IAT and SAT measurements had a validity measurement value of BW measurements of 0.994, BH of 0.969, AS of 0.820, LL of 0.745, and VJ of 0.903 with P <0.01, and the total duration of the IAT measurement process was 36 minutes 18 seconds, SAT was 1 hour 7 minutes 27 seconds. It was concluded that the Integrated Anthropometric Test (IAT) had a very high validity value for the BW, BH, AS, and VJ measurements and a high category for LL measurements so that it can be used as an anthropometric and vertical jump measurement device. IAT had a shorter measurement duration than SAT, thus it can be said that IAT had a good level of effectiveness.

Yustinus Sukarmin   and Japhet Ndayisenga   

Knowledge is an important aspect for every person; especially it is very important for physical education teachers, coaches, and athletes. Although the knowledge about nutrition, massage, and physiotherapeutic exercises was investigated in Burundi Country. This study was a descriptive lookup with blended methods. The participants of this lookup were 15 physical education teachers, coaches, and athletes taken by representative sampling. Data evaluation techniques used correlation and linear regression among indicators-variables, and between variables themselves with Software PLS-SEM and SPSS.21. The effects confirmed that there was a low correlation (r: 0.45) between the items-global knowledge, and the negative correlation (r = - 0.068) was found between prices of Gigabyte (GB) and source of learning confirmed that the more the price of gigabyte was expensive, the more the source of information about the learning was not sufficient. The correlation between nutrition and its indicators was not strong, consecutively presented (base: 0.339; components: o.355; knowledge: 0.402). The relation between learning (X1), nutrition (Y1) {Rx1y1: o.421}, and Knowledge (Y3) {Ry1y3} was not strong; the subjects have little knowledge about nutrition. The consecutively correlation of indicators (basics: 0.366; massage course: 0.378; knowledge: 0.441), on massage and physiotherapeutic exercises showed that subjects held little knowledge about the previous courses. Knowledge became strong management tools that help physical education, sport medicine, coaching training managers to decide how to improve peak of performance, to maintain the good quality of athletes and non-athletes: This learn about was the first to apply to evaluate career to the knowledge of physical education teachers, coaches, and athletes.

Brian Doyle   Declan Browne   and Dan Horan   

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between aerobic endurance and linear speed on repeat sprint ability performance in female international footballers. Twenty-five female international football players completed 10-m, 20-m, 30-m linear speed, repeat sprint ability (RSA) and yo-yo intermittent recovery, level 1 tests. Pearson's product correlation (r) was used to assess the relationship between 10-m, 20-m and 30-m sprint times (S10-m, S20-m, S30-m) sprint time on the first trial of the repeated sprint test (RST1) and yo – yo intermittent recovery test, level 1 (YYIR1) with total repeated sprint time (RSTT). Linear regressions were used to describe the relationship between the dependent variable (RSTT) and independent variables (S10-m, S20-m, S30-m, RST1 and YYIR1). Pearson's correlation analysis indicated a large negative correlation between RSTT and YYIR1 performance (r = -0.58, P = .002), a very large significant relationship was established between S10-m and S20-m whilst an almost perfect relationship was present for S30-m and RST1. The results of the linear regression proved the independent variable RST1 explained 85% (adjusted R2) of the variation in RSTT scores. S10-m, S20-m and S30-m performance accounted for 62 – 83% of the variation in RSTT scores whilst YYIR1 performance only accounted for 33.6%. The results of this study indicate that fast linear speed can positively impact on RSTT performance whilst reduced aerobic endurance capabilities may negatively influence RSTT performance in female international footballers.

Edi Wahyudi M   Yudi Hendrayana   Amung Ma’mun   and Boyke Mulyana   

This research was conducted so that the endurance and speed of swimming athletes can be increased and prepare young swimmers to be able to reach the time requirements in following the provincial championship. Problems found in the field, athletes train in the conventional way, and training programs are arranged based on the trainer's experience. This is the basis for the use of aerobic interval training for young swimmers because it can form training early by using a proven theoretical basis that can increase the time in swimming. The research began by revealing the ability of the freestyle athlete in the swimming club through aerobic interval training in order to have maximum endurance and speed. This training involved 18 athletes in the age range of 10-15 years. The success of the training is known through data obtained from the best time during aerobic training in the 50m freestyle swimming. Swimming time measurement uses a stopwatch so that freestyle swimming time is known before and after training. Time achievement that has been obtained is done different tests to see the effect of interval training on swimming time speed. The final measurement results show that the athlete's time achievement in freestyle swimming changes after being given aerobic interval training. The results of this study will support the achievement of best time young swimmers to take part in the National Sports Week by continuing training using theoretically and empirically tested training programs.

Shu-Jung Lin   and Shu-Chu Yang   

Childhood was the key period for the development of fundamental movement skills, the acquisition of which had a definite bearing on a child's overall development, including such areas as cognition, interpersonal relationships, social behavior, and environmental awareness. The main purpose of this study was on the development of the norm of fundamental movement skills for children aged three to seven. In the method, we measured the development of such skills amongst 1,029 children in Taiwan aged 3–7 using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). The results indicated that the fundamental movement skills increase with age. With a percentile rank of 50 in the overall fundamental movement skills, the mean score of the eight age groups, boys performed better than girls in the seven age groups. In conclusion, compared to the United States, Taiwanese five through seven-year-olds lag far behind their American counterparts in locomotor and object control skills, and this situation needed to be addressed by education authorities in Taiwan. Based on the findings of this study, for preschool teachers, most are women with little or no training in FMS education. The curriculum of preschool teachers' training at the universities should incorporate FMS into the PE course, and it is important to ensure that each pre-service preschool teacher has the ability to design a series of 30-60 minutes of dynamic, age-appropriate and fun vigorous exercise.

Mohamad Nasrullah Nasiruddin   Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee   Ishak Sin   and ohd Norakmar Omar   

Malaysia is a country that has taken a severe approach to improving the quality and performance of the football team. To match the strength of the world-class football team, Malaysia has made a strategic approach by developing players' potential through the grassroots level. These players are brought together in sports schools across the country and raised by experienced coaches to showcase their talents, potentials, skills and performance in their style. Therefore, this study will identify the relationship between coach leadership style and the motivation of players in sports schools. Besides, the study also explored the dimensions of coach leadership style that have a high impact on improving player motivation. In this regard, a total of 313 footballers participating in the under-14 football tournament organized by MOEs from sports schools across Malaysia surveyed as respondents. The findings show that there is a moderate positive relationship between coach leadership style and players' motivation. Meanwhile, dimensions such as democratic and social consideration have a significant impact on increasing players' motivation in sports schools. In conclusion, the football coach is the most crucial person in ensuring the motivation of the players at a high level. They have to use all of their existing skills to build a strong, motivated team and never tire of it when facing tough moments in the game.

Olena Lutsenko   Gregory Lucenko   Maryna Khrolenko   and Olesya Mehem   

The purpose of our study was to determine the level of motor activity in students, as well as to promote the formation of motivation to engage in physical sports. University students (n= 54, age 17-21 years) divided into 2 groups according to physical activity and sex. For the research, the self-developed questionnaire was used and processed by the statistical method with determining the relative parity indexes. The results of the research allowed studying the student's attitude to physical education in universities and independently, to assess the subjective state of health of different grade students, the reasons for abandoning physical exercises. The results are consistent with satisfaction with classes at university and the reasons for abandoning additional classes. Girls prefer classes of non-traditional types of PE that are not included in the program of the higher educational institutions and require significant financial investments that students cannot afford. Male students prefer sports games, and although they are included in the program, there are no free sections. Students pay little attention to physical activity, thus they do not have the formed need for independent exercises in physical culture, and most of them prefer to be engaged in non-traditional health-improving forms of physical culture. The amount of motor activity physical education classes showed a clear training effect and can be considered as one of the benchmarks of the compensatory role of classes in eliminating hypodynamic. Also in the article, the authors consider motivation as a dynamic process of continuous choice and decision-making, based on weighing behavioral alternatives, explaining the purposefulness, organization, and sustainability of holistic measures to achieve a certain goal acts as an incentive to act with a certain motive.

Faruk Salih Şeker   and Mehmet Şahin   

The aim of this study is to compare the impacts of match fixing on citizens who play the betting game İddaa and professional soccer players. More specifically, how match fixing related to betting is affecting social morality. Sports is a part of social morality and one of the sub-aims of this study is to evaluate the chaotic interactions that emerge from the mixing of the sports and betting, and the betting and match fixing. Survey methodology was used. The research universe consisted of betting game players and professional footballers in Turkey. Betters playing the İddaa betting game in İddaa dealers located in the cities of 2010-2011 Turkish Super League soccer teams and professional soccer players were considered as the target audience. A total of 1637 İddaa betting citizens and 115 professional soccer players took part in the survey. In the questionnaire with 26 questions, four questions are intended to examine the biographical features, four are intended to examine the characteristics of playing the İddaa game, and the remaining 18 are intended to examine the effects on social morality. The questions were asked to the people who played İddaa game without any biographical distinction. As a result, both betters and soccer players agree that match fixing in soccer quickly directed "those who want to make easy money" towards the betting industry. While citizens were indecisive about the opinion "professional soccer players are extremely uncomfortable with match fixing", soccer players agreed with it. The difference on this opinion between citizens and soccer players is statistically significant.

Ugi Nugraha   Moch. Asmawi   Hidayat Humaid   and Firmansyah Dlis   

Purpose: This study aims to determine the perception of sports teachers about the Sipin Lake area which is used as Sport Tourism in Jambi City. Because making an object in an area that can be used as a sports area and a place of tourism can boost various fields, like in the field of sports, tourism, and education. Methodology: Using Mixed Methods. Where, the number of samples in this study was as many as 108 teachers who were around the area of Lake Sipin Sport Tourism in Jambi City using the Purposive Sampling technique. The instruments used were teacher perception questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Data were then analyzed with the help of the SPSS 21 application to find descriptive statistics in the form of Mean, Min, Max, and category, and use interviews and documentation to strengthen the quantitative data that have been obtained through the questionnaire provided. Findings: The results of this study found that teachers have good perception, which is indicated by a dominant good result of 68.2% teachers, according to them by making Lake Sipin a Sport Tourism area will make students motivated to become rowing athletes who can make the school name even the region. Contribution and Recommendation: This research contributes to all elements, both sports, tourism, and education, by making the Sipin Lake object as sport tourism.

Ridho Bahtra   Moch. Asmawi   Widiastuti   and Firmansyah Dlis   

The skill in managing the ball is a skill that must be possessed by every football player, but if the player has a low VO_2Max, then the player will not be able to compete at the international level. Therefore, we need a training method to improve VO_2Max soccer players, in order to sustain the skills that they have. The purpose of this study is to look at the differences between the two training methods aimed at improving VO_2Max soccer players. This research is a quantitative quasi-experimental research with post-test control group design. With a total of 76 participants, which are divided into two groups, namely the experimental group who are trained using basic techniques of efficient football and the control group using conventional training. All data obtained are searched for mean, min, max, and standard deviation and the difference between the two methods using independent sample t-test. There are differences between the two training methods in improving VO_2Max players. It was found that using effective soccer training methods had a difference of 12,963 to conventional training in improving VO_2Max players.

Alper Kartal   and Esin Ergin   

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6-week yoga exercises on balance, flexibility, strength, and body fat percentage in soccer players. The sample group of the study consisted of 26 soccer players in a team, competing in the Turkish 1st League, with a mean height of 180.81 ± 6.87 centimeters (cm), mean body weight of 75.77 ± 9.08 kilograms (kg), and a body mass index (BMI) of 23.10 ± 1.62. Basic-level strength yoga exercise techniques were applied to soccer players for 6 weeks, 4 times a week each for 30 minutes before morning soccer training. The participants' balance, flexibility, and strength measurements were carried out twice, before and after 6-week yoga exercises. An Easytech dynamic balance system was used for balance measurements, a Takei-branded handgrip measuring device was used for strength measurements, and the sit and reach flexibility test was used for flexibility measurements. The data obtained from the study were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 25.0. Descriptive statistical methods (number, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) were used in the evaluation of the data. The paired t-test, which is one of the parametric tests, was applied for the normally distributed parameters. According to the results of statistical analysis, a significant difference was found in the pre-test and post-test balance, flexibility and strength measurements of the participants (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was found in the body mass index (BMI) values of the participants (p>0.05). In conclusion, it can be said that 6-week basic-level strength yoga exercises had a positive effect on balance, flexibility, and strength in soccer players. Furthermore, it may be suggested that yoga exercises to be applied by coaches before the season should be included in training programs considering that they will contribute to the motor development of soccer players.

Linda N. Chukwurah   Oliver I. Abbah   Cylia N. Iweama   John E. Ogugua   and Jonathan Ameh   

Recently, poor results have been recorded by students in Physical and Health Education in external examinations. This situation may be attributed to the teaching methods adopted by the teachers. Therefore, this study ascertains the effect of discussion teaching method on junior secondary school students' achievement in PHE. Two null hypotheses were postulated. Quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group pre-test post-test design was adopted. Using purposive sampling, two co-educational schools in Nsukka L.G.A. were selected of which experimental and control clusters was determined through balloting. The sample consisted of forty JSS2 students from two intact classes of 20 students each. Physical Education Achievement Test was used for data collection. Pre-test data were collected from both clusters as baseline data before the experimental cluster was exposed to the teaching method. At the end 8weeks, post-tests data were collected using same instrument to determine the effect of discussion teaching method on the students' achievement. The null hypotheses were tested using ANCOVA at .05 level of probability. From the results, the experimental cluster attained higher Mean Gain, and discussion teaching method enhanced the students' achievement (p=.007). However, no significant difference was found based on gender (p=.088). The study concludes that discussion teaching method is very effective in the teaching and learning of PHE in theory, therefore, the subject should be structured towards active and participatory learning. Also, PHE teachers should be re-trained on the job and more time should be allotted to PHE in the schools to enable effective application of discussion teaching method.

Katerina Daskalaki   George Pafis   Asimenia Gioftsidou   Anastasia Beneka   Evangelos Bebetsos   and Paraskevi Malliou   

Cross Transfer (CT) refers to the enhancement of performance of a non-trained limb after unilateral training of its opposite homologous limb. Another concept that sometimes is investigated when examining CT is "asymmetrical transfer" (AT), term that implies that the magnitude of transfer is not even for the two directions (i.e. from dominant to non-dominant limb and vice versa). While the existence of AT for strength or skills is already investigated, according to our knowledge previous research has not examined if laterality has an influence on the magnitude of CT of flexibility (CToF) in the lower limbs. The aim of the present study was to examine if a unilateral application of Foam Roller (FR) to the ankle plantar flexors of female exercisers would cause a CToF to their untrained limb and if leg dominance has an influence on the magnitude of CToF (i.e. if the CToF is greater from the dominant to the non-dominant limb or vice versa). According to the statistical analysis, the FR protocol used was effective in increasing the participants' ipsilateral and contralateral ankle range of motion (ROM) independently of limb dominance, indicating that when referring to CToF through FR the transfer will probably occur symmetrically. This finding adds to the literature new data about CToF of the lower limbs in relation to laterality. If these results could be expanded by future researches and could be established that unilaterally injured persons benefit from CToF independently of limb dominance, that would be a major contribution to the field of rehabilitation.

Tamer Karademir   and Ökkeş Alpaslan Gençay   

This research was conducted to examine the psychological resilience and violence tendency levels of adolescents who are dealing with team and individual sports. In total, 225 volunteer athletes (104 females and 121 males), who were in the 14-18 age group, participated in this study. The data were collected through the violence tendency scale and the psychological resilience scale form. According to the results of the research, it was observed that there were similarities in the psychological resilience and violence tendency levels of male and female athletes concerning the gender and the sports experience variables. It was concluded that the violence tendency levels of the adolescents dealing with team sports were higher compared to the ones dealing with individual sports; the violence tendency levels of the athletes playing in clubs were lower compared to the athletes without a license and playing in school teams, and the psychological resilience levels of the first group were higher than the second group. Additionally, it was concluded that there was a negative, linear, and low-level significant relationship between the violence tendency levels and psychological resilience levels of the athletes in the research group.

García-Luna Marco A.   Cortell-Tormo Juan M.   González-Martínez Julián   and García-Jaén Miguel   

Background: Tissue compression and partial vascular occlusion using band flossing results in reperfusion of blood to the muscle tissue that may ultimately reduce joint pain and increase range of motion, enhancing prevention from or rehabilitation of injury. However, the extent of research examining the effect of tissue flossing in an athletic setting is currently very limited, and the effects of band flossing on knee pain and jump performance have not yet been investigated and remain unclear. Purpose: To investigate the effect of band flossing on perceived knee pain and vertical jump performance in recreational athletes with knee pain. Methods: Five young male recreational athletes with previously reported knee pain took part in this study (age 22±0.5; height 184±6.8cm; weight 79±1.5kg; BMI 23.34±1.2 kg/m2). Participants performed a number of tests pre and post intervention, with the application of a floss band on the knee joint. The experimental protocol consisted in the performance of countermovement jump (CMJ) tests (without occlusion, with occlusion, and after occlusion). Pre and Post intervention measures included a perceived knee pain -by visual analogue scale (VAS)- and CMJ performance -by force platform-. Results: The application of flossing bands in knee joint resulted in enhancements in all test measures pre to post intervention (10% jump height; 4.5% time in the air; 5% jump velocity; 13% jump power; 7.5% jump force). Participants reported a 3.5-point pain enhancement in AVS during performance of CMJ tests. Conclusion: Flossing bands caused a reduction in perceived knee pain and improved vertical jump performance in young male recreational athletes.

Nur Alyaa Athirah Roslan   and Borhannudin Abdullah   

Gross Motor Skills Development plays a very important role in the field of Sports Studies. By constantly and scientifically monitoring their gross motor skills in the sports and recreational activities which they are involved in, such as martial arts, can assure and guide the development of young children motor development. Also, it is important to find out which martial arts would develop more gross motor skills of these children. This study aims to identify the level of development in children gross motor skills who are involved in martial arts sports. These sports consist of Silat, Taekwondo and Karate in Selangor. Methods: This study was an ex-post factor which involving 90 subjects (Silat = 30, Taekwondo = 30 and Karate = 30) aged from 6 to 10 years and 9 months. The independent variables of the study are the three types of martial arts that the children are practicing in (i.e., Silat, Taekwondo, and Karate). Ulrich's (2000) gross motor development test was adapted in the study to measure the level of children's motor development in martial arts for locomotor and manipulative skills. The obtained raw scores were transcribed to obtain the locomotor standard (SPL) score, manipulative standard score (SPM), locomotor equivalence score (AEL), manipulative age equality score (AEM) and Gross Motor Development Quotient (GMDQ) score (all of which are the dependent variables). The scores were analyzed using ANOVA software to compare children's mean achievement (DV) by martial arts (IV). The findings showed that there was a significant difference in mean AEM scores among martial arts [F (2, 87) = 6.814, p <.05]. For Post Hoc Test analysis, there was a significant difference in mean AEM score between Silat and Karate (p = .02) and between Silat and Taekwondo (p = .007). There was no mean difference in AEM score between Taekwondo and Karate (p = 0.99). There was no difference between the mean AEL score [F (2, 87) = 0.37, p> .05] and the mean GMDQ score [F (2, 87) = 0.034, p> .05] between Silat, Taekwondo and Karate. The findings showed that there is a discrepancy in the development of gross motor in the manipulative skills of children between martial arts sports. According to the findings, it shows that there is a significant increase in motor development for each child according to their sports. However, these developments are not consistent with their chronological age. The GMDQ scores show that the development of children's gross motor skills in martial arts such as Silat, Taekwondo and Karate is still low.

Gibson Taylor M.   Langenderfer Joseph E.   and Ustinova Ksenia I.   

We measured the effects of breast motion on lower-body kinematics during overground running. Thirty female participants aged 18–60 years completed two blocks of three trials each of overground running for 25 m at self-selected pace under two conditions: with and without breast support provided by a sports bra. Participants' body movements were analyzed with 18 parameters characterizing breast and lower-body kinematics. Sports bra use reduced breast motion and increased about 83% of the lower-body kinematic parameters, including running velocity; stride length; foot clearance; vertical and lateral center of mass displacement; and thorax, hip, knee, and ankle range of motion (all p < 0.05). Among the changed characteristics, the stride length, center of mass displacements, thorax and knee range of motions correlated negatively (r = –0.25 to –0.46) with the velocity of breast motion. Therefore, the reduction of breast motion may improve lower-body kinematics during running, which may influence sport and leisure performance.

Farah Layth Naji   Tengku Fadilah Tengku Kamalden   and Saidon Amri   

This study aimed to determine the level of stress as measured through different stress measurement methods (DASS questionnaire, SIgA, pulse rate and oxygen saturation). The highest scores for depression, anxiety, stress, pulse rate were before the competition (M=8.365, SD=2.733), (M=8.689, SD=3.962), (M=10.068, SD=3.094), (M=63.27, SD=5.008) respectively. While for salivary IgA and oxygen saturation, the highest score was at resting time (M=112.147, SD=14.431), (M=98.3, SD=1.893) respectively. Descriptive method was used for data collection. Participants were 74 football players of all the first division clubs in Karbala, Iraq, aged between 18-22 years old. Depression, anxiety and stress were measured at three different time points (resting time, before the training, before the competition), while salivary IgA, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation measurement were measured through five different time points (resting time, before the training, after the training, before the competition, after the competition). It can be concluded that the combination of psychological distress and physiological markers can provide accurate measurements of stress.

Said Lotfi   Imane Elmoutaraji   and Mohammed Talbi   

The study aimed to examine the impact of a team sport match on the cognitive coding-decoding system and the psychomotor reaction time on university students. Twenty-one healthy university learners (average age = 21.5 ± .3 years) were administered the WAIS-IV scales and Leed Test psychomotors before and after a single bout of exercise. The exercise treatments consisted of a 5-min warm-up, a 5-min cooldown, and handball game for 20 min. The means were compared by ANOVA at the .05 significance level. The results revealed that exercise treatment resulted in significantly enhanced performance across Speed of information processing (p<.000), visual perception (p<.005) and choice reaction time (p <.040). Furthermore, under the effect of gender, the performances of males in total reaction time were significantly (p<.05) higher than females at rest and after exercise. But no significant difference was noted in the speed of treatment information and visual perception time. It is suggested that physical activity can be used as a means of stimulating cognitive skills and student development in university training programs in order to optimize certain cognitive functions and improve learning.

Courtenay C. Stewart-Reiner   

Introduction/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a difference in the psychological parameters of life stress and anxiety as risk factors to injury. Methods: Participants in this study are female athletes [n=51, (36 injured, 15 non-injured)] from four various sports teams (basketball, golf, soccer, and softball) at an NCAA Division I college. The participants completed four different questionnaires: an injury report, the Life Events Coping Scale for Collegiate Athletes (LESCA), the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Results: Results indicated that injured athletes experienced more life stress than non-injured athletes and this difference was statistically significant. Results also showed that in personality competitive anxiety and sport competitive anxiety, non-injured athletes have lower anxiety than injured athletes. Conclusion: This study sought to examine the differences in injured and non-injured athletes between psychological parameters that may lead to injury. The difference in life events between injured and non-injured athletes was statistically significant while the difference in personality competitive anxiety and sport competitive anxiety was not statistically significant.

Perera HPN   Jusoh M   Azam SMF   and Sudasinghe SRSN   

The purpose of the present research was to study the relationship between goal orientation and performance in team sports players. The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) was used for the assessment of goals. The observed variable of the study was perceived performance and was measured through a likert scale questionnaire, which had been adopted from literature. Subjective performances of the players were considered. Data was collected from Sri Lankan national team players who are engaged in team sports of football, basketball, Elle, volleyball, Hockey, Kabaddi, Netball, Rugby and Throw ball. The study population was 308 national team players and the universal sampling technique was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS and structural equation modeling with AMOS. The study results reveal that there is a significant association between goal orientation and performance of the players while a significant relationship exists between task orientation and performance. A moderate level of association was derived from ego orientation which in turn leads to performance.

Sri Widiyawati   Rio Prasetyo Lukodono   Astuteryanti Tri Lustyana   and Izzaudin Afif Pradana   

Work activities in the office are generally static and take a long period of time. This activity is carried out with awkward postures that result in fatigue and injuries. The study is conducted in one of the business entities providing services construction and management of network infrastructure at the Division of Process Aligning Service Comply in January 2019. These activities are reflected in the conditions of work posture for bending, the use of maximum range and uncomfortable position of certain body parts, and will have an impact on decreasing productivity of workers. Therefore, an analysis was carried out to evaluate the posture of employees in order to find the potential problem of the work posture used. The RULA method can be used to evaluate musculoskeletal load in a job where a person has the risk of the upper-body activity. The sample used in this study was workers who work in a sitting position with their activities using a computer. Based on the analysis, it is known that worker activity gets a score that indicates that the workstation requires a change.

Bailasha N. K   Rintaugu E. G   Kamau J   Mwangi F. M   Mucheke C. M   and Otieno M. D   

University environment offers numerous advantages and easy opportunities for improving students' participation in physical activity and sport. However, there are paucity of researches on the reasons for non-participation in the university physical activity and sport programs in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to establish the institutional based reasons for the students' non-participation in the universities' physical activity and sport programs. Cross-sectional survey design was used and data was collected through questionnaires from Sixty-three (33 males, and 30 females) students. Mean standard deviation and graphs respectively, were used to describe and present data. Findings showed that key reasons for non-participation in physical activity and sport programs in the university were inadequate sport facility 74.6%, overcrowded facility 73%, unorganized sport program 63.5%, lack of sport facility 58.7%, lack of sport variety 57.1%, inaccessible facility 49.2%, no coaches 47.6%, unfriendly time for sport 39.7%, unsafe sport equipment 38.1%, inappropriate behaviour of sport personnel 36.5% and 34.9% was due to unskilled sport personnel. Students' age, year and course of the study influenced non-participation of students in the universities' sport programs. Also, students' previous and current participation status confirmed students avoid universities' sport programs although they participate in the same elsewhere. Diversifying and professionalizing sport and aligning programs with academic schedules would attract students. TRA can be useful in sensitizing students on the benefits of sports. Similar studies with larger student population are necessary.

Sameer Mohammed Sayyd   Zainal Abidin Bin Zainuddin   Diyana Zulaika Binti Abdul Ghan   and Zayed M Altowerqi   

Objectives: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has experienced tremendous economic growth in the past few years and this in turn has led to undesirable lifestyle behaviors coupled with an associated rise in non-communicable diseases. This has forced the KSA administration to encourage sports related activities for a healthy life style. In this article, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is presented to discuss the current state of Physical Activity (PA) and sports activities in KSA and Other Countries in the World (OCW). The article also presents issues that hinder the success of physical and sports activities development in KSA to identify research gap. Methods: SLR search was conducted using ScienceDirect, Springer, Journal of health sciences and Google Scholar databases. The databases electronic search produced 553 articles at the initial stage. Some of these articles were eliminated since they did not conform to inclusion criteria. Finally a total of 58 articles satisfied the condition and was included for the study. Results: The literature highlighted that the studies investigating the male respondents is quite low having 3 in KSA and 0 in OCW, as against 7 in KSA and 0 in OCW for Females. In addition, the empirical analyses of the result based on this SLR concluded that the sports related studies in KSA are very low as compared to OCW. The study revealed that the main factors that hinder the success of physical and sports activities in KSA universities among males are lack of energy, motivation, self-confidence, and time, while among females, they are lack of social support and resources. Conclusion: It is not encouraged to participate in sports activity in Saudi Arabia. Despite the protests to promote sports activities there is very little action in this area as compared to OCW. Therefore, further research is needed to realize the potential in this area KSA to realise the vision 2030 and goal.

Naumchuk Volodymyr Ivanovych   

The purpose of this review is to summarize the views of researchers on the structure of the process of learning motor actions in sports games and justify the feasibility of its four-stage construction. The structure of motion learning is an open pedagogical system which reflects its most general patterns by revealing the typical interrelations among the elements of the stages of learning. Each preliminary stage of learning in motor actions provides a logical basis for the next, and its planned intermediate result corresponds to a certain functional formation, which gradually transforms into another, thus causing a transition to a higher level. The expediency of a four-stage structure of the process of learning motor actions in sports games is conditioned by a set factors, such as: establishing a link between the content of each of the stages of learning and the corresponding functional formation; ensuring the focus of learning on the transition from a method of reproducing motor actions to a fundamentally different – creative problem solving; creation of necessary conditions for the integration of motor actions in game and competitive activity; the use of the pedagogical potential of the game itself in the process of motor actions learning; ensuring a clear sequence and continuity of the pedagogical process; resolving the contradiction between the automation of motor actions and the role of consciousness in the cognitive process.

Mime Mokhtar   Zerf Mohammed   Hadjar Kherfane Mohamed   and Beboucha Wahib   

Purpose: This study aims to provide the Algerian soccer trainers with a systematic method to control and interpret the Algerian soccer's progress. Recommend by soccer studies based on new high-tech to monitor intensity aimed at a competitive superiority of soccer players. Performed based on direct relationship VO₂max, intensity and distance covered in elites match. Methods: to esteem the weaknesses of elite Algerian soccer. This controlled study focused on a yo-yo (IR1) test as a reliable, valid predictor of high-intensity aerobic capacity and VO₂max athletes levels, which is able to discriminate the differences between player's post-games and player's ability levels. Investigated in this study as a protocol to classify 59 male soccer players under 18 years, labelled on their VO₂max levels and their relationships with body fat index studies. Results: All statistical procedure results advance the players with high VO₂max levels up than 59 ml/kg/min, allows this category of players to record a difference of 8.98% VO₂max levels, 1160.86 m of distance covered, -1,27% of BFP and -4,55 ml/ kg/min of BMI higher compared to the other fewer categories records. Conclusions: Our results approve the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test as a valid and reliable test to monitor improvements or decrements of soccer physiological and anthropometrical training concept game demands. It can be concluded in this study as simple and valid data to predict the excess of body fat index on the request aerobic fitness claims for demanding soccer top player profile.

Nanny Kuijsters-Timmers   John Goedee   and Roger Leenders   

Aspects of involvement in sports and active leisure in an organized context have been extensively investigated, but none of these studies provides a comprehensive picture of the membership involvement of members in voluntary clubs (MI). Our research aims to obtain an overview of existing knowledge on MI by conducting a systematic review study of academic articles. The results show that, over the years, insights into MI have increased, inducing a well-elaborated concept. MI appears to be shaped by three main dimensions (i.e., participation, personal relevance, social world), four groups of predictors (i.e., personal characteristics, psychological, organizational, and social aspects) and three levels of outcomes, for individuals (i.e. health, skills, diversion, social connectedness), organizations (i.e., support and loyalty) and society (i.e., healthy life style, social capital, learning communities). Moreover, we show a circular effect of the outcome-aspects that also predict MI. Based on these results, we develop a framework of membership involvement, propose future research directions, and discuss scientific and practical implications.

H. P. N. Perera   

The intension of this study is to conclude whether coach leadership behavior serves as a mediator amongst factors affecting said leader behavior and team success in sports. The sample for this was obtained from one hundred and sixty (n=160) athletes who participated in inter university games with special reference to Western Province Sri Lankan. Only team sports are considered and players from individual events are not considered under the current study. Coach leadership behavior was assessed through Revised Leadership Scale for Sports questionnaire (RLSS) and adopted questionnaires were utilized to measure the factors affecting it and the team success. General Linear model and Multiple Linear Regression were the methods used to analyze data. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were measured through Correlation matrixes and Cronbach's alpha respectively. The results from the study confirm that coach leadership behavior acts as a mediator of the relationship between and factors affecting coach leadership style and team success signifying that factors affecting coach leader behavior may enhance coach behavior in the task of successful performance. Mediating effect was first tested through calculating path coefficients and further conducted the Sobel's test to validate the previous results.

Arif Çetin   

This study aims to examine runners' motivation factors to participate in the Ironman Events and the comparison of these factors with their life satisfaction and success perceptions. The sample of the study were 81,8 % male (n: 112) and 18.2 % female (n: 25) participants who are randomly selected from Ironman Turkey Event in 2018. In the research, "Life Satisfaction Scale"; "Achievement Perception Scale", and "The Motivational Factor Scale for Participating Ultra Marathon" are used as data collection tool in the research. The relations between motivation, life satisfaction and achievement perception are tested with factor analysis, correlation analysis and SEM Partial Least Squares. The results show that motivation has a positive and high relationship with life satisfaction and achievement perception. As a result of the path analysis, there is a significant relationship between motivation dimensions including meaning in life, personal achievement goals and recognition sub-dimensions have a positive and significant effect on life satisfaction. Moreover, health perception has a positive and significant effect on achievement perception. In conclusion, most of the participants were male, the majority of the participants were aged 31 and older and had high income group, university education, working in the private sector, living in the city. It was concluded that the individuals who participated in the Ironman event were individuals who completed their education and worked in the private sector in the business world, who had high income groups and mostly lived in cities. It can be reported that triathletes' high motivational perceptions result in life satisfaction and achievement perception. It can be pointed out that triathletes' high motivational perceptions result in life satisfaction and achievement perception.

Jennifer Saunders   Barbara Hungerford   Trish Wisbey-Roth   Mel Cusi   and Hans Van der Wall   

Recurrent hamstring injuries are a significant and troubling issue in the elite athletic community. Reinjury may occur in up to 34% of patients in the kicking and running sports. We hypothesised that a proportion of these patients may have mechanical dysfunction of the sacroiliac joint as a causative mechanism. We recruited 23 elite athletes with recurrent hamstring injuries and lateralising lower back pain into the study after careful screening. Diagnosis was confirmed by scintigraphic SPECT/ CT imaging. Patients who failed directed physiotherapy were offered injection of the sacroiliac joint with platelet rich plasma (PRP). All 23 athletes (Av age 35 years, 19 M, 4F) had MRI evidence of hamstring tears (Av 4.2 tears) and met criteria for a diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction with mean clinical scores of 6.8 (Range: 7-9). Four patients returned to sport after physiotherapy and 19 underwent peri-articular PRP injection under ultrasound guidance. The baseline VAS was 80 (mean) and after treatment 9, indicating a significant response to treatment (p=0.002). All patients with SIJ dysfunction and recurrent hamstring tears responded to treatment. A plausible explanation for the relationship is the alteration in muscle sequencing around the pelvis following SIJ dysfunction.

Japhet Ndayisenga   and Tomoliyus   

Purpose: Regular quality of service and tariffs are generally recommended to be important factors for maintaining customers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of service quality on service satisfaction and fitness customer behavior, to determine the effect of tariff on fitness customer behavior loyalty, to determine the effect of satisfaction on customer behavior loyalty at fitness. Design/ methodology/ approach: Type This study was a descriptive research with mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative). The subjects of this research were 85 Customers from two groups: UNY Family and outside the UNY taken by random sampling. Data analysis techniques using correlation and linear regression among indicators-variables, and between variables themselves with Software SPSS.21 and PLS-SEM. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant effect of service quality on satisfaction, the effect of service quality on behavior loyalty was largely indirect. The ticket prices have a negative effect on satisfaction and behavioral loyalty. Research limitations/ implications: Although this study lacks generalizability, thus, service quality and tariffs are strong management instruments to help sports management. Practical implications–Thus, service quality and tariffs are strong management instruments to help sports management to decide the allocation of resources to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. Originality/ value: This study is the first to apply to explain career to the current situation in that fitness.

Ivan Serbetar   Jan Morten Loftesnes   and Iva Prprovic   

The purpose of this study was to investigate possible differences in the development of motor skills between native and Roma children in Northern Croatia, but also to establish relations of motor skills, school success and socioeconomic status. The sample of 114 children (57 Roma) of both gender (55 boys) were assessed by MABC-2. Social economic status was represented by the mother highest level of education, and grade point average represented academic success. Regarding motor performance 9 children fall in the categories of "motor impairment" or "risk for impairment", 7 of them were Roma minority. MANOVA (gender) x (ethnicity) was applied on manual dexterity, aiming and catching and balance and total standard score and both effects were significant (p=.000). Further univariate ANOVA's showed that the girls were better in manual dexterity (p=.000) and the boys in aiming and catching (p=.000). Non-Roma children performed better in manual dexterity (p=.000), balance (p=.000); and total test score (p=.000). Manual dexterity and ethnicity significantly (p=.000) predicted school success. Motor competence in Roma children was less developed than in native children. Poverty, parental-social but also environmental factors, significantly influence children's motor development.

Jacob K. Gardner   Justin T. Chia   and Kelsey L. Miller   

The purpose of this study was to determine if muscle activity of upper extremity muscles differed depending on the involvement of the legs during a bench press. The study included 15 male and 12 female recreationally trained, college age participants. There were 2 testing sessions. Session 1: Participants performed a 1-repetition maximum in a standard bench press followed by a leg-drive familiarization. For the familiarization, participants were instructed in the leg-drive technique (buttocks remained on the bench) and given ample time to practice until comfortable and which satisfied the researchers. Leg-drive pressing force was verified by measuring anterior-posterior and vertical ground reaction forces measured by a force plate. Session 2: Outfitted with surface electromyography (EMG), participants performed 3 repetitions in the bench press with 75% of the standard bench press 1-repetition maximum (1RM) under three conditions: 1) standard 2) leg-drive, 3) legs-in-the-air. The normalized average of the peaks of the three reps for each muscle were analyzed using a 2 x 3 (gender x condition) ANOVA. The ANOVA revealed no significant differences across groups or conditions (pectoralis major p = 0.405, anterior deltoid p = 0.297, triceps brachii p = 0.092). When comparing a standard bench press to leg-drive, our results indicate that similar amounts of muscle activation are required for the task regardless of the leg involvement. This work indicates that using a leg-drive technique that does not allow the buttocks to rise from the bench, does not result in a change in upper extremity muscle activity compared to a standard bench press. Due to lack of differences across conditions, athletes and strength coaches should base their decision on the use of leg-drive on their personal preference.

Emma C. Goddard   and James P. Dickey   

Exercise is often used to manage knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, OA leads to balance impairments which may lead to injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise on dynamic balance of individuals with unilateral knee OA. On one occasion, twenty participants with unilateral knee OA completed the star excursion balance test (SEBT) in all eight directions (anterior, anteromedial, medial, posteromedial, posterior, posterolateral, lateral, and anterolateral) on both affected and unaffected limbs, before and after a supervised exercise program. The exercise program consisted of 30 minutes of stretching and strengthening of the knee flexors and extensors. The SEBT was quantified as the composite score from all 8 directions. Participants also completed a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain before and after exercise. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant interaction nor difference between affected and unaffected sides for SEBT. There was significant improvement in SEBT composite score after exercise (7% and 5% post exercise for the affected and unaffected limbs respectively). VAS was not significantly different before and after exercise. These results suggest that a single bout of exercise improves acute dynamic balance performance in both affected and unaffected limbs in individuals with unilateral knee OA.

Ustinova K. I.   and Langenderfer J. E.   

This study investigated the initiation and release of hand grasp in individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis. The study included 10 individuals with mild hemiparesis and 10 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Participants were instructed to grasp and release the bottle-like handle of a manipulandum with their affected hand when prompted by auditory cues. Data points related to the initiation and release of the grasp, the maximal grip force, and the time of maximal force were analyzed with the wrist at each of five angles: flexion at 30° and 60°, neutral at 0°, and extension at 30° and 60°. The post-stroke group required more time than the control group to release the grasp. No significant differences were observed between groups for other data points. The results may suggest that the delayed grasp release remains a residual deficit even in patients with well-recovered hand function after stroke.

Curtis Fennell   Ellen L. Glickman   Andrew Lepp   J. Derek Kingsley   and Jacob E. Barkley   

Purpose: There is evidence of a positive relationship between cellular telephone use and sedentary behavior but not physical activity in college-aged individuals (18-29 years). These relationships have not been tested in individuals older than college age (≥ 30 years old). Testing these relationships in older individuals is warranted as cell phone use is inversely associated with age. Methods: A sample of adults aged 30-63 years (N = 69, 50.5 ± 8.2 years old) wore a physical activity monitor (accelerometer) for seven days and completed validated surveys assessing daily cell phone use, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Results: Cell phone use ( = 125.2 ± 146.8 minutes per day) was inversely associated with age (r = - 0.3, p = 0.005). Cell use was not associated with objectively- or subjectively-measured physical activity or sedentary behavior (r ≤ 0.1, p ≥ 0.3). Tertile splits were performed to establish groups of low, moderate, and high cell phone users. There were no significant (F ≤ 2.0, p ≥ 0.12 for all) differences in physical activity or sedentary behavior between groups. Conclusion: Unlike what has been reported in college-aged individuals, cell use was not associated with sedentary behavior in adults older than college age.

Gordon E. Barkwell   and James P. Dickey   

The backstroke swim start is an explosive, discrete skill. Swimmers often perform plyometric warm-up protocols, such as repeated jumps, prior to their race. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of repeated drop jumps performed immediately prior to a backstroke start. Nine elite backstroke swimmers performed three starts after a standard swimming warm-up, and three after an additional plyometric warm-up (three drop jumps from a height of 0.4 m) prior to each start. Timing and peak activation of gluteus maximus and vastus lateralis activity were measured using wireless surface electromyography. Hip and knee angles, wall contact time, head entry distance and time to 10 m were recorded using digital video cameras positioned at the side of the pool. On average, starts performed after the plyometric warm-up had a 0.10.09 s longer time to 10 m, peak gluteus maximus activity occurred 0.090.13 s later and peak vastus lateralis activity occurred 0.150.16 s earlier. Head entry distance was inversely proportional to time to 10 m (r = -0.80) across both conditions and should be considered as a training target. Performing plyometric warm-ups immediately prior to races may have a negative impact on backstroke start time to 10 m.

David Chandrakumar   Daria Dyck   Stephen H Boutcher   and Yati N Boutcher   

Overweight compared to normal weight individuals typically possess reduced limb blood flow at rest and during mental challenge. The effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular reactivity of young overweight males, however, is undetermined. Thus, the purpose was to examine the cardiovascular reactivity response of overweight males to mental challenge before and after acute aerobic exercise. Fifteen normal weight (NW) males with body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 25 kg/m² and 15 overweight males (OW) with BMI > 25 kg/m² aged 18-30 years acted as participants. All males underwent a 5-min Stroop task before and after one single 30-min bout of cycle exercise at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max). Heart rate, blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and forearm blood flow (FBF) were assessed during Stroop task before and after acute exercise. Arterial stiffness of the OW was significantly higher than NW during Stroop before (p =0.01) and after exercise (p = 0.001). After exercise, the OW had significantly smaller increase in FBF throughout Stroop (p = 0.04) compared to NW. The smaller increase in FBF throughout the Stroop in the OW was also accompanied by higher Stroop errors compared to that of NW (p = 0.01). Stroop errors were positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, and body fat percentage, whereas post-exercise FBF was positively correlated with VO_2max (p < 0.05). Being overweight was associated with a blunted FBF reactivity response and a greater number of errors during the Stroop task.

Serdar Samur   

Nowadays, to create efficiency, businesses need to build expert departments (systematic structure) based on functional business section, accelerate the flow of information in itself and enable decisions to be taken more quickly, thus saving time and resources and taking measures against risks by constantly monitoring hierarchical structures. In the Sports Clubs, it is important to transfer the financial power, which is the result of sportive achievement, to the whole activity areas in the club in a balanced manner and to substructure investments to develop and grow and create economic magnitude and transform this magnitude to contribute to sportive achievement again. The purpose of this study is to split the football management into main processes and manage easily. In a system approach to manage football management areas with different variables in accordance with organizational goals in a harmony, sports clubs should separate ‘8' main process like Team Intelligence, Team Management, Youth Development, Footballer Transfer, Logistics Support, Public Relations and Corporate Communication, Economy-Finance, Sports Law. By means of these processes, Clubs can implement performance management and development, apply organizational learning and knowledge management and target continuous improvement and development.

Charles R.C. Marks   Steve Grapsas   and Deborah Malushi   

Purpose: This study determined if sitting on a stability ball (B), when compared to sitting on a chair (C), affects cardiorespiratory and muscular recruitment during semi-recumbent exercise. Methods: Participants sat on B or C behind a cycle ergometer using the bike seat for hand griping. Open-circuit spirometry and HR were monitored continuously during graded exercise. Initial two stages of exercise also had hip movements and the right arm, trunk, and leg EMGs recorded. Eighteen apparently healthy adults exercised twice, one trial on B and the other trial on C (order randomized). ANOVA for repeated measures (α < 0.05) was used for statistical analysis. Results: Only at peak was VO₂ significantly higher (P = 0.001) for B compared to C. There was no significant (P = 0.291) difference between B and C for HR. Stage 2 hip movements were significantly (P < 0.001) higher while some leg EMGs were significantly (P < 0.019) lower on B compared to C. In addition, flexor digitorum EMG was significantly (P < 0.036) higher on B compared to C. Conclusion: The stability ball increases hip motion and may alter muscular recruitment pattern during semi-recumbent exercise with little impact on cardiorespiratory parameters.

Hyoungjin Park   and Taewoon Jung   

The purpose of this study was to compare adults with knee OA and "healthy knee" controls on balance ability by matching gender, age, mass, height, and BMI. Twenty-eight adults, 14 with medically diagnosed knee osteoarthritis and 14 with "healthy knee" status, were evaluated on dynamic balance as measured by the NeuroCom Balance Master® Limits of stability, tandem walk, and adaptation test protocols. Outcomes measured reaction time, movement velocity, maximum excursion, directional control for the limits of stability and speed, step width, endpoint sway velocity for the tandem walk test, and sway energy score for the adaptation test. The results showed that the "healthy knee" control subjects exhibited statistically significantly better results on all measures tested, however, this study did suggest balance deficits in individuals with knee OA may be better assessed for fall risk if placed in the situation where body weight is put forward, as these movements better mimic their activities of daily living.

Sinan Bozkurt   and Veysel Kucuk   

The purpose of this study is to compare technical skills of youth soccer players according to foot preference. A total of 61 amateur football players (Under 15) participated in the study from different clubs of Istanbul. The descriptive statistics and the relationship between the technical skills were examined by using Spearman test and Mann Whitney U test was used for paired comparison of the groups. The level of significance taken into account was (p<0.05). In conclusion, although there were not statistically significant difference between the left-and right footed players in technical skill tests (p˃0.05), and a negative significant relationship was found between dribbling and juggling and long passing skill tests (p˂0.05) in right-footed players. The present study may contribute to the literature on the specific skills related performance profile of youth football players.

Hyoungjin Park   

As evidence of the effectiveness of added plantar-surface texture to improve balance has been successful for various populations, it is important to study if textured insoles may increase balance for individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA) who have compromised the somatosensory function of the affected joint and correspondingly an increased risk of falls. Thus, this study investigated the degree of benefit through the use of textured insoles for improving balance and compared the balance of individuals with knee OA to matched-healthy peers. Fifteen with knee OA and fifteen healthy, aged, gender and BMI matched controls completed this study and were evaluated on balance as measured by a computerized dynamic posturography. There were significant improvements in balance when wearing the textured insoles in both groups, and healthy knee controls showed significantly better balance performances than individuals with knee OA. The benefits of this study for the individuals with knee OA are that this may lead to the development of an evidence-based footwear intervention which is noninvasive, simple to use, inexpensive, allows the user for self-management, and has the capacity to reduce the risk of falls, consequentially improving the quality of life.

Daniel Jaffe   Jennifer Hewit   Jason Cholewa   Alexander Bedard   Tracey Matthews   Brian Thompson   and Samuel Headley   

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic ingestion of a proprietary beta-alanine supplement on body composition, indices of strength and power performance, and markers of cardiovascular endurance in physically active, college-aged males commissioning within the armed services. Subjects (n = 30) participated in four separate testing sessions, both pre and post assessment consuming either 6.0 g/day beta-alanine or Placebo supplementation for 6 weeks. Parameters evaluated included body fat percentage (BF%), fat free mass (FFM), vertical jump (VJ), 1 repetition maximum back squat (SQ) and bench press (BP), and a repetition maximum bench press (RMBP) at 75% of the attained maximum, maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2peak), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), lactate threshold (LT), and peak lactate concentration. For all variables, no significant interactions existed across condition and time (p > .05). In addition, for all variables, no significant differences existed between conditions (p > .05). Beta-alanine did not show any benefit for improving body composition or physical performance parameters in this group of individuals.

Julie E. Taylor   Camille Thomas   and Jacob W. Manning   

This study examined the energy expenditure during mountain bike trail rides on a 26-inch wheel (26er) compared to a 29-inch wheel (29er). Thirteen experienced bikers (four women, nine men, age=33.0±10.1 yrs), completed similar 6.7km trail rides on a 26er and 29er. GPS was used to measure distance and speed during each ride. Energy expenditure was determined by measuring oxygen consumption. Compared to the 26er, the 29er rides took less total time (24.2±3.2 vs. 25.5±3.5 minutes, p=0.015), hence faster speeds (4.7±0.6 vs. 4.4±0.6 m•s^-1, p=0.022), lower average heart rates (155.0±19.2 vs. 162.2±16.8 bpm, p=0.047), and lower total calories (263.3±34.3 vs. 290.7± 36.9 kcals, p=0.001). Work rates represented by the rate of oxygen consumption (ml O₂•min^-1, p=0.65) were not different. At similar work rates, riders apparently gained a mechanical advantage on the 29ers allowing for 5% lower riding times and heart-rates, 6.8% faster speeds, and a 9.4% reduction in the total caloric expenditure for a standardized trail ride.

John Elvis Hagan Jnr   Edward Wilson Ansah   Dietmar Pollmann   and Thomas Schack   

Despite the fact that behavior of coaches is critical towards optimal development and performance of athletes, there still remains a dearth of empirical evidence involving self-perceptions of competitive athletes at elite level. The purpose of the present study was to examine athletes' perceptions related patterns and gender differences specific to coaching behaviors during competition. Consequently, the Leadership Scale for Sports was administered to 201 conveniently sampled elite student-athletes during the 23^rd World Universiade Games at Kazan, Russia. Results show that a considerable number of sampled athletes perceived their coaches not to have provided the needed social support and positive feedback during competition. However, majority of these athletes felt they were involved democratically across the competition period. Additionally, while male athletes perceived their coaches to have given appreciable training and instruction, were more democratic, socially supportive, and provided positive feedback, female athletes perceived their coaches to be autocratic. A greater need for social support and positive feedback are required from coaches to help athletes deal with the stressors of elite competition. Similarly, the gender differences in the athletes' perceptions suggest a more idiosyncratic approach and flexibility toward coaching at high performance level if desired outcomes are to be accomplished.

Ke Zhang   and Yiqian Melannie Zhan   

Research on healthcare gadget or application is not new to many of us, yet WeRun's special features have been a reason, and it is completely free of charge. While we take into consideration that WeRun is the most popular application in the world, this study makes a through exploration of how this application could attract loyal members and recruit new members every day. Based on the Theory of Expectation Confirmation, the research combing the variables of emotional pleasure and subjective norm into the expectation-confirmation model of IS continuance (ECM-ISC) to measure the factors that affect the continued use of WeRun by users. A 325 online questionnaire survey had been conducted to this research. The results show that emotional pleasure was positively and significantly associated with users' satisfaction of WeRun and internal influence was positively and significantly associated with users' continuance intention. However, emotional pleasure is not significantly associated with users' continuance intention and external influence has negative influence on user's continuance intention.

Leila K. Kelleher   Ryan J. Frayne   Tyson A.C. Beach   Jordin M. Higgs   Andrew M. Johnson   and James P. Dickey   

Background: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is used to evaluate key movement patterns, functional symmetry, and identify individuals that are at elevated risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to assess whether dynamic postural control is a significant component of the composite FMS score by comparing it with Y-Balance Test (YBT) reach distances. Methods: Seventy-eight participants (including 40 males) performed the standardized FMS protocol followed by the YBT. The YBT reach distances were normalized to leg length and averaged between sides and trials. The individual reach directions were evaluated, and were also summed to form an aggregate YBT distance (TotalY). Results: We observed weak correlations between the composite FMS score and normalized posterolateral reach, normalized posteromedial reach, and the TotalY (r=0.36, 0.37, and 0.36, respectively; all p< 0.05). There was no correlation between the composite FMS score and normalized anterior reach (r=0.22; p=0.053). Together these findings demonstrate partial correspondence between the two tests. Conclusion: This indicates that dynamic postural control is a small component of the aggregate FMS score.

Russell Holden   

Since the late 1990s, English and Welsh cricket has undergone substantial organisational and financial change, spurred on by the increase in one-day cricket, particularly the shortened Twenty 20 format, which is designed in part to introduce the game to a wider audience. In terms of playing personnel, one of the most dramatic developments has been the decline in numbers originating from the Afro-Caribbean community. One of the chief consequences of this has been the virtual lack of black cricketers representing England at a range of age levels. Chris Jordan's selection for the 2014 Test series against Sri Lanka doubled the number of Afro-Caribbean cricketers appearing for England in Test cricket this century. Whereas formerly, cricket was central to the lives of many in the Afro-Caribbean community, enthusiasm for the history and love of the game has withered. My article explores why it is that the Afro-Caribbean community no longer reveres cricket as it used to, and poses the question why, as a parent, one would make an active choice to dissuade or not expose one's children to cricket, a pastime that offers tremendous opportunity for both physical and social expression. Furthermore, in terms of evolving contemporary black identity and evidence of passive discrimination, this article considers whether cricket is being marginalised because it is deemed unappealing, insufficiently financially rewarding and just not sexy enough, or whether the lack of space in urban settings, class barriers and the cost of playing the game is simply too expensive for those outside the middle class, or those not fortunate enough to obtain an academic bursary or possess well established cricketing connections.

Antonio Pineda-Espejel   Emilio Arrayales   Raquel Morquecho-Sanchez   and Marina Trejo   

The aim of this study was to validate the factorial structure of a Spanish version of the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 (Sport-MPS-2) for the Mexican population, and provide evidence of reliability. This scale is composed of 42 items that measure six factors of perfectionism: concern over mistakes, organization, perception parental pressure, perception coach pressure, doubts about actions, and personal standards. Such factors were suggested by the multidimensional perfectionism approach. The study involved 420 athletes of both genders with an average age of 21.63 years old (SD = 3.83) who answered the Mexican Spanish Version of the Sport-MPS-2. After eliminating six items, the results supported the six-factor model; and in five factors, the internal consistency exceeded or was under the limit of the usage criteria. In conclusion, the Mexican Spanish version of the Sport-MPS-2 offers factorial structure and constructs validity, excluding six items. Thus, it can be used for assessing five dimensions of perfectionism in athletes, even though further research shall be conducted to improve this instrument.

Sung, Bong-ju   and Ko, Byoung-goo   

The aim of this study was to provide a detailed comparison of physique and physical fitness differences among Track and Field groups. The male athletes participating in this study consisted only of South Korean national track and field athletes. The Korean national athletes were divided into four groups (long-distance runner, sprinter, jumper, thrower). The long-distance runner group (n=7) consisted of three male marathoners and four male race walkers. The sprinter group (n=7) consisted of five male 100m athletes and two male hurdlers. The jumper group (n= 7) consisted of 2 male high jumpers, 2 male long jumpers, and 3 male pole vault athletes. The thrower group (n=8) consisted of 2 male shot put athletes, two male javelin throwers, 2 male discus throwers and 2 male hammer throwers. This study was designed to investigate the effects of physique (height, weight), muscular strength (grip strength), muscular endurance (push-ups, sit-ups), agility (side step), power (vertical jump), cardiopulmonary endurance (maximal oxygen uptake, Anaerobic Threshold %VO₂max, rest heart rate), and flexibility (sit and reach). A one-way ANOVA was performed for the mean difference test among track and field athlete groups. A post hoc test method was conducted through the Scheffe Test. The results are as follows. The thrower athlete group showed significantly better results in weight, muscular strength (grip power) than the sprinter athlete group, long-distance runner group and the jumper athlete group. The long-distance runner group showed significantly better result in VO₂max and AT (Anaerobic Threshold) than the sprinter group, thrower group and the jumper group. The sprinter group showed significantly better results in power (vertical jump) than the other three groups. There was no significant difference among the groups in the results for muscular endurance (push-up, sit-up), flexibility (sit and reach) and agility (side steps). In conclusion, the South Korean national long-distance runner group (VO₂max: 72.6ml/kg/min, ATVO₂max: 54ml/kg/min) was superior to the other three groups in cardiovascular endurance. The sprinter's group (vertical jump: 63.1cm) was superior to the other three groups in power. The thrower group (weight: 97kg, grip strength: 81kg) was superior to the other three groups in muscular strength and was heavier than the other groups. Korean national track & field athletes showed the characteristics of cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, and power in a detailed analysis of items. No differences were found in muscular endurance, flexibility, and agility. Differences in physique and physical fitness among detail event groups of Korean national athletes were in accordance with previous studies. In future studies, the sample size should be increased to improve the reliability and validity of the study results.

Stefan Endler   Sabine Hoffmann   Björn Sterzing   Perikles Simon   and Mark Pfeiffer   

Intensity description as exercise prescription is a main challenge for sport scientists and coaches. Most commonly used in endurance sports are percentages of the heart rate at Maximal Lactate Steady State (MLSS). Since the late 1970s, MLSS is approximated by several anaerobic thresholds based on lactate extraction during graded incremental tests. Since then, scientists look for non-invasive methods to approximate these thresholds. Our new approach uses the sports computer science Performance Potential model (PerPot) for determination. The antagonistic model PerPot models the relation between load (speed) and performance (heart rate). This investigation compares lactate based and PerPot simulated thresholds. Fifteen male handball players performed a graded incremental test with lactate extraction and continuous heart rate recording. Lactate measurement was used for determination of four established lactate-based anaerobic thresholds (OBLA, Dickhuth, Keul, Simon). Speed and heart rate processes were used for PerPot determination of the threshold. Both Pearson correlations (r=0.883 - r=0.895) and intraclass correlations (ICC=0.894 - ICC=0.932) show high correlations between lactate-based and PerPot simulated thresholds. Using anaerobic threshold (AT) for exercise prescription is the ideal case. Because of adaptation, AT changes and should therefore be determined periodically. In practice, this is rarely done because of high cost and difficult invasive determination in laboratory. PerPot provides a low cost, non-invasive method for AT determination. It is therefore an ideal method for verifying former results of sports medicine diagnostics periodically. In addition, simple portability of results to field is an advantage, because the graded incremental tests can also be performed outdoors.

Donna de Haan   

The aim of this paper was to use a case study approach to review the appropriateness of existing micro- and meso-level models of athlete development within the sport specific context of equestrianism. At a micro-level the Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model was chosen. At a meso-level, the Sport Policy factors that Lead to International Sporting Success (SPLISS) model was chosen with specific focus on Pillar 4 (talent identification and development systems). To assess the relevance or fit of these models, policy documentation from the British Equestrian Federation (BEF) which includes information on athlete profiling and performance pathways were reviewed. Results from this study indicate that talent identification and development of the rider at the point of specialization (micro-level) and performance/competition pathways (meso-level) have a degree of synergy. However, due to the potential longevity of riders' careers, and the required combination of an elite rider with an elite horse, it is difficult to map this at a senior level. The findings illustrate that due to these sport-specific variables, equestrianism does not 'fit' within these models and requires a unique 'dual athlete – horse and rider' talent identification and development system.

Ben Serrien   Jeroen Ooijen   Maggy Goossens   and Jean-Pierre Baeyens   

Part one of this study described the three-dimensional kinematics of male and female top level and junior elite volleyball players during a spike. Different strategies for generating a high impact speed for the hand were observed between the groups. This part focuses on variability in coordination and performance and will use a single-subject approach for the data-analysis. The research question concerns the relationship between coordination variability and skill level. Two hypotheses exist about this relationship: a continuous decrease of variability or a U-shaped relationship when skill level increases. We used different measures of skill level during this study. The discrete measure (top level vs. junior elite) showed no difference in coordination variability. The continuous measures showed both U-shaped and linear relationships with coordination variability when data from all groups were pooled together. No relationships were observed within the groups. Together with the insight gained from the mechanical analysis from part one, knowledge about the coordination variability can be used for guiding the training and learning process of youth elite volleyball players.

Ben Serrien   Jeroen Ooijen   Maggy Goossens   and Jean-Pierre Baeyens   

In this study, three-dimensional kinematics and performance were analyzed for male and female top level and junior elite volleyball players in a spike, which is an essential offensive volleyball action. Top level players had higher impact speeds and jumping height than junior elite players for both genders and the male players had higher impact speeds and jumping height than the female players for both levels of expertise. For the analysis of the three-dimensional kinematics of the pelvis, trunk, shoulder and elbow angles and angular velocities, Statistical Parametric Mapping was used. No differences were observed for the orientation angles of pelvis and trunk, indicating a set of invariant kinematics. The pelvis and trunk angular velocities on the other hand did show many interesting differences throughout the approach, cocking and acceleration phase of the spike. The shoulder and elbow angles and angular velocities also illustrated the different strategies used for generating high impact speeds. An important conclusion was that interaction effects between gender and level of expertise were mostly observed in variables from the shoulder and elbow, whereas pelvis and trunk velocities only presented significant main effects. These differences suggest how the motion pattern of the young elite athletes will change over the following years when they gradually make the change towards the highest competitive levels.

Sezen Çimen Polat   and Mehmet Günay   

A long and hard preparation process to improve motoric characteristics and technical requirements is needed for rhythmic gymnasts to become a competitor. Studies show that positive effects of pilates on body, resemble the effects of rhythmic gymnastics. This study is based on the idea that the preparation period for long rhythmic gymnastics training could be shortened by the support of pilates exercises. Additionally, comparing some physical, motor and physiological parameters of rhythmic gymnasts who had just started training either for rhythmic gymnastics, pilates [mat series] or combined [rhythmic gymnastics + pilates] for 8 weeks. 30 girl gymnasts whose average ages are 7,30 ± 1,41 years participated to the study. As the measurements and interpretations are based on little girls at the age of 7, all the families' approvals have been received before the study. Flamingo balance test, plate tapping, standing broad jump, sit-up test for 30 seconds, sit and reach flexibility test, bent arm hang, 10x5 m running and shuttle running test were performed pre and post training. Visual and auditory reaction and hand grip strength measurements were also included. Data analysis is conducted in SPSS 22.0 software package. Pre and posttest parameters were compared with Anova and Kruskall Wallis tests for significance and distribution of the data was tested with Shapiro-Wilk test. Significant development was observed for visual and auditory reaction, tapping plate, standing broad jump, 30 second sit-up test, sit and reach flexibility test, bent arm hang, 10×5m running in pilates training group; auditory reaction, 30sec sit-up, sit and reach flexibility in rhythmic gymnastics and pilates + rhythmic training groups. The results showed that rhythmic gymnastics training accompanied by pilates are more beneficial for the fundamental level girl gymnasts.

Wendy Balster   Cheryl Xue Er Lim   and Pui Wah Kong   

This pilot study investigated whether a deeper countermovement was beneficial after a training period for neuromuscular adaptation. Nine male participants practised deep countermovement jumps (2 sets × 10 jumps) at home daily for three weeks. After training, the kinematics and ground reaction forces of normal and deep countermovement jumps were assessed. Adopting a deeper countermovement resulted in lower squat depth [normal: 0.38 (0.08) m, deep: 0.50 (0.09) m, p = .008] and greater range of motion at the ankle, knee and hip (all p < .05). Participants did not, however, improve in jump height [normal: 0.58 (0.08) m, deep: 0.59 (0.09) m, p = .314]. Squatting down deeper does not have necessary result in a higher jump height for all individuals. The lack of difference in jump height may be explained by insufficient training duration and intensity, and/or poor use of arm swing in the deep countermovement jumps. Future studies can confirm these preliminary results with more participants.

Shu Shengfang   and Wang Mina   

There are three developing phases of Chinese competitive sports in term of national social attitudes and political appeals in the past sixty years. In the first 30 years, reluctance to show weakness or suffering disgrace reflected social attitudes, while the political appeals were to promote the national prestige, to wash off the shame of "Sick Man of East Asia" and to gain the international dignity in the worldwide playing fields; In the latter 30 years, the social attitudes appeared as the rising of nationalist sentiment, while the political appeals were to "bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with the Olympic success". Since the Beijing Olympics, the national social attitude diversified while the Gold Medal became not as important as before. And the political appeals were the pursuit of "Harmonious World".

Gökyürek, B.   Sökmen T.   and Usta, A.   

Today, it is known that adult obesity is a result of child and adolescent obesity. For this reason, to prevent obesity in adulthood, obesity must be controlled through organising exercise habits of adolescents in addition to organising other habits. Taking the importance of physical beauty in psychology of puberty period into consideration, the effects of aerobics exercise on the obese and fighting against obesity through exercise form the basis for our study to fight against obesity through the habit of exercise. Our study was conducted on 22 male, 27 female of high school level students through 12 weeks aerobics exercise programme, 3 days a week at least, approximately 60 minutes, interval training model. This study focuses on measurements of age, weight, gender characteristics, physical composition as anthropometric measurement (subcutaneous fat, peripheral and diametric measurement), stretching test (sit-reach test), strength test (hand dynamometer), standing long jump, vertical jump, sit-up and push-up.

Nigar Yaman   

In this study, the physical changes in 36 male participants were examined over 12 weeks, during which they have carried out fitness exercises to see whether there is a physical change in the individuals who prefer the type of fitness exercises that include walking, running, pedaling and weight exercises as a form of sportive activity. An exercise protocol including warm up, cool down, walking, running, pedaling and weight exercises in an average duration of 90 minutes was applied to the participants for 4 days a week during the period of the aforementioned 12 weeks. Including pre-exercises, the body weight, girth measurement, body fat percentages and body mass indexes were measured and noted in the fourth, eighth and twelfth weeks. The data was analyzed through one-way ANOVA tests for mean, standard deviation and correlated samplings. No significant difference was found in the body mass indexes of the participants. Biceps, chest, shoulder and thigh measurements showed a significant increase in the end of the 12 week period. The body fat percentages showed decreased results in all of the measurements when compared to the measurements of pre-exercise. As a result, the fitness exercises that were performed throughout the 12-week period, showed a positive benefit in the girth measurements and body fat percentages starting from the fourth week. Body mass indexes did not reflect any differences in relation with the increased muscle volume.

Francisco Ignacio Martínez-Cabrera   and Francisco Javier Núñez-Sánchez   

Tensiomyography (TMG) is a relatively new technique to assess the muscles mechanical properties in response to a single electrical stimulus. The purpose of the present study was to assess the acute effect of a foam roller (FR) in the rectus femoris muscle using TMG. Seventeen male professional soccer players (age 21.4 ± 3.8 years, height 180.5 ± 7.7 cm, and mass 73.6 ± 10.7 kg) performed 4 sets of with a duration of 15s using the foam roller (FR) on the dominant leg with 2 min of rest at 30 beats per minute. TMG measurements were performed at rest after the second and fourth sets for both the dominant and non-dominant leg (control). The TMG parameters analysed included stiffness (Dm), and contraction time (Tc). Substantial differences were not found between the legs at rest. For the non-dominant leg, substantial differences in Dm were found after the second and the fourth sets. For the dominant leg, substantial differences in Dm were not observed after the FR was applied. No differences in Tc were found for any of the measurements. Our results suggest that the use of a foam roller in slowly executed small sets maintains the muscle stiffness and the contraction time of the RF.

K. Jason Crandall   Battogtokh Zagdsuren   Mark A. Schafer   and T. Scott Lyons   

Purpose: There is growing evidence prolonged workplace sitting is associated with multiple health risks. Utilizing static and active workstations may help improve these health risks. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if providing access to a sit-stand workstation and a shared treadmill desk without a behavioural intervention could increase workplace physical activity and decrease sitting time. Methodology: Participants (N=15) were assigned to an experimental (sit-stand desk and shared treadmill desk; n=8) or control group (n=7) for seven weeks. No behavioural interventions were used to encourage participation. A physical activity questionnaire was administered at baseline and at the end of the study to assess workplace physical activity and sitting time. Participants wore an activity tracker (Fitbit One) to objectively assess daily footsteps and physically active hours. A mixed between-within subject analysis of variance was used to compare the groups (p < .05). Findings: There were no statistically significant between-group differences in the dependent variables. Although just half of the experimental group used the shared treadmill desk, the mean number of footsteps taken (8897.25) was well above the recommended >5000 steps/day. Practical Implications: This is the first study to examine the use of both static and active workstations to increase workplace physical activity and reduce sitting time without a behavioural intervention. Value: Combining static and active workstations with the addition of a behavioural intervention to promote and motivate the participants may produce significant improvements in workplace physical activity and reductions in sitting time.

Insook Kim   and Bomna Ko   

The purpose of this study was to investigate how curricular, content courses, and lessons are structured in ways to develop pre-service teachers' in-depth elementary content knowledge in physical education teacher education. Six elementary content course instructors' learning context data were collected from five physical education teacher education programs in the United States. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted to analyze the collected data. The results of this study indicated: (a) the physical education teacher education programs offered fewer learning opportunities to learn K-12 content; (b) the elementary content courses were structured with different levels of content foci; (c) a primary tool for measuring in-depth elementary content knowledge was written exams or quizzes; and (d) three dominant instructional approaches--lectures, peer teaching, and modeling-- intended to develop specialized content knowledge were incorporated in the lessons. The research findings may guide teacher educators to reform their teacher preparation programs in ways to facilitate pre-service teachers' elementary content knowledge acquisition necessary for successful teaching.

Michael Downs   and Leisha Strachan   

Physical inactivity continues to be a major concern in the lives of youth. It is possible that participation in high school sport might contribute to enhancing self-efficacy which, in turn, would positively influence physical activity levels. In this study, the association between physical activity participation and self-efficacy for physical activity was measured in adolescent males from a private high school in Canada. Also, the possibility that self-efficacy levels differed between school sport participants and non-school sport participants was explored. The results of the Spearman's p test showed a moderate positive, and significant correlation between the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) and the Self-Efficacy for Daily Physical Activity Questionnaire (SEPAQ) scores, r(113) = .571, p < .01. The multiple regression analysis showed that PAQ-A score significantly predicted SEPAQ scores, b = 10.95, t(113) = 6.63, p < .001. However, school sport participation did not significantly predict SEPAQ scores, b = 0.99, t(113) = 0.97, p > .05. Interestingly, PAQ-A scores and school sport participation explained a significant proportion of variance in SEPAQ scores, R^2= 0.33, F (2, 112) = 27.11, p < .001. Results from this study support previous research regarding the positive connection between physical activity and self-efficacy. These results also suggest that small increases in physical activity, whether through school sport or physical education, may influence not only physical health but psychological health for youth. Implications for male participation in physical activity are discussed along with ideas for increasing self-efficacy within the physical education context.

Antonia Dalla Pria Bankoff   Carlos Aparecido Zamai   Sonia Regina Jurado   and Odanir Guerra   

In large cities, it is common for people to practice physical activities or exercise in large or busy streets and avenues with intense vehicle traffic. As a result, they ingest large amounts of carbon monoxide, thus constituting a great danger to both athletes and individuals who practice in this manner. There are two objectives in this study: (a) to investigate the physiological changes caused by CO and (b) to analyze how the physiological changes caused by CO influence health and performance. Material and Method: Since this is a little known topic in physical education, this paper uses exploratory research. We studied papers on physical exercise and the action of local pollutants considered inadequate for physical exercise. For such, we used the Scielo database (the Scientific Electronic Library Online - an electronic library covering a selected collection of Brazilian scientific journals) to verify these studies. The database was queried using terms registered in the Health Science Descriptors created by the Virtual Library of Health developed by the Medical Subject Headings of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which allowed the use of common terminology in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. Results: Pollution also increases the risk of lung problems. The most significant problem with running in polluted environments is not the effect of a single day, but the repeated practice that can make the athlete more susceptible to respiratory problems, especially due to the dryness of the nasal airway.

Jamie Collins   and Natalie Durand-Bush   

Researchers have directly or indirectly examined team processes that contribute to team functioning and effectiveness in sport. However, in doing so, they have typically focused on team cohesion, they have not consistently addressed the theoretical/conceptual frameworks underpinning their work, nor have they comprehensively derived implications for practice. Furthermore, existing meta-analyses and reviews on cohesion and team building address results of empirical studies and do not evaluate the specific theoretical/conceptual frameworks used to guide these studies. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to critically review theoretical/conceptual frameworks directly or indirectly addressing team processes in sport and derive implications for professional practice. Seven frameworks used to guide research and/or practice in sport were identified for inclusion in this study. Three frameworks were borrowed from general psychology and the other four stemmed from sport psychology. These frameworks targeted a variety of specific team processes and six different outcomes, the most common of which was cohesion. Specific team processes were categorized under broader team processes, the latter of which were linked to one of ten general themes. The theme pertaining to roles/norms was the most prevalent one as it was addressed in six out of the seven frameworks. Conversely, one of the least prevalent general themes related to goals; it was only discussed in two of the seven frameworks. Implications for practitioners aiming to optimize team processes in sport and recommendations for future research are presented.