Riza Suwondo   Made Suangga   and Lee Cunningham   

Simplified design techniques based on common fire curves, such as ISO 834 (International Organization for Standardization standard fire curve), are commonly used to evaluate the structural behaviour of steel members in fire situations. However, these approaches do not capture the variable nature of real fire events, particularly in terms of the heating rates and durations. To address this limitation, the thermo-mechanical behaviour of steel beams exposed to parametric fire exposure is examined in this study, with particular attention paid to two different scenarios: a long-duration, low-temperature fire (long-cool) and a short-duration, high-temperature fire (short-hot). Both the unprotected and protected steel beams were evaluated. A validated finite element model was developed to simulate the coupled thermal and structural responses of the steel beams. The thermal analysis used the properties of fire insulation and the methodologies of EN 1991-1-2 (European Standard: Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures exposed to fire) related to parametric fires. The results revealed that for unprotected beams, the steel temperature aligned with that of the gas, resulting in rapid degradation and notable mid-span deflection. In contrast, the protected beams exhibited a delayed thermal response and loss of deformation, although in the case of long-duration fires, there was cumulative heating and sustained axial force. The findings indicate that fire duration can be as critical as peak temperature in governing the structural response of steel beams. Accordingly, performance-based fire assessments should consider realistic parametric fire scenarios and evaluate the effectiveness of fire protection systems under prolonged fire exposure.

Omoyeni A. Fulani   and Mbuotidem E. James   

In the face of rising global temperatures and persistent energy deficits in Sub-Saharan Africa, sustainable architectural design has become increasingly essential. This study examines the prevalent passive cooling strategies employed by architects in contemporary building designs in Nigeria, with a focus on Lagos State as a case study. A quantitative research approach was employed, utilising a structured questionnaire distributed to 140 registered architects under the Architects Registration Council of Nigeria (ARCON), resulting in 106 valid responses. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics via SPSS. Findings indicate that the most widely adopted passive cooling principles include the use of insulating materials, sustainable construction materials, building orientation, and building form. In contrast, techniques such as roof gardens, courtyards, and atriums received lower ratings for application. These results underscore a trend among Nigerian architects toward material- and form-based cooling interventions as opposed to spatial or vegetative solutions. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on climate-responsive design, providing practical guidance for architects seeking to enhance thermal comfort while reducing energy demand in tropical environments. The findings also establish a benchmark for future research and design practices aiming to implement passive cooling in both residential and commercial projects across Nigeria.

Olatunde D. Babalola   and Oruomachukwu F. Nwatumojor   

Fire safety in building design remains a pressing concern in developing countries, where the enforcement of safety codes and awareness among professionals are often inadequate. This study investigates the challenges faced by design professionals in implementing fire safety measures within building projects in Nigeria. Using a qualitative approach, structured interviews were conducted with 13 experienced architects and engineers involved in various project types. Thematic analysis of their responses revealed six key barriers to effective implementation: limited professional knowledge and training, weak regulatory enforcement, clients' cost-related resistance, low public awareness, technical complexities in design integration, and systemic institutional deficiencies. Although Nigeria possesses formal fire safety regulations, their practical impact is undermined by inconsistent enforcement and limited applicability across building types. The findings underscore the need for early inclusion of fire safety experts in design teams, stronger regulatory frameworks, professional training programs, and accessible guidelines to support compliance. This research contributes to the growing discourse on resilient urban development by emphasizing the link between fire safety, design practice, and sustainable development goals (SDGs 3, 9, and 11). It provides valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and practitioners seeking to enhance the culture of fire safety within Nigeria's construction industry and beyond. Strengthening the institutional and educational foundations of fire safety will be critical to ensuring safer, more sustainable urban environments.

Abraham O. Owoseni   and Anthony J. Umameh   

Circulation is one of the vital processes of users navigating through buildings. It is pertinent to note that many public Information and Communication Technology (ICT) complexes have inefficiently designed circulations. This makes users' movements ineffective, inaccessible, and uncomfortable. This paper discusses the design and effectiveness of circulations with emphasis on vertical circulations and signs. This is because signs and vertical circulations form vital parameters in user satisfaction. A methodological community-based survey was adopted with structured questionnaires administered to 147 users across three chosen ICT complexes. These include Awolowo Glass House Complex, Adewale Complex, and Assets Corp. Complex. Secondary information was obtained through academic internet-based libraries such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and ResearchGate. Descriptive statistical methods interpreted users' feedback on whether or not the designated horizontal and vertical circulations, such as corridors, ramps, staircases/lifts, and signs, were functional. The results established that 68% of the respondents rated corridors as functional. Notwithstanding this, 34% rated lifts and ramps as functional. Conversely, 72% of respondents agreed that signs were inadequate. This resulted in users finding it difficult to navigate their way through, especially first-timers and disabled users. It is apparent that inefficient signs and vertical circulations form vital barriers to comfortable navigation for users in public ICT complexes. This paper proposes that designing circulations with emphasis on users forms critical imperatives to develop functional spaces. It is hoped that upgrading directional signs, improving lifts and ramps, or designing dynamic spaces would achieve such objectives. This proposed action will align with obtaining Sustainable Development Goals 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) to develop inclusive and sustainable spaces.

Ze Guan   and Safial Aqbar Zakaria   

This study explores how spatial design influences children's exploration behaviors and interactions within museum spaces, with a focus on the Museum of Heilongjiang Province, China. It seeks to understand how various design elements, such as layout, exhibit arrangement, signage, and accessibility, impact children's engagement and movement patterns. To fill this gap, the current research examines the effect of spatial layout, exhibit type, and accessibility on the level of engagement of children in museum settings. Data were gathered using a qualitative phenomenological design wherein the semi-structured interviews with 15 participants were used to collect data. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes related to spatial design and engagement. The study found that children's exploration behaviors were heavily influenced by the openness and flexibility of museum spaces. Clear signage and intuitive pathways encouraged more active movement, while interactive exhibits were more engaging than static ones. Children also preferred spaces that allowed for social interaction, indicating the importance of social factors in the museum experience. However, barriers such as difficult access points and unclear directions hindered engagement. This research contributes to the field by providing a child-centered perspective on museum design, emphasizing how spatial elements shape children's cognitive and emotional experiences. The findings offer practical recommendations for museum designers, educators, and policymakers to enhance children's engagement through improved spatial design, thereby enriching the overall museum experience.

Carissa   Mia Wimala   Galuh Kresnadian   and Fathan Rafsandiga   

Affordability is a dominant factor in the design of subsidized housing. However, the pressure to minimize initial construction costs often results in rigid spatial configurations that are not designed for future expansion. This condition frequently leads to informal renovations that compromise structural safety and overall housing quality. While the concept of incremental housing has long been recognized as an adaptive strategy for low-income communities, its implementation within subsidized housing schemes remains constrained by conventional structural systems that do not support planned spatial growth. This study examines how affordability can function as a design logic when integrated with the RISHA prefabricated modular structural system. Using a design-based research (DBR) approach, the study integrates occupants' spatial requirements, staged vertical growth (from 36 m² to 72 m²), compatibility with two RISHA modular grids (1.8 × 3 m and 3 × 3 m), and structural cost threshold evaluation based on government-regulated subsidized housing price limits. The findings indicate that the 3 × 3-meter module accommodates all stages of vertical growth without requiring demolition or modification of the initial structural system, whereas the 1.8 × 3-meter module is only compatible at the initial stage and does not support second-floor expansion. Cost evaluation further demonstrates that all design alternatives based on the 3 × 3-meter module remain below the maximum allowable structural cost threshold within the subsidized housing scheme. These findings suggest that prefabricated modular systems function not merely as construction efficiency solutions but as spatial governance frameworks that direct housing growth in a structured and economically controlled manner. Affordability, therefore, can be repositioned not as a design constraint but as a generative parameter in the development of modular incremental housing.

Nguyen Minh Nhat   

Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) has emerged as a significant digital methodology for documenting, conserving, and managing historic structures. By integrating geometric data, material information, and historical records within a unified digital environment, HBIM enables more systematic and transparent conservation practices. Nevertheless, in many developing countries, its implementation remains limited and fragmented. Barriers often include restricted access to advanced surveying technologies, insufficient technical expertise, weak inter-agency coordination, and the absence of supportive legal and policy frameworks that recognize digital models as authoritative records in conservation workflows. Addressing these challenges, this study proposes a context-sensitive HBIM framework tailored to the characteristics of Vietnam's heritage architecture and governance landscape. Focusing on selected heritage sites in Vietnam, the research combines high-resolution digital surveying, structured data processing, and the development of parametric HBIM components adapted to traditional architectural elements. In parallel, interviews with conservation professionals, site managers, and policy stakeholders are conducted to map existing decision-making processes and identify gaps in information exchange. This mixed-method approach allows the study to examine how digital data are generated, transferred, and applied across different phases of conservation, and where technical or institutional disconnects may occur. The resulting framework extends beyond model creation to encompass data governance, long-term maintenance planning, and public engagement strategies. By aligning digital workflows with regulatory procedures and conservation objectives, the study seeks to demonstrate how HBIM can function not only as a technical tool but also as a managerial and strategic platform. Ultimately, the research contributes practical recommendations and theoretical insights to support more resilient and integrated digital heritage management in emerging economies.

Thuy-Chung Kieu-Le   Tan-Phong Ngo   and Thanh-Nhat Nguyen   

Granite is widely distributed in Vietnam and frequently encountered in rock engineering projects. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is a key parameter for rock engineering design and rock mass classification. However, direct UCS testing is time-consuming and costly due to strict requirements for core drilling and specimen preparation. The point load strength index (I_S50) provides a practical alternative for indirect UCS estimation, yet reliable correlations for tropical granite and the influence of saturation remain insufficiently documented. This study investigates the UCS and I_S50 of Mui Dinh granite, Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam, under natural and saturated conditions. A total of 50 paired specimens were tested following ISRM standards. The results indicate that saturation has no statistically significant effect on UCS or I_S50, with strength reductions of less than 5%. Petrographic observations and low estimated porosity indicate a dense crystalline structure, supporting the minimal influence of saturation on the mechanical properties of the studied granite. The mean values of UCS and I_S50 are 69.1 and 5.2 MPa, respectively. Regression analyses reveal that although the second-order polynomial model exhibits slightly better statistical performance, the zero-intercept linear model UCS = 12.63 × I_S50 is preferred due to its physical consistency, simplicity, and suitability for practical applications. Furthermore, previously published UCS–I_S50 models for granite demonstrate good agreement when applied to this independent dataset. This study provides experimental evidence of the limited influence of saturation on low-porosity tropical granite, presents an independent regional validation of existing UCS–I_S50 correlations, and highlights the importance of selecting regression models based on both statistical performance and physical consistency. These findings enhance confidence in using I_S50 for preliminary UCS estimation and support more efficient geotechnical investigation and design in tropical granitic environments.

Bill Gregorio Poma Chancha   and Ronald Daniel Santana Tapia   

In this study, compressed pavers made from Portland cement type I and waste material from the Sierra Central mining center, located in the district of La Oroya, province of Yauli, Junín region, were evaluated. The primary aim of this research is to provide a sustainable alternative for the disposal of mining by-products, mitigating environmental degradation while simultaneously reducing the depletion of natural aggregates in the construction industry. The manufacture of these pavers was carried out considering three water/cement ratios (a/c): 0.55, 0.50 and 0.45. Likewise, two different heights were considered: 6 cm for pedestrian use and 10 cm for light vehicular traffic. The mixtures were made up of soil classified as type A-1-b and Portland cement type I, and subsequently compacted by means of a pressure of 7 tons. For the characterization and classification of the paving stones, the following technical standards were applied: the Peruvian Technical Standard NTP 399.611, the Colombian Standard NTC 2017, and the Guatemalan Standard NTG 41086. These served as a reference to evaluate the properties of compressive strength, flexural, water absorption, and dimensional variation. The results showed that paving stones manufactured with an a/c ratio of 0.45 presented the best performance in all the tests carried out. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the waste material from the Sierra Central mining center is suitable for the manufacture of paving stones for both pedestrian and light vehicular traffic.

Muhammad Taufiq Yuda Saputra   Nurmaiyasa Marsaoly   Ichsan Rauf   and Rizal Hafel   

Road stability is a crucial indicator in determining the level of service of land transportation infrastructure. Two commonly used approaches for evaluating road conditions are the International Roughness Index (IRI) and the Pavement Condition Index (PCI). The IRI quantitatively measures road surface roughness based on longitudinal profiles, while the PCI visually assesses surface damage by classifying the type and severity of distress. Although these methods differ methodologically, the relationship between them can be utilized to develop more efficient predictive models of road condition. This study aims to analyze the relationship between IRI and PCI using a multimodel statistical approach, including linear, logarithmic, exponential, and second-order polynomial regression. The data used consist of IRI and PCI values from both the left and right sides of the road segments, obtained through empirical testing. The analysis results indicate a negative correlation between IRI and PCI, with the second-order polynomial model yielding the lowest Mean Squared Error (MSE) compared to other models. These findings suggest that non-linear models are better suited to represent the complex relationship between road roughness and surface deterioration. Therefore, IRI has the potential to serve as an early predictive indicator of pavement condition, supporting data-driven decision-making in road maintenance management.

Aria Zabdi Alias Dian Pandu   Ridwan Sanjaya   and Albertus Sidharta Muljadinata   

Architects often fall into the trap of designing based on functionality and aesthetic considerations, with minimal attention to the psychological aspects of the spaces, which are crucial for the success of the design. As a result, buildings fail to meet the psychological needs of their users. Personality is a reflection of human tendencies in thought, feeling, and action. The development of psychology, particularly personality psychology, makes personality a measurable, causal, and scientifically understandable aspect. Similarly, developments in artificial intelligence make it possible to streamline and optimize the process of analyzing, mapping, and discovering patterns and correlations within a data set. This study explores the potential for further use of artificial intelligence in architecture through a literature review. By linking personality traits to preferences for visual elements in residential architecture, architects can gain deeper insight into the unique qualities of their clients and use these insights to optimize their designs. Individual psychological profiles provide valuable information, data, and input during the conceptual design phase, as well as being a psychological demand for the building. Research also shows that personality influences not only preferences for design elements and buildings, but also the design process itself.

Ahmad M. Obeidat   Ayman M. Obeidat   and Razan Al Smadi   

The present paper explores the growing problems of poor indoor air quality (IAQ) and elevated energy consumption recorded in densely populated Asian apartment blocks. This research aims to propose a novel hybrid approach that can optimize both IAQ and energy performance by utilizing sophisticated artificial intelligence methods. For this purpose, five machine learning models, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), were combined with ten popular metaheuristic algorithms: Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Harmony Search (HS), Firefly Algorithm (FA), among others. As a result, a significant improvement in the models' performance, achieved due to efficient hyperparameter tuning and expressed as lower MSE and MAE rates and higher R² values, was identified. More precisely, the best performances were provided by XGBoost and CNN models. Besides, it should be noted that the correlation between the environmental factors (CO₂ concentration, temperature, etc.), analyzed within the present research, and energy consumption appeared very high. Moreover, sensitivity analysis proved the applicability and robustness of the proposed models to various noise levels. Nonetheless, the research has several limitations, which are mainly associated with the use of both simulated and sensory data, along with the selection of a limited number of environmental factors for consideration. In practice, the framework developed within this research may prove useful as an efficient tool in decision-making for optimizing energy consumption in smart buildings, especially in the context of modern architecture and engineering. Socially, the research is relevant to the improvement of human well-being and the development of sustainable cities.

Murillo M.   Duarte S.   Christ R.   De Fraga G.   Pacheco F.   Zamis H.   Tutikian B.   and De la Iglesia J.   

This study investigates the influence of metallic fibers on the workability and compressive strength of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC), a material increasingly used in advanced structural applications due to its superior mechanical properties and durability. Understanding the interaction between fiber geometry, length, and volumetric content with mixture fluidity remains a critical challenge in UHPC mix design and optimization. Six UHPC mixtures were developed with varying proportions of cementitious materials and aggregates, incorporating three types of steel fibers with different geometries and lengths at three volumetric contents. Workability was assessed through slump flow tests, while compressive strength was evaluated at 28 and 56 days. The results indicate that fiber characteristics significantly influence both fresh and hardened properties. Short and straight fibers exhibited a limited effect on compressive strength, whereas hooked-end fibers notably improved mechanical performance due to enhanced anchorage within the matrix. In contrast, the use of long and thick fibers at high volumetric contents negatively affected mechanical efficiency and reduced workability. Furthermore, it was observed that both fiber dosage and initial mixture fluidity play a decisive role in fiber dispersion, directly impacting the overall performance of UHPC. These findings contribute to a better understanding of fiber–matrix interactions and provide practical guidelines for optimizing UHPC mixtures. Potential limitations of this study include the controlled laboratory conditions and the specific range of materials used, which may influence the generalizability of the results.

Sushanth S. J.   and Anbu Madhumathi   

Rapid urbanisation alters local thermal environments, generating microclimatic variations that significantly influence building thermal performance. However, conventional design approaches predominantly rely on macroclimatic classifications and often neglect neighbourhood-scale thermal heterogeneity. This study develops a Local Climate Zone (LCZ)-based framework to integrate urban microclimate intelligence into building thermal performance assessment and design. Using Dehradun, India, as a case study, multi-temporal satellite analysis (1995–2020) reveals a 45.67% increase in built-up area accompanied by a substantial rise in land surface temperature. Three representative LCZs, compact mid-rise (LCZ-2), open mid-rise (LCZ-5), and sparsely built (LCZ-9), were selected for detailed investigation. Field measurements of short-wave and long-wave radiation and façade heat flux, combined with ENVI-met simulations, were used to quantify envelope-level thermal response. Results show that building thermal performance varies significantly across LCZs despite identical macroclimatic conditions. LCZ-5 exhibits the highest thermal stress due to increased radiation exposure and limited ventilation, while LCZ-2 benefits from mutual shading effects. LCZ-9 demonstrates superior performance due to enhanced airflow and heat dissipation. Parametric analysis identifies surface emissivity and building orientation as the dominant variables influencing thermal performance, followed by the sky view factor and the height-to-width ratio. Seasonal analysis further reveals inherent trade-offs between cooling and heating requirements in composite climates. The study establishes a diagnostic framework linking urban morphology, microclimate, and building thermal response, highlighting the need for context-specific and seasonally adaptive design strategies. The findings demonstrate that LCZ-informed microclimate analysis can support the development of more energy-efficient and climate-responsive buildings in rapidly urbanizing regions.

Andy Ikhvan   Mas Mera   Junaidi   and Dalrino   

Local scour downstream of stilling basins remains a persistent challenge in hydraulic engineering, particularly under high-energy supercritical flow conditions. While corrugated and inclined aprons have been extensively investigated, the influence of small reverse inclinations on scour characteristics within a consistent non-dimensional framework remains insufficiently explored. This study experimentally evaluates the performance of reverse-inclined corrugated aprons downstream of a weir model, with varying inclination angles for local scour mitigation using a normalized discharge approach. Experiments were conducted in a rectangular recirculating flume using corrugated aprons with a fixed pitch ratio (S/t) = 3 and reverse inclinations of θ = 0°, 1.5°, 3°, and 5°, with a flat apron serving as the reference configuration. Discharge was expressed in normalized form (Qₙ) to enable consistent comparison across different flow intensities. Scour development was quantified using relative maximum scour depth (Dmax/y₁) and relative scour length (Ls/y₁) under quasi-equilibrium conditions. The results indicate that small reverse-inclination angles substantially enhance scour mitigation. At θ = 1.5°, Dmax/y₁ and Ls/y₁ decreased by 83.6% and 87.6%, respectively, relative to the flat apron, while an inclination of θ = 3° resulted in reductions exceeding 92% for both parameters. Further increases in inclination angle produced only marginal improvements, indicating diminishing returns. The observed behavior is attributed to a coupled hydrodynamic effect involving enhanced in-basin energy dissipation and partial redirection of high-momentum flow away from the bed, thereby reducing near-bed shear intensity and limiting downstream erosion. Overall, reverse-inclined corrugated aprons with small inclination angles (≤ 3°) provide an effective and compact solution for scour control. The use of a normalized discharge framework further enables a consistent interpretation of flow conditions and supports rational design of stilling basin systems.

Alita Chaladdee   Wiruj Somsopon   and Choomket Sawangjaroen   

The management of urban mobility in heritage cities presents a complex challenge between preserving historical integrity and accommodating modern tourism demands. This research investigates the current state of public transport systems linking to the Ayutthaya City Island, a UNESCO World Heritage site, and formulates strategic policy directions for future development. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the study integrates quantitative data from 348 stakeholders—comprising local residents, tourists, and vulnerable groups—with qualitative assessments of physical infrastructure based on Universal Design (UD) standards. The results indicate a critical infrastructure gap: 90% of the surveyed transport nodes failed to meet basic accessibility criteria, with only the Ayutthaya Railway Station rated as "Fair." Furthermore, user satisfaction levels were moderate among locals (Mean = 2.91/4.00) and low among tourists (Mean = 2.61/4.00), driven primarily by unpredictability and lack of connectivity. Drawing upon these findings, this study proposes the "Smart Ayutthaya Heritage Public Transport for All" Master Plan. This framework advocates for (1) an integrated governance mechanism, (2) the enforcement of safety and universal accessibility standards, (3) the promotion of heritage-centric mobility routes, and (4) the adoption of smart transport technologies. These strategies aim to transform Ayutthaya's transport network into a model of sustainable, inclusive, and efficient heritage mobility.

Ade Ratih Ispandiari   Nahry   Dwi Phalitha Upahita   Dimas Aldyanto Wibowo   Nanda Yustina   Abdul Kadir   Ibnu Fauzi   Khusnul Setia Wardani   and Mardi Wibowo   

The development of air transport in island and coastal regions has increased interest in seaplane operations and the establishment of seaplane water aerodromes as part of multimodal transport systems. Unlike conventional land-based airports, these facilities operate in dynamic aquatic environments and function as hybrid infrastructures integrating aviation, maritime transport, and coastal ecosystems. This complexity introduces significant challenges in facility layout planning, requiring trade-offs among operational performance, navigation safety, and environmental sustainability. This study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) combined with bibliometric analysis to examine research developments in the planning and optimisation of sustainable seaplane water aerodrome layouts. A total of 30 relevant articles from related domains, including ports, container terminals, maritime facilities, and aviation systems, were analysed thematically. The results indicate that spatial–geometric, operational, safety, environmental, strategic, and dynamic variables are key determinants of layout performance. Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is widely applied for evaluating operational performance, while Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is used to incorporate sustainability considerations and stakeholder preferences; however, their integration remains limited. As a major contribution, this study proposes an integrated DES–MCDM conceptual framework to support the optimisation of safe, efficient, and sustainable seaplane water aerodrome layouts. The proposed framework provides a structured foundation for future simulation-based validation and practical implementation in water-based aviation infrastructure planning.

Wari Dony   Heni Fitriani   Doedoeng Zaenal Arifin   Nyimas Septi Rika Putri   and Puteri Kusuma Wardhani   

Buildings are a major contributor to global emissions, with the construction sector accounting for approximately 40% of total energy consumption and nearly 30% of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Environmental impacts occur throughout the entire building life cycle, from material production and construction to operation and demolition, highlighting the need for a comprehensive and holistic evaluation approach. This study aims to develop an integrated assessment model for green buildings by incorporating the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to systematically evaluate and quantify environmental impacts across all life cycle stages. The research adopts a model development framework combined with a case study approach, starting with a theoretical review, followed by primary and secondary data collection, LCA analysis, and the formulation of an LCA-based assessment model. A mixed-methods approach is employed through expert interviews and questionnaire surveys to capture both qualitative and quantitative insights. The results indicate that the developed LCA-based indicators demonstrate high validity and reliability, with strong internal consistency and relatively balanced weights across all building life cycle stages, reflecting environmental impacts in a comprehensive and objective manner. Overall, the assessment matrix and weighting results confirm that the proposed model is both measurable and comprehensive, while remaining applicable within the Indonesian context. The model is specifically designed to accommodate local conditions, including climate characteristics, material availability, and construction practices.

Junie Airo O. Bolla   and Gilford B. Estores   

The effects of global warming have been widely and more intensely experienced, and the developing communities are the most affected, as they could hardly cope. A measure taken by the researchers is to explore sustainable alternatives to the commonly used structural materials, such as steel and cement, which are non-renewable and energy-intensive to produce. Bamboo is known for its rapid growth rate and wide availability, especially in Asia. It has emerged as a promising renewable material as several species of bamboo have been utilized pre-historically in earlier structures until studies have confirmed the adequacy of specific species to be used as structural members. Modern studies have demonstrated the potential of bamboo in bamboo-reinforced concrete (BRC) configuration and in composite configurations – concrete-encased bamboo and concrete-filled bamboo (CFB). This study introduces a hybrid configuration: the bamboo-reinforced concrete-encased concrete-filled bamboo (BRCE-CFB) composite column. Despite some limitations in the experimental setup, particularly unavoidable over-reinforcement due to constraints on available equipment, the study offers key insights into the compressive performance of this column section. The crack propagation patterns indicate that the BRCE-CFB configuration enhances the compressive performance of concrete columns. Additionally, the type of coating applied to bamboo significantly affects structural performance. The results of the separate compression test performed on the CFB samples have confirmed the effective confinement of the concrete infill by the bamboo culm. Lastly, the performed cost-benefit analysis of materials between the BRCE-CFB composite column and steel-reinforced column suggests that using Sikadur 732 as bamboo coating in the BRCE-CFB is not cost-effective, and cheaper epoxy products are recommended to be evaluated in further studies.

Abdul Gaus   Ichsan Rauf   Rindiyani   and Komang Arya Utama   

The use of industrial waste such as nickel fly ash as a subgrade stabilization material is a crucial solution for supporting sustainable construction and minimizing environmental impact. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) in fill soil stabilized using nickel fly ash. The importance of developing a regression model in this study lies in the need for a fast, accurate, and efficient estimation tool to predict in-situ bearing capacity without requiring time-consuming CBR testing. Laboratory tests were conducted with fly ash content varying at 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% and curing durations of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The research results showed a significant increase in mechanical parameters; the UCS value increased from 100.129 kPa in natural soil to a range of 300–1,097 kPa in stabilized soil, while the CBR value increased from 5.7% to 18–35%. Linear regression analysis yielded a specific prediction model: CBR = 120.97(UCS) - 99.573 (in MPa) with a coefficient of determination R² = 0.9125. Model validation demonstrated a very high level of accuracy with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.91% and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.38, outperforming various international reference models. These findings confirm that nickel fly ash is effective as a pozzolanic stabilizing agent, and the proposed regression model is capable of providing reliable design parameter estimates for more efficient and economical planning of highway pavement thickness.

Phattaraphong Ponsorn   

This study investigates the flexural behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beams incorporating both steel and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. A combined theoretical and experimental approach was employed. The theoretical analysis developed analytical models to predict flexural response at various loading stages, considering different failure modes (concrete crushing, steel yielding, and GFRP rupture). The experimental program tested four singly reinforced concrete beams (steel-only, GFRP-only, and two hybrid combinations) under three-point bending. Results showed that hybrid beams develop a gradual yield point between cracking and ultimate loads, unlike GFRP-only beams, which fail immediately after cracking. This observation is consistent with theoretical predictions. The theoretical analysis also indicated increased ductility, measured by the deflection ratio at ultimate to yielding, with increasing GFRP ratio (1.06, 3.68, and 8.34 for 0%, 33.33%, and 66.67% GFRP area content, respectively), suggesting a corresponding decrease in stiffness. Experimentally, increasing the GFRP ratio reduced the ultimate load-carrying capacity, with 114.29 kN, 102.24 kN, 80.05 kN, and 61.71 kN for 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% GFRP, respectively. The failure mode observations revealed GFRP debonding, particularly in the GFRP-only beam, which prevented it from reaching its expected capacity. All beams exhibited flexural-shear cracking, affecting load capacity. Beams with a higher steel-to-GFRP ratio showed a more distinct yield point, while those with a higher GFRP-to-steel ratio tended to maintain higher load capacity until debonding. This research provides insights into the behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beams and proposes a procedure to calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beams.

Odaudu Ugbede Sunday   

Fire outbreaks in markets in Nigeria have claimed many lives and destroyed valuable properties and goods worth trillions of Naira (millions of Dollars), and this is a problem. To address this problem, research was conducted at Abuja market environments in Nigeria, and the aim was to evaluate what causes outbreaks of fire, so as to generate architectural and other guidelines to minimize their occurrences. Hence, from the available 2,091 shops in the market, a study was conducted on 419 shops using systematic sampling at every 5^th interval. Research data from primary sources were gathered by means of direct observation schedules, discussions, questionnaires and interview questions. Data from the secondary sources were obtained via relevant literature reviews for this study. Among the findings are: electrical wiring plus equipment possessed the highest motive behind market fires; storing and sales of petrol in the market cause outbreaks of fire. Among the recommended guidelines are: the authorities that manage Nigerian markets should provide laws that can make the sales people at all times adhere to electrical precautionary standards with regards to market fires; main generator houses that are resistant to fire must be provided for all market sites during the design stage, in order to minimize the sales plus storing of petrol in marketplaces for powering personal electricity generators.

Desak Made Sukma Widiyani   I Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   and Anak Agung Gde Djaja Bharuna S.   

Tourism development in environmentally sensitive volcanic landscapes has intensified, driven by experience-based tourism and scenic consumption, yet often neglecting ecological fragility and cultural complexity. Kintamani–Bangli in Bali, situated within the Batur UNESCO Global Geopark, exemplifies this condition, where rapid post-pandemic growth of cafés, restaurants, glamping units, and viewing platforms is dominated by global aesthetics, superficial cultural representation, limited ecological adaptation, and weak indigenous involvement. Global aesthetics is defined as standardized architectural expressions driven by international tourism markets, often resulting in homogenization and loss of local identity. This study develops a sustainable local-culture-based design innovation model for tourism facilities in volcanic landscapes, using Kintamani as a case. This study employs a mixed-methods approach combining spatial analysis, field observations, and expert interviews to develop a sustainable local-culture-based design model, supported by thematic analysis and quantitative pattern identification. The findings reveal six key problems: decorative rather than structural use of cultural elements, weak ecological adaptation and extensive cut-and-fill, trend-driven design innovation, inconsistent sustainable technologies, symbolic indigenous participation, and linear clustering along scenic corridors. The six key problems were derived through thematic coding of qualitative data and spatial pattern analysis. In response, the research proposes a three-layer Hybrid-Cultural Design Innovation Model comprising Cultural Embeddedness, Ecological–Technological Adaptation, and Institutional–Participatory Governance. Expert judgment and field application confirm its conceptual clarity, operational feasibility, and suitability for lightweight, low-impact facilities, offering a transferable framework for sustainable tourism architecture in culturally sensitive volcanic settings.

Fadhila Tiara Avrilia   Rini Kusumawardani   Reskizia Khasna Sajidha   and Alfita Ilfiyaniingrum   

The northern coastal zone of Java, particularly the Semarang–Demak corridor, is highly vulnerable due to saturated soft clay deposits, high compressibility, and rapid land subsidence. These geotechnical conditions have caused recurrent tidal inundation, accelerated shoreline retreat, and progressive degradation of coastal infrastructure. This study presents an integrated geomorphological and geotechnical assessment to evaluate coastal stability under combined structural, hydrostatic, and subsidence-induced loads. The methodology integrates Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data, finite element modeling using PLAXIS 2D, and Sentinel-1A Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) analysis to quantify subsidence rates and shoreline changes. Unlike previous studies focusing primarily on hydrodynamic processes, this research incorporates geomorphic variability into subsurface modeling, enabling more reliable predictions of soil consolidation behavior and structural response. The results indicate subsidence rates of 13.5–17.9 cm/year, exceeding natural sedimentation and significantly reducing soil bearing capacity. Numerical simulations demonstrate that untreated soft clay layers cannot support permanent infrastructure. A mitigation framework is therefore proposed, incorporating Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs), geotextile reinforcement, spun pile foundations, and coastal revetment systems. The integrated approach improves overall stability, achieving a safety factor of 1.8. These findings highlight the need for site-specific coastal protection strategies addressing both geomorphological dynamics and geotechnical constraints (SDG 9 and 11).

Freddy Hendrawan   Ramanda Dimas Surya Dinata   Ari Rimbawan   and Ni Kadek Ayu Dwi Padmawati   

Long-established maritime trade and commerce activities of the Chinese have generated close relationships with the local rulers. This opened the opportunity for the Chinese to express the cultures and values of their ancestral homeland in the host land where they settled, and to be accepted by the locals as they adapted to the Balinese environment. This study, therefore, presents an in-depth understanding of how and why these temples come to be sited, involving an analysis in examining the application of Chinese traditional principles to different geographical situations. This qualitative descriptive study used a phenomenological approach, as the genesis of this study has proceeded from the initial observations and findings of cultural mixture in Chinese temples in Bali. The differences between Chinese temples' siting in Bali can be understood by reference to their broad-scale and specific locations. There is the implication that pragmatic and conceptual compromises have been influenced by the difference in cosmography from China, the status of the Chinese community as ‘guests'; also, pragmatic and economic obstacles have sometimes prevented the Chinese community from procuring ideal sites.

Matthew Kwaw Somiah   Isaac Yaw Manu   Frederick Owusu Danso   Jeriscot Henry Quayson   Michael Kofi Biney   Wellington Didibhuku Thwala   Clinton Aigbavboa   and Samuel Kwame Ansah   

This current study evaluated the potential of coconut shell ash, sourced from coconut vendors in Sekondi-Takoradi in Ghana, as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete production. Concrete specimens were prepared with Portland limestone cement (PLC) partially replaced with coconut shell ash (CSA) in proportions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Performance of CSA concretes was evaluated using tests, including slump, flexural strength, and compressive strength tests. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry analyses revealed the presence of essential elements in cements such as Ca, Si, and Fe in CSA, thus a potential supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Workability was low for CSA concretes (18mm-34mm slump). Compressive and flexural strengths rose progressively up to 10% partial replacement levels at ages 7, 28, and 70 days, beyond which the loss of clinker effect sets in. Density and water absorption declined as the proportion of CSA addition increased. Empirically, the elemental composition of locally sourced CSA in Ghana was established, as well as characterizing CSA concrete, thereby broadening the frontiers of existing literature on CSA as an SCM. Practically, polynomial regression models were developed to aid construction practitioners in determining the optimal level of partially replacing PLC with CSA in concrete mix at ages 7, 28, and 70 days. Finding an alternative use of CSA in CSA concrete will reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions into the environment, thereby contributing to combating climate change, which has a direct relation with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13: climate action.

Mutiawati Mandaka   Kusumaningdyah Nurul Handayani   and Gun Faisal   

Lasem, a prominent coastal town during the colonial period, was a key center of cement-tile production through the LZ factory established by Lie Thiam Kwie. Although named "LZ" in reference to its presumed German origin, the tiles produced in Lasem display distinctive aesthetic characteristics shaped by deep local cultural acculturation. This study aims to identify and interpret the uniqueness of LZ tile motifs that became popular in Lasem toward the end of the Japanese colonial period. Using a qualitative interpretive–historical approach, early German tile motifs were examined through archival sources and systematically compared with the motifs that emerged and developed in Lasem. The findings reveal that LZ tile designs evolved into three principal aesthetic categories: geometric motifs, floral motifs, and symbolic–cultural motifs. These categories represent hybrid aesthetic formations resulting from interactions between colonial production technologies, the cultural visuality of the Chinese community in Lasem, and shifting demands within the local market. The study demonstrates that LZ tile motifs constitute an important expression of technological adaptation and cultural hybridity in colonial-era material culture. These findings contribute to broader understandings of industrial heritage and the visual morphology of historic coastal towns in Java.

Abdul Rochman   Mochamad Solikin   Irfana Nur Fasmaa'uun   Muhammad Satria Abdi Praja   and Arruna Rodhi Prasetya   

Precast concrete is manufactured and cast in a factory according to the required shape before being installed on-site for civil engineering construction. This method offers advantages because mixing, casting, finishing, and curing are performed under controlled conditions, ensuring better supervision and producing concrete of higher and more consistent quality compared to cast-in-place concrete. Among the various types of precast systems, the half-slab is widely used in floor construction. A half-slab is a type of concrete floor slab constructed by combining precast concrete with an in-situ topping of fresh concrete to form a full slab. The use of half-slabs in construction presents challenges, particularly in lifting and connecting them to beam structures due to their weight. To reduce this weight, cavities are introduced at the bottom of the slab. In this study, 4 × 4 × 4 cm styrofoam cubes were used to create these cavities. Additionally, 1% steel-wire fibers were incorporated to enhance concrete flexural strength, while fly ash was used as a partial cement substitution to produce self-compacting concrete (SCC). According to the flexural strength test on the half-slab with cavities, an improvement of 26.19% and 35.44% over the normal concrete half-slab was observed, attributable to the presence of fly ash and the combined application of fly ash with steel wire. The observed improvement is further validated by analytical calculations, which demonstrate consistently higher values.

Dewa Ayu Nyoman Sriastuti   A. A. Gde Sumanjaya   and I. Kadek Merta Wijaya   

The increasing rate of traffic accidents and environmental harm from unsustainable transportation call for a more comprehensive approach to road infrastructure planning. The consistently high number of traffic crashes in urban areas, including Denpasar City, points to significant road safety issues. This study assesses the safety performance of urban roads through a Road Safety Audit (RSA) on arterial and collector segments in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Using a qualitative descriptive method based on Forgiving Road, Self-Explaining Road, and Self-Regulating Road principles, data were gathered through field surveys of main road corridors. The audit identified Patimura Street, Teuku Umar Street, Gunung Agung Street, Gatot Subroto Street, and Mahendradatta Street as having the most serious safety deficiencies, indicating a high risk of severe crashes, injuries, and fatalities. The Forgiving Road principle was rarely met, indicating a lack of protective infrastructure to reduce crash severity. Deficiencies in Self-Regulating and Self-Explaining Roads imply that current designs do not effectively guide user behavior or promote safe, intuitive decision-making. These results emphasize the need to improve urban road safety to prevent accidents and promote a sustainable urban transportation system.

Pool Giordano Rey Sanchez Loayza   Julio Cesar Pariona Avellaneda   Parker Brandon Quispe Gutierrez   and Angel Narcizo Aquino Fernandez   

Reinforced concrete structures for liquid storage play an essential role in resource distribution and must maintain their functionality even after seismic events. However, conventional steel used as reinforcement has limitations related to corrosion, reduced service life, and the significant environmental impact of its production. In this context, Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs), particularly basalt rebars (BFRP), are presented as a viable alternative because of their high tensile strength, immunity to corrosion, and low density, although their lower elastic modulus can affect their service capacity performance. This investigation is devoted to the structural analysis and design of a 2000 m³ circular tank located in Lima, Peru. The dimensions of this tank are 20 m in diameter and 6 m in liquid height, and it consists of a bottom slab, cylindrical walls, spherical dome, and ring beam. The execution of the structural analysis was carried out according to E.030 and ACI 350.3 standards. The design of the reinforcement with BFRP, in comparison with the conventional steel, was carried out following ACI 440.1R and E.060 regulations, respectively. The results show that BFRP offers highly competitive performance. For instance, in flexure, the dome exhibited an 18.01% reduction in its capacity, while the cylindrical walls and the bottom slab showed increases of 27.77% and 76.67%, respectively, in their capacity, although they required smaller spacings than those required for steel with the aim to limit crack widths. In tension, BFRP outperformed steel in the spherical dome and ring beam with increases of 116.39% and 16.91%, respectively, and reached a competitive performance in the cylindrical walls with 94.67%, even using smaller diameters. In shear, reductions of 74.84% in the ring beam, 8.23% in the cylindrical walls, and 9.85% in the bottom slab were observed, except for the dome, where an increase of 14.75% was obtained. Altogether, the findings confirm that the BFRP constitutes a viable alternative to steel, although it requires a more rigorous design in terms of the shear stresses. Nonetheless, the implications of using this material include reduced deformation and greater cracking compared to conventional steel.

A. R. Indra Tjahjani   Jonbi   Pio Ranap Tua Naibaho   Partogi H. Simatupang   Armin Naibaho   and Daral Suraedi   

Biological colonization by moss and fungi poses a significant durability challenge for concrete structures in tropical regions, where high humidity and frequent rainfall promote moisture retention and surface deterioration. This study develops and evaluates a solvent-based anti-moss and antifungal coating formulated with Special Boiling Point solvent, Mineral Turpentine, Pegasol 150, and siloxane to enhance the durability-related performance of concrete. Concrete specimens were coated after 28 days of standard curing and assessed through water spray penetration, water absorption, rapid chloride permeability testing (RCPT), microstructural characterization (SEM), phase and chemical analysis (XRD and FTIR), and one-year outdoor exposure under tropical conditions. The water spray test identified the formulation containing 7% siloxane as optimal, exhibiting complete water beading and minimal surface absorption. The coated concrete showed a denser surface morphology with reduced pore presence compared to the control, as observed by SEM. RCPT results demonstrated a 28.6% reduction in total charge passed, from 2100 Coulombs to 1500 Coulombs, corresponding to an improvement in chloride permeability classification from moderate to low. After 12 months of outdoor exposure, the coated specimens remained free of visible moss and fungal growth, whereas uncoated concrete developed pronounced biological colonization. The effectiveness of the coating is attributed to its ability to restrict moisture and ion transport through the concrete surface, thereby limiting mechanisms associated with biological growth and surface degradation. The results indicate that the developed coating provides a practical and durability-oriented protection strategy for concrete infrastructure exposed to humid and tropical environments.

Sandrex Paul I. Palma   and Gilford B. Estores   

The study proposes a finite element modeling (FEM) method for analyzing fire-induced damage in reinforced concrete (RC) slabs using ANSYS Workbench. RC slabs experience severe damage in terms of thermal and mechanical degradation under fire exposure, including microcracking, loss of stiffness, and compressive strength weakening. To fill the gaps in the literature on post-fire one-way reinforced concrete slabs, a three-dimensional FEM model was developed using ANSYS software, incorporating Eurocode 2 properties of temperature-dependent concrete strength and steel strength. A Coupled Field analysis was performed using ISO 834 standard fire exposures from 200℃ up to 1200℃ and exposure durations of 30 minutes to 180 minutes. Validation against published experimental data indicated that there was a close correlation between simulated and experimental results, with the highest deflection difference of 1.484 mm. It was also found that temperature gradients resulted in significant mid-span deflections, tensile cracking, and progressive stiffness deterioration. Regression analysis showed that temperature and exposure time influence the loss of concrete strength, and exposure time is more effective.

Aulia Zaskia Salma Afifa   Wijayanti   and Mohammad Sahid Indraswara   

In the concept of Islamic architecture, the mosque as the center of the area is reflected in the layout patterns of ancient Islamic cities, including Islamic boarding schools. However, the layout pattern of the Islamic education area at Pondok Pesantren Modern Islam Assalaam presents a hall as the center of the area. The purpose of this study is to enrich the theory of functional transformation in the pattern of Islamic educational regional arrangements through a case study. This study analyzes the adaptation of the layout pattern of Pondok Pesantren Modern Islam Assalaam within the framework of Islamic architecture. The research results show a functional transformation, with the hall taking on a new role as the center of the area. The findings of this study indicate a shift in the mosque's meaning and values, from a center of worship and social activity to a symbol of regional identity. The novelty of this study lies in its examination of the pattern of mosque decentralization in the modern pesantren sector from an Islamic architectural perspective. The benefit of this study is a rethinking of the mosque's meaning and function by modern pesantren managers in the development of an inclusive Islamic area.

Haris Handžić   Kristina Careva   and Katja Marasović   

This paper examines the removal of historical structures in Hasankeyf, a significant archaeological and cultural site in Upper Mesopotamia, as a result of the construction of the Ilısu Dam in 2020. This rare preservation effort, which included both the burial and the movement of historical sites, represents one of the largest cultural heritage relocation projects of the 21st century, comparable to the Egyptian mid-20th-century temple relocations. This study identifies all major heritage sites and structures, their background, and their individual applied methods of heritage preservation and/or relocation. This study examines the transformation of Hasankeyf from a living historic urban fabric into a curated collection of monuments within a constructed open-air museum using a structured spatial and comparative methodology. One of the main points raised is the loss of visual and contextual authenticity, as well as the factual integrity of the 12,000-year-old continuously inhabited site, due to new spatial solutions applied during preservation efforts. To achieve this, the research investigates four analytical dimensions: topographic authenticity, relational integrity, functional continuity, and diachronic accessibility. By comparing the original urban and spatial configuration of Hasankeyf to its relocated counterpart, the paper presents changes in architectural relationships, historical continuity, and the intangible dimensions of heritage sites turned into static exhibits. By establishing a systematic taxonomy of five executed preservation procedures, the paper strives to provide a replicable analytical framework for evaluating the factual and contextual integrity of relocated heritage in the context of infrastructure development.

Mu'tasim Abdel-Jaber   Rawand Al-Nsour   and Rahaf Almagharbeh   

Over the last few decades, the use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites has emerged as one of the most effective and promising methods for strengthening and rehabilitating reinforced concrete (RC) structures, aiming to enhance their performance and extend their service life. Among the evolving innovations in the FRP family, BFRP stands out as a fresh and compelling solution, combining strength, durability, and affordability, ushering in a new era of efficient structural rehabilitation. In this work, seven continuous RC beams, each with an overall length of four meters, were loaded and then rehabilitated to improve the shear resistance using different types of BFRP and CFRP materials for comparison purposes. The same patterns of rehabilitation were applied to both FRP materials to facilitate comparison with the reference sample and assess the effectiveness of the rehabilitation. The experimental findings demonstrated a notable increase in shear strength due to FRP rehabilitation, with BFRP enhancements ranging from 34.4% to 77% and CFRP improvements varying between 16.4% and 98.7%. These results highlight the considerable load-bearing capacity provided by both materials, with BFRP emerging as a more economical option. The observed experimental behavior showed strong agreement with both Finite Element Modeling predictions and theoretical calculations, underscoring the effectiveness and reliability of FRP materials in the structural rehabilitation of RC beams.

Heni Fitriani   Muhammad Fajri Romdhoni   Melawaty Agustien   and Dina Sekar Sari   

The construction sector plays a significant role in global energy consumption and environmental degradation, necessitating innovative approaches to improve building energy performance in green construction. Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged as a powerful platform for integrating design, analysis, and decision-making throughout the building lifecycle. This study proposes a BIM-based optimization model aimed at enhancing building energy performance to support green construction objectives. The proposed model integrates BIM with building energy simulation and optimization techniques to evaluate and optimize key design parameters, including building orientation, envelope characteristics, material selection, and mechanical system configurations. The model is validated through a case study of a building project, where energy performance scenarios are simulated and compared. The results demonstrate that the BIM-based optimization model can significantly reduce annual energy consumption and improve overall energy efficiency compared to conventional design approaches. The findings highlight the effectiveness of BIM as a decision-support tool for energy-efficient design and provide practical insights for architects, engineers, and project stakeholders in implementing green construction strategies. This research contributes to the development of integrated BIM-based methodologies for sustainable building design and supports the advancement of energy-efficient construction practices.

I Kadek Merta Wijaya   Dewa Ayu Nyoman Sriastuti   and I Made Surya Kumara   

Sustainable architectural master planning is increasingly critical in mountainous rural areas where tourism development intersects with fragile ecological systems, productive agricultural landscapes, and culturally embedded spatial practices. Despite the widespread promotion of ecotourism, many rural tourism initiatives lack operational architectural and spatial frameworks capable of balancing environmental protection, community livelihoods, and tourism demand, leading to spatial degradation and economic leakage. This study aims to formulate an integrated architectural and spatial planning framework that strengthens rural resilience by optimising local natural, cultural, and financial assets in Pengejaran Village, a highland settlement in Kintamani District, Bali. The research adopts a design-based research approach within a research and development framework, positioning architectural design as both an analytical and generative instrument. Data were collected through field observation, spatial mapping, stakeholder engagement, and document analysis, and analysed using qualitative spatial methods addressing land use, topography, ecological assets, socio-cultural values, tourism potential, and spatial carrying capacity. The results indicate that Pengejaran Village possesses latent spatial capacity to support ecotourism without compromising environmental integrity. This master plan operationalises sustainability and local wisdom through architecture-led spatial planning strategies.

Gowtham Prasad M. E.   and H. J. Surendra   

Accurate flood forecasting remains a significant challenge within hydrology, primarily due to the pronounced spatial heterogeneity of rainfall and catchment characteristics. This challenge is particularly evident in large river basins influenced by monsoons, where traditional lumped models frequently fail to capture localized hydrological responses effectively. This research examines the role of spatial variability in influencing flood prediction accuracy in the Kabini River Basin, India, by systematically evaluating the impact of sub-basin resolution in hydrological modeling. Four Hydrologic Engineering Center – Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) models were developed using 4, 8, 16 and 32 sub-basin delineations derived from 30-meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. Rainfall observations were collected from NASA datasets, and Model parameter calibration was undertaken using observed streamflow data from the GEOGloWS Hydroviewer. The hydrological modeling framework included the SCS Curve Number method for estimating losses, the SCS Unit Hydrograph for generating runoff, and Muskingum routing for the propagation of flow. Model performance was assessed using Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The results indicated a clear enhancement in predictive accuracy with increasing spatial discretization. The configuration with 32 sub-basins yielded the best performance (NSE = 0.882, RMSE = 136.8, MAE = 91.1), while the model with 4 sub-basins demonstrated significantly lower accuracy (NSE = 0.563). These findings confirm that a finer sub-basin representation significantly improves the model's ability to capture spatial rainfall variability and the hydrological response of the basin. The study concludes that incorporating spatial heterogeneity through optimized sub-basin delineation markedly enhances the reliability of flood forecasting. This research contributes a practical methodological framework for balancing model precision and computational efficiency, thereby supporting improved flood risk assessment and water resources planning in data-limited river basins influenced by monsoons across the globe.

Nguyen Dinh Thi   Tran Quoc Bao   Dang Viet Long   Le Tien Thuan   Nguyen Hoang Hiep   Ngo Thu Hang   and Vu Thi Hương Lan   

The traditional settlement space of the Thai ethnic group in the Northwestern region of Vietnam embodies distinctive cultural values, spatial organization, and architectural features, which have been shaped through a long process of adaptation to natural conditions and indigenous social structures. However, these traditional villages are currently facing significant challenges posed by modernization, urbanization, and uncontrolled tourism development. This study focuses on analyzing the development process of traditional Thai settlements in the Northwest, taking Vang Pheo village (Lai Chau Province) as a representative case study. By employing an interdisciplinary approach that integrates field surveys, spatial analysis, stakeholder interviews, and comparative studies with similar models, the research clarifies strategies for preserving heritage values while meeting modern living needs. The findings highlight key factors essential for balancing preservation and development, including community participation, the maintenance of cultural identity, integration with the natural environment, and the establishment of appropriate policies. On this basis, the paper proposes a sustainable spatial development model that harmonizes tradition and innovation, thereby contributing to orientation for policy makers, planners, and local communities.

Nour Mohammad Shdaifat   

Temporary shelter settlements in hot arid regions frequently endure far beyond their intended lifespan, yet their spatial and environmental performance remains weakly theorized in architectural research. Existing studies predominantly address the design of individual temporary shelter units (TSUs), with limited attention to how settlement-scale morphology shapes thermal comfort, infrastructural efficiency, and socio-spatial cohesion. To address this gap, this study develops a settlement-level evaluation framework to compare two self-sufficient configurations suited to Jordan's desert context: a Dispersed Modular Settlement and a Clustered Compact Settlement. The framework adapts established TSU performance indicators to the settlement scale and applies expert-based weighting through the Analytical Hierarchy Process. Sixteen specialists in architecture, engineering, and planning validated the criteria and completed pairwise comparisons. Model performance was assessed using weighted composite scoring, z-score normalization, inter-criteria correlation analysis, confidence interval estimation, and sensitivity testing. The results demonstrate a statistically robust advantage for the Clustered Compact Settlement across sustainability, technical, and social dimensions. This configuration achieves superior thermal moderation, more efficient renewable energy and utility integration, reduced infrastructural redundancy, and enhanced opportunities for communal interaction. Non-overlapping 95 percent confidence intervals and stable outcomes under ±10 percent weighting variations confirm result reliability. By integrating desert microclimate principles with multi-criteria decision analysis, this study offers a transferable, evidence-based framework for designing resilient, sustainable, and self-sufficient temporary settlements in arid environments.

Petrizal   Nurhasan Syah   Heldi   Eri Barlian   Indang Dewata   Early Septiningsih   Azhari Syarief   and Aprizon Putra   

This study aims to assess changes in improved drinking-water access before and after the March 2024 floods and landslides, and map the exposure of Rural Drinking-Water Supply Systems (RDWSS) infrastructure, such as intakes, reservoirs, pipelines, and service connections, to flood and landslide hazards, within the governance context of the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Programme (PAMSIMAS) and Resilient Village Program (DESTANA)-type disaster preparedness in rural disaster-prone settings. Quantitative descriptive and spatial-analytical methods were applied, using administrative records from the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office (PUTR) of Pesisir Selatan Regency, systematic field observations, verification of service connections, and Global Positioning System (GPS)-based mapping of intakes, reservoirs, and pipelines. These data were combined with flood and landslide-hazard maps in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify infrastructure segments and service areas most exposed to disruption. Before the disaster, improved drinking-water coverage exceeded 94.96% across the three analysed villages, largely due to PAMSIMAS and the Regional Drinking Water Company (RDWC) expansion. After the disaster, coverage fell to 32.30% in Duku and 20.45% in Duku Utara, while Barung-Barung Belantai Tengah retained 76.35%. GIS overlays show that approximately 31.6 km of pipelines lie in landslide-prone zones and about 19.9 km in flood-prone areas, with the most severe failures where intakes and transmission lines cross unstable slopes or river corridors (e.g., Pasar Minggu, Kampung Tanjung, Ranah Talawi, Duku Benteng). These results demonstrate that pipeline-dependent systems are highly vulnerable when alignments, crossings, and intake locations are not planned and protected using hazard information.

Yair Yuri Cajahuanca Javier   Ninoska Paola Morales Balvin   and Marko Antonio Lengua Fernandez   

The maelstrom of construction in Lima, Peru, at the beginning of the 21st century brought with it many technological advances, but at the same time, many construction procedures that guaranteed structural quality were neglected. The research collects all the faults found during the manufacture of reinforced concrete elements in buildings, with the aim of analyzing their causes and consequences. At the same time, it proposes an alternative solution that complies with Peruvian regulations. The work involved visiting various construction sites in Lima and recording incorrect construction procedures. A search of photographic and oral sources was also carried out to supplement the database. The results revealed that the root of the problem lay in a lack of investment on the part of builders, since they did not have adequate equipment to manufacture the structural elements correctly. Another problem was the architectural design, which did not allow for sufficient clearance for installations and ended up compromising the masonry or reinforced concrete. It was concluded that the participation of all those involved in the project is necessary, and that it must be addressed from the planning, design, and execution phases in order to minimize errors and setbacks and obtain a quality product.

I Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra   I Made Adhika   and Anak Agung Ngurah Aritama   

Denpasar and Badung in Bali possess a rich cultural legacy, exemplified by bamboo and thatch buildings situated at significant locations. Fire hazards are significant in these "embedded" urban settlements due to extremely flammable construction materials, igniting sources from ceremonies and daily activities, as well as evacuation and accessibility issues. Interventions that lack sustainable profitability, cultural relevance, and technical precision endanger the preservation of living heritage and human safety. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive, evidence-based framework that includes multi-tiered fire protection measures that are effective and preserve Bali's urban history and cultural identity. A combination of methodologies is employed to examine the design constraints, governance issues, and fire hazards associated with culturally significant Balinese urban residences in Badung and Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Field surveys, semi-structured interviews, historical disaster risk reduction principles, and cultural heritage concepts were employed to develop a Bali Fire Risk Index (FR). The index consists of material vulnerability (M), ignition sources (I), building density (D), evacuation/access (E), and defence capacity. A convergent technique examines 120 residences in Denpasar and Badung, Indonesia, to develop quantitative fire risk profiles. The profiles illustrate product classification and historical methodologies. It offers qualitative insights on retrofitting, community resilience, and governance. Fires can rapidly propagate in highly populated urban environments utilizing thatch and bamboo materials. Furthermore, ceremonial ignition areas are more prone to experiencing their inception. In densely populated areas adjacent to sacred sites, bamboo and thatch structures exhibit low fire resistance. Furthermore, composite evacuation materials often exhibit diminished fire resistance. The majority of individuals encounter difficulties in upgrading due to governmental and financial apprehensions. The study provides civil engineers and architects with pragmatic guidance on materials, design, evacuation procedures, and regulatory compliance. This research intends to develop a fire prevention strategy tailored for Bali. This framework must protect Bali's expanding urban region and its citizens to assist elected authorities, families, and communities.

Chinue Abyatina Audrey   and Agung Budi Sardjono   

This study found new knowledge that the traditional house relief in Borobudur is not only ancient Javanese, as some researchers mentioned, but also broader Javanese in Nusantara (Indonesian archipelago). The research classification of conventional Javanese houses based on roof forms has not addressed the stilted house. Existing theories are built on houses from the Islamic Sultanate/Mataram Islam era (1500–1800 AD). In Borobudur Temple (pre-Mataram Islam/Hindu-Buddhist era), constructed in the 8^th – 9^th century AD, archaeologists have identified six house typologies based on roof form, presented in two-dimensional architectural drawings. It is essential to reconstruct these into three-dimensional architecture and compare them with five Javanese architectural typologies and house forms outside Java. This study uses literature review, 2-dimensional drawing, and is constructed for 3D architectural modelling. The findings indicate continuity in Limas' roof typologies between Borobudur reliefs and Mataram Islam-era traditional Javanese houses. At the same time, stilt structures can be observed in conventional houses outside Java, such as Minangkabau (Sumatra) and Toraja (Sulawesi). The stilt and roof forms in Borobudur reliefs reflect not only Javanese traditional houses, but also those in Nusantara (the Indonesian archipelago).

Abdullah Mossa Alzahrani   Reda Mahmoud Aly   Omar Ibrahim Hussein   and Mohab Taher Abdelfatah   

Religious pathways embedded within historic urban contexts serve as pivotal cultural and spiritual conduits; however, they often lack contemporary design strategies integrating users' functional and experiential needs. The Imam Hussein–Bab Zuweila pathway in Cairo suffers from fragmented spatial identity, environmental discomfort, commercial intrusion, and inadequate spiritual resonance. This study aims to develop a comprehensive design framework to humanize this corridor by evaluating and integrating five weighted pillars: comfort (0.15), spirituality (0.3), guidance (0.15), cultural expression (0.2), and urban integration (0.2). The analysis yielded weighted total scores ranging from 246.75 to 249.85 (out of a maximum 300), indicating moderate overall performance with room for improvement, based on analytical and applied methodology using a mixed-methods approach including field observations, spatial mapping, semi-structured interviews, and a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire administered to 250 participants across three key areas: Imam Hussein Square, Al-Muizz Street Entrance, and Bab Zuweila Entrance. Results reveal weighted scores ranging from 246.75 to 249.85 across zones. Bab Zuweila Entrance achieved the highest performance (249.85) with strong spirituality (75) and cultural expression (50), though guidance and urban integration require improvement. Al-Muizz Street Entrance (249.00) showed low spirituality (75.0) due to commercial intrusion, while Imam Hussein Square (246.75) demonstrated high spirituality (73.2) and guidance (37.5). Analysis identified five critical design gaps: lack of cohesive spatial identity, inconsistent materiality, environmental discomfort, over-commercialization, and neglected spiritual signage. Practical implications include actionable strategies for heritage preservation, balancing modern livability. Socially, it promotes inclusive spaces sustaining collective memory and community engagement. Limitations include a lack of long-term seasonal data and quantitative microclimate measurements, suggesting future research should integrate environmental simulation tools. This comprehensive design framework bridges the gap between heritage preservation and contemporary urban needs. The research contributes actionable insights for transforming sacred routes into vibrant, livable spaces that honor spiritual significance while serving modern urban communities.

Riza Suwondo   Tory Damantoro   Militia Keintjem   and Traad Alzhrani   

Rigid pavements are essential for Indonesia's transportation infrastructure, where large variations in subgrade conditions and traffic loading pose significant design challenges. The recently released Indonesian Road Pavement Design Manual (MDPJ) 2024 provides updated procedures for rigid pavement design; however, the sensitivity of its design outcomes to the key input parameters has not yet been critically evaluated. This study investigated the influence of subgrade strength, concrete flexural strength, and regional axle load distribution on rigid pavement thickness using the MDPJ 2024 framework. A parametric analysis was conducted by varying the subgrade CBR values, concrete flexural strengths, and representative traffic characteristics for Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. The pavement performance was assessed using fatigue and erosion criteria. The results show that erosion consistently governs the design, whereas variations in concrete flexural strength have a negligible influence on the slab thickness. Subgrade strength and regional axle load distribution significantly affect the required pavement thickness, with heavier traffic conditions in Java resulting in thicker slabs than those in other regions. These findings highlight the importance of erosion-focused design and region-specific traffic considerations for optimising rigid pavement design under MDPJ 2024.

Rajendra P.   Mohanasundaram T.   B. R. Vinod   and T. Gunasekar   

Transition to smart, green, and sustainable building materials (SGSBM) is essential for low-carbon buildings. This study develops and tests a hybrid model integrating UTAUT2, Push–Pull–Mooring (PPM), and Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) to understand and explain consumer switching behavior for SGSBM. Survey data from 193 homeowners in Bangalore, India, were analyzed with PLS-SEM (5,000 bootstraps). Goodness of fit was appropriate as per standard threshold (SRMR = 0.044; NFI = 0.937), and the explanatory power was high (R² of BI = ~79%; R² of SWB = ~79%). Performance Expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE), Hedonic Motivation (HM), Social Influence (SI), Facilitating Conditions (FC), Perceived Value (PV), and Environmental Beliefs (EB) all significantly and positively predicted Behavioral Intention (BI). BI, Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), and PV were significant predictors of Switching Behavior (SWB) (β = 0.502, p < 0.001; β = 0.281, p < 0.001; and β = 0.216, p < 0.001, respectively). The direct effects of PE, EE, and HM on SWB were non-significant, and bias-corrected bootstraps confirmed significant indirect paths via BI (e.g., PE → BI → SWB β = 0.135, 95% CI [0.090, 0.201]), consistent with indirect-only or complementary mediation with the UTAUT2/TPB logic. The findings confirm the essential role of intention as the focal mechanism for the transmission of cognitive, moral, and normative drivers of switching into action, while PBC was also a significant enabler of action as hypothesized, consistent with TPB/UMT tenets. The integrated tri-framework offers theoretical advances by providing a unified understanding of utilitarian, normative, and control pathways of high-involvement sustainable consumption. Communication that raises performance and value, normative approval, and the provision of enabling infrastructure can be leveraged to accelerate SGSBM adoption.

Reymar S. Ledesma   Jomar M. Llanto   Dante L. Silva   and Christ John L. Marcos   

The extensive review of matrix transformation assembly presents the development of PyTruss3D using the direct stiffness method (DSM), which was validated using the commercial software STAAD.Pro. Grounded in the DSM theory, the global stiffness matrices across five different representative models (ranging from simple to complex structures, such as lattice transmission towers to arched roofs) were formulated from the local elements' stiffness matrices. Prevalently, the program calculates the nodal/joint displacements and axial forces and visualizes deformations while storing the generated matrices. Analyzing the robustness and reliability of the program, the results produced were statistically compared with those from STAAD.Pro using the performance measures Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (r), and coefficient of determination (R²). The statistical comparison yielded excellent agreement with an RMSE below 0.01 and R² greater than 0.99 for displacement, and r values ranging from 0.9998 to 1.0 for axial forces. Moreover, PyTruss3D displacement contours replicate the same deformation profiles produced by STAAD.Pro. Slightly robust estimations were observed in the results of the developed program, providing conservative values yet consistent performance. These findings further demonstrate that PyTruss3D can accurately and reliably perform finite element analysis of space trusses, serving as an alternative open-source program for educational purposes (SDG 4) and structural design validation (SDG 9), as well as for future research.

Mohommed Anwaruddin Md. Akbaruddin   L. G. Patil   and A. M. Bhoi   

Cement continues to be the most used construction material globally, but its manufacture contributes substantially to the environment, mainly due to a high carbon footprint and resource depletion. Sustainable innovations in concrete are highlighted through the use of recycled materials and innovative additives, which aim to improve performance and minimize ecological footprint. Recycled materials like Fly Ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Recycled Aggregates (RAs), and by-products of industries are discussed in the replacement of conventional ingredients. In contrast, nano-scale additives like nano-silica, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes are discussed for their role in enhancing mechanical and durability characteristics. The review utilizes the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach to systematically examine research conducted between the years 2020 and 2025 from databases such as Scopus, basing the comparison of the variables like Compressive Strength (CS), Tensile Strength (TS), Durability, and environmental performance. Some of the studies have claimed the improvement of the strength by up to 25%. At the same time, issues like the difficulty of workability, the cost implication, and long-term performance uncertainty persist. The study concludes by stating that the sustainable development of concrete involves the enhancement of material combinations and the adoption of innovative methodologies to satisfy the twin targets of the performance of the material and environmental sustainability. The conclusion indicates that the use of supplementary cementitious resources and nano-additives minimizes the permeability, improves the strength, and increases the service life of concrete.

Ameera Ghanim   Aya Elshabshiri   Shouib Nouh Ma'bdeh   Emad Mushtaha   Vittorino Belpoliti   and Aseel Hussien   

This study evaluates the technical performance and life-cycle economics of integrating phase change materials (PCMs) into residential building envelopes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a hot-humid climate with high cooling demand. Using DesignBuilder (EnergyPlus), a validated two-story base case was modeled, and a factorial analysis was run across envelope components (walls, roof, glazing), PCM placement (interior or exterior), and PCM thicknesses (3 cm and 5 cm) with a paraffin PCM at 47℃, followed by targeted tests at 31℃ and 55℃. Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) and Net Present Value (NPV) analyses were carried out using UAE-specific tariffs and market pricing, and sensitivity tests explored ultra-thin layers and unit-cost reductions. Results indicate that glazing-integrated PCM with a 5 cm layer melting at 55℃ yields the largest reduction in energy utilization intensity (EUI) (≈11% versus the base case). A 3 cm layer delivers nearly the same EUI reduction with ~40% less material, indicating that thickness has a small marginal effect on energy performance but a large effect on cost. Under current prices, payback for the 3 cm, 55℃ case approaches ~30 years; a 1 cm layer cuts payback to ~7 years with only ~1% difference in EUI reduction, and a 50% PCM price reduction (e.g., via local paraffin-based production) can shorten payback to ~4 years. These results offer guidance on where and how PCMs are most effective in UAE housing and identify cost as the primary adoption barrier, suggesting thinner layers and local manufacturing as feasible pathways to financial viability.

Mohamed El Amrousi   Mohamed Elhakeem   Evan K. Paleologos   and Ahmed Mohamed Abdel Sattar   

Preservation of water resources and sustainable design of public parks are crucial aspects of a living city's urban identity, especially in hot arid regions. In Abu Dhabi, landscape design is changing from classical style gardens to desert landscaping, which integrates more organically with existing monuments and is sustainable in terms of the scarcity of water. Sustainable landscaping design merges two aspects of UN's eleventh Sustainable Development Goal, to promote sustainable urbanization and to protect cultural and natural heritage. An important component, which becomes even more critical for Gulf cities, is that due to the heat, people's activities are restricted to indoor spaces and hence public spaces promote inclusivity and participation of a city's population. The research approach emphasizes cross-disciplinary integration of design theory and water management principles, investigating the evolving role of vegetation in the enhancement of public parks in Abu Dhabi. Water budget calculations were conducted, indicating water savings of over 57% for a redesigned desert park of equivalent areal size compared to one with a traditional European garden. This is especially critical for the Gulf region, where water is a limiting resource, and even desalinated water is utilized to maintain public parks. The authors confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere. The paper should be of interest to readers in the areas of landscape architecture, landscape planners, and urban planners.

Cristian Miguel Tola Rondinel   Heidi Nalvarte Herrera   and Vladimir Simón Montoya Torres   

The study addresses the problem of thermal comfort in high-Andean housing in Peru, where extreme climatic conditions and the use of traditional materials with low insulation capacity create inadequate indoor environments that affect health and well-being. As a sustainable alternative, the feasibility of activated carbon panels made from broad bean shells—an abundant agricultural resource in the Mantaro Valley—was evaluated. The research followed an experimental approach, installing the panels in a housing module and recording temperature and humidity parameters with high-precision digital instruments across different time scales. The results show favorable thermal performance: indoor temperatures remained between 23.6℃ and 24.9℃, with differences of up to 7.2℃ compared to the exterior, even 2.5 hours after sunset. Relative humidity stabilized within a range of 50.2% to 54.2%, creating a comfortable microclimate in contrast to external variations. These findings confirm that activated carbon acts as a passive regulator of heat and humidity, reducing nighttime heat loss and improving habitability without the need for active heating systems. In conclusion, activated carbon panels represent a technically viable, cost-effective, and low-impact environmental alternative. Their production from agricultural residues and integration through sustainable self-construction practices make it possible to mitigate energy poverty, reduce health risks associated with cold, and strengthen a resilient architectural model for high-Andean communities.

Animesh Jaiswal   Priyanka Singh   and S. Varadharajan   

Masonry infill walls in reinforced concrete (RC) frames significantly influence seismic response despite being classified as non-structural elements in design codes. This study investigates the impact of masonry infills on the fundamental time period (FTP) of RC buildings, particularly addressing structures with open ground floors and irregular configurations commonly found in modern high-rise construction. The research methodology employed STAAD Pro software to analyse 168 building frame models with varying parameters, including infill wall thicknesses (150 mm and 250 mm), beam sizes (300-550 mm), column sizes (450-800 mm), and building heights (6-30 stories). Dynamic modal analysis was performed to determine FTP values, which were subsequently compared with existing code-based empirical formulas, including IS 1893:2016, UBC 97, and Eurocode 8. The principal findings reveal that masonry infills reduce FTP by 26-80% compared to bare frame structures, with the reduction percentage directly correlated to the Young's modulus of infill materials. The study demonstrates that current code equations significantly overestimate FTP values, leading to conservative base shear calculations. Through nonlinear regression analysis of the compiled results, a new empirical equation was developed to accurately predict FTP for infilled RC frames. The proposed equation shows superior accuracy compared to existing code formulas when validated against dynamic analysis results. The research contributes to structural engineering by providing a more accurate method for FTP estimation that explicitly considers masonry infill contributions, thereby improving seismic design accuracy. The findings have practical implications for earthquake-resistant design, particularly in regions where infilled RC frames are prevalent. Research limitations include focus on specific infill materials and regular frame configurations, suggesting future work should explore diverse masonry types and irregular structural layouts.

Yanyan Agustian   Udin Komarudin   Aa Santosa   and Neris Peri Ardiansyah   

Soil sample disturbances leading to a decline in sample quality have long been a concern in geotechnical investigations. This research addresses these issues by developing and evaluating a portable in situ direct shear testing apparatus for field assessments of soil shear strength. The study was conducted in a landslide-prone area in Margawati village, Garut district, West Java, Indonesia, and was motivated by the limitations of conventional laboratory methods, particularly their susceptibility to sample disturbance. Multiple in situ tests were carried out to assess the reproducibility of shear strength measurements under varying normal stress conditions. The apparatus was tested with both in situ and reconstituted samples, allowing for a comparative analysis with conventional laboratory direct shear tests. The results indicated that in situ tests consistently yielded slightly higher peak shear strength values than laboratory tests, likely due to the minimal disturbance of natural soil samples. This research highlights the importance of considering sample disturbances in geotechnical testing and suggests that in situ testing offers a valuable complement to laboratory methods, providing more reliable data for geotechnical analysis and design. The findings have significant practical implications for field engineers, particularly in slope stability analysis, foundation design, and landslide risk assessment. The portable nature of this device makes it especially valuable for challenging terrain where conventional testing equipment cannot be deployed, and it can be adapted for various soil conditions, including sandy soils, clayey soils, and areas with fluctuating water tables. The findings emphasize the potential of the in situ direct shear apparatus to significantly enhance the accuracy of soil shear strength evaluations, particularly in field settings where sample integrity is critical.

Jeniffer Aitken   Luis Olorte   and Robert Suclupe   

This research examines how urban regeneration influences the memory of place and the way in which public ecosystem spaces are organized and experienced in the urban center of Chiclayo, Peru. A quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional design was used, based on a survey of residents in the study area (n = 60), in order to analyze the relationship between the dimensions of urban regeneration rehabilitation, revitalization, sustainability, and social cohesion and the conditions of public ecosystem spaces. The results show a very strong association between urban regeneration and the performance of these spaces (Spearman's ρ = 0.94; p < 0.001). However, significant gaps were also identified: a low rate of rehabilitation, a lack of green areas per capita, and a greater perception of insecurity. These results demonstrate that regeneration is developing in a fragmented manner, which limits ecosystem balance, social well-being, and territorial quality. Our study provides empirical evidence from a medium-sized Latin American city and proposes strategic guidelines to strengthen the regeneration of public spaces with a sustainable approach focused on their inhabitants.

Riza Suwondo   Made Suangga   Militia Keintjem   and Sohaib Alama   

An accurate estimation of seismic demand is essential for the safe and economical design of buildings on soft soils. The ASCE/SEI 7-16 Section 11.4.8 exceptions were introduced to simplify seismic design by allowing engineers to omit site-specific ground motion analyses for Site Classes D and E under prescribed conditions. However, these simplifications can significantly influence the calculated base shear and drift responses, particularly for long-period structures. This study investigates the impact of these exceptions on the seismic response of 4-, 8-, and 12-storey reinforced-concrete moment-resisting frames. The analyses were conducted in ETABS using both the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) and Modal Response Spectrum (MRS) procedures in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7-16. Sensitivity studies were conducted to assess the impact of different long-period spectral accelerations (S1). When using the ELF procedure, the results demonstrate that the base shear estimates are conservative for Site Class D, especially for the middle- and long-period structures, where the 1.5 amplification factor increases the design forces significantly. The longer S1 values clearly indicate that this conservatism is most pronounced. However, the MRS analysis for Site Class E indicates that the base shear demands were disproportionately high for taller structures, which is a reasonable assumption for longer-period soil amplification. The overall conclusion from this study is that while the exceptions maintain a high level of design safety, especially for low-rise simple structures, the generalised application of these exceptions is likely to yield overly conservative seismic demands for structures with greater flexibility.

Rohith Jain   G. S. Suresh   Kiran K. Shetty   K. Gourav   Abhilash Kumar K. A.   and M. G. Girish   

Gabion walls, formed by wire mesh boxes filled with stones or alternative materials, are widely used in retaining structures and erosion control due to their adaptability, permeability, and cost-effectiveness. This study experimentally investigates the structural behavior of gabion walls subjected to lateral monotonic and repeated loading. Gabion specimens were prepared using varying wire diameters, coatings, mesh opening sizes, and two types of infill materials, namely, stones and construction and demolition (C&D) waste. The experimental program included compression testing of cylindrical gabion specimens and lateral loading tests on wall specimens mounted on a reaction retaining wall platform. The results indicate that gabion walls exhibit nonlinear behavior, characterized by initial elastic response followed by ductile deformation. The arrangement of the infill material significantly influenced load-carrying capacity and deflection, while infill density alone showed limited correlation with performance. Smaller mesh opening sizes and higher wire volume fractions enhanced resistance to loads and deflection. The inclusion of C&D waste as a partial replacement for stone reduced specimen density by 8% and increased deflection by 35%, while causing only a marginal (≈2%) reduction in load-carrying capacity. Repeated loading revealed residual strains and deflections due to permanent rearrangement of infill material, with higher wire volume fractions contributing to increased ductility. Overall, the findings demonstrate that gabion walls possess high ductility with moderate elasticity, and that sustainable practices such as incorporating C&D waste infill can be adopted without significantly compromising structural performance. This research provides insights into optimizing gabion wall design and advancing sustainable construction methodologies. The present research contributes to SDGS 9, 11, 12 and 15.

Widya Soviana   Ashfa Achmad   Munirwansyah Munirwansyah   and Syamsidik Syamsidik   

Two decades after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, coastal settlements in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, have continued to expand, driven by post-disaster urban development dynamics and persistent community preferences to reside near the historic urban core, where economic activities, public services, and educational facilities remain concentrated within tsunami hazard zones. Although post-disaster reconstruction delivered permanent housing and improved building materials, new residential areas have re-emerged within high-risk zones. This pattern raises critical questions regarding spatial compliance, long-term safety, and the extent to which improved structural conditions strengthen coastal resilience. This study examines how post-tsunami settlement expansion contributes to coastal resilience by analyzing spatial growth, settlement typologies, and structural characteristics in the coastal areas of Banda Aceh. The findings indicate that while post-tsunami housing development has improved structural robustness at the building level, continued expansion within tsunami hazard zones has increased overall exposure, constraining resilience at the settlement scale. A Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based land-use analysis was integrated with structured household surveys to map residential expansion, classify settlement typologies, evaluate structural reliability based on observable attributes such as material permanence and number of storeys, and assess conformity with coastal zoning regulations. The results show continuous residential expansion in hazard areas despite increased reinforced concrete housing that enhances individual building robustness. However, settlement-scale resilience remains constrained because exposure increases faster than structural improvements. Although multi-storey engineered dwellings remain limited, their presence suggests that vertical residential structures with dual evacuation functions could support future risk reduction. The novelty of this study lies in combining spatial expansion metrics with empirical verification of structural reliability as a composite indicator of settlement-scale resilience in a post-disaster context. This study is limited to the Banda Aceh coastal area and does not assess detailed structural capacity beyond observable attributes. Practically, the findings underscore the need for stronger land-use enforcement, adaptive spatial planning, and development controls that differentiate allowable building types in tsunami hazard zones. Socially, policy incentives should prioritize multi-storey engineered permanent buildings over single-storey terrace housing to enable future coastal settlements to function as vertical evacuation options and contribute to long-term risk reduction.

Do Trong-Chung   Tran Trong-Tin   Vu Thi Huong-Lan   and Le Anh-Vu   

Vietnam's Red River Delta (RRD) has undergone rapid transformation as urbanization and industrialization accelerate following the Doi Moi reform. The traditional housing is being replaced by multi-story concrete houses with large impervious surfaces, resulting in higher heat accumulation and declining thermal comfort. This study aims to investigate a modern rural housing model for the RRD that strikes a balance between modernization and microclimate sustainability. The ENVI-met and BIO-met were utilized to examine the impact of scenarios under identical boundary conditions and calculate the human outdoor thermal comfort (PET). Three tested scenarios included: Traditional housing with permeable ground and integrated green–water systems, Current housing with increased impervious surfaces, and a proposed model. Results show that the current housing increased daytime AT (Air temperature) by up to 0.7℃ and PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) by over 11.5℃ compared to the traditional model. The proposed model mitigates heat buildup through evaporative cooling from moist surfaces and retained greenery, enhancing comfort while maintaining functionality of modern life. This research undertakes a quantitative study to develop climate-resilient rural housing and promote sustainable settlement planning in response to climate change.

G. Yogapriya   Janani Selvam   Amiya Bhaumik   and S. Umarani   

Temples acted as a cultural, social and spatial center of South Indian rural settlement. Studies have been conducted more on the study of the temple-based urban settlements. But the morphological features of the temple-focused rural villages have not been quite studied. This paper fills this gap by analysing the role of temples in shaping the rural village spatial structure and settlement morphology in Tamil Nadu. The study examines the connection between the location of the temple, configuration of the streets, and residential clustering in the ten Devara Paadal Petra Sthalam villages within a qualitative morphological framework. The analysis is a map-based qualitative approach to the study with the use of Google Maps-generated base maps digitized in AutoCAD to record the street networks, temple precincts and the built forms around them. According to the comparative spatial interpretation, the villages are grouped into four morphological typologies. The centralized nucleated villages are characterized by great ritual visibility, whereas the linear settlements combine sacred area with economic and movement tracks. Incremental historical expansion can be observed in enclosed organic forms, and peripheral anchor settlements indicate the presence of a boundary-focused expansion, which is attributed to agrarian landscapes. Despite the weaknesses of its qualitative focus and dependency on modern map data, the work provides a cultured typological approach to the analysis of rural sacred landscapes. In practice, the results uphold heritage-sensitive rural planning and preservation of temple precincts, whilst socially highlighting the persistence of temples in maintaining community identity.

I Kadek Merta Wijaya   Ni Wayan Meidayanti Mustika   and Ni Putu Ratih Pradnyaswari Anasta Putri   

The settlement centre typically develops in line with increasing functional complexity compared to peripheral areas. However, Pengotan Village presents a different phenomenon, as its traditional core settlement has remained unchanged, demonstrating resilience in preserving local wisdom in spatial architecture amid growing residential demands. In contrast, spatial development occurs in peripheral settlements, which uphold the core settlement's spatial principles while adapting to agricultural and commercial needs. The spatial arrangement of Pengotan Village thus reflects a balance between cultural continuity and contemporary adaptation. This study aims to formulate the concept of consistency and adaptation in Pengotan's settlement architecture as a sustainable model. A qualitative, interpretative method was applied, incorporating empirical, sensual, emic, etic, logical, and transcendental approaches. The research examined one core settlement and eight peripheral settlements, focusing on the composition and spatial hierarchy of the settlement layouts. Findings reveal that the orientation concept of Luan–Teben and the spatial hierarchy of Tegak Sanggah (sacred/utama), Tegak Umah (middle/madya), and Tegak Teba (profane/nista) remain evident in both the settlement and housing layouts. The elongated pattern of the core settlement is consistently reproduced in peripheral areas. Agricultural activities, however, shape dispersed housing patterns across farmland. Contemporary spatial adaptation occurs particularly in the nista or teben zones, where new functions, such as sanitation and additional sleeping spaces, are accommodated. Overall, Pengotan Village demonstrates how the consistency of traditional spatial concepts, combined with selective adaptation, reflects a sustainable model of settlement architecture that maintains cultural resilience while responding to modern needs.

Anas A. Alkhatatbeh   Nedaa M. Jaradat   and Ahmed A. Freewan   

The current research studies the impact of vertical green walls (VGWs) attached to building facades on indoor daylighting performance in hot-arid climates. The study used a combined approach of field experimentation and simulation. Two identical experimental rooms were constructed on the campus of Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), one with a green wall system and one as a base case. Illuminance levels in both rooms were measured under real sky conditions using lux meters. On the other hand, simulation models were developed in DesignBuilder and Velux software and validated using the experimental data. The VGWs, consisting of Hedera helix with varying foliage densities and cavity depths, were evaluated across different window orientations (east, west, and south) and during three seasonal periods (March, June, and December). The results demonstrate that VGWs can significantly reduce excessive illuminance and improve daylight distribution, with performance strongly influenced by orientation, foliage density, and cavity depth. For direct green walls, a 40% foliage density provided the most balanced daylight performance for east and west orientations, while 60% foliage density emerged as the optimal scenario for the south façade due to its ability to control excessive brightness and improve distribution. For the indirect green wall, shallow cavities (25–50 cm) had minimal influence on the east and west façades, while deeper cavities (75–100 cm) enhanced daylight penetration. On the south façade, shallow cavities (25–50 cm) performed best, whereas deeper cavities increased glare potential. Overall, the study demonstrates that VGWs are an effective passive design strategy for improving daylight quality, reducing visual discomfort, and supporting energy-efficient building design in hot-arid regions.

Muhammad Mukhlisin   Hany Windri Astuti   Roni Apriantoro   Aiun Hayatu Rabinah   Muhammad Yusuf   Arif Sumardiono   Erna Alimudin   Adhy Kurniawan   and Fakih Irsyadi   

Floods are one of the most frequent and destructive natural hazards, with their intensity and frequency expected to increase under climate change and rapid urbanization. Accurate and timely detection of rainfall and rising water levels is crucial for reducing disaster risk at the community level. This study aims to develop a low-cost and sensor-based Flood Early Warning System (FEWS) that integrates a tipping-bucket rainfall sensor and an ultrasonic water level sensor with a web-based monitoring platform. The system was designed, implemented, and evaluated through calibration, sensitivity testing through accuracy analysis, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) calculation. Experimental results showed that the rainfall sensor achieved an average accuracy of 96% with an RMSE of 2.38, while the water level sensor demonstrated 100% accuracy with an RMSE of 0 under controlled testing conditions. These results confirm that both sensors can provide reliable measurements for real-time flood monitoring. The integration of rainfall and water level observations in a single system enhances the capacity for early detection, enabling rapid dissemination of alerts through online platforms. The findings highlight the feasibility of deploying affordable and flexible FEWS prototypes to strengthen disaster preparedness and resilience in flood-prone communities.

J. M. Molines Cano   A. Almerich-Chulia   J. Llinares Millán   and G. Bernardo   

Located in the city of Valencia, the church of Santos Juanes offers an exemplary case for analysing how Mediterranean Gothic architecture responded to the seismic conditions of its geographical context. In contrast to Northern European Gothic models, typically characterised by slender structural systems, thinner walls, and the systematic use of flying buttresses, the Mediterranean tradition evolved towards a more compact and massive tectonic solution based on the continuity of load-bearing masonry, increased material density, and lateral stiffening provided by transverse diaphragm arches. Within this architectural framework, the concept of enjuta, as formulated by Pepa Cassinello, serves as a useful interpretative tool for understanding both the degree of compactness and the underlying structural logic of these buildings. The analysis of this case study shows that the absence of flying buttresses was compensated by the use of exceptionally large buttresses, which, acting together with the diaphragms and the rigidity of the walls, generated a global structural response comparable to that of a closed-box system. Rather than constituting a simplified version of Northern Gothic architecture, this solution reflects a deliberate adaptation to local material resources and a territory historically affected by seismic activity. Furthermore, comparison with other contemporary religious buildings, such as Valencia Cathedral and Tortosa Cathedral, highlights the specific characteristics of the Valencian example and confirms its relevance as a reference within Mediterranean Gothic architecture.

Muhammad Yunus   Achmad Bakri Muhiddin   Tri Harianto   and Ardy Arsyad   

Liquefaction is a critical geotechnical hazard that occurs when excess pore water pressure builds up in saturated sandy soils during earthquakes, leading to a significant reduction in effective stress and shear strength. This study investigates the behavior of pore water pressure during liquefaction using shaking table tests on a laboratory-scale saturated sand model with an initial relative density of 40%. Sinusoidal horizontal excitations were applied with peak ground accelerations (PGA) of 0.3 g, 0.4 g, and 0.5 g for a duration of 60 seconds. Excess pore water pressure was continuously monitored using piezometer sensors installed at depths of 100 mm, 300 mm, and 500 mm to capture depth-dependent responses. The results reveal a nonlinear relationship between PGA and pore water pressure response. The highest excess pore water pressure (Δu) and pore water pressure ratio (ru) were recorded at PGA = 0.3 g, particularly at greater depths, indicating that moderate seismic loading promotes pore pressure accumulation under limited drainage conditions. At higher PGA levels (0.4 g and 0.5 g), pore water pressure did not increase proportionally, suggesting the influence of cyclic soil densification and accelerated dissipation mechanisms. Temporally, the pore water pressure response can be divided into three phases: rapid buildup, peak response approaching liquefaction, and subsequent dissipation. These findings demonstrate that liquefaction potential cannot be evaluated solely based on earthquake acceleration intensity, but must also consider soil depth, density, and drainage characteristics, providing useful insights for liquefaction risk assessment and mitigation.

Isnaniati   Putu Tantri Kumala Sari   and Muhammad Farid Fakhruddin   

Undrained cohesion (c_u) is an important parameter to determine the bearing capacity of the sub-base, especially in soils with low permeability, such as soft clay. Low c_u values result in low shear strength and low bearing capacity, thus requiring soil strength to increase its bearing capacity. This experimental study examines the extent to which the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations reinforced with bamboo micropiles increases compared with unreinforced conditions at different c_u values. Laboratory shear failure tests were conducted on soft clay c_u1 and medium clay c_u2, with and without bamboo micropiles reinforcement. A rectangular shallow foundation (B= 0.075 m) was modeled using variations in the length ratio L/B, diameter ratio d/B, and installation configuration (K= 0.67B). The test results are expressed as an increase in the ultimate bearing capacity ratio (Rq_{ult-empirical} = q_{ult-empirical}/q_{ult-Terzaghi,LSF}). The results show that Rq_{ult-empirical} increases with the increase in both L/B and d/B. The larger L/B value results in a significant increase in Rq_ult-emp, with a very strong coefficient of determination R² for c_u1 and c_u2. The increase in d/B also increases Rq_ult-emp to an optimum point at d/B = 0.04, then tends to stabilize with a very strong R² value for c_u1 and c_u2. Overall, the average increase in bearing capacity (Rq_u) ranges from 147–166% in c_u1 soil and 170–172% in c_u2 soil. The most effective increase in Rq_ult-emp in soil consistency levels c_u1 and c_u2, occurs at a diameter ratio d/B = 0.04 and L/B = 2.13.

Resmy K.   and Yusuf Javeed   

This study investigates the dominant runoff generation mechanisms and flood peak controls in a small forested headwater catchment located in the Western Ghats of South India – an ecologically sensitive and data-scarce mountainous region. Using high‐temporal‐resolution rainfall-runoff event analysis, the research reveals that streamflow response is primarily governed by subsurface flow pathways and saturation‐excess runoff, rather than Hortonian overland flow. Short lag times and low runoff coefficients across events highlight the significance of rapid interflow and shallow groundwater contributions, supporting the applicability of the Variable Source Area (VSA) concept in explaining hydrologic behaviour. Antecedent wetness conditions, quantified through antecedent precipitation and the Catchment Storage Index (CSI), were identified as stronger predictors of flood peaks and saturated area expansion than rainfall intensity or amount. The results emphasize the importance of internal storage dynamics and threshold responses in stormflow generation. The study demonstrates that reliable hydrological insights can be derived through event‐based correlation analysis even with limited data availability. Findings hold important implications for flood forecasting, hydrological modelling, and infrastructure planning, and highlight the need to explicitly incorporate subsurface processes, dynamic contributing areas, and antecedent conditions into modelling frameworks for VSA‐dominated catchments.

Heri Sulistiyono   I Wayan Yasa   Eko Pradjoko   Dewandha Mas Agastya   M. Ari Firdaos   and Bing Chen   

Coastal communities face mounting threats from climate-induced disasters, driven by rising sea levels and intensifying hydrometeorological extremes. This study introduces a reproducible, high-resolution downscaling framework that integrates numerical extrapolation, regression analysis, and artificial neural networks (ANN) to assess future coastal hazard scenarios. The approach combines the interpretability of regression with the nonlinear pattern-recognition capabilities of ANN, enabling robust projections of inland tidal inundation and extreme rainfall under IPCC AR6 CMIP6 scenarios (historical 1994–2020; SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 to 2100). Inputs include bias-corrected regional climatology, station and reanalysis records (1994–2024), local hydrometeorological observations, drainage maps, population and infrastructure layers, and the 6 July 2025 flood event for calibration. Ensemble selection, quantile-mapping bias correction, and hybrid regression–ANN modeling, are used to preserve linear relationships while capturing complex interactions. Methods include correlation-based indicator selection, cross-validated training with RMSE and MAE metrics, numerical flood simulations, and geospatial hazard–exposure–vulnerability mapping. Applied to Ampenan, West Nusa Tenggara, the framework projects inland tidal flooding up to 300 meters and rainfall intensities exceeding 3,000 mm, validating its utility for localized risk assessment. Outputs include ensemble-median projections with 5–95% uncertainty ranges and prioritized adaptation recommendations, including structural reinforcements, ecosystem-based buffering, and early-warning systems. The framework is replicable and scalable, offering a transparent tool for climate-informed planning across diverse coastal contexts. Limitations include data resolution and evolving land-use dynamics, which may affect long-term accuracy. Practically, the model supports municipal planning, infrastructure investment, and targeted interventions for vulnerable populations. Socially, it enhances inclusive risk communication and community preparedness. By bridging statistical and machine learning techniques, this study contributes a novel methodology for disaster risk assessment and strengthens resilience in the face of accelerating climate change.

Cubas-Armas Marlon Robert   Muñoz Pérez Sócrates   Herhuay-Huaman David   and Luna-Diaz Victor   

This study evaluates the combined addition of coffee husk ash (CHA) and coconut fiber (CF) to conventional concrete to enhance its physical and mechanical properties for structural applications. Motivated by the need for sustainable construction materials and utilizing agricultural waste, the study employs an applied experimental design with 200 test specimens made under controlled conditions using local materials. The CHA was calcined to meet ASTM C618 standards, and CF was alkali-treated to improve durability by increasing cellulose content and reducing hemicellulose and lignin. Three experimental mix designs with varying CHA and CF proportions were evaluated against a control mix, focusing on workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, air content, and unit weight. Results revealed that the optimal mix—1.5% CHA combined with 0.65% CF—significantly improved compressive strength (+8.1%), flexural strength (+6.1%), and elasticity (+5.8%) without compromising workability or unit weight. Statistical analyses (ANOVA, Tukey, and Dunnett tests) confirmed the significance and synergy of this combination. Higher dosages resulted in diminished mechanical performance, indicating the importance of dosage control. The study also demonstrated that the physical properties of fresh concrete remained within standard specifications, ensuring the practical feasibility of these additives. This work contributes novel evidence supporting the sustainable reuse of agroindustrial residues to produce mechanically enhanced concrete, aligning with environmental goals and promoting circular economy models. By validating the synergy between CHA and CF through rigorous chemical characterization, mix design, and statistical validation, this research advances knowledge of bio-based concrete additives and offers practical guidelines for their optimized incorporation in structural concrete.

Erpika Ansela Surira   Idawarni Asmal   Miswar Tumpu   and Hoong Pin Lee   

Floods are among the most frequent and destructive natural disasters in Indonesia, causing severe impacts on human settlements, infrastructure, and regional development. North Luwu Regency, particularly Masamba, experienced a catastrophic flash flood in 2020 that resulted in significant loss of life, extensive infrastructure damage, and long-term disruption of community livelihoods. This event underscores the urgent need for comprehensive flood mitigation strategies that integrate structural and non-structural measures within a unified spatial planning framework. Previous mitigation efforts relying on physical infrastructure such as levees and drainage systems remain limited due to sedimentation, inadequate maintenance, and rapid land-use change. Therefore, a holistic and evidence-based approach is essential to address hydrological, ecological, and socio-spatial dynamics in flood-prone areas. This study applies GIS-based spatial analysis to formulate integrated flood mitigation strategies in North Luwu using four spatial datasets: Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Flow Direction, Flow Accumulation, and Flood Hazard maps. Spatial overlay and hydrological modelling were used to identify high-risk downstream zones, upstream contributing catchments, and the relationship between topography, surface runoff concentration, and hazard distribution. Results indicate that low-lying downstream areas near coastal margins and river confluences exhibit the highest flood susceptibility due to steep upstream slopes, sediment deposition, and land conversion. High-risk areas significantly overlap with densely populated settlements and agricultural land. The study proposes a dual approach combining structural measures—such as retention basins, drainage improvements, and sediment control—with non-structural strategies including ecosystem restoration, community-based early warning systems, and strengthened land-use regulation. Integrating these actions within an Integrated Flood Management framework is essential for enhancing resilience and supporting sustainable disaster infrastructure planning.

Anak Agung Gede Raka Gunawarman   Wan Srihani Wan Mohamed   I Wayan Wirya Sastrawan   Ni Putu Ratih Pradnyaswari Anasta Putri   and Nyoman Ratih Prabandari   

The growing demand for sustainable and rapidly deployable housing in Southeast Asia underscores the potential of bamboo as a renewable material for prefabricated construction. While steel, concrete, and container-based systems are well established, the socio-technical dimension of bamboo remains underexplored. This study develops and evaluates a prefabricated bamboo cabin using an integrated framework that combines Design Science Research, Research through Design, Participatory Design, and structured Prototyping. Bamboo served as the main structural material, reinforced with steel joints to achieve modular precision, while BIM simulations (Autodesk Revit and Forma) assessed solar gain, ventilation, and thermal performance in a tropical coastal setting. Workshop fabrication and field assembly demonstrated reduced material waste and rapid on-site erection, completing one cabin in 5 hours 15 minutes with a small non-professional team and minimal tools. Stakeholder and user feedback indicated strong cultural resonance and practical feasibility, though challenges persisted in thermal comfort, rain protection, and sanitation integration. Overall, this research positions bamboo prefabrication as a fast, adaptable, and environmentally responsible construction method, bridging design innovation with socio-technical insights for tropical housing advancement.

Abdullah Mossa Alzahrani   Reda Mahmoud Aly   Omar Ibrahim Hussein   and Mohab Taher Abdelfatah   

Cairo's rapid urban growth has intensified transportation challenges. Aligned with Egypt's Vision 2030 sustainability commitments, smart mobility initiatives, such as the Cairo Monorail and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), aim to modernize the transport system. However, adoption remains constrained by structural barriers, geographic proximity to infrastructure, affordability constraints, and institutional trust, which existing technology adoption frameworks do not adequately address. This study investigates adoption barriers through a stratified survey (N=300) during early system operations. The findings reveal a pronounced 70-percentage-point intention-action gap: 80% awareness but only 10% regular usage. Primary barriers were poor infrastructure accessibility (52%), limited awareness (30%), and cost (18%); however, geographic proximity to stations emerged as the strongest adoption moderator (r=0.54, explaining 29% of usage variance), substantially exceeding perceived usefulness (r=0.42, 18% variance). Income-stratified affordability operated as a critical constraint: formal-sector respondents perceived affordability favorably (M=3.4/5), while informal-sector respondents faced severe barriers (M=2.1/5), with costs consuming 20–30% of household income. Theoretically, this research extends the Technology Acceptance Model and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology by incorporating geographic proximity, affordability, and institutional trust as boundary conditions critical to Global South megacities, advancing understanding beyond high-income frameworks. Practically, successfully converting awareness into adoption requires sequenced structural interventions: geographic equity (infrastructure expansion to underserved districts), affordability restructuring (progressive pricing and subsidies), and governance integration (institutional coordination), which are substantially more consequential than technology design or messaging campaigns alone. This framework is directly transferable to comparable African megacities (Accra, Lagos, Nairobi, Kinshasa) facing analogous challenges of urbanization, governance fragmentation, and infrastructure equity.

Keltoum Oumoumen   Fatima Aboubane   and Younes Ech-Charqy   

The maintenance and compliance assessment of historic buildings' structural health plays a crucial role in the conservation and preservation of the built heritage. The conformity inspections of the existing structures are conducted using traditional and manual methods. The latter can be susceptible to error, time-consuming, and labour-intensive, frequently relying on manual checks and measurements. The present paper proposes a work methodology that combines 3D scan technology and parametric design tools. This combination aims to develop an automated point cloud-based script responding to the efficient evaluation and analysis of the construction structural elements. The script is also expected to provide ease of use and reduce the cost and effort associated with structural maintenance. The initial focus of our investigation is on the portal frame selected as the first structural element of analysis, with particular attention given to the phenomenon of lateral displacement as a deformation type. The process mainly consists of the collection of point clouds representing the current state of the supporting element, which are then uploaded to the Grasshopper visual programming language. This results in creating a custom workflow and an automatic algorithm that begins with processing the point clouds and culminates in identifying the deviation and the displacement value. Following application to a 0.5cm displacement prototype, the methodology is validated as highly accurate, suitable for decision-making, and simple to use with an intuitive interface relying principally on point cloud uploading.

Tamer ElSerafi   

Purpose: This paper investigates how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can optimize public transport in the New Administrative Capital (NAC) in Egypt to improve sustainable urban mobility, with reflections on applicability in new cities across the MENA region. The study emphasizes the AI applications in the optimization of public transportation, including dynamic bus scheduling, route optimization, demand-responsive transit (DRT), and multimodal integration with the Light Rail Transit (LRT) and monorail. Methodology: This paper employs a quantitative, scenario-based methodology using microsimulation to utilize anticipated NAC transport information, simulation models, and benchmarks from international cases. Three scenarios were examined: (1) baseline fixed routes, (2) AI-enhanced dynamic scheduling and routing, and (3) AI-integrated DRT coupled with LRT and monorail. The evaluation criteria encompassed efficiency metrics (waiting time), accessibility indicators, and sustainability measures (CO₂ reduction). Results: This paper illustrates that AI-driven optimization can decrease waiting times by 50%, increase accessibility by 27%, and lower emissions by 23% relative to the baseline. These results are similar to what has been implemented in Singapore, Shenzhen, and Helsinki. The results also fit with the concepts about mobility in emerging smart cities in MENA region, such as NEOM and Masdar City, where AI is a key part of sustainable urban planning. Originality: This paper systematically evaluates AI-driven public transport optimization in Egypt and offers insights that are applicable to other emerging cities in the MENA region. It shows how NAC can be a model for the area in helping to create sustainable urban mobility plans that fit with the SDGs.

Marija Džapo   Silvio Bašić   and Nikolina Vezilić Strmo   

This paper aims to provide general data and principles of research and development laboratories, which are the basis for architectural programming. The paper explores research and development laboratories through history, the roles and interactions between research and development, their character, and the activities they can encompass. It is divided into three parts. The first part refers to the definition of research and development laboratories and activities they can encompass (depending on the organisational structure of the company and/or field to which the laboratory belongs, it can cover a wide range of activities and encompass both science and technology). The second part, historical overview, is observed through the evolution of the relationship between science and technology, through the development of industrial research laboratories, and recently through the development of research centres that are connecting into larger spatial units we call technology parks. The evolution of the relationship between science and technology refers to the interaction between science and technology, and the three main waves of scientific interest and the way they reformulated laboratories. Development of industrial research laboratories is described using the example of Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium (Nat.Lab.), and it's a transition from a simple laboratory near a factory in the early 20^th century to a contemporary technology park. It is described how Nat.Lab.'s assignment and structure transformed over time in response to changes in context. The last part of the historical overview is talking about technology parks. New requirements and technologies led to the need for a different organization of scientific space. Following a period of closed corporate structures, vertical specialization led to the collaboration between companies, academia and industry, which is the main characteristic of technology parks. The third part refers to the challenges modern laboratory faces today, the development trends and modernization of laboratory infrastructure, and the emergence of the new way of thinking and a culture of innovation. This study will facilitate understanding the relationship between research and development and other requirements that laboratories need to fulfil (e.g. development trends, such as the global market, teamwork, and the application of computer technology) when creating programs and designing modern laboratories.

Philip Saratha Joanna   Nijampatnam Manikanta   Nasrul Rain   Liti H Yeptho   Madanagopal Chinnasamy   Daniel Cruze   and Samuel James   

Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) is a polymer with superior corrosion resistance, strength-to-weight ratio, low thermal conductivity, lightweight properties, and resistance to chemical and microbiological compounds, making it a suitable alternative to steel. However, its brittle behavior under severe loading conditions, such as earthquakes, can be mitigated by infilling GFRP sections with sustainable concrete. The proposed study investigates the flexural behavior of two 3D frames constructed using GFRP square sections for beams and columns, along with a GFRP concrete composite deck; one frame with infilled square sections and the other without infilling. The GFRP composite slab consisted of a trapezoidal GFRP deck sheet at the bottom and a concrete topping, with GFRP ‘T' studs placed at regular intervals for proper bonding, and GFRP rods provided in both directions as reinforcement to take on temperature stresses. For the infilling of square sections and the concrete topping of the slab deck, M20-grade sustainable concrete mixes, in which 60% of the cement was replaced with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), a steel industry waste, were used. The 3D frame was tested in a loading frame until failure. The results include crack pattern, load-deflection behavior, and stiffness of the beam and slab. The ultimate load-carrying capacity of the 3D GFRP frame achieved 102% increase through infilling its sections with GGBS-based concrete, making the GFRP composite system suitable for lightweight industrial structures.

José M. Antezana Gómez   Ana Ayquipa Andia   and María del Pilar Chávez Pacheco   

In the Andean region, clay subgrades with low bearing capacity are common; in San Agustín (Huancayo, Peru), artisanal brick kilns generate eucalyptus ash that is currently discarded. This study evaluates eucalyptus ash from artisanal brick kilns (CEPLA) as a stabilizer for a local clay, quantifying its effects on physical properties, compaction, bearing capacity, and shear strength. Soil–ash mixtures were prepared at 0, 10, 20, and 30% by dry mass and tested for grain-size distribution (sieve analysis), Atterberg limits, modified Proctor—reporting maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC)—California Bearing Ratio (CBR) with 96 h soaking and expansion, and consolidated drained direct shear (DST, CD) to obtain cohesion (c′) and friction angle (φ′). The natural soil was classified as CL under the USCS, with CBR = 3.16% and expansion = 4.8% after soaking; CEPLA was granular with non-plastic fines. Adding ash decreased MDD and increased OMC without changing the USCS class. The 20% mix performed best, with CBR = 9.13% (≈3× the natural value) and expansion = 1.6%, alongside increases in c′ (0.100 → 0.169 kgf/cm²) and φ′ (25.97° → 29.90°). DST served as a mechanical characterization complementary to CBR. The findings provide experimental evidence to valorize a local waste as a soil stabilizer and suggest a preliminary dosage of 20% for low-plasticity clay subgrades in Andean settings. Limitations include the short-term laboratory scope, possible kiln-to-kiln compositional variability, and the lack of chemical characterization, wet–dry durability tests, and field-scale validation. Practically, the CBR gain and swelling reduction are compatible with low-volume roads using conventional compaction adjustments, while the use of CEPLA supports circular-economy objectives, reduces waste, and may lower costs relative to commercial binders.

Hasan Burak Çavka   

Shopping malls are complex architectural typologies. They integrate retail, social, and operational spaces. Their success depends on spatial design and how well design decisions align with long-term operational requirements. There is a growing number of research on retail environments. However, we identified a lack of systematic knowledge that bridges design requirements with the operational expertise of those managing and operating shopping malls. To address this gap, the purpose of this study is to identify key shopping mall design requirements from an operational and management perspective through expert interviews. The research uses a qualitative approach. It is based on semi-structured interviews with five senior personnel, who were selected through purposive sampling. The findings are based on a limited sample of industry professionals from a single international real estate services provider and reflect practitioner perspectives. The method is used to sufficiently identify recurring themes and patterns relevant to shopping mall design requirements. Thematic analysis of the interview data revealed a number of critical requirements, such as the importance of adaptable spatial configurations, circulation efficiency, sustainability measures, strategies to enhance user experience, tenant mix flexibility, and integration of digital infrastructure. The findings underline the interrelationships between architectural design and performance during operation, and also highlight the need for making early-stage design decisions that are informed by long-term management and operations considerations. The study contributes to the field of commercial architecture by offering a framework that connects professional operational knowledge to architectural practice and academic discussions. Limitations include the relatively small and industry-specific sample size. We suggest broader future studies across diverse geographic and organizational contexts. On the other hand, the research provides practical implications for architects, developers, and operators. It also offers insights that can improve the functionality and sustainability performances of future shopping malls. Socially, the study underlines the role of malls as evolving public spaces. From this perspective, the design choices impact not only economic success but also social interaction and community engagement. The study concludes that shopping mall performance and long-term viability depend on an integrated design approach that aligns spatial organization, tenant mix, circulation efficiency, sustainability measures, and technological integration with operational realities.

Masyiana Arifah Alfia Riza   Ikaputra   and Harry Kurniawan   

Indonesia, the second country in Asia to adopt railway technology, now has stations that are over 100 years old. Before gaining independence, the country was under the rule of the Dutch East Indies government. The railway network was built to meet the urgent need for transporting commodities from inland plantations to ports, with the goal of optimizing financial profits from trade activities. To reach remote areas, a hierarchy of smaller railway stops was created: station, halt, and stopplaats. While stations and halts have been extensively studied, information on stopplaats remains very limited, and many are now endangered. Therefore, this research aims (1) to reveal the operational system of stopplaats through an in-depth historical study, and (2) to identify and reveal the significance of the design principles of stopplaats architecture. This study addresses a gap in railway architecture scholarship that has traditionally focused on the monumentality of large stations by revealing the vital role of stopplaats as supporting infrastructure in rural areas. It identifies stopplaats as a distinct typology operating through on-demand mechanisms and shaped by four key principles: functional simplicity, production efficiency, non-permanent flexibility, and environmental integration. The findings demonstrate that the "temporary" architecture of stopplaats constituted a pragmatic colonial strategy for extending railway networks into remote areas with minimal investment while remaining adaptive. Accordingly, this research broadens railway heritage discourse beyond the preservation of iconic visual objects toward a deeper understanding of the operational systems and architectural values of small-scale facilities.

Sri Hartuti Wahyuningrum   M. Agung Wibowo   and Agung Budi Sardjono   

One form of effort to obtain optimal design results can be carried out through the process of pre-design activity stages through procedures using certain methods that will shape the design results into effective products that are functionally targeted. Adaptive reuse is one of the efforts to accommodate developments in space requirements by utilizing existing buildings for new functions which is also an activity to empower buildings that are no longer in accordance with their functions so that they can be reused with new functions. In order to find out in more detail regarding the application of value engineering, especially in important procedures that can contribute to the adaptive reuse building design process, it is necessary to study the application of the procedure by comparing several value engineering procedures to identify which of them are the most effective in order to achieve design optimization which in turn has an impact on construction cost efficiency. The method used is a comparison of several buildings with case studies, namely, adaptive reuse buildings. This comparison is conducted through a detailed examination of the design, function, and changes. The analysis is carried out in an exploratory manner to get the results of value engineering procedures. This can be used as a guideline in the development of building designs, especially adaptive reuse.

Sura Salem Al Nsour   and Samer Abu Ghazaleh   

Amman's rapid urbanization, driven by population growth and economic expansion, has intensified the development of high-rise buildings to accommodate increasing residential and commercial demands. The critical challenge associated with high-rise construction is the effective management of construction waste, particularly cut-and-fill waste generated in topographically complex areas. This study examines the relationship between topographical variation and cut-and-fill waste management in high-rise developments within the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM), with a focus on the Abdoun area as a case study. A mixed-methods approach that integrates topographical analysis, quantitative data, and stakeholder surveys is used to examine how slope gradients influence the volume of cut-and-fill waste generated during construction. GAM's planning frameworks, such as the Amman Master Plan 2025 (AMP 2025) and the High-Density Mixed-Use (HDMU) strategy, aim to guide urban growth by directing high-rise projects to suitable areas, mainly valleys, to reduce their visual impact. Findings reveal a strong correlation between steeper slopes and increased excavation volumes, leading to higher economic costs and environmental degradation. These results indicate that the current location in Greater Amman, at the bottom of the mountains, is not aligned with minimizing construction waste resulting from excavation. The study also identifies shortcomings in current regulations governing slope-based site selection, contributing to fragmented waste management and increased environmental harm. The modeling framework adopts simplifying assumptions, such as uniform limestone soil conditions and the exclusion of construction sequencing, weather variability, and retaining structures; however, this standardized approach enhances comparability across terrain scenarios and effectively isolates topographical influences on earthwork quantities. The study concludes with recommendations for policymakers, emphasizing the need for context-sensitive land-use planning and better integration of developmental and environmental priorities to achieve sustainable high-rise development.

Made Anggita Wahyudi Linggasani   Gde Bagus Andhika Wicaksana   and Ida Bagus Gede Parama Putra   

Car-free environments have become essential urban strategies for promoting sustainable mobility, environmental quality, and social well-being. Despite their growing implementation, the limited integration between behavioral mapping and community preference analysis continues to constrain the adaptability and inclusivity of public spaces. This study aims to analyze spatial behavior and community preferences within the Car-Free Day (CFD) area to formulate adaptive design strategies that enhance comfort, accessibility, and social cohesion. Employing a mixed-method descriptive–analytical approach, the research combines quantitative surveys with qualitative field observations involving 50 purposively selected participants, including visitors, vendors, and community groups. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, manual behavior mapping, and behavior observation sheets, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic coding to identify movement patterns, behavior zones, and comfort determinants. The findings reveal that shaded and accessible zones exhibit the highest activity density, while user comfort and engagement are primarily influenced by spatial accessibility, environmental quality, and facility adequacy. The study proposes a behavior-based adaptive design model consisting of balanced functional zoning, reinforced pedestrian corridors, and multi-use communal nodes. Theoretically, this research advances the discourse on human-centered adaptive design, and practically, it introduces a replicable manual behavior mapping method that can guide planners and architects in participatory and sustainable public space design.

Riza Suwondo   Made Suangga   and Militia Keintjem   

The construction of buildings and other infrastructure contributes to climate change. Over time, reducing the embodied carbon in structural materials, such as steel, has become a primary target for meeting climate change goals within this sector. Steel column base plate assemblies, which include steel plates, anchor systems, and concrete pedestals, are critical components of load transfer mechanisms; however, they remain quasi-ignored in environmental impact assessments. This study assessed the impact of concrete pedestal compression on the design efficiency and embodied carbon of steel base plate assemblies. Concrete with a compression range of 21–35 MPa was used in the parametric analysis of three typical column sizes: H300, H250, and H200. The AISC Design Guide was used to determine the base plate sizes, whereas the cradle-to-gate approach in BS EN 15978 was used to calculate the embodied carbon. The study results indicated that when the concrete strength was increased from 21 MPa to 28–32 MPa, there was a notable reduction in the base plate areas, ranging from 30-40%, and the associated embodied carbon decreased principally owing to the reduction in carbon-intensive steel. However, beyond 32 MPa concrete, further reductions in plate size are insignificant, whereas the concrete embodies more carbon. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that these trends remained steady despite changes in the carbon factor. Steel continues to be the main contributor to the total embodied carbon. This study provides practical advice for structural engineers. Selecting a concrete strength between 28 and 32 MPa and properly sizing the base plates can significantly improve the design of low-carbon-steel-framed buildings.

I Kadek Pranajaya   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   I Ketut Suda   Yanita Mila Ardiani   I Putu Gede Suyoga   and Ni Made Emmi Nutrisia Dewi   

Restoration of Balinese temples has often been framed either as technical conservation or as ritual practice, resulting in limited integrative accounts of how architecture and interior design reproduce cultural and religious capital. This study addresses that gap by examining the restoration of the Desa and Bale Agung Jero Kuta temple in Batubulan, Gianyar, Bali, a temple central to indigenous governance and ritual life. Adopting a qualitative case study, the research combines participant observation of restoration rituals, documentation of architectural and interior interventions, and 15 semi-structured interviews with custodians, traditional leaders, artisans, and professional architects. Regulatory documents, drawings, and restoration records were also analyzed and coded through an iterative process (open–axial–selective) guided by Bourdieu's concepts of cultural, religious, and symbolic capital. Three key findings emerge. First, restoration regenerates communal memory, social cohesion, and spiritual legitimacy through ritual sequencing, symbolic authorizations, and the active roles of pemangku, sulinggih, and penglingsir. Second, interior spatialities, layouts, ornaments, open spaces, and pelinggih placements materialize Balinese Hindu cosmology (Asta Kosala-Kosali, Tri Mandala, Tri Angga, Tri Hita Karana) and serve as ritual arenas in which cosmological knowledge is embodied and reproduced. Third, restoration operates through hybrid governance that reconciles state regulations, expert assessments, and customary authority, producing outcomes that are technically accountable, culturally resonant, and spiritually legitimate. The novelty of this study lies in positioning temple restoration as an architectural–interior interface for living traditions, where symbolic capital is reproduced beyond material conservation. The findings contribute to Southeast Asian heritage debates by clarifying mechanisms linking ritual authority, interior symbolism, and community participation, while offering policy and design implications for sustainable sacred conservation that integrates technical feasibility with cultural continuity.

Mo'men Ayasrah   Duha J. Al-Olaimat   Ahlam Eshruq Labin   Isra M. Al-Shdafat   and Qiu Ruihan   

The goal of this study is to examine the thermal performance of three building material types in hot-arid regions. As a case study, a typical house in Mafraq city, Jordan, was thermally analyzed. Revit 2023 was used to design the house and to conduct a thermal analysis. Three construction materials for the exterior wall were applied to the house, including a natural stone wall, a concrete block wall, and a double wall (two layers with an insulating material). Thermal analysis was conducted on the house model three times with different external wall materials, in order to compare the energy efficiency of each wall system. The results indicate that the double-wall with an insulating layer is the most energy-efficient of the three wall types. This wall system achieves the lowest cooling and heating demand throughout the year. While the natural stone wall is moderate and the concrete block wall is the lowest, these empirical findings demonstrate the direct impact of wall construction on overall building energy performance. The findings were compared to select the best external wall materials that achieve the lowest energy consumption. Overall, the results show that applying double walls with an insulating layer can significantly reduce electricity consumption and create a comfortable indoor environment compared to stone and block walls, indicating the reasonable implication of passive design strategies in hot-arid regions.

Nathan Ntanda Chilukwa   and Mohamed Mostafa Hassan Mostafa   

This study sought to demonstrate the performance of Nano Modified Emulsion Stabilised Materials (NMESMs) in a typical gravel road pavement structure through numerical modelling and structure analysis. Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on gravel specimens stabilised with Nano Modified Emulsion (NME) to obtain material properties. Two gravel road pavement structures incorporating dry and wet-conditioned NMESMs as the wearing course were implemented in a Finite Element (FE) modelling software, ANSYS, based on a validated pavement structure. The performance of the two structures was analysed based on critical responses to load consisting of a super single of 25 kN and compared to the response of an equivalent unstabilised structure. Results showed improved performance of the gravel road incorporating NMESMs by up to 14% and 28% for strain and deflection, respectively. It was also observed that the gravel road structure with wet-conditioned NMESM performed better than the unstabilised equivalent structure. Sensitivity analyses showed that the improved performance of the gravel road pavement structure makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the wearing course, thus saving on materials and associated costs.

Irianto   Miswar Tumpu   and Hoong-Pin Lee   

The increasing demand for durable, sustainable, and resilient pavement systems—aligned with global objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 9 and SDG 11—has encouraged the use of Modified Buton Asphalt (MBA) in asphalt concrete wearing course (AC-WC) mixtures. This study aims to enhance the mechanical and structural performance of MBA-modified AC-WC by integrating Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for mixture optimization and KENPAVE for evaluating compressive behavior under mechanistic loading. RSM identified the optimal combination of aggregate gradation, asphalt content, and filler proportion, resulting in a mixture with a compressive strength of 1.26 MPa. Laboratory testing further demonstrated a Poisson's ratio of 0.31, an elastic modulus of approximately 850 MPa, and a toughness index of 3.2, indicating a balanced stiffness–ductility performance beneficial for long-lasting pavements. KENPAVE analysis under standard axle loading revealed a maximum vertical tensile strain of 2.3×10^-4 at the bottom of the asphalt layer and a surface deflection of 0.81 mm, both falling within accepted design limits and reflecting adequate resistance to structural distress and rutting. The combined application of RSM and KENPAVE effectively links mix design optimization with structural response assessment, supporting sustainable pavement design practices. These findings confirm that the optimized MBA-modified mixture offers reliable mechanical behavior and load-bearing capacity, contributing to more sustainable and resilient road infrastructure. Future studies are recommended to examine long-term performance, including fatigue life and environmental aging, to support wider implementation in sustainable pavement engineering.

Diego Hidalgo   Roberto Guevara   and Marlon Navarro   

In many intermediate Latin American cities, deficient urban planning, informal construction practices, and the widespread use of vulnerable mid-rise steel structures exacerbate seismic risk and increase recovery challenges after earthquakes. Developing scalable and sustainable retrofitting strategies is therefore essential to improve resilience in these urban contexts. Modular Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW) systems have emerged as a promising alternative, offering high stiffness-to-weight ratios, rapid installation, and the potential for prefabrication and replicability across diverse building typologies. This study evaluates the structural, sustainability, and resilience impacts of implementing SPSW retrofits in representative low-rise and mid-rise residential buildings, as proxies for building stock in intermediate Latin American cities. The research methodology integrates nonlinear static pushover analysis and fragility-based probabilistic assessment, conducted in accordance with ASCE 41-13 guidelines and calibrated through validated numerical models. Performance metrics included interstory drift, total displacement, base shear, and exceedance probabilities for key seismic performance states. Results demonstrate that SPSW retrofitting reduced maximum interstory drifts by over 50% in both low- and mid-rise configurations, and increased base shear capacity by up to 57.7%. Fragility analyses revealed reductions of up to 68% in the likelihood of reaching Collapse Prevention under target displacement demands. These improvements not only enhance structural safety but also minimize downtime, preserve functionality, and support rapid post-earthquake recovery. The proposed SPSW-based retrofitting strategy is modular, replicable, and suitable for widespread implementation in seismic-prone urban environments across Latin America. Its integration into housing retrofitting programs could contribute to regional urban resilience agendas while aligning with global sustainability objectives. Limitations of this study include reliance on numerical simulations and the analysis of a single building typology, highlighting the need for experimental validation and large-scale urban implementation studies.

Olha Harkava   and Andrii Pavlikov   

The precast flat plate frame structural system of buildings is the most effective and demanded for the construction of residential and civil facilities. It requires improving the methods of calculating its carrying capacity to guarantee the reliability and safety of building operation. The article reflects the actual state of methods for determining the carrying capacity of reinforced concrete columns in a flat plate frame structural system and suggests directions for their improvement. It is demonstrated using finite element modeling of the spatial frame operation that its columns undergo biaxial bending. The problem of defining the calculated ultimate values of fiber concrete strain in the biaxially bent reinforced concrete elements is solved. These are the important values in calculating the carrying capacity of columns. The strength criterion for biaxially bent reinforced concrete columns is proposed, provided the reinforcement operates in the elastic stage. The diagram of the design values of the ultimate fiber strain of concrete in biaxially bent columns is constructed based on the formulated criterion. The diagram allows designing concrete structures with optimal reinforcement. For practical implementation, an approach has been proposed to evaluate the carrying capacity of reinforced concrete columns using the determined strain parameters. The application of the developed method is illustrated by an example.

Nikolla Vesho   Llazar Kumaraku   and Blerim Nika   

In the age of globalization and growing cultural competition among urban centers, architectural and artistic works play a pivotal role in defining the identity and values of local contexts. While a work of art operates passively, requiring neither a specific function nor a structural framework, architecture must maintain its structural, functional, and formal integrity to remain active and transmittable as cultural value. This article explores the preservation of architectural integrity in contemporary times through the case study of St. Nicholas Church in Perondi–Berat (Albania), a Byzantine-era structure built with bearing masonry. The research aims to examine strategic interventions in historic masonry architecture that preserve the original appearance and authenticity, both materially and historically. Grounded in Cesare Brandi's theory of critical-conservative restoration, elaborated in his seminal work "Teoria del Restauro", as well as engineering literature on the restoration of linear masonry frameworks and point-supported column structures, the central research question addressed is: What are the structural interventions that effectively enhance the static stability of historic architectural works without altering their visual and cultural identity? The article presents a detailed static analysis of the current condition of the structure, simulations of various restoration techniques aligned with critical-conservative principles, and final intervention proposals tailored to the specific case. By adopting an analytical and respectful approach to heritage conservation, the article proposes a series of minimally invasive strategies that support both structural resilience and long-term cultural transmission. Ultimately, the work contributes to the broader discourse on the role of architecture as a cultural value in an era marked by global uncertainty and calls for local and historical rootedness.

Ali Alqatawna   

Urban traffic noise is an escalating environmental and public health concern in Amman, Jordan, where population growth and increased vehicle density have amplified acoustic stress. This study presents an integrated evaluation of traffic noise across 26 urban sites, combining residents' perceptions with deep learning-based predictive modeling. A structured survey was conducted with 438 residents, collecting data on perceived noise intensity, annoyance levels, health and behavioral impacts, and environmental awareness. The study pursued three main objectives: (a) to measure the severity of noise annoyance across different activities and environments, (b) to develop models predicting noise and annoyance levels, and (c) to identify priority zones for mitigation. Findings revealed that 48.2% of respondents considered traffic noise to be "loud" or "very loud," and 67.4% experienced frequent annoyance during sensitive activities, such as rest, sleep, and conversation. In contrast, only 39.6% reported disruption during passive tasks like eating or watching television. The developed deep learning models showed strong performance, with R² values exceeding 0.93, highlighting the reliability of predictions. Notably, the most influential factors were perceptual and behavioral rather than purely acoustic, such as environmental concern and work-related annoyance. Spatial analysis identified 22 of the 26 locations (84.6%) as medium-priority areas requiring targeted intervention. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating human perception with artificial intelligence for traffic noise assessment. Effective mitigation strategies should combine real-time monitoring, urban planning reform, green infrastructure, and smart mobility to create healthier, more sustainable urban environments in Jordan.

Mohamed Faisal Al-Kazee   Racha Ramhamdani   and Islam Mostafa Sallam   

The interior office areas enhance the productivity, well-being and efficiency of employees. The paper will provide different architectural solutions to office interior design based on the literature review and the current case studies. In addition, it discusses the role of the architect in providing solutions to office interior design, in terms of job descriptions and the design processes that guide the study throughout. The study also examines the key principles and guidelines of office space allocation, as well as suggested design solutions. The main considerations are spatial planning, ergonomics, sustainability and integration of technology that constitute flexible work environments. Further, the paper brings out the conceptual and creative thinking of the architect in coming up with an interior design study of these office settings and the examples used to bring out the architectural techniques and strategies of the innovative ideas. It is also responsive to the current challenges, including intelligent design, versatile workspaces, and hybrid office designs, which are pertinent to the changing work culture. This review is based on theoretical insights and practical applications, which offer an in-depth insight into the best practices in designing functional, aesthetically appealing, and human-friendly office interiors. Finally, the paper will contain the latest case studies that describe the principles and recommendations that architects ought to take into account. The results of this research are useful to architects, interior designers, and business executives who want to improve the office environment, thus increasing the performance and user experience.

Bhandary R. P.   A. Krishnamoorthy   and Rao A. U.   

In the present study, the embankment stability constructed on a consolidating soil is examined using finite element modelling of the soil, which employs the Mohr-Coulomb elasto-plastic model, and optimized by applying a genetic algorithm (GA). The time available for excess pore pressure dissipation while constructing an embankment on a consolidating soil influences soil strength and might generate instability problems. The factor of safety (FOS) varies until the pore pressure is dissipated. In the current work, the FOS of the embankment is determined for three distinct problems at different time slots, starting from the moment of construction and continuing until consolidation is achieved. The finite element analysis evaluates the effective stresses, and GA is utilized to compute the least FOS conforming to the critical slip surface. The evaluation process is carried out at various intervals of time to determine the variation of the embankment's FOS. From the present study, it is possible to determine the FOS of an embankment constructed on layered consolidating soil at different time slots using a combination of the finite element method and GA. Using non-linear analysis, the effect of Poisson's ratio and modulus of elasticity on FOS is presented.

Pranita Pranjale   and Md. Danish   

The imageability refers to how easily people can recognize, remember, and understand a place. In heritage areas, strong imageability helps visitors connect with history and culture. This study focuses on the imageability analysis of the Bibi-ka-Maqbara precinct in Aurangabad to understand how tourists perceive this important historic site and the city around it. The study is based on Kevin Lynch's elements of imageability, namely paths, edges, nodes, landmarks, and districts. A mixed research method was used for the study. Tourist and visitor surveys were conducted using questionnaires and simple mental mapping exercises to understand what elements visitors remember most clearly. Along with this, an expert panel survey involving architects, planners, and heritage experts was carried out to evaluate the importance of different architectural and spatial elements. Various analytical methods, such as ranking, weighted scoring, and comparison analysis, were used to measure the impact of each Lynch element on visitor perception. The study findings show that landmarks have the strongest impact on tourists' minds, with Bibi-ka-Maqbara being the most easily recognized and remembered feature with the architectural-feature salience of 13.20, p of 0.010 and Cramér's V=0.36. The paths and nodes also play an important role, while edges and districts are less clearly perceived due to surrounding urban development. The study also presents a ranking of major historic architectural elements of Aurangabad, helping in better heritage planning and visitor experience improvement.

Shubha Achalli   and Jagadisha H. M.   

This study presents a comparative evaluation of the seismic performance of high-rise residential buildings, focusing on passive control strategies under both near-field and far-field earthquake conditions. Five structural configurations are developed using finite element software ETABS. A baseline model with a Moment Resisting Frame and Shear Wall (MRFSW), a full Shear Wall (SW) system common in Mivan-type construction, MRFSW with Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVD), MRFSW with Lead Rubber Bearings (LRB), and a hybrid setup incorporating both FVD and LRB (FVD+LRB) are considered. Seismic analyses were performed using both Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) and Time History Analysis (THA) using actual ground motion records. Response parameters, such as time period, storey displacement, storey drift, base shear, joint displacement, and joint acceleration, are evaluated. The findings indicate that shear wall configuration enhances the stiffness of structures, resulting in higher seismic force demands. FVDs proved more effective for short-duration, high-frequency near-field events, whereas LRBs were better suited to long-duration far-field motions by shifting the structure's natural period. LRB systems increased the time period to 3.8 seconds, effectively reducing seismic demand. Under far-field earthquakes, LRBs reduced displacements and drifts by up to 36.2%, while FVDs were more effective in near-field with rapid energy dissipation. Base shear dropped by up to 43% and 23% using LRB and FVD, respectively. Among all, the combined FVD+LRB system exhibited the most efficient response reduction, benefiting from both energy dissipation and isolation mechanisms. The results highlight the potential of integrating passive control systems to enhance the earthquake resistance of residential buildings significantly.

Anuoluwapo Sola Kolade   Bolanle Deborah Ikotun   and Damilola Oyewumi Oyejobi   

Sodium silicate is a primary activator in geopolymerization and is commercially produced through high-temperature and energy-intensive processes that contribute substantially to cost and environmental impact. This study presents a sustainable alternative by synthesizing sodium silicate from waste glass powder, aligning with circular economy principles. The novelty of this work lies in systematically evaluating how fusion temperature (500–650℃) and duration (2–3 hours) affect the phase structure, solubility and reactivity of waste glass-derived sodium silicate, and in directly benchmarking its performance against commercial sodium silicate in geopolymer mortars—an aspect rarely addressed in previous studies. The synthesized sodium silicates were characterized using pH measurement, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. They were combined with sodium hydroxide to activate binary geopolymer mortars containing fly ash and slag. Mortars were thermally cured at 80℃ for 24 hours, followed by ambient curing and tested for compressive and flexural strength at 7 and 28 days. Fusion at 500℃ for 3 hours produced predominantly amorphous and highly soluble sodium silicate, yielding 28-day compressive and flexural strengths of 35.32 MPa and 7.38 MPa, respectively. Higher fusion temperatures increased crystallinity, which reduced solubility, reactivity, and strength. While waste-derived sodium silicate achieved approximately 25% lower compressive strength than commercial sodium silicate, it enhanced flexural strength by up to 26%. These findings demonstrate that optimizing fusion conditions enables waste glass to be valorized into an effective, eco-friendly activator, suitable for sustainable non-structural and semi-structural applications in geopolymer binder systems.

Manjula K.   Jyothi D. N.   Mahendra Kumar H. M.   Tanu H.M.   Rashmi H. R.   and Prasad Pujar   

The present investigation is undertaken with the intent to utilize Taguchi method of structured empirical approach with an L16 orthogonal array to optimize the strength and fresh concrete qualities by combining different ratios of steel slag and metakaolin. Concrete's mechanical integrity can be considerably increased by adding mineral additions like fly ash and silica fume, according to earlier studies. In an effort to create cement formulations that are more sustainable, increased attention is being paid to using waste-derived materials and post-industrial outputs as reinforcing agents. To augment the overall engineering characteristics of concrete, metakaolin and steel slag are utilized in this work as partial substitutes for cement and M-sand, respectively. By using steel slag in place of fine aggregate and metakaolin in place of cement, the main objective is to forecast and improve the unique qualities of concrete. Cementitious material to water ratios (w/cm) at 0.36, 0.38, 0.40, and 0.42; metakaolin to cementitious material ratios (M/cm) at 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%; and steel slag to fine aggregate ratios (SS/FA) at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, are the control factors. After seven and twenty-eight days, the concrete's fresh and hardened qualities were assessed. Results demonstrate that metakaolin, when utilized as a cementitious substitute, contributes to a notable enhancement of up to 10% in the compressive strength at 28 days. Moreover, steel slag sand greatly increases split tensile strength at this level while making a little contribution to compressive strength up to 30% replacement. Comparing the outcomes with a control mix showed how these substitutions could enhance the performance of the concrete.

Mehmet Akif Yıldız   

Double skin façades (DSF) are widely preferred in contemporary architecture due to their advantages, such as natural ventilation and maximum daylight utilization in sustainable building design. However, vertical gaps, characteristic features of these systems, pose significant risks regarding fire safety and can accelerate the vertical spread of fire along the façade. The strong stack effect in vertical gaps during a fire can increase the air movement and cause uneven and turbulent spread of smoke and hot gases in the gap and surrounding areas. This study aims to investigate the effects of natural ventilation-based design parameters on fire behavior by analyzing the relationship between the geometric and natural ventilation configuration of the DSF interior gap and fire development with numerical models and statistical methods. In this context, a total of 400 scenarios, including different gap widths, heights, window areas, and air inlet-exit openings, were modeled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based fire simulations. The 400 simulations were systematically constructed to cover a wide range of natural ventilation design parameter combinations, enabling robust statistical analysis through regression modeling to quantify their influence on fire development. Multivariate regression analysis was used to quantitatively determine the effect levels of design parameters on the dependent variables of heat flow, heat release rate, fire room temperature, and velocity obtained from the simulations. The results of the analyses revealed that gap width and window area have a high degree of influence on fire development. An increase in gap width leads to a higher heat release rate (HRR) but reduces flame and smoke density and air velocity in the gap, which can delay vertical fire spread. In contrast, increasing window area decreases the fire room temperature, smoke and flame concentration, and airflow velocity, contributing to better containment during the early fire stages. These findings provide important guidance for optimizing fire safety in the early design phase of DSF systems.

Olatunde D. Babalola   and Oluwatomisin M. Osisami   

Coworking hubs are increasing in popularity as alternatives to traditional offices for users looking for better remote work environments for increased productivity. This study evaluated the evaluation of Sustainable Design Strategies (SDS) in three coworking hubs in Eti-Osa Local Government Area, Lagos State: Workstation, Impact Hub Lagos, and AfricaWorks Lagos. Guided by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) framework, the study employed a comparative case study methodology, using structured on-site observations and a five-point Likert scale to assess seven key sustainability categories, including energy efficiency, water conservation, indoor environmental quality, and innovation in design. Findings reveal that while all hubs demonstrated moderate to low levels of sustainability integration, performance varied significantly across categories. Workstation had the highest sustainability adoption (64.43/110), excelling in energy efficiency and innovation. Impact Hub had a score of (56.91/110), with strong indoor environmental quality. AfricaWorks had the lowest score (43.76/110), indicating insufficient evaluation of critical strategies. The study recommends adopting more holistic and context-sensitive strategies, such as renewable energy systems, improved water management, and biophilic design, to elevate the sustainability performance of coworking hubs. These findings offer valuable guidance for designers, policymakers, and operators committed to advancing sustainable workspaces in urban Nigeria.

Ni Made Mitha Mahastuti   I Made Adhika   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   and I Nyoman Susanta   

This study examines the transformation of the function and architectural form of Bale Banjar in Kuta District, Bali, in response to tourism pressures, globalization of modern values, and policy interventions that have not fully considered cultural and community fingerprint. Bale Banjar, which initially served as a sacred and social space for indigenous communities, is now undergoing a significant transformation into an economic and administrative hub, featuring shops, cooperative offices, and other commercial spaces. In terms of form, there has been a change from an open structure made of local materials to a modern multi-storey building with industrial materials, which tends to ignore the aesthetic and symbolic value of traditional Balinese architecture. This research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing field observations, visual documentation, and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. The findings indicate that this transformation is driven by four primary factors: changes in the lifestyles of the younger generation, the community's economic needs, government policies that lack local architectural guidelines, and the introduction of modern values through globalization. Based on this analysis, this study formulated a conceptual model for the transformation of the function and form relationship of Bale Banjar that is integrative, covering five main pillars: (1) adaptive functional-spatial, (2) integration of local values, such as Tri Hita Karana and Sanga Mandala, (3) material and technological innovation, (4) community participation, and (5) management based on customary regulations. This model is expected to serve as a guideline for the preservation, revitalization, and design of Bale Banjar, which is contextual, adaptive, and rooted in local cultural values, amidst the increasingly complex pressures of modernity.

Inna Ostapenko   Aray Saibulatova   and Alexandr Bryantsev   

The development of the concept of prefabricated low-rise housing adapted to the conditions of Kazakhstan is of particular relevance in the context of specific climatic and geographical features of the region, such as high seismic activity, sharp temperature fluctuations, and the need for rapid deployment of residential facilities in emergency situations. The purpose of this study was to create an architectural and design concept of prefabricated housing with a focus on innovative structural solutions that meet modern requirements for energy efficiency, earthquake resistance and mobility. The study developed and tested three experimental variants of architectural models: block-modular system, containerised assembly, and transformable design. These schemes were chosen due to their prominent degree of industrialisation, the possibility of rapid assembly, and adaptation to the natural and climatic conditions of Kazakhstan. Each model was analysed in detail in terms of speed of assembly, energy efficiency, resistance to seismic loads, and economic feasibility. The findings revealed that the block-modular system demonstrated the best balance between adaptability, energy efficiency, and scalability, making it the most suitable for permanent housing. The containerised system was found to be the most suitable for use in remote areas due to its factory-ready and compact nature, while the transformable design provided high flexibility, making it ideal for temporary and seasonal solutions. The developed architectural model demonstrated high energy efficiency and seismic resistance, as evidenced by heat loss and seismic load calculations, as well as its ability to be used in extreme climatic changes. The seismic resistance of the model was evaluated considering seismic loads of magnitudes 8-9, which confirmed its ability to withstand considerable deformations and stresses. These findings make the proposed concept suitable for mass application in Kazakhstan, both for permanent housing and for emergency deployment of residential facilities.

Jamil Youssef   Kouddane Bouchra   Baghazi Larbi   Baghdad Bouamar   Fallahi Azzeddine   and Jamil Zakariae   

Earthen construction, which has been used for a long time and involves many different methods, is currently re-emerging as a promising solution for revitalizing the building sector. In the Marrakech region (Morocco), the Toub or adobe technique remains a key component of the vernacular heritage and contributes to indoor thermal comfort. However, the long-term durability and mechanical performance of existing adobe structures are still not sufficiently documented. This study aims to provide an integrated characterization of earthen bricks taken from a traditional load-bearing building in the Marrakech region (Morocco), in order to assess their mechanical behavior, durability potential, and implications for sustainable construction and indoor comfort. The methodology combines in-situ sampling of adobe bricks from vertical load-bearing walls with laboratory investigations: macroscopic description, chemical analysis of major oxides, mineralogical characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microstructural observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical tests in compression and three-point bending. The results show a clay-rich and carbonate-rich soil, dominated by clay minerals, quartz and calcite, with an average density of about 1800 kg/m^³. Compressive strengths between 0.98 MPa and 1.19 MPa and flexural strengths between 0.26 MPa and 0.44 MPa place the studied adobe within the typical range reported for traditional earthen constructions, with a relatively ductile post-peak behavior due to the presence of straw fibers. The high calcium content and balanced minerals give good cohesion and strength, while the porous structure helps stabilize indoor comfort; however, the high sulfate content can threaten durability in humid conditions.

Mardewi Jamal   Ika Meicahayanti   Dharwati P. Sari   Agus Maryono   Tamrin   Arno Adi Kuntoro   Budi Haryanto   and Dewari Hardiyanti Apta   

Sepaku District, located in Penajam Paser Utara Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, faces a major challenge in providing clean water due to the limited availability of water sources. One of the alternative solutions that can be offered to overcome this problem is the application of rainwater harvesting technology using the Gama Rain Filter (GRF), designed to improve the quality of rainwater for non-domestic use. This study aims to simulate various scenarios of storage capacity to determine the duration of water availability in the rainwater harvesting installation. PowerSim software was used in this dynamic system modeling to simulate various scenarios of rainwater use. The variables influencing this model included rainfall, building roof area, storage capacity, and daily water consumption. This model considered three different scenarios of storage capacity: 1200 L, 2200 L, and 5500 L. This model helped illustrate complex cause-and-effect relationships within the water supply system and helped examine its impact on the efficiency of rainwater harvesting in meeting water demands. The software displayed technical data, water demand calculations, and potential rainwater supply based on historical rainfall data. The results of the simulation showed that rainwater harvesting technology significantly reduces reliance on groundwater sources and pipe water from the regional water utility (Perumdam) if it is effectively designed, properly applied, and well accepted by the community.

Mayur M. S.   Arun Kumar S. R.   Abhilash Kumar K. A.   and Kiran K. Shetty   

Minimizing the seismic-induced dynamic response of high-rise buildings is crucial to prevent excessive lateral movements, high storey drifts, and occupant discomfort. Due to the low inherent damping problem in tall buildings, new vibration control strategies have been implemented in modern tall buildings, and the Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD) has been proven very effective. A swimming pool has a special opportunity to be utilized in recreational and structural ways when it is designed as a TLD in contemporary high-rise construction. Performance of such a system largely depends on placement and water depth, which have to be optimized to maximize the damping efficiency. The present paper focuses on the seismic performance enhancement of a 32-storey mixed-use high-rise building in Bengaluru, India, by incorporating a swimming pool as a functional TLD. With the difference in pool location (edge pool and center pool) and depth (1.2 m and 1.5 m), five structural models were created and analyzed using structural analysis software, with response spectrum analysis (RSA) according to IS 1893:2016. The original model was the most susceptible as it had the highest time period, displacement, and drift with no pool. By adding an edge-positioned pool, lateral displacements were reduced by as much as 44% and storey drifts by up to 32%, but centrally located pools also enhanced performance, albeit to a lesser extent. In all the set-ups, the maximum lateral deflection was between 126 -210 mm, which was within the allowable limits. The results point out that the positioning and sufficient depth of a swimming pool used as a TLD can significantly improve seismic resilience with a twofold usage. This new technology is a cost-efficient, aesthetically unified and structurally advantageous way of enhancing the dynamic stability of tall buildings.

Maher S. Alshammari   

Urban safety is vital for sustainable, livable communities, recognized globally as a human right by UN-Habitat and Sustainable Development Goal 11, which promotes inclusive, safe, and resilient cities. Terrorism, a rising urban threat, targets crowded public spaces like worship places, causing significant casualties, property damage, and trauma. In Saudi Arabia, a strategic Middle Eastern hub and home to Islam's holiest sites, recent terrorist attacks have increasingly struck religious institutions, necessitating innovative countermeasures beyond traditional security. This study investigates urban planning's role in mitigating terrorist risks at Saudi places of worship, addressing a research gap in developing contexts. Using a mixed-methods approach, it combines thematic content analysis of peer-reviewed literature, official reports, and media with geospatial mapping of seven attack sites since 2015, using Google Earth and QGIS. These cases, representing the deadliest incidents, account for 86% of fatalities (61/71) and 88% of injuries (197/223) from such attacks. Findings highlight urban design vulnerabilities—direct vehicular access, multiple entry points, and poor sightlines—that facilitated attacks. The study proposes urban planning guidelines, including limiting access points, creating buffer zones, enhancing visibility, and applying defensible space principles to deter attacks and boost resilience. Practically, the guidelines provide planners with tools to retrofit sites, such as narrowing roads and minimizing entries. Socially, they reduce fear, promote equitable access for women and children, and support tourism and community engagement by mitigating terrorism's impact on inequalities. These measures balance security with livability, fostering safer, inclusive urban environments. This research contributes the first Saudi-specific analysis integrating geospatial tools with counter-terrorism urbanism, offering neighborhood-scale solutions aligned with Saudi Vision 2030's safety goals.

Erkin Boronbaev   Kulyash Alimova   Kamoliddin Holmatov   Nurbubu Zhyrgalbaeva   Nurgul Abdrashitova   Nurzat Abdurasulova   and Kamilya Mukhanova   

The multidisciplinary goal of the scientific research was achieved through the interdependent achievement of building design problems on its seismic-resistance, energy-efficiency, thermal comfort, and sanitary conditions. Practical issues in optimal design of low-rise buildings are solved by proposing joint structures of brick walls with monolithic reinforced concrete columns, tie beams, and foundations. Based on numerical investigations, the cross-sections of these elements are reduced, since the maximum displacements of the building frame's upper points along the X and Y axes under seismic loads are lower than the regulatory limits. The presented isotherms and heat flow intensities on the cross sections of the structural joints made it possible to eliminate the negative effects of thermal bridges and mold growth by installing additional layers of thermal insulation on them. Based on the developed schedules, the optimal width of these additional layers of thermal insulation and the radius of rounding of the inner corner of the outer wall with cement-sand mortar are proposed. The authors' comprehensive solutions enabled savings of 11.3% for concrete and 3.54% for steel reinforcement, as well as a reduction in annual heat consumption of 6.61–8.08% for the studied building, located in six representative cities in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Manal Ikram Hadjar   Mohamed Zaoui   Mohamed Bensoula   and Tahar Kadri   

Traditionally, the planning and design of road infrastructure projects relied on conventional methods. However, with technological advancements, the InfraWorks tool, integrated into BIM, has become essential for planning these projects in a realistic environment. This process begins with the evaluation of multiple route alternatives, comparing them based on technical, environmental, and economic criteria, to select the optimal option. The primary objective of this research is to replace the most flood-prone road section among those connecting the city of Sidi Belattar to RN 90, located on the left bank of the Chellif River in Algeria. To achieve this, the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods VIKOR and TOPSIS are used to evaluate and rank the different options. The analysis is based on MCDM methods, combining two complementary approaches: VIKOR (VIsekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje) and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), to rank the alternatives. The results revealed a general consistency between the two methods, designating the first alternative as the optimal solution to replace the vulnerable section of the existing route. In conclusion, this approach represents a significant advancement thanks to the integration of InfraWorks and MCDM methods, offering an innovative approach to optimize the planning and design of road infrastructure from the early stages of development.

Marisol Luitin-Luna   Maria Teresa Sánchez-Medrano   Alberto Angel Trejo-Franco   Eduardo Arvizu-Sanchez   Edgardo Jonathan Suarez-Dominguez   and Maria Silvia Montalvo-Tello   

This research analyses the thermal performance and sustainability of traditional adobe housing in Tamaulipas, Mexico, focusing on the use of earth and plant fibers as construction materials. The research aims to emphasize the advantages of adobe as an energy-efficient and climate-responsive building method, particularly in rural areas where such techniques remain prevalent. The study was conducted through a combination of literature review and case studies from three representative communities in the region. Thermal measurements and interviews with local experts and residents provided valuable insights into the thermal behavior of adobe and other materials traditionally used in rural housing. The findings indicate that adobe structures excel in maintaining stable indoor temperatures by leveraging their high thermal mass, significantly reducing the need for artificial climate control and energy consumption. This advantage positions adobe as an environmentally sustainable option, particularly in the face of global climate change, where energy efficiency and resilience are becoming increasingly important. In addition to traditional adobe construction, the study also explored the potential integration of bioclimatic design strategies to further enhance the thermal performance and resilience of residential houses in the region. The research suggests that incorporating modern materials and techniques, such as bamboo reinforcement or stabilizing cements, could strengthen the benefits of traditional adobe while promoting local economic development. Ultimately, the study highlights the enduring value of vernacular construction techniques in fostering sustainable housing solutions and calls for further research to optimize the integration of traditional methods with contemporary construction practices for enhanced environmental sustainability and energy efficiency.

Putu Harry Gunawan   Irma Palupi   Ketut Tomy Suhari   Yusuf Muhammad   I Nyoman Giri Putra   Gede Surya Indrawan   I Putu Yogi Darmendra   and Gde Palguna Reganata   

Accurate characterization of the structure of mangrove forests is crucial to understanding their role in coastal protection and ecosystem dynamics. This study evaluates the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for high-resolution, nondestructive measurement of mangrove morphological parameters in the dense forest environment of the TAHURA Ngurah Rai (Benoa), Bali. A Trimble X9 scanner was used to generate 3D point clouds in a 200 × 200 m² area, capturing detailed structural features of Rhizophora mucronata, including stems, canopies, and prop roots. Comparative analysis between 60 measurements of the diameter of the TLS derived from manual stems showed strong agreement, with a coefficient of determination of =0.8523, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.00145, and a nonsignificant paired t-test result (=0.815), confirming the precision and statistical equivalence of the measurements based on TLS. The structural parameters of 30 trees in a representative 10 × 10 m² subdomain were extracted to calculate the volume of vegetation and the frontal area. These inputs were used to estimate drag coefficients (), which yielded a mean value of 0.759, which closely aligns with previously reported reference values (=0.725). The results highlight the reliability of TLS for quantifying vegetation-induced hydraulic resistance and support its integration into hydrodynamic models for the assessment of wave attenuation. TLS-based structural mapping offers significant advantages for scalable and reproducible ecological modeling in mangrove-protected coastal zones.

Abbas S. Toufaily   Rida Nuwayhid   Fadi Moucharrafie   Bechara Nehme   Elias Farah   and Marc A. Rosen   

This study presents the Photovoltaic Hollow Concrete Block (PVHCB), a novel building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system that integrates a thin photovoltaic film within the internal cavity of a standard hollow concrete block. The proposed block configuration consists of an external transparent and/or translucent layer that permits the transmission of incident solar radiation to the embedded photovoltaic element, coupled with a conventional opaque concrete inner layer that preserves the structural and thermal characteristics required for building envelopes. Thermal resistance network models are developed to evaluate heat transfer through the PVHCB, from which U-values are derived for various hollow concrete block geometries and material configurations. To enable location-specific performance assessment, a simple, universally reproducible methodology for generating solar radiation data is adopted, allowing the creation of representative seasonal solar profiles for Beirut, Lebanon. These data are subsequently used to analyze the transient thermal behavior of a south-facing wall constructed from insolated PVHCB units under seasonal operating conditions. Detailed energy balance equations are employed to estimate the temperature distribution within the block and the operational conditions of the photovoltaic film. The results suggest that a 20 m² south-facing PVHCB wall in Beirut could generate between 794 W (39.7 W/m²) and 846 W (42.3 W/m²) of electrical power, depending on seasonal variations and thermal conditions. Although the present investigation is preliminary and does not yet address mechanical performance, economic feasibility, or long-term material durability, the findings demonstrate the PVHCB's potential to function simultaneously as a structural building component and a supplementary on-site power generation system, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable and energy-efficient building envelopes, particularly in detached rural homes.

Menna T. Elekiaby   Mohamed M. Eldabosy   and Mohamed M. Shawky Abou Leila   

Egypt is in the process of implementing the International Agenda 2030. In September 2015, the United Nations adopted this framework and established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved between 2016 and 2030. Among these, priority is given to creating towns and human settlements that are inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. This paper examines various urban form parameters to regulate outdoor thermal and wind comfort in the Bashayer Al-Khair Housing Project, Alexandria. Microclimatic conditions in specific districts were analysed experimentally using ENVI-met 4.0 software. Three neighbourhood geometries (rectangular courtyard, linear, and square courtyard) with different densities were simulated and compared during the summer of 2023. Results show that the square courtyard typology provides the most favourable microclimatic conditions. Increasing the height-to-width (H/W) ratio from 1.5 to 4.5 reduces average air temperature by approximately 3-4 ℃, increases wind speed from 2.25 to 3.83 m/s, and moderately raises relative humidity from 77% to 82%, highlighting the benefits of taller and narrower urban forms for improved ventilation and thermal comfort. The most effective configuration is the square courtyard with a floor area ratio (FAR) of 7.66. Based on these findings, the study explicitly recommends adopting the square courtyard urban form in future housing projects in Egypt, as it enhances outdoor thermal comfort while supporting sustainable urban development goals.

Fariz Hidayat   Agus Dwi Hariyanto   and Jimmy Priatman   

Global warming is increasing, and buildings with glass envelopes are one of its contributing factors. Glass increases visual comfort but can also increase heat gain, which results in increased energy needs. Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 6389:2020 provides energy conservation strategies for building envelopes, including using external shading devices to reduce the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). On the other hand, this strategy can reduce the intensity of natural lighting, thereby increasing the energy needed for artificial lighting. Therefore, optimization is required. This study aimed to evaluate the types and configurations of shading devices that can optimize OTTV and natural lighting performance and to identify how much influence the OTTV variables and natural lighting performance have. The method used was quantitative, with experiments using the Ecotect and Ladybug Tools simulation programs. The results showed that the combination type of external shading device could reduce OTTV to a maximum limit of 16% and maintain the intensity of natural lighting (sDA) within the threshold of 61.8% and free from glare (sGA) by 94.9%. There is a correlation between OTTV and natural lighting performance. The increase in OTTV is directly proportional to the intensity of natural lighting and glare. The highest correlation was found in the vertical type, followed by the horizontal type, and the lowest in the combination.

Ida Bagus Gede Parama Putra   Gde Bagus Andhika Wicaksana   and Made Anggita Wahyudi Linggasani   

Adaptive reuse has become a key strategy in sustainable architecture, enabling the preservation of cultural heritage while revitalizing urban environments. Despite its ecological and economic advantages, most adaptive reuse studies emphasize material and structural performance while overlooking the human experiential dimension. This research proposes a Human-Centered Adaptive Reuse Framework that integrates emotional, perceptual, and cultural factors into the design evaluation process. Using Taman Festival Bali, an abandoned theme park rich in symbolic and spatial value, as a case study, the study applied a Semantic Differential (SD) method with 30 participants to assess three design scenarios: Traditional Balinese, Modern, and Parametric. Eight experiential dimensions were measured: spatial comfort, sensory experience, emotional engagement, cultural meaning, spatial cognition, social interaction, environmental connection, and aesthetic perception. The results reveal a perceptual continuum. The Traditional design scored highest for cultural meaning (M = 6.0) and environmental connection (M = 5.7), emphasizing heritage identity and ecological harmony. The Modern design achieved balanced performance across dimensions (M ≈ 5.0). The Parametric design excelled in emotional engagement (M = 6.1) and aesthetic perception (M = 5.8) but lacked cultural depth. These findings demonstrate that adaptive reuse success depends on technical transformation and affective and symbolic resonance. The proposed framework establishes a replicable approach to integrating human experience, cultural continuity, and design innovation in the sustainable revitalization of heritage architecture.

Taghred Elmasry   Hany Mokhtar   and Mohammad Fahmy   

Improving energy consumption and internal comfort in social housing in Egypt has become an increasing priority for architects and decision-makers as one of the important solutions to the problem of population growth and the government's interest in providing affordable housing for the youth, and in the face of climate change and rising energy demand. This study examines the impact of climate-responsive envelope design modifications on both thermal performance and economic feasibility in social housing models in two distinct Egyptian climatic regions. The selected case studies are from the new fourth-generation cities: Capital Gardens in the New Administrative Capital (a hot-dry region) and Salam East Port Said (a hot-Mediterranean region). Several options were tested to enhance the envelope using modelling tools, including increasing wall thickness, improving thermal mass, and adding insulation layers. Simulations were used to evaluate the improvements in internal thermal comfort. In parallel, an economic analysis was conducted to determine the costs of constructing the envelope and the payback periods based on the expected energy savings. The results show that policymakers, designers, and developers can gain accurate insights by identifying appropriate envelope solutions for each climatic zone and achieving a balance between thermal efficiency and economic feasibility. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion on sustainable design by integrating environmental performance assessment and economic decision-making for social housing in Egypt.

Melly Andriana   Beny OY Marpaung   Achmad Delianur Nasution   and Hilma Tamiami Fachrudin   

Traditional Malay houses represent the cultural identity, social values, and ecological adaptation of coastal communities in eastern Sumatra. However, preservation efforts face significant challenges due to modernization, material degradation, and declining engagement among younger generations. Previous studies have tended to be fragmented, focusing separately on technological, material, or social aspects. This study formulates three main hypotheses: (1) Building Information Modeling (BIM) and AR/VR technologies can accelerate documentation processes and provide more immersive tools for education and public engagement; (2) the use of adaptive materials, such as engineered wood and laminated bamboo, can enhance structural resilience without compromising architectural character; and (3) community participation strengthens the acceptance of conservation strategies grounded in cultural values. The research adopts a mixed-method approach, incorporating physical observations, interviews, BIM modeling, AR/VR integration, and community surveys analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results indicate that immersive technologies (VR and immersive visualization) hold the highest priority weight in conservation efforts (91%), while general digital technologies and the adaptation of spatial patterns and materials serve as supporting factors, based on a high level of expert consensus (87%). In contrast, the authenticity of traditional materials ranks as a lower priority due to material scarcity and high maintenance costs. BIM and AR/VR technologies are proven to enhance documentation accuracy, restoration visualization, and youth engagement, while innovative materials offer more durable alternatives for structural reinforcement. The findings also confirm that conservation success is strongly influenced by community participation and local wisdom. This study concludes that the synergy between digital technologies, material adaptation, and community engagement forms a strategic adaptive framework for the sustainable preservation of Traditional Malay Houses in the digital era. This framework has the potential to serve as a foundation for conservation policy development, heritage digitalization, and the application of adaptive materials in other cultural heritage areas.

Hajar Sadeq   Abdelkader Nasser   and Abdelhamid Kerkour El Miad   

In order to improve its mechanical performance, the incorporation of fibers into concrete is one of the most widely used methods in the construction industry. Depending on the type and proportion of fibers added, the performance of the resulting concrete varies. This article presents an experimental study whose main objective is to propose types of polymer clay fibers based on plasticized PVC. The study compared the mechanical behavior under compression and bending of standard concrete with that of concrete reinforced with plasticized PVC and galvanized steel fibers. Using two mixtures containing 14% and 18% fibers, the compressive and flexural strengths were evaluated at 28 days. The results show that the addition of fibers, particularly plasticized PVC fibers, significantly improves the compressive strength, flexural strength, and ductility of the material. In terms of compressive strength, concrete reinforced with plasticized PVC fibers shows an average increase of 3.7% to 8.7%, depending on the dosage. In terms of flexural strength, the performance is even more remarkable: the time to failure increases by up to 115%, the maximum deflection by 114% to 135%, and the time to the first crack is delayed by more than 100%. These results confirm the positive mechanical contribution of adding plasticized PVC fibers, which represent an effective, economical, and innovative solution for improving the mechanical properties of concrete.

Elvira Danibekova   and Aktorgyn Mannapova   

In the architecture of Kazakhstan, ornament is not just a decorative element but a significant expressive tool that shapes a spatial identity, lending meaning and cultural depth to the architectural environment. The ornamentation is particularly significant in the sacred space of the city of Turkestan, which has become the spiritual and cultural centre of Kazakhstan in accordance with the law on granting special status (2025). The ornamentation contained in the structure of the Azret Sultan Historical and Cultural Reserve, which includes the mausoleum of Khoja Akhmet Yassawi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, acts as a semiotic element that carries spiritual and cultural meanings, not only following the canons of Islamic art, but also organically fitting into the local cultural tradition, forming a unique visual-sacred code that symbolises the identity of the region. The aim of the study is to analyse the results of the transformation and integration of ornamental heritage into the contemporary architectural environment of Turkestan. The following methods were used in this work: qualitative analysis of the visual, plastic and functional features of ornamental forms, comparative assessment of heritage and contemporary reforms, as well as semiotic examination of symbols and signs as a visual-semantic system in the context of Turkestan's cultural identity, and a review of the systematisation of ornaments by Kazakhstani scholars. Research into the reinterpretation of historical and cultural heritage, which ensures continuity and strengthens traditional memory, will determine the significance of contemporary ornamentation in shaping the visual identity of the city of Turkestan and reveal its potential for sustainable development.

Jerry Jake June B. Hayagan   and Gilford B. Estores   

This study optimized the compressive and split tensile strengths of lightweight concrete containing recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). EPS, a non-biodegradable polymer commonly used in packaging, was recycled from computer packaging waste and used as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates. A central composite design with three factors—EPS particle size (12, 16, 19 mm), replacement level (25%, 35%, 45%), and density—was generated using Design Expert (v.11). Ten experimental runs with five replicates each for compressive and split tensile strength were conducted. Results showed that compressive strength decreased from 8.52 MPa for the control (clay balls) to 3.78–5.80 MPa for EPS concretes, while split tensile strength ranged from 1.02–1.42 MPa compared with 1.162 MPa for the control. Replacement level significantly affected both properties, while particle size showed an interaction effect with replacement level for compressive strength. The optimal mix consisted of 13.53 mm EPS at 25% replacement and a density of 1.73 g/cc, achieving 5.80 MPa compressive strength and 1.33 MPa split tensile strength values suitable for non-structural lightweight concrete. These findings demonstrate the potential of recycled EPS for sustainable construction and highlight the effectiveness of RSM in optimizing lightweight concretes.

Simon Kim Hui Law   Norazzlina M.Sa'don   and Abdul Razak Abdul Karim   

Micropiles are widely used in karstic limestone formations due to their ability to penetrate heterogeneous ground and provide reliable foundation support. However, uncertainties in design parameters for tropical karst environments, such as those in the Bau region of Kuching, Sarawak, remain underexplored. This study addresses the gap by validating micropile design assumptions against field performance through a case study of three micropiles installed in karst limestone. The research combines geotechnical site investigations, uniaxial compressive strength tests on rock cores, high-strain dynamic load tests using Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA), static maintained load tests up to 1300 kN, and load-transfer simulations. Results show that unconfined compressive strengths vary erratically with depth (mean 34-46 MPa), reflecting karst heterogeneity. Static tests indicate settlements of about 9.5 mm at 1300 kN, with extrapolated ultimate capacities ranging from 2390 kN to 4686 kN using Chin's method, far exceeding the design value of 1300 kN. PDA estimates (1429-1724 kN) confirm capacities above design, while simulations reveal contributions from soil shaft friction (182-226 kN) and end bearing (63-179 kN), ignored in conservative design. Rock socket friction mobilized lower than expected (140-165 kPa), likely due to epikarst weathering, construction factors, and limited test mobilization. The findings validate conservative design practices but highlight load-sharing mechanisms in karst, including non-negligible soil and base resistance. This study recommends combining dynamic and static tests with simulations for optimized designs, filling local and global knowledge gaps in micropile performance.

Eva Rolia   Muhammad Zikri Mulyadi   Eri Prawati   and Ida Hadijah   

Groundwater has a crucial role because its use is needed in daily life. The existence of groundwater is found at different depths, because it depends on local geological conditions. Although its availability is abundant below the surface, the public needs to obtain information about the existence of groundwater. Analysis of the data from the IP2Win software to determine the type of rock layer that is arranged in the research area refers to the calculation of type resistance. Furthermore, this research inputs the results of IP2Win data processing into the RockWorks software to find out a 3D picture of the distribution of resistivity values, lithology, and aquifer characteristics, as well as groundwater movement patterns at the research point. Judging from the type of constituent rocks in the study area, it can be predicted that the types of aquifers in the study area are free aquifers, semi-depressed aquifers, and depressed aquifers, because they are between impermeable layers. The groundwater in this area is abundant and of high quality. In the research area, there are layers of sand and clayey sand, which are favourable types of aquifers. At 19 geoelectric measurement points, there are three types of soil and rock layers, namely permeable, semi-permeable, and impermeable. The analysis of resistance values identifies three types of layers: permeable layers, which consist of soil layers and sandstones; semi-permeable layers, which include sandy clay and clay sand; and impermeable layers, which are made up of clay rocks and crystalline rocks.

Kadek Putra Santika Narayana   Anak Agung Gede Raka Gunawarman   and Anak Agung Bagus Bayu Anggawirya   

Urban residential compounds in Bali represent culturally structured spaces where ecological functions and symbolic meaning are interwoven. Yet rapid urbanization and increasing land scarcity have disrupted this balance, raising concerns about the adequacy of private green open spaces (PGOS) in supporting environmental performance and cultural continuity. This study investigates the ecological and cultural dimensions of PGOS in Peguyangan, North Denpasar, using field measurements, spatial analysis, and qualitative observation across 52 residential compounds of varying lot sizes. The analysis reveals clear disparities: small (<200 m²) and medium (200–500 m²) compounds provide only 9% and 8.5% green coverage, falling below Denpasar's regulatory benchmark of 10–28%, whereas large compounds (>500 m²) achieve 26.5% green coverage. These quantitative results demonstrate that ecological functions, such as stormwater infiltration, microclimate regulation, and biodiversity support, are significantly stronger in larger lots. Culturally, smaller plots show a contraction of natah courtyards and a shift toward symbolic vegetation concentrated around shrines, reflecting compromises caused by densification. Larger compounds, however, preserve the Tri Mandala spatial balance by maintaining green courtyards and ceremonial plantings. Collectively, these findings indicate a structural imbalance across the urban fabric, with small and medium lots contributing insufficiently to ecological performance, while larger compounds sustain both ecological and cultural roles. The study concludes that integrating ecological standards with culturally informed landscaping is essential for strengthening PGOS contributions to sustainable Balinese urban living.

Wanchai Yodsudjai   Nattapon Piyapong   Woradanai Wichitchaichakorn   Supitchaya Sutthijessadaroj   Sitthinon Kaewsawang   Phattaraphong Ponsorn   and Kirati Nitichote   

The primary objective of this research is to compare the performance of columns filled with Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) and those filled with normal concrete (NC) under controlled axial compressive forces. The experimental program was designed to fabricate specimens of both UHPC- and NC-filled tubes in the laboratory, ensuring consistency in size, steel tube thickness, and curing conditions. Each specimen was subjected to standardized axial loading tests to examine parameters, such as peak load capacity, deformation characteristics, and failure modes. The analytical part of the study focused on developing and validating models that accurately predict the structural response and ultimate strength of these composite columns. Special attention was paid to assessing the influences of steel tube wall thickness on the interaction between the steel and the concrete core, as well as the effectiveness of UHPC in enhancing strength and ductility. UHPC and NC-filled steel tube columns exhibited similar load-deformation behavior up to the maximum load. Nevertheless, UHPC showed a rapid drop in strength after the peak due to lower bonding and confinement effects. Both materials failed in similar modes, showing drum-shape deformation at the ends and shear failure in the middle. Standard concrete-filled tube strength formulas were not reliable for UHPC, and increasing steel tube thickness was less effective for UHPC-filled columns than for those with normal concrete.

Luxi Wang   and Safial Aqbar Zakaria   

This study explores the relationship between Gestalt principles and environmental behavior in interior design, focusing on how spatial perception influences user interaction and emotional response. While Gestalt principles, such as figure-ground, proximity, similarity, continuity, and focal points, are widely applied in design, their direct impact on human behavior in interior spaces remains underexplored. This study explores the relationship between Gestalt principles and environmental behavior in interior design, focusing on how spatial perception influences user interaction and emotional response. While Gestalt principles, such as figure-ground, proximity, similarity, continuity, and focal points, are widely applied in design, their direct impact on human behavior in interior spaces remains underexplored. This research aims to bridge this gap by investigating how interior designers incorporate Gestalt principles into spatial organization, lighting composition, and visual hierarchy, and how users perceive, navigate, and emotionally respond to these design features within real-world settings, such as hotels, museums, and exhibition halls. A qualitative research design was employed, involving 10 non-participant observation sessions (each lasting approximately 90–120 minutes) across diverse interior environments, including hotel lobbies, museums, art galleries, retail stores, offices, shopping malls, resort receptions, exhibition pavilions, and public libraries. These observations were complemented by semi-structured interviews with six interior designers and four users, enabling triangulation of tangible (observed spatial behaviors) and intangible (reported perceptions and emotions) dimensions of spatial experience. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns in spatial perception, navigation, and emotional response. Data were coded and categorized into key themes to provide insights into the alignment between design intent and user experience. The results indicate that Gestalt principles significantly influence spatial navigation, emotional comfort, and cognitive engagement. Users subconsciously follow visual cues, while designers strategically implement Gestalt principles to create intuitive environments. However, discrepancies emerged between designer intentions and user interpretations, highlighting the role of personal and cultural factors in spatial perception. This study contributes to interior design theory by providing empirical insights into the application of Gestalt principles. The findings offer practical recommendations for architects and designers to enhance user experience through strategic spatial design.

Hilma Tamiami Fachrudin   Mohammad Dolok Lubis   and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan   

Cities encounter urban heat problems that can be felt by residents. The green city concept can be applied through green planning and design. Streetscapes should be designed to provide comfort for pedestrians and consider the good visuals of the city. Good streetscape features can attract pedestrians. Streetscapes serve as places for public mobility and social interaction. Streetscape features designed according to user standards and needs can increase pedestrian activity. This study aims to investigate and analyze the streetscape features on the sidewalk that can improve pedestrian activity. This study uses mixed methods. The qualitative method involved data collection through observation to analyze streetscape features at the research location. The quantitative method involved a questionnaire survey. The research area is divided into two segments based on building characteristics and street views. The research variables are activities and streetscape features consisting of hardscape, softscape, and street furniture. The analysis was conducted descriptively by considering design standards, previous studies, and a questionnaire survey. The research results showed that the sidewalks were damaged, greenery was only arranged on part of the road, and street furniture was incomplete. Activities in the study area, such as street vendors who use part of the sidewalk, need to be rearranged so as not to disturb pedestrians. Streetscape features should be designed according to user needs and comfort. The arrangement of streetscape features must consider pedestrian comfort to enhance pedestrian activity and support the realization of a green city.

Carmencita B. Bibal   Gilford B. Estores   Luis Felipe López   and Nischal P. N. Pradhan   

Sustainable and affordable housing remains a critical challenge in the Philippines, where conventional construction methods contribute to rising environmental impacts, high material costs, and increasing vulnerability to natural hazards. Bamboo, particularly Bambusa blumeana (Kawayan Tinik), offers a locally abundant, renewable, and structurally viable alternative material. This study presents the first experimental assessment of the lateral resistance capacity of panels constructed using Cement-Bamboo Frame Technology (CBFT), an engineered bahareque system designed to support disaster-resilient social housing. Following the ISO 22156:2021 recommendations for light-cement bamboo frames (LCBF), eight CBFT panels with similar configurations are subjected to monotonic and cyclic loadings following the ISO 21581:2010(E) loading protocols per Method II boundary conditions. Mechanical parameters are derived in accordance with ISO/TR 21141:2022, while Kolmogorov–Smirnov test verifies the normality of data per ISO 12122-1:2014 recommendation. CBFT panels demonstrate an average maximum lateral resistance of 24.69 kN across all tests, with approximately 12% higher resistance for cyclic tests than monotonic tests. The characteristic values for the 5th percentile are determined using ISO 12122-6:2017 at 8.5 kN. The commonly observed damage modes include cracking of the top timber plates, foundation connection failures, bracing buckling, and cement plaster cracks. Additionally, splitting of bamboo poles and detachment of the cladding from the frame are due to nail connection withdrawals. Overall, the panels maintained structural integrity, with performance consistent with existing literature on similar construction systems. The findings demonstrate that CBFT panels possess adequate capacity for application in sustainable, low-cost, and hazard-resilient housing. The data gathered from this study contributes to standardization efforts and broader structural application of engineered bamboo construction systems.

Denny Husin   Olga Nauli Komala   and Fermanto Lianto   

This study explores the phenomenon of the Genealogy of Modern Architecture theory as a Millennium architectural discourse, with its central issues on the analysis of iconic modern buildings from 1924 to the 2000s. While the concentration draws global attention towards the new approaches to dissecting the typology of modern interventions, the gap remains on the main agenda to advance genealogy, which includes serving deeper and larger undertakings. The problem lies in the stagnancy of focus on individual buildings and the query of networks' continuance, as the theory was not aimed at presenting origin and lineage, but the feature and signature of starchitects. The research aims to encourage a continuation of genealogy theory by presenting the genomic as an architectural builder, an organic system defined to mirror the genealogy theory. Methodology combines bibliography on typomorphology to present a comparison between genealogy and genomics while stimulating a new framework, allowing for extensive research into collective form, urban fabric, and the city. The steps are: 1) redefinition, 2) comparison, and 3) transformation in constructing genomic theory. Finding discovers a connection between genealogy and genomics to build a theoretical framework and to prompt collaboration between architects and planners to engage a deeper layer of typology and morphology of actual urban fabrics. Novelty is the genomic concept to encourage the utilization of surface and deep structures in typology for futuristic strategies.

Llazar Kumaraku   Armela Reka   Irisa Kalo   and Megi Dajko   

This study investigates the link between urban form and traffic congestion in Tirana, Albania's capital and largest metropolitan area, where residents spend an estimated 50–60 hours per month in traffic. The problem is intensified by rapid urbanization across the Durrës-Tirana-Elbasan-Krujë corridor, which houses nearly half of Albania's population and places immense strain on Tirana's infrastructure. The city's monocentric structure funnels economic and social activity into a single core, creating bottlenecks and overwhelming a road network designed for a much smaller population. Contributing factors include narrow, poorly maintained streets, high car ownership, inefficient public transport, limited parking, and weak traffic management. The study hypothesizes that urban form directly shapes traffic patterns and proposes a shift to a multicentric model, inspired by cities like London and Paris. This would involve developing new urban nodes outside the historic center, connected by a redesigned public transport network. Using traffic modeling software and GIS tools (QGIS), the research simulates various multicentric schemes, analyzes traffic convergence zones, and tests optimal configurations. These interventions aim to redistribute traffic, enhance urban integration, and improve quality of life. Ultimately, the study offers a transferable framework for other monocentric cities, addressing mobility challenges while promoting spatial equity and sustainable urban development.

Rosali Ramos Rojas   Albert Jorddy Valenzuela Inga   Carlos Javie Huamán Albino   Nelfa Estrella Ayuque Almidon   Aron Jhonatan Aliaga Contreras   and Jean Fernando Perez Montesinos   

Accidental torsion in buildings is a relevant structural phenomenon caused by the discrepancy between the center of mass and the center of rigidity, generating undesired rotational responses under seismic loading. This study aims to compare two approaches used in modal response spectrum analysis to address this phenomenon. The first is the conventional quasi-static procedure, which introduces equivalent torsional moments through an artificial five percent eccentricity in plan. The second is the dynamic procedure, which incorporates this eccentricity by directly displacing the center of mass in the structural model. Eight reinforced concrete buildings with different geometric configurations were modeled using ETABS software. Critical structural response variables were evaluated, including inter-story drift, base shear, and the torsional irregularity index. The results showed significant differences between both procedures, with absolute drift variations of up to ±20 %, base shear increases of up to 12.7 %, and torsional amplification reaching 2.2 % under the dynamic approach. This method enabled the activation of rotational modes that the quasi-static analysis cannot capture, thus providing a more realistic representation of the system's dynamic behavior. It is concluded that the dynamic procedure offers relevant technical advantages for the analysis of structures with potential for accidental torsion. Although the study is based on linear elastic models, its findings provide valuable evidence for seismic-resistant design and the evolution of code-based design criteria.

Edi Purwanto   and Wijayanti   

Urban viability is a multidimensional issue that is increasingly important for coastal cities in developing countries facing ecological pressures due to climate change. This study aims to identify the main factors that affect public satisfaction with the feasibility of living in Pekalongan City, Indonesia, which is routinely affected by tidal floods. Using a mixed-method approach, quantitative data were obtained through a survey of 300 respondents and analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and multiple linear regression, while qualitative data were used for triangulation to deepen the understanding of the context and perception of respondents. The results of the EFA identified seven dominant factors that shape public perception, namely the physical condition of flood impacts, governance transparency, community preparedness, public trust in the government, economic instability, and access to public services. The regression analysis showed ten significant variables that contributed to public dissatisfaction, with the physical environment and infrastructure as the main determinants. The triangulation findings show that communities have adapted to tidal flooding as a routine disruption, but still demand improved adaptive infrastructure, transparent governance, and stronger social capacity to build resilient and sustainable coastal cities.

Ni G. A. Diah Ambarwati Kardinal   I Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra   I Made Adhika   and Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   

The concept of the boundary or edge in conventional urban image theory (Kevin Lynch) often restricts it to a static, physical, and linear element. This approach is inadequate for grasping the complexity and dynamism of boundaries in indigenous spatial contexts. This study examines Karang Bengang (KB), a unique spiritual and ecological buffer zone in the customary settlement of Ked Village, Bali, which accommodates both profané and sacred activities. KB is physically defined and separated from the settlement by the Pemangkalan. At this protective gate, the community performs the sacred Nangluk Mrana ceremony to invoke communal safety and well-being. Using a qualitative study (comprising a literature review, observation, and interviews), this research aims to critically challenge the limitations of Lynch's framework and enrich boundary theory with the multidimensional concepts of Spatial Liminality and the Ecological-Ritual Network. The findings indicate that KB functions as more than a visible edge. It operates as: 1) A spiritual threshold, where the Pemangkalan serves as the activation point for Spatial Liminality; 2) A crucial ecological buffer for biodiversity; and 3) A marker of socio-spatial identity reinforced by temporal practices (annual rituals). KB thus functions as a dynamic Ecological-Ritual Network. Theoretically, this study makes a significant contribution by offering KB as a boundary model that challenges the hegemony of Western categories and expands post-colonial spatial discourse. Practically, the findings emphasize the vital importance of integrating these indigenous concepts into contemporary planning to maintain the KB's essential multifunctional character.

Olagunju Omoniyi O.   and Udeze Dumebi R.   

Fire hazard is a threat to lives and property. Field assessments based on national and international fire-safety standards have examined structural fire resistance, compartmentation, egress provisions, signage, corridor dimensions, and emergency-vehicle access, as well as post-occupancy maintenance. This study aims to assess the implementation of passive fire safety measures in three (3) selected churches within Abuja, Nigeria, to identify areas for further improvement. Findings revealed that all facilities feature fire-resistant walls, multiple exits, and wide corridors, indicating a basic commitment to occupant safety. However, none (0) have installed fire doors or smoke-control ducts, and critical elements such as muster points and fire signage are inconsistently provided, as two out of the three (2/3) churches have provided these muster points and two out of three (2/3) have provided fire signage. Compounding these deficiencies, blocked exits, wedged-open doors, and unsealed wall penetrations further undermined the performance of existing passive systems. To strengthen congregant safety and resilience in this type of facility, future church projects should have early integration of passive features, enforce routine third-party safety audits, deliver targeted training for church leadership and contractors, and ensure strict adherence to standards. These measures transform visually impressive worship spaces into safe environments capable of mitigating fire emergencies.

Pio Ranap Tua Naibaho   Aji Prasetyanti   Jonbi   A. R. Indra Tjahjani   Muchamad Rifai   and Daral Suraedi   

In many infrastructure projects, existing subgrade soils often fail to meet engineering standards, particularly silts and clays, which exhibit high swelling potential and low strength. To address these deficiencies, stabilization using cement, coarse aggregates, and chemical additives is necessary. This study investigates the combined effects of cement, coarse aggregate, and chemical additives on the improvement of soil properties, both in laboratory and field applications. The experimental program included California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and swelling tests conducted under soaked and unsoaked conditions at 7 and 28 days. Two types of field trials were implemented: (1) cement and chemical additive combinations applied on a 25 m test section, and (2) extended road applications up to 19 km using varying dosages of cement, chemical additives, and coarse aggregates. The results indicate that cement and chemical additives significantly increased CBR and UCS values while reducing swelling potential. The findings demonstrate that cement combined with chemical additives can effectively replace coarse aggregates as a stabilizer, providing an economical and environmentally friendly solution for expansive soil stabilization.

Anantha N. Kamath   Sandesh Upadhyaya K.   and Prashanth P. N.   

Tall buildings are highly vulnerable to lateral loads such as wind and earthquakes due to their slender geometry and height. To enhance their seismic performance, structural systems like outriggers and belt dresses are widely adopted. Traditionally, outriggers are connected directly to the central core, but recent advancements have explored the use of offset outriggers, which are placed away from the core, offering design flexibility and improving internal space utilization. This study investigates and compares the seismic performance of three structural configurations: A Base model without outriggers, a model with conventional outriggers and a model with offset outriggers combined with belt trusses. The analysis was performed using STAAD.Pro, considering seismic loads as per IS 1893:2019. Key performance indicators such as lateral displacement, story drift, base shear, and overturning moment were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of each configuration. Results show that both outrigger systems significantly improved seismic performance compared to the baseline, with the offset outrigger and belt system achieving the greatest reduction in lateral displacement (up to 35%) and better drift control.

Muhammad Magana Aliyu   and Musa Adamu   

Prompted by the increasing frequency of building collapses in the region, the research assesses the processes of concrete mixing, handling, placement, and curing across 100 active construction sites. This study examines concrete work practices in residential building construction within Kano Metropolis, Nigeria, with a specific focus on compliance with Section 10.3.9.3 of the Nigerian National Building Code (NNBC). Data were collected using structured observational checklists and site photographs. The findings indicate widespread non-compliance with key standards, including batching accuracy (20% compliance), use of approved mix designs (2%), and implementation of quality control testing (2–4%). Although materials such as cement and water generally meet quality specifications, issues such as poor storage conditions, reliance on manual mixing, inadequate compaction, insufficient curing, and lack of proper documentation undermine concrete integrity. These deficiencies are largely attributed to inadequate technical expertise, limited supervision, and weak enforcement of regulatory frameworks. As a result, concrete strength is often compromised, increasing the risk of structural failure. The study emphasizes the need for targeted capacity-building initiatives, stricter regulatory enforcement, and widespread adoption of standardized practices. Key recommendations include mandatory training for site personnel, improved supervisory mechanisms, and the use of certified mix designs to enhance structural performance and safety. Overall, the study contributes to efforts aimed at improving construction quality and promoting sustainable urban development in Kano and comparable urban centres.

Shruthi H. G.   Gopalakrishna V. Gaonkar   Dushyanth V. Babu R.   and Sreekeshava K. S.   

In this experimental investigation, CFRP fabrics are wrapped around RC beams to improve their flexural strength. The wrapped beams are then subjected to a two-point loading process, and the following test results, including ultimate load capacity and flexural strength of the wrapped beams, are compared with those of the control beam. A total of 9 RC beams were used in the investigational work, and the beam dimensions are 200 x 250 x 2000mm. The casting work includes three control beams (CB), three beams wrapped in CFRP fabric in the base (BCFRPFB), and three beams wrapped in CFRP fabric in the base and along the two longer sides of the beams that were outwardly bonded with epoxy resin (BCFRPFBS). Experimental analysis was performed to study the outcome of CFRP fabrics on beams with the flexural strength, ultimate load capacity, stress-strain curves and load-deflection relationship. Results show that the average ultimate load capacity of the beam wrapped with CFRP fabrics on the base & along two longer sides is 94% higher than that of the control beam and 27% higher than that of the beam wrapped with CFRP fabrics on the base of the beam.

Ke Ji   and Boi-Yee Liao   

With the rapid development of urban rail transit, the impact of subway station construction on the structural safety of adjacent pedestrian bridges has garnered significant attention. Existing studies often focus on single aspects like dynamic monitoring or finite element simulation, lacking a comprehensive framework. This study aims to address the gap by proposing an integrated technical framework combining "three-dimensional finite element dynamic simulation – support structure optimization – on-site real-time monitoring." Using the Memorial Hall Station of Metro Line 13 as a case study, a composite support system was designed for specific strata (argillaceous siltstone, fully weathered silty clay), capable of withstanding vertical and horizontal pressures of 113.84 kPa and 78.81 kPa, respectively. A refined 3D finite element model was established using Midas Gen 2022. Results demonstrate that the optimized support system effectively controls deformation: maximum foundation displacements in X, Y, and Z directions were 1.6 mm, 2.5 mm, and 39.6 mm, respectively, and the maximum bending moment change in the steel box girder was ≤14.9 kN·m/m, all within code limits. The "pre-support pipe shed + step-by-step excavation" method limited differential settlement to 2.1 mm, far below the specification limit of 127 mm. On-site monitoring data showed 92% consistency with simulation results. This integrated framework ensures pedestrian bridge safety during subway construction, providing a technical reference for similar urban underground projects near existing structures.

Asem Zairova   Gulnara Abdrassilova   and Laura Aukhadiyeva   

The kiiz üy (yurt) - the traditional portable home of Kazakh nomads, stands as a core symbol of Kazakhstan's cultural identity, embodying centuries-old traditions and the ecological wisdom of the steppe civilisation. Its architecture is not merely a functional spatial solution derived from an ingenious lightweight structure, but also an expression of the aesthetic and symbolic values of the Kazakh worldview. This study reconsiders the yurt as a living architectural archetype that continues to shape the sustainable design culture of twenty-first-century Kazakhstan. It analyses how the spatial logic, material language, and ornamentation of the kiiz üy are reinterpreted in contemporary architecture and interior design, linking vernacular traditions to regional identity and ecological innovation. The originality of this research lies in its focus on recent architectural and artistic practices - including the Contemporary Kazakh Yurt by Nurgissa Architects and the Ancient Futures exhibition - which exemplify how traditional knowledge can be transformed into forward-looking architectural strategies. This perspective, connecting vernacular symbolism with sustainability principles, has not been addressed in previous literature. The findings highlight the continuing relevance of the kiiz üy as a source of adaptive design principles and cultural meaning. They may serve architects and designers seeking to integrate national heritage into modern contexts, thereby reinforcing environmental awareness and a renewed sense of cultural continuity.

Ratna Atika Huwaida   Heriansyah Putra   Erizal   Muhammad Qarinur   and Ernesto Maringan Ramot Silitonga   

The Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation (SCU-CP) method is a bio-mediated soil improvement approach that promotes calcium carbonate precipitation through enzymatic urea hydrolysis. Although this method has shown potential for sustainable soil stabilization, its efficiency is often limited by the non-uniform distribution of calcite, which affects interparticle bonding and the overall improvement in soil strength. This study aims to enhance the performance of the SCU-CP method through the use of natural organic additives, specifically sucrose and skim milk, to improve the homogeneity of calcite precipitation and increase the strength of the treated sandy soil. Experimental investigations were conducted using soybean extract concentrations of 20, 60, and 100 g/L, combined with sucrose and skim milk additions of 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 g/L. Experimental tests, including precipitation, hydrolysis, viscosity, water holding capacity, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS), were conducted to examine the influence of these additives on the grouting characteristics and soil performance. The results showed that the addition of sucrose and skim milk increased the solution viscosity and water retention, which facilitated a more uniform distribution of calcite crystals within the soil matrix. This improvement in calcite uniformity strengthened the interparticle bonding and resulted in a substantial increase in the UCS. The optimum performance was obtained using 6.0 g/L skim milk, resulting in an approximately 90% increase (21.3 kPa) in UCS compared with untreated sand, whereas 6.0 g/L sucrose produced a 49% improvement (18.4 kPa). Overall, the use of natural organic additives improved the microstructural integrity and grouting behavior of the SCU-CP method. These findings provide a reference for improving enzyme-induced soil stabilization techniques and indicate the need for further research on organic content, calcium chloride optimization, and multicycle treatment to support potential field-scale applications.

Yasser Wahyuddin   Dimas Slamet Adi Nugroho   Revinanda Cahyaningrum   and Arwan Putra Wijaya   

Rapid population growth and urban expansion have become critical issues in achieving sustainable spatial planning, particularly in urban fringe areas where uncontrolled settlement development is increasingly prevalent. This research focuses on the Mijen and Ngaliyan Sub-districts in Semarang City, which represent peri-urban zones. The objective of this study is to map the extent and typology of urban sprawl through a spatially explicit approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS analyzed urban sprawl utilizing the ratio of population distribution to built-up area at the subdistrict level in 2015 and 2023. A weighted scoring method was applied using five parameters: population density, building density, network-based distance to the city center, buffer-based highway strip index, and leapfrog development index derived from settlement distribution. The results show that no low-level sprawl classification is present in the identified villages. The medium level includes Ngaliyan, Tambakaji, Kedungpane, Bubakan, and Pesantren. Meanwhile, the high classification includes Jatibarang Village and Bambankerep Village, characterized by rapid, unplanned growth and limited infrastructure connectivity. Additionally, Grid-based spatial analysis was employed to classify sprawl typologies, and ribbon development that emerged as the dominant typology, concentrated along major road corridors. This research offers spatial evidence to support urban development policies and promote more sustainable growth in peri-urban areas of emerging cities.

Zarina Kabzhan   Alexandr Shakhnovich   Tanatkan Abakanov   and Sergey Issayenko   

This study aimed at substantiating the need to develop a unified ontological model in the construction industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Ontology allowed standardizing terminology in relation to concepts, improving data exchange and automating processes in construction. It is suggested to use a Thesaurus containing definitions of key terms in the construction industry as the foundation for developing an ontological model. The methodology provided several stages of ontology development, including defining the general structure, classes and properties, semantic relations between concepts, inference rules and ontology validation. The methodology also included the use of ontological conceptual modelling and natural language processing technologies to extract and systematize the terminology and concepts of the construction industry. The analysis of regulatory documents enabled the identification of key concepts and terms, forming the basis for the Thesaurus. The study employed a hybrid methodology that integrates established ontological engineering principles with advanced artificial intelligence techniques, including natural language processing for automated term extraction and machine learning for identifying semantic relationships. This approach ensured the development of a robust ontological framework specifically tailored to the multilingual context of Kazakhstan's construction industry. The findings demonstrate that the created semantic relations table significantly enhances the standardization of regulatory documentation, improving clarity, eliminating terminological ambiguities, and minimizing errors in data exchange among construction stakeholders.

Jorge Luis Cervantes Zamudio   Elizabeth Jhudith Rojas Paucar   and Vladimir Simón Montoya Torres   

This study addresses the architectural typology and the state of conservation of vernacular architecture in the monumental area of the district of San Jerónimo de Tunan, located in the Peruvian Andes, highlighting its importance as a historical and cultural legacy of the colonial era in the Mantaro Valley. Through this analysis, we seek to make visible the current situation of these heritage buildings, promoting the formulation of restoration and conservation strategies to preserve their architectural and educational value as references of traditional constructive knowledge. In response to the negative effects of modernization and the industrialization of construction processes that have progressively displaced vernacular practices, the research adopts a mixed approach methodology. Non-participant observation sheets were used, designed to record qualitative and quantitative data on vernacular dwellings located in the area delimited by the Urban Development Plan (PDM 2020-2029). This methodological tool made it possible to identify structural, functional, and symbolic elements of the local context, providing useful information both for the technical diagnosis and for training and heritage awareness purposes. The results reveal that most of the buildings present a "Good" state of conservation, which constitutes a favorable opportunity to implement preventive and sustainable conservation actions. However, components with signs of deterioration requiring specialized intervention were also identified. As a complement, a pilot model was developed using the HBIM methodology in the Jr. Huallaga section, integrating digital tools oriented to the documentation, management, and projection of heritage interventions. It is concluded that the use of HBIM is not only effective in technical terms, but also represents a valuable didactic resource for the training of professionals in the fields of architecture, conservation and heritage education.

A. O. Akinola   and F. E. Amadhe   

The implementation of passive design strategies significantly affects user comfort and satisfaction. However, research on the implementation of passive design strategies in academic libraries, particularly in Nigeria, remains limited. Thus, the research paper focuses on passive design strategies and how they affect user comfort in three academic libraries in Delta State, Nigeria: Delta State University (DELSU), Petroleum Training Institute (PTI), and College of Education, Warri. The structured questionnaire was administered to 315 students and staff members with emphasis on natural light, ventilation, flexibility of space, and airflow. The results of the SPSS analysis indicated that window seating comfort (mean = 4.03), spatial flexibility (mean = 3.91), and natural lighting (mean = 3.84) had the highest satisfaction levels, whereas satisfaction with air-condition-free ventilation (mean = 3.15) ranked lowest. Spatial layout, airflow, lighting, and comfort strongly correlated with each other in relation to Spearman correlation (ρ > 0.4, p < 0.01). Spatial flexibility (β = 0.402), sunlight control (β = 0.337), and artificial lighting (β = 0.213) were found to define user comfort most significantly, with 53 percent variance (Adjusted R² = 0.530) using CATREG regressive probability analysis. These findings highlight the role of adaptive layouts, effective daylighting, and hybrid ventilation in increasing user comfort and lead to sustainable library design since they reinforce degrees of flexibility in the building as recommended in the local climate.

Alexis Andrade   José Vercher   Carlos Lerma   Oscar Cevallos   and Tito Castillo   

The cement industry represents one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions worldwide, generating approximately 1 ton of CO₂ for every ton of cement produced. With this environmental challenge, geopolymeric materials have emerged as a sustainable alternative to Portland cement due to their lower carbon footprint and comparable mechanical properties. This study compares the CO₂ emissions associated with type General Use (GU) Portland cement with three alkali-activated geopolymeric matrices formulated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide and mineral additions from Ecuador. The matrices were evaluated based on their chemical composition, activation process, and emission mitigation potential, considering the production phase and partial clinker substitution. The results indicate that although the production cost of the geopolymer is higher, it demonstrates superior durability against acid attacks and can achieve compressive strengths of up to 33.42 MPa. Additionally, it reduces CO₂ emissions by up to 11.8% compared to traditional cement. Mixtures with mineral additions allow optimizing the proportion of alkaline activators, achieving a better balance between technical performance and environmental sustainability. In particular, adding silica fume improves flexural strength in low-alkalinity systems. This study confirms that pumice geopolymers are a viable, low-impact alternative for the construction industry, aligning with global decarbonization goals.

Hammouti Marwane   El Haim Mohamed   Medini Mohammed   Mouaouiya Bensaid   Kaddouri Hicham   and Ahsayen Mohammed   

This study presents a comprehensive implementation of the reduction method coupled with the Finite Element Method for slope stability analysis, using a transparent Python-based framework. While traditional Limit Equilibrium Methods cannot capture actual deformation distributions or progressive failure mechanisms, this work addresses the gap in available transparent numerical tools. The theoretical foundation encompasses rigorous mathematical formulation using triangular elements with Delaunay triangulation and Lax–Milgram convergence analysis. A benchmark slope with 40◦ inclination achieves convergence to a critical factor of safety within 15 iterations using an improved Newton–Raphson algorithm. Validation against Plaxis software shows excellent agreement with displacement patterns differing by less than 5% and identical failure surface locations. Key contributions include the first fully documented reduction FEM implementation in Python, automated mesh generation achieving element quality > 0.8, computational efficiency with analysis completion under 2 minutes, and professional-grade accuracy at zero licensing cost. The framework successfully validated an example of slope configurations, demonstrating versatility and robustness. This establishes a valuable educational platform promoting reproducibility in computational geomechanics while achieving commercial software accuracy. Future extensions include three-dimensional analysis with applications in landslide risk assessment and geotechnical education.

Miswar Tumpu   Mahatma Lanuru   M. Farid Samawi   Moh. Hasbi Assiddiqi   Carter Kandou   Don R. G. Kabo   Herman Tumengkol   Denny B. Pinasang   Fatmawaty Rachim   Andung Yunianta   and Mansyur   

Floods are among the most frequent and damaging natural hazards in Indonesia, particularly in flood-prone subdistricts. This study conducts an index-based spatial assessment of flood hazard and multi-sectoral vulnerability in Momunu Subdistrict, Buol Regency, Central Sulawesi. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), flood hazard mapping reveals that the total flood-prone area covers 3,022.02 hectares, consisting of low (1,674.18 ha), medium (958.05 ha), and high (389.79 ha) hazard classes. The most affected villages include Panimbul (low hazard), Pinamula (medium), and Lamadong I (high hazard), especially in areas with flat topography near river systems. The vulnerability analysis incorporates social, physical, economic, and environmental indicators. Social vulnerability is highest in villages such as Potugu, Pomayagon, and Guamonial. Physical vulnerability is generally low to moderate but increases near rivers and in settlements with non-permanent structures. Economic vulnerability shows significant variation, with the highest index value of 0.565568, indicating substantial exposure to potential economic losses. Environmental vulnerability peaks at an index value of 0.633431, reflecting ecological stress due to land-use changes and diminished protected areas. Furthermore, the exposed population in Momunu Subdistrict is estimated at 8,637 people, including 39 persons with disabilities, 4,461 males, and 4,176 females. Estimated flood-related losses reach IDR 49.063 billion, comprising IDR 49.025 billion in physical damage, IDR 38.32 billion in economic losses, and environmental degradation over 869 hectares. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted flood mitigation strategies and resilience planning based on spatially explicit risk assessments.

K. Vaidyanathan   and G. Yogapriya   

Metro systems are now essential for urban mobility due to the rapid urbanization of the world, but many users still find it difficult to navigate these complex environments. Clear and inclusive wayfinding is not only critical for improving passenger ease of commuting. It is also for certifying security, effectiveness, and reasonable access to public transport. In Chennai, like in other cities where the transit usage has increased rapidly in recent years, user-centered navigation design remains unknown. In order to categorise design limitations and recommend user-centered improvements, this study examines passenger feedback to investigate the wayfinding experience in Chennai Metro stations. The research builds on international frameworks such as Metrolinx (Canada), APTA (USA), and MTC (USA), while positioning results within the local socio-cultural context. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study evaluates overall navigation satisfaction through integrating quantitative survey data with qualitative responses from 88 respondents. The investigation apprehended demographic variations across age, gender, and travel frequency. The open-ended responses delivered understandings into signage clarity, digital tools, and accessibility. The results show serious deficiencies in real-time navigation assistance, digital integration, multilingual signage, and accessibility for people with disabilities. Starting from the mobile apps, interactive kiosks, restroom signage, and multilingual guidance, the need varies by age and gender. These results point to demographic-exact needs that should inform design revisions. The study highlights the need for inclusive design principles by comparing Chennai Metro's current practices to international standards like Metrolinx (Canada), APTA (USA), and MTC (USA). The use of universally recognizable symbols, enhanced station mapping, tactile and Braille signage, and participatory design—which involves passengers in the evaluation of signage—are among the recommendations. By providing scalable methods for improving wayfinding in expanding metropolitan networks, the study adds to the broader conversation on transit accessibility and user experience.

Víctor Peña Dueñas   Janet Yéssica Andía Arias   Rosali Ramos Rojas   Nelfa Estrella Ayuque Almidon   Fernando Anacleto Boza Ccora   Aron Jhonatan Aliaga Contreras   Carlos Javier Huamán Albino   Juan Gabriel Benito Zuñiga   and Luis Gerardo Becerra Infantas   

Extreme temperature fluctuations in the central highlands of Peru cause significant deterioration of conventional asphalt pavements, particularly in high-altitude regions like the Mantaro Valley, impacting transportation safety and economy. This study evaluates the influence of beeswax (Organic Wax, OW) on the performance of Hot Mix Asphalt 85/100 for cold climates. The methodology involved testing conventional and SBS-modified asphalt mixtures with OW concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% at production temperatures of 100℃, 120℃, and 130℃. Performance was assessed using the Marshall, Lottman (indirect tensile strength), and Cantabro (abrasion) tests. The results showed that the optimal performance was achieved with the SBS-modified mixture containing 2% OW and produced at 120℃, which yielded a stability of 18.51 kN, a flow of 3.10 mm, air voids of 5.31%, and an adhesion loss of 8.55%. Furthermore, an OW dosage of at least 1% was found to be necessary to ensure adequate resistance to moisture damage, achieving a Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) of approximately 80%. These findings confirm that modifying asphalt with beeswax enhances the durability and performance of pavements, making them more resilient to the extreme climatic conditions of the Mantaro Valley.

Jorge Luis Poma García   Mary Yoana Chumbe Roman   Emely Vilcapoma Adriano   Augusto Elias García Corzo   and Miguel Ángel Vidal Valladolid   

The focus on energy is becoming a central focus of sustainability of the built environment, where the latest concerns focus on limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. From this perspective, the urban areas are the largest consumers of energy and face the difficult challenge of reducing emissions. In this context, the potential of building envelopes to reduce energy demand is highlighted, as it can incorporate both bioclimatic and energy efficiency (EE) strategies. This work focuses on a design-based research methodology for the design of existing homes and those to be built, applying new energy efficiency standards. This methodology allows for the evaluation of applied construction designs and systems, as well as the assessment of architectural envelope solutions that achieve GHG reduction targets in the construction sector. The research focuses specifically on the potential of bioclimatic housing design with an EE approach. The research methodology is structured in two interactive phases: Phase I: Analysis of residential buildings and Phase II: Prospective scenarios for sustainable construction and GHG emission estimates. The results of the prospective scenarios will allow for the quantification of emissions reductions based on the efficiency of residential buildings in the city of Huancayo-Peru. This is a medium-sized city located in the Andes, at 3,249 meters above sea level, 380 km east of the capital, Lima. The initial results estimate the standard consumption of the residential sector and its equivalent in CO₂ emissions at 150 kWh/m^²/year and 15.05 kg/m^²/year, respectively. These are used to estimate prospective results for the 2050, 2060, and 2070 horizons.

S. M. Amin Mostafavi Mousavi   and Ebru Erdönmez Dinçer   

This study aims to investigate the In-Between space, which can play a fundamental role as an identifying and organizing element and a container for various functions. The semantic and theoretical features of this field, as explained by thinkers, are expanded to open up broader functions and contexts for this space and to increase its conceptual load. A field that provides a suitable and fruitful platform for the imagination to fly and bridge physical structures and social realms together, embodies layers of cultural, ecological, and social meanings. The general goal of this article is to have the physical characteristics of In-Between space thought redefined and manifested, in both theoretical and physical spheres, as well as to establish how In-Between spaces can be recognized in neighborhoods and cities based on the specific identity of neighborhoods and the existing subcultures. An analytical-comparative method, along with a review of successful case studies in the field of In-Between space studies, was utilized in this research, and it is concluded that the objective and tangible manifestation of the In-Between space and its intrinsic features, with the pre-subjectivity of these spaces, can come to fruition in the architectural and material space and be accepted by the audience with all its features through meaningful interaction.

Shaimaa Ahmed Omar Mansour   Alaa Mohamed Shams Eldein Eleshy   and Ahmed El-Tantawy El-Maidawy   

Exposure to PM_2.5 particulate matter associated with heavy traffic poses serious short and long-term threats to human health. While green infrastructure (GI) has been widely demonstrated to improve urban air quality, limited studies have investigated the effect of combined GI configurations on PM_2.5 dispersion in densely populated cities. This study evaluates the impact of different GI configurations on traffic-related PM_2.5 dispersion, and determines the most effective designs in reducing particle concentrations in Egypt's government housing areas. ENVI-met model is used for simulating a government housing area in Katameya, New Cairo as a case study. After validating the model's performance via field measurements, the effect of different individual GI scenarios on PM_2.5 levels was assessed for three simple sectors. Results compared with the base case indicate that at pedestrian level, green walls (GW) with 25% to 75% coverage are effective at reducing PM_2.5 concentrations by 14.2% to 15%; green roofs have a slight impact of 3.7% to 5.5 %; and hedges of 2.7% to 12%. Housing unit design, in terms of its length-to-width ratio and facade profile, impacted airflow, wind speed, and, consequently, particle distribution. While the combined GI model's simulation resulted in a reduction in PM_2.5 concentrations within canyons, at pedestrian height by 5.2% for (green roof + green wall), by 2.1% for (green roof + Trees + Hedges), by 1.9% for (green roof + green wall + Hedges), and by 0.7% for (green roof + Trees) to BC scenario.

Vu Thi Huong Lan   Nguyen Dinh Thi   Dang Viet Long   Nguyen Ngoc Huong   Nguyen Viet Tung   and Nguyen Hoai Thu   

The residential architectural space of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang province is imbued with cultural, social, and spiritual values, contributing significantly to the identity and cohesion of the community. However, this traditional housing type is increasingly being challenged by the impact of urbanization and the implementation of the New Rural Development Program. The structure of the paper is carried out in the following steps: Surveying the current status of traditional Tay houses in Tan Trao commune, Son Duong district, and considering the aspirations of local people for a harmonious living environment between cultural preservation and modern needs. Next, using an integrated approach - including field research, sociological surveys, expert consultations and cultural value analysis - the study identifies both threats to traditional architectural forms and opportunities for sustainable adaptation. Using appropriate data processing methods, to synthesize the aspirations of the community, from which conclusions are drawn with a number of recommendations and directions for improving functionality and resilience through modern materials and technologies. The study emphasizes the need for a balanced approach, respecting cultural heritage while supporting rural development and modernization. On the practical side, the study provides recommendations on design strategies and community participation mechanisms that can be applied in local development programs. On the social side, the study emphasizes the empowerment of ethnic minority communities in shaping their built environment. Although focusing on the Tay people in Tuyen Quang, this study provides insights that can be applied to other ethnic minority groups undergoing similar transitions in the mountainous provinces of Northern Vietnam.

Thi Nguyen Dinh   Bao Tran Quoc   Dung Tran Quang   and Mai Quang Khai   

In the Northwest region of Vietnam, the development of community tourism is currently negatively affecting the housing space of the Thai ethnic group as well as the preservation of traditional indigenous cultural and architectural values because people are renovating and expanding their housing space to provide services and accommodation for tourists. Balancing the preservation of traditional cultural and architectural values and the development of community tourism is one of the important challenges. Therefore, the study focuses on determining the value of traditional architecture, thereby proposing solutions to organize the housing space of the Thai ethnic group in the direction of using traditional architectural values to meet the needs of community tourism development. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the spatial structure characteristics of housing at all three levels, including housing space, housing campus space and public space of the village. Primary and secondary data were collected through field survey methods such as measurement, recording, drawing and photography; the inheritance method; surveying the needs of residents and tourists using the sociological investigation method in the form of questionnaires. Data were also processed with synthesis, statistics, analysis, comparison and contrast methods.

Sandeep G. S.   Arun Kumar Y. M.   Vaibhav Sundareshan   Poornachandra Pandit   and Prashik Sarkate   

Torsional effects, typically induced by asymmetrical mass and stiffness distribution, pose significant challenges to structural integrity during seismic events, leading to catastrophic failure. The present study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the torsional behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) high-rise structures subjected to seismic loading, with a focus on the influence of diverse shear wall resisting systems (Configurations 1 to 4). The study employs advanced finite element modeling to analyze four distinct shear wall configurations through inelastic static and nonlinear time history analyses. Both cracked and uncracked models are considered, incorporating stiffness modifiers as per IS 16700:2023 and P-Δ effects to simulate realistic seismic responses. Key performance indicators such as storey drift, storey displacement, modal behaviour, and torsional displacement are systematically assessed. Configuration 1, characterized by a symmetric and uniformly distributed shear wall layout, consistently demonstrates superior seismic performance. It exhibits reduced fundamental time periods, minimized storey drift and displacement, and a close alignment between the center of mass and center of rigidity, thereby mitigating torsional irregularities in accordance with IS 1893:2016 criteria. Furthermore, the shear wall area in Configuration 1 exceeds the codal minimum requirements, ensuring adequate lateral stiffness and stability. Comparative analysis reveals that configurations with asymmetrical shear wall placement are more susceptible to torsional amplification and dynamic instability. The findings underscore the critical role of strategic shear wall placement in enhancing seismic resilience and structural safety. Design recommendations are provided to optimize shear wall configurations for improved performance in earthquake-prone regions. Future research directions include the study of irregular geometries, nonlinear material behavior, higher mode effects, and soil-structure interaction to further refine seismic design methodologies.

Onurcan Çakır   

Pain hyperacusis is a serious hypersensitivity condition, where patients feel pain because of everyday sounds. As there is no common medical treatment method for this condition for the time being, patients need to protect themselves against noises, which actually would be defined as daily standard sounds by people with normal hearing. This protection has to be mostly spatial due to the very nature of the sound. Users' needs define the architecture and the spaces created. In this paper, a new "silent house" typology is proposed as a functional group of buildings, with an architectural acoustics design guideline. Recommendations for upper-scale decisions, plans, sections, layers, materials and mechanical installations are given as design strategies. The importance of using heavy and layered walls, floating floors, suspended ceilings and flexible connections is stated. Also, a case study of Barbaros House is presented as a silent house example designed for a pain hyperacusis patient, with the conducted acoustic measurements. Reverberation times, background noise levels, outdoor sound pressure levels L_1,2m at a distance of 2 m in front of the facade, sound pressure levels L₂ in the receiver room, and D_ls,2m,nT sound insulation values for 1/3 octave band frequencies are given in the results part. The single-number quantity D_ls,2m,nT,w (C; C_tr) of this house was measured as 54 (-1; -3) dB. Aural diversity and the need for awareness about this topic are mentioned.

Rosdianah Ramli   Janice Lynn Ayog   Ejria Saleh   and Mohammad Radzif Taharin   

Flooding presents significant risks to rural communities, particularly those dependent on eco-tourism. While HEC-RAS 2D hydrodynamic modelling is widely applied in urban and lowland areas, limited research has evaluated its performance in rural, mountainous terrains where infrastructure and flood vulnerability intersect. This study addresses that gap by assessing the suitability of HEC-RAS 2D for simulating a flash flood event in December 2022 in Kampung Melangkap, Sabah, Malaysia. The model integrated river discharge and water level data with high-resolution digital surface models (DSM) generated through drone surveys. Three governing equations available in HEC-RAS - Diffusive Wave (DW), Shallow Water Eulerian-Lagrangian Method (SW-ELM), and Shallow Water Local Inertia Approximation (SW-LIA) - were tested using two computational grid sizes (20 m and 25 m). Model validation was conducted using observed flood depths and interviews with local communities from the most affected areas. The SW-ELM model with a 25 m computational grid produced the most accurate flood depth and extent simulations, with the smallest deviation from observed data. Among the tested configurations, it also balanced accuracy and computational efficiency, making it the most suitable option for flood modelling in the study area. These findings support the use of HEC-RAS 2D as a practical tool for flood risk assessment in rural eco-tourism regions.

Salam AL Kasassbeh   Amani Abdallah Assolie   Dareen Qashmar   and Mai Aljaberi   

The construction industry significantly impacts environmental sustainability through its consumption of natural resources, energy, and generation of waste. In response to rising environmental concerns and regulatory pressures, green building practices have emerged as a strategic solution to promote sustainable development. This study aims to evaluate the influence of four critical green building practices—green building materials, waste management, energy-efficient design, and innovative construction techniques—on the sustainability performance of construction projects in Jordan. Using a quantitative research approach, data were collected from 191 professionals across the Jordanian construction industry through structured questionnaires. To analyze the relationships between these practices and sustainability outcomes, the study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), as well as machine learning techniques, including Random Forest and Gradient Boosting algorithms. The findings reveal that all four factors significantly contribute to enhancing sustainability performance, with energy-efficient design exerting the strongest influence. The Random Forest model demonstrated robust predictive performance, with an R² value of 0.78, indicating high accuracy in estimating sustainability scores. Moreover, the machine learning models allowed for interactive scenario analysis, enabling stakeholders to simulate the impact of each factor under varying implementation conditions. Practical implications of this study include providing policymakers and practitioners with data-driven recommendations for prioritizing sustainability initiatives and optimizing resource allocation. Socially, the research promotes awareness of sustainable construction practices and supports the development of environmentally responsible infrastructure. However, limitations include the focus on a single country context and reliance on self-reported data, which may influence generalizability. Future research should expand the dataset geographically and explore longitudinal impacts of green practices over time. Overall, this study contributes to the growing field of sustainable construction by integrating traditional statistical methods with artificial intelligence to provide a comprehensive evaluation framework.

Ahmed M. El-Sayed   Mustafa Abd El-Hafeez   Marwa Nossier   and Shaimaa R. Nosier   

With growing awareness of the importance of environmental sustainability and the difficulties posed by climate change, there is an urgent need to develop and deploy Zero Energy Residential Buildings (ZERBs) as an innovative approach to minimize energy consumption in the residential sector. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of research on zero energy buildings (ZEBs). This study aims to analyze the academic landscape of Zero Energy Residential Buildings (ZERBs) using bibliometric tools to identify dominant research trends and directions. To reach that goal, the research follows an organized structure that begins with collecting and analyzing studies from the Scopus database for the period from 2014 to 2023, using advanced data analysis tools such as the R package and VOSviewer, to identify prominent trends, determine the most effective strategies, and then identify the ten most scientifically cited research in the field. In addition to identifying the ten most important studies for the year 2023, these studies were analyzed to understand the recent developments in zero energy building (ZEB) technologies. This careful analysis shows that insulating the outer envelope of buildings, which documented 80% of the reviewed studies, is essential for lowering heat loss and improving a building's energy efficiency. It also considers the usage of phase change materials (PCMs), which were cited in 30% of the studies, and the integration of renewable energy sources. These results collectively underscore the necessity of adopting multifaceted approaches to realize practical zero-energy residential buildings.

Joseph Lenin Adama Arroyo   Carlos Javier Huaman Albino   Nelfa Estrella Ayuque Almidon   and Juan Gabriel Benito Zuñiga   

Strong winds can damage tensile structures, affecting their functionality and generating economic losses. In Peru, the knowledge of tensile structures for both static and dynamic design against wind actions is limited since the Peruvian standard E.020 (loads) only provides criteria for static wind design but not for dynamic behavior. Loads provide only static wind design criteria but not the dynamic behavior. For that reason, this research is focused on wind dynamics through wind tunnel as an essential complement to the static analysis and its respective comparison. For this purpose, the tensile steel structure was proposed with models of 2, 4, 6, and 8 frames, and an analysis with fundamental parameters, which are the topography factor, aerodynamic form factor, and dynamic response factor, was performed in the software RFEM 5 and RDWIN. Subsequently, the wind speed and pressure established in the E.020 standard were used for recalculation, and then the loads were assigned to generate the finite element mesh, culminating in the wind tunnel simulation. As a result, the 6- and 8-frame models showed better performance when analyzed statically and by wind tunnel, showing lower variations in displacement, shear resistance and factor of safety, while the 2-frame models were found to be more sensitive to wind pressure and displacement. Finally, it is concluded that the consideration of the number of frames influences the behavior of tensile systems by static analysis and the dynamic effect used in wind tunnel analysis.

Toishiyeva Almagul   Omuraliev Duishobek   Khvan Yelena   Amanbay Alua   Amirov Nurdaulet   Beisen Assylmurat   Khvan Stanislav   Degembaeva Nadira   and Kisselyova Tatyana   

The article examines the issues of creating a comfortable living environment in Astana city, as well as the reasons for the occurrence of serious ecological and social consequences. Large-scale transformations of the town, connected with the transfer of the capital of Kazakhstan from Almaty to Astana in 1997, caused an intensive process of urbanization and territorial expansion of urban territories. In conditions of rapid growth of population, accelerated rate of housing construction, and development densification, the city is faced with an increase in anthropogenic load on the environment. These processes caused spatial-ecological imbalance, manifested in a deficiency of green infrastructure and a high level of transport congestion in residential development. In this work, an attempt is made at a comprehensive analysis of factors influencing the quality of living environment of Astana, and substantiation of principles aimed at ensuring ecological stability. The research methodology combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, including the study and analysis of literary sources, scientific publications, legislative and regulatory documents on the topic, case studies, field surveys, expert and sociological surveys, and the use of a GIS tool to analyze the spatial accessibility of green spaces. Data obtained through a survey of 92 (ninety-two) experts conducted in the spring of 2025 and a survey of 205 (two hundred and five) Astana residents conducted in the fall of the same year allowed us to identify priority aspects in creating a comfortable and sustainable living environment. The following principles were identified during data analysis: the organization of green spaces within walking distance; the implementation of the "car-free courtyard" concept; and the integration of coworking spaces into the system of service elements of the residential environment. The results of the study can be used in the development of architectural and urban planning solutions and the formation of a policy for the sustainable development of the living environment.

Vinh An Le   

The Hue Imperial Palace is widely recognized as a rich and significant source of scientific material for academic research. This paper briefly introduces the proportional relationship between the floor plan and the wooden frame of the Twin-Ridge Beam Buildings (abbreviated as Twin Buildings), alongside their dimensional origins and parametric design principles. Furthermore, this paper examines the methods of column creation, timber shaping, and their proportional relationship, aiming to formulate their design methods. With research methods of the Nguyen Dynasty's historical documents study, surveys of the remaining Twin Buildings' timbers, dimensional analyses, and investigations into traditional design methods, this study identifies a calculation system rooted in ancient mathematics. Specifically, it defines the decimal system corresponding to "One Ten" (applied to 10-unit Twin Buildings) and the duodecimal system corresponding to "One Dozen" (applied to 12-unit Twin Buildings). Accordingly, the proposed Design Formula incorporates key elements such as variables, constants, parameters, and dependent quantities that are clearly defined. The Design Formula ensures uniformity in architectural patterns and forms while offering flexibility in adapting usage functions and building scales. It also enables easy parameter adjustments for determining timber dimensions, simplifies wooden material preparation and cost estimation, and facilitates replication and rehabilitation of heritage buildings.

Melly Lukman   Hasmar Halim   and Zubair Saing   

Flooding caused by levee breaches remains a significant hazard in urban environments, particularly in low-lying regions exposed to intense rainfall and characterized by geomorphological vulnerability. This study assesses the flood risk to Buyang Village, Makassar, in case of a hypothetical levee failure at the Patompo Embankment along the Jeneberang River. Using a Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) hydrograph as input, the simulation was carried out with HEC-RAS 1D unsteady flow modeling, enhanced by high-resolution GPS-based topography, DEM generation, GIS integration, and terrain analysis via TOPAZ. The model incorporated a 300-meter lateral breach with outflow peaking at 86 m^³/s. Results indicate that floodwaters are diverted toward Sambung Jawa and Balang Baru due to natural elevation barriers, leaving the Rusunawa housing site in Buyang Village unaffected under worst-case conditions. Model validation was conducted by comparing simulated pathways with known flood-prone areas, while calibration involved sensitivity testing of Manning's roughness coefficients, breach parameters, and inflow variations. These tests confirmed that the protective influence of terrain—and the resulting safety of Buyang Village—remained consistent across all scenarios. The findings highlight the pivotal role of terrain in flood mitigation and underscore the utility of integrating hydrodynamic simulation with geospatial analysis in urban flood risk assessments. This study offers critical input for disaster risk reduction, urban zoning, and infrastructure planning in flood-prone Indonesian cities.

Maroua Hafi   Nasr-Eddine Chikh   and Salah Eddine Bensebti   

The use of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) jackets as an external technique to strengthen existing reinforced concrete (RC) columns has become increasingly popular in recent years, resulting in very promising results. Existing research, primarily focused on columns fully wrapped with FRP jackets, has demonstrated that FRP strengthening considerably affects both their strength and ductility. However, the current focus has transitioned towards partial confinement, which is more cost-effective as it requires less FRP and adhesive, and is also simple and quick to implement on-site. Using the finite element program ATENA GID 3D, a 3D finite element model of a CFRP partially confined square reinforced concrete column subjected to eccentric loading has been created for this investigation. The numerical models were validated through comparison with the results from a subsequent experimental study. To investigate the effects of confinement configurations, slenderness ratio, strengthening ratio, concrete strength, and load eccentricity on column behavior, parametric research was conducted. The results indicated that an increase in load eccentricity leads to a considerable decrease in the load-bearing capacity of columns, while the mid-height horizontal displacements remain unaffected by eccentricity. The effectiveness of partial confinement decreases as the concrete grade rises. An increase in the slenderness ratio results in a significant reduction in their ultimate load-bearing capacity, accompanied by an enhancement in the lateral ductility of the columns. Concerning the strengthening ratio, an optimal value is found between 3 and 5 confining layers, which helps to minimize material waste and reduce costs. The best performance regarding ultimate load and lateral ductility ratio is attained by both configurations featuring small distributed wraps and a single large central wrap, which also necessitate the least amount of labor cost.

Hind. S. AL-Ramahi   Essam Odah   Mohamed Ahmed F. Mahdy   and Walid Edris   

This study investigates the relationship between interior and architectural design, emphasizing the importance of collaboration in achieving functional, aesthetic, and sustainable spaces. Falling under the descriptive research category, both descriptive and analytical survey methods were used to examine current design practices and the degree of correlation between integration, functionality, and user satisfaction. A review of seven previous studies provided a theoretical foundation, highlighting the interdependence of interior and architectural design across various contexts. These studies addressed disconnections between exterior and interior design, holistic approaches to design implementation, the role of technology in enhancing collaboration, and the cultural dimensions of integration. Case studies of residential, institutional, and cultural projects revealed that integrated design enhances spatial balance, sustainability, and user experience. Survey results from design professionals showed a strong awareness of the value of collaboration between interior designers and architects. Participants emphasized that lack of coordination negatively affects functionality and harmony, underscoring the need for structured, early-stage teamwork. The findings indicate that achieving coherent and sustainable design requires collaborative workflows, client participation, and the use of real-time digital tools. This study contributes to the field by proposing a framework for interdisciplinary collaboration, bridging the persistent gap between architecture and interior design. Practical implications include developing formal guidelines and training programs that foster integration between design disciplines, while social implications relate to enhancing user satisfaction and environmental quality through holistic design practices.

Muhammad Rafani   Tavio   and Francisco Jose De Caso y Basalo   

The use of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars as internal reinforcement in concrete beams has emerged as a viable alternative to conventional steel, particularly in corrosive and aggressive environmental conditions. GFRP offers advantages such as corrosion resistance, low weight, and electromagnetic neutrality. However, its lower modulus of elasticity and linear-elastic behavior result in greater deflection and wider cracks under service loads, raising concerns about serviceability. This study presents a systematic review of experimental, numerical, and analytical research on the deflection behavior of GFRP-reinforced concrete (GFRP-RC) beams. A total of over 20 peer-reviewed studies from 2012 to 2023 were analyzed, focusing on key influencing parameters including reinforcement ratio, span-to-depth ratio, concrete strength, and beam geometry. The performance of current predictive models—especially those from ACI 440.1R-15 and ACI 440.11-22—was evaluated against measured results. The findings show that while existing code models provide practical guidance, they tend to underestimate service-level deflections, particularly in under-reinforced and slender beams. Enhanced analytical methods that incorporate tension stiffening and crack-width-based calculations offer improved accuracy. Limitations of current design provisions and their implications for structural safety and comfort are also discussed. The study contributes to advancing GFRP-RC beam design by identifying key areas for code refinement, including multilayer reinforcement, long-term deformation prediction, and deflection modeling for high-span configurations. Practical implications include safer design solutions for infrastructure in corrosive regions, while research implications suggest the need for broader experimental validation and regional code adaptation. This review supports the development of reliable, serviceable, and sustainable GFRP-RC structures.

Zhanarbek Beristenov   Erlan Baikulakov   Erkin Makashev   Zholdas Baymbetov   Zhanerke Imanbayeva   and Dauren Mukhamejanov   

The present study addresses the pressing challenge of documenting and digitally representing the modern architectural heritage of Almaty—a city undergoing rapid urban transformation. Particular attention is given to Soviet-era modernist architecture, which is currently at risk due to privatization, uncontrolled renovations, and the absence of state regulation. The aim of the study is to develop a conceptual model for the digital reconstruction and popularization of one of Kazakhstan's key modernist architectural landmarks—the Asem House of Everyday Services in Almaty. The methodological design integrates documentary analysis (including scholarly literature, online sources, and an interview with the building's original architect) with strategies for expert and public engagement, encompassing consultations with architects, researchers, and practitioners associated with the Archcode Almaty project. As a result, a theoretical model of comprehensive digital preservation has been developed, incorporating a 3D model of the building, a virtual tour, panoramic interior views, and supplementary textual and audio materials, all integrated into an interactive online platform. This approach not only ensures virtual accessibility but also contributes to heritage conservation, civic engagement, and educational reinterpretation. The principal contribution of the study lies in the creation of a scalable model for the digital representation of modernist architecture, applicable to other urban contexts across Kazakhstan. The research underscores the significance of digital technologies as instruments for sustainable cultural development and for strengthening public awareness of architectural identity. The novelty of the work stems from its integration of architectural analysis, digital modeling, and cultural interpretation within a unified and accessible format. Certain limitations are acknowledged, including dependence on archival sources and the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration. From a practical standpoint, the proposed model holds considerable potential for application within heritage preservation programs, digital tourism initiatives, and architectural education.

Bao Tran Quoc   Dung Vo Thuy   Truong Le Xuan   and Tri Nguyen Manh   

Hoan Kiem Lake and its environs in Hanoi, Vietnam, represent a distinctive urban heritage landscape, embodying significant cultural, historical, architectural, and ecological values. This area additionally functions as a pivotal hub for community engagement and tourism. Nevertheless, escalating urbanization and economic development pressures increasingly threaten the intrinsic values of this space, leading to conflicts between heritage preservation and contemporary developmental imperatives. This research proposes a comprehensive planning-conservation model for the Hoan Kiem Lake area, emphasizing sustainable development. This model integrates modern urban planning principles, indigenous knowledge systems, and robust community participation. The methodological approach combines rigorous document analysis, extensive spatial and socio-cultural surveys, a detailed assessment of heritage functional zoning, and a review of international best practices in heritage conservation. Key findings reveal the primary factors jeopardizing the integrity of this heritage site. Furthermore, the study constructs an integrated theoretical framework that unifies urban planning, architectural and landscape conservation, and sustainable development paradigms. Based on this framework, the proposed planning-conservation model incorporates several critical components: delineated heritage functional zoning, adaptive spatial intervention strategies, multi-stakeholder coordinated management mechanisms, and initiatives to bolster local community involvement. This research offers substantial theoretical and practical contributions to heritage planning in developing urban contexts, particularly in demonstrating adaptive conservation approaches that reconcile economic growth with the preservation of urban cultural identity. The findings are intended to inform future policy development and guide planning and renovation decisions for Hanoi's central district.

Nova Nevila Rodhi   Mochammad Qomaruddin   Ichwan Hadi Saputra   and Ruliana Febrianty   

The aspect of building maintenance is also as important as the planning and implementation process of a construction project, and the maintenance concept must be prepared before the project is completed. However, usually when the construction is completed, the building owner does not carry out maintenance and upkeep according to schedule. One of the causes is limited funds. Maintenance is less noticed due to several factors, namely maintenance activities that are considered not urgent, the maintenance organizational structure that is not prepared, and building managers who consider maintenance to be a technical problem and not related to the purpose of the building's function. The purpose of this study was to develop a budget plan for maintenance on high-rise buildings in Bojonegoro, Indonesia. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach and refers to the Decree of the Minister of Public Works Regulation Number: 24 / PRT / M / 2016 in 2016 and Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results obtained indicate that the largest damage costs are found in architectural components, with a cost of Rp 78,505,230.40 ($4,618 USD). Furthermore, the maintenance costs for structural components amount to Rp 7,769,621.60 ($457 USD), and those for utility components to Rp 19,556,222.00 ($1,150 USD). Thus, the total maintenance cost of high-rise buildings in Bojonegoro, Indonesia, is currently estimated at Rp 105,831,073.00 ($6,225 USD). These data indicate that the majority of the maintenance budget is focused on architectural components.

Rosalia Rachma Rihadiani   Sudaryono Sastrosasmito   and Laretna T. Adhisakti   

This study investigates the transcendental meaning of the Van Lith Complex, a Catholic educational heritage site in Muntilan, Central Java. Conservation practices in the country remain dominated by material indicators, such as physical restoration or tourism output, because the intentional and spiritual dimensions of users were often overlooked. Therefore, this gap was addressed by applying a transcendental phenomenological approach, centred on the disclosure of meaning beyond descriptive accounts. Spatial awareness was analyzed through epoché, horizontalization, eidetic reduction, and noematic synthesis, enabling the identification of essential structures grounded in the lived experiences of clergy, educators, alumni, and residents who actively participated in religious and educational practices. Additionally, the findings resulted in the formulation of Ajrih Asih, a phenomenological construct that united reverential respect (Ajrih) and compassionate service (Asih). This construct showed that heritage space functioned as collective consciousness, continually renewed through rituals, relationships, and intergenerational values. A four-quadrant model was developed to explain how Ajrih Asih dynamically bridged leadership and architecture. Ajrih-Leadership focused on moral authority rooted in Christian faith, while Asih-Architecture celebrated inclusive communal spaces. Both collaboratively ensured continuity of spatial function and spiritual significance across generations. The present analysis contributed to heritage scholarship by connecting Catholic–Javanese experiences with global frameworks such as UNESCO's Historic Urban Landscape, the Nara Document on Authenticity, and resilience theory. Furthermore, Ajrih Asih offered a culturally rooted yet internationally relevant approach to heritage governance, positioning reverence and compassion as moral ideals and practical strategies for sustaining heritage architecture amidst ecological and social challenges.

Anilkumar   K S Sreekeshava   C Bhargavi   and B K Raghu Prasad   

This study aims to evaluate the combined influence of Coal Mine Bottom Ash (CMBA), Copper Slag (CS), Demolition Waste (DW) and Manufactured Sand(M-Sand) on Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) with the objective to enhance the sustainability, mechanical performance and durability characteristics. Six mixes (M1-M6) were designed by varying the proportions of CMBA, CS and DW. Fresh, mechanical, microstructural and durability properties of the mixes were assessed. A 10% increase in workability was observed with 40% CMBA compared to the mix with the absence of CMBA, contributing to better flowability. Mixes with CS exhibited a 5% reduction attributed to CS's angularity and increased specific gravity. The mix with 40% CMBA recorded 22.9%, 27.1%, and 28.4% higher compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength than the initial mix. The mix with 20% CMBA and 20% CS showed closer performance gains of 20-24% confirming the benefit of combined reinforcement. Microstructural Analysis revealed that the mix with 40% CMBA exhibited denser matrices and fewer microcracks whereas the one with 0% CMBA exhibited porous zones and weak interfaces. Water absorption was observed to decrease by 33.8% in a similar manner indicating improved impermeability. Compressive strength retention after acid exposure varied from 81% to 98.11% with the lowest weight loss of 1.4% confirming better chemical resistance. Future work will focus on long-term durability assessments and structural behaviour of reinforced elements under loading conditions. Overall, the results demonstrate that integration of these mineral wastes produces a GPC with superior mechanical strength, reduced permeability and enhanced acid resistance, confirming its suitability for sustainable structural applications.

Frysa Wiriantari   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   Arya Bagus Mahadwijati Wijaatmaja   and I Made Agus Mahendra   

Sin Ming Hui Candra Naya is one of the most significant Chinese heritage buildings in Jakarta, Indonesia, originally built as the residence of the Khouw family, a prominent Chinese-Indonesian lineage during the colonial era. Over time, this heritage structure has undergone substantial changes in form, function, and meaning due to rapid urban development and modernization pressures in Jakarta Chinatown area. This study aims to explore the transformation of Candra Naya’s architecture by focusing on the symbolic values embedded within its evolving spatial expressions. The research employs a qualitative-descriptive method using a symbolic architectural approach, combining architectural ethnography, spatial observation, semiotic analysis, and cultural interpretation. Data collection was conducted through direct site observation, in-depth interviews with heritage experts, community leaders, and local historians, as well as a comprehensive literature review of historical archives, architectural records, and urban policies. The findings reveal that the current architecture of Candra Naya reflects a layered identity—merging traditional Chinese architectural elements such as curved roofs and courtyard configurations with Dutch colonial masonry and tropical adaptations. Symbolically, the building embodies cultural continuity, resilience, and syncretism—representing values of harmony (He), prosperity (Fu), and ancestral reverence. The study also highlights the socio-political significance of the building, as it has shifted from a private mansion to a public cultural icon, reflecting broader changes in urban identity and heritage politics. This research contributes to the growing discourse on heritage architecture in Southeast Asia by offering an interpretive model for understanding the symbolic transformations of hybrid heritage buildings. It emphasizes the need for adaptive reuse and sustainable conservation practices that respect symbolic meanings, while accommodating new functions. The study’s limitations lie in restricted access to certain archival materials and limited participation from descendants of the original family. Nevertheless, the insights generated are valuable for urban planners, conservationists, and cultural scholars concerned with maintaining the identity and legacy of historic architecture in rapidly changing urban contexts.

Ariane T. Lacson   Darren Russel D. Tanay   Pia Abigail P. Torres   and Gilford B. Estores   

The bond strength between Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars and concrete is a critical factor in determining the ability and effectiveness of this alternative reinforced material compared to traditional steel reinforcement in structural applications, especially under static loading conditions. Despite the increasing use of GFRP bars due to their physical property, corrosion resistance, high tensile strength, and lightweight nature, there is a notable lack of research studies addressing their bond behavior with concrete under static loading. This study aims to focus on filling this gap by investigating the bond strength and the factors affecting the bond between GFRP bars and concrete. The study employs pull-out testing that applies gradual increases in loading to know how GFRP bars behave under this testing. It was compared to traditional reinforcement to know if it can be used as an alternative reinforcement in structures that require crucial bond strength. The findings revealed that GFRP bars exhibit lower bond strength than steel, with an observed reduction of about 17.404%. Additionally, an inverse relationship between bar diameter and bond strength was identified. The results provide valuable insights into the performance of GFRP reinforcement, highlighting its benefits and limitations, and supporting its potential use in concrete structures.

Samame Arce Cesar Enrique   Tucto Sernaque Jose Luis   Muñoz Perez Socrates Pedro   Juan Martin Garcia Chumacero   Ana Paula Bernal Izquierdo   Carlos Eduardo Ramos Brast   Luigi Italo Villena Zapata   Miguel Ernesto Rodríguez Núñez   Marlon Robert Cubas Armas   and Esther Teodora Eugenio Pachas   

The study focused on evaluating the behavior of concrete under sulfate attack in coastal or industrial regions, where concrete is exposed to sulfate solutions that may compromise the durability and safety of structures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate how coconut fibers (CF) influence the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of M21 concrete, incorporating an optimal dosage of wood chips (WC). A total of nine mixtures were analyzed, including a reference mixture designed to meet a minimum compressive strength requirement of 210 kg/cm². The study used WC dosages ranging from 5% to 20% and CF dosages ranging from 1% to 8%, replacing the weight of fine aggregate and addition by weight of cement, respectively. Neither material underwent chemical treatment. In the mixture containing 10% WC and 1% CF, workability improved by 33.33%, unit weight increased by 5.46%, and temperature variation was minimal. Mechanical properties also improved at 28 days, with a 5.09% increase in compressive strength, a 16.97% increase in elastic modulus, a 15.02% increase in flexural strength, and an 11.54% increase in tensile strength. The hybrid combination of 10% WC and 1% CF demonstrated additional enhancements, particularly in flexural strength (23.99%) and tensile strength (20.09%). In terms of durability, the hybrid mixture reduced water absorption by 22.95%, while the mixture containing 10% WC and 5% CF exhibited only a minimal variation in sulfate resistance (0.03%). It was concluded that these combinations improve concrete performance; however, they cannot yet be applied to structural elements due to the need for further long-term studies.

Husna Izzati   Dwita Hadi Rahmi   and Syam Rachma Marcillia   

The early development of Bandung was influenced by colonialism. The city's center was established when the Dutch colonial government built the Great Post Road, a distribution and defense route on the island of Java. Due to its linear pattern, this road became a strategic location for the construction of colonial government offices and private businesses. The strong colonial economy led to the creation of buildings with distinctive Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Indisch, and Indo-European styles around the city. After Indonesia's independence, the completeness of the central city corridor infrastructure was important when Bandung was chosen to host the Asian-African Non-Aligned Movement Conference, based on the spirit of nations that had just been freed from colonialism. The objective of this study is to explain how historical corridors maintain their distinctive characteristics and what factors influence their continuity, despite ongoing urban development and the demands of commercialization of tourism. This study uses the urban frontages approach to explain the relationship between building facades and corridors as public spaces. It provides an overview of corridors that remain continuous and represent a synergy between physical characteristics and community activities within them. This study uses qualitative methods with case studies to obtain in-depth research results on historical phenomena and current changes. The study found that the continuity of historic corridors is influenced by architecture and public spaces, through the maintenance of spatial and visual structures. Spatial continuity can be achieved by maintaining the area's morphological structure, consistency in land use, and the rhythm and mass of buildings. Visual continuity, meanwhile, is evident in uniform façade appearance, continuous lines of sight, and vegetation patterns in the corridor. The study also reveals that corridors initially intended for public and formal spaces have developed into public spaces due to their new function as tourist areas.

N. J. Jain   S. Sangita Mishra   and Shrikant Charhate   

Mitigating the risk of catastrophic failures of bridges during the construction stage of precast segmental structures remains a critical challenge for civil engineers across the world. Recent incidents have underscored the vulnerability of these complex bridge structures in their incomplete state where the traditional design checks often seemed deficient. This research addresses those gaps by proposing and demonstrating a robust stress and strain based analysis framework specifically targeting the construction phase of the bridge structure. It utilized an advanced 3D Finite Element Analysis with a high simulation tool called ANSYS to develop a highly detailed 40m long and 25m wide six lane full scale model of a representative precast PSC segmental structure. The core focus is to simulate the realistic application of critical construction stage loadings by meticulously tracking the stress and strain distribution patterns, along with their magnitudes throughout the key structural elements (segments, joints, temporary supports, bearings, etc.) at each simulated erection step. The model aims to identify the potential overstress conditions within the M55 concrete grade structure before they are ready to manifest in the real world scenario. The ANSYS based simulations provided unprecedented insights into the stress behaviour of segmental bridge with a maximum principal stress of 25.3 N/mm² observed near the support segments, and the strain behavior evolves during the inherently unstable construction sequence with the value of strain reaching up to 0.0024, revealing the critical zones susceptible to excessive deformation or cracking. The findings demonstrate that strain based monitoring within a sophisticated 3D FEA approach offers a powerful predictive tool for engineers, whereas the conventional stress or displacement limits provide a more sensitive indicator of structural distress under the unique and often underestimated loads present only during construction.

Bashir Saleh   

The study investigates the mechanical performance of isolated steel–concrete composite joints subjected to both positive and negative bending moments through an advanced finite element modeling approach. The research addresses a critical gap in existing design codes, which often overlook the nonlinear interaction between steel and concrete components in semi-rigid connections. The primary aim is to evaluate the joint behavior under realistic service and extreme loading conditions, offering a validated numerical framework that can support future enhancements in structural design standards. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model was developed using ABAQUS, integrating the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model to capture concrete cracking, steel yielding, and interfacial slip. Experimental data from composite specimens tested in Warsaw University of Technology and replicated at the Libyan Concrete Materials Laboratory were used for calibration and validation. Parametric analyses considered variations in end-plate geometry, bolt arrangements, and column dimensions to assess their influence on joint stiffness, ductility, and load transfer mechanisms. The results demonstrated excellent agreement between experimental and numerical findings, with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.95 for moment–rotation relationships. Among the tested configurations, the CSB7 joint (eight-bolt symmetric extended end plate) exhibited the highest performance, achieving sagging and hogging moments of 144 kNm and 269 kNm, respectively. These results highlight the joint's superior ductility and robustness under nonlinear loading, indicating its suitability for structures exposed to exceptional conditions such as seismic or fire events. The research contributes to the ongoing development of Eurocode-based composite joint design, emphasizing the need for nonlinear performance criteria and predictive modeling tools. While the study was limited by the absence of cyclic and high-temperature testing, its implications extend to safer, more resilient, and sustainable structural systems, promoting optimized connection design and improved global design standards.

Adi Abdullah Al Farei   Nasreen Kauser Dummi Shabbir   Halima Salim Al Bimani   Atheer Khalfan Al Hussaini   Saba Salim Al Sariri   and Mohamed Faisal Al-Kazee   

Student connection to nature in an educational setting plays a vital role in nurturing their minds. This study examines the impact of biophilic design on the University of Nizwa's (UNIZWA) educational campus, located in Oman's arid and hot region. Currently, there is a rise in the student population, and the available biophilic infrastructure is insufficient to support this growing number of students. A connection to human nature is essential for maintaining a healthy balance in students' physiological, psychological, and sociological well-being, which in turn affects their academic performance. The three interconnected elements, Climate, Culture, and Context (3Cs) also influence human behavior; thus, this study explores how these elements shape student behavior. This research employed various methods to investigate challenges, analyze them, and develop design guidelines as strategies. These align with UN-Habitat's 3-30-300 formula and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), contributing to addressing these challenges and providing solutions for educational campuses to foster healthy environments in arid regions. The methodology included in-depth questionnaire surveys, satisfaction level assessments, literature reviews, theories, and best practices that promote health-centric outdoor spaces to boost students' mental and physical well-being. Additionally, simulation-based thermal comfort assessments evaluated the impact of biophilic interventions such as tree canopies, vegetated facades, and green roofs on outdoor and semi-outdoor campus zones. This paper presents a model for a 3Cs-sensitive design framework that enhances student-centered, healthy spaces.

Betty Condori   Jhonel Orihuela   and William Caisahuana   

Soil stabilization is a critical challenge in civil engineering, particularly in regions with fine-grained soils prone to volumetric changes and reduced bearing capacity. In Peru's central highlands, unstable subgrades pose significant risks to infrastructure durability, making the development of sustainable reinforcement techniques essential. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Eucalyptus globulus leaves (EL) as a natural soil stabilizer, considering their availability and potential for improving mechanical properties. Dry and crushed EL, passing through No. 40 and No. 4 sieves, were incorporated into two soil types using an experimental design. Laboratory tests included Atterberg limits—liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), and plasticity index (PI)—as well as unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR), following standardized procedures. For the soil in Saños Chaupi (Sch), the LL increased with 5% EL inclusion. UCS values improved with a 2% EL increment, rising from 1.54 kg/cm² to 4.073 kg/cm². Similarly, CBR resistance increased by 2% and 3% EL, reaching values from 6% to 15.4%. However, both UCS and CBR showed a decline with 5% EL incorporation. Similar trends were observed in Parco (Pa). These findings demonstrate that Eucalyptus globulus leaves can enhance soil strength, particularly at optimal dosages of 2% to 3%. Their application as a natural stabilizer presents an eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods, reducing environmental impact while improving soil performance for construction purposes in the region.

Arta Hoti   Nargiz Zakirova   Daniela Nedeva   Serhii Pavlovskyi   and Maciej Knapik   

The study examines the role of green building technologies in fostering sustainable urban development in Bulgaria amid climate change and urbanisation. Based on theoretical analysis and official Bulgarian and EU regulatory documents, it finds that despite rising interest in eco-friendly approaches, adoption remains limited due to institutional fragmentation, unstable support programmes, and insufficient private sector engagement, which owns 93% of housing stock. Challenges include a lack of long-term financing, changes in renovation programme conditions, and low stakeholder participation. Nevertheless, green technologies show strong potential for reducing energy consumption, mitigating climate risks, and modernising infrastructure. Examples include green roofs, passive heating, water-saving systems, intelligent HVAC, and energy-efficient facades, capable of cutting energy use by 30–50% and CO₂ emissions by up to 40%. EU initiatives, such as the updated Directive on Energy Efficiency of Buildings, promote large-scale renovation by 2033, offering further opportunities. A SWOT analysis indicates that with consistent policy support, social justice considerations, and integrated planning, green technologies could become a cornerstone of sustainable modernisation in transitional economies. The study's significance lies in its theoretical substantiation of the link between construction greening and institutional conditions, highlighting strategic directions for policy, financing, and stakeholder collaboration.

Mayar Ghoniem   Amgad Fahmy   and Tarek M. Kamel   

Enhancing pedestrian thermal comfort in Egypt's hot-arid environments is a growing urban design challenge. This study evaluates the thermal effects of varying surface albedo values (0.12, 0.20, 0.30) in a commercial pedestrian strip in New Cairo, using a hybrid workflow that integrates ENVI-met microclimate simulations, Grasshopper/Ladybug parametric modelling, and field validation. The objective is to assess how reflective material influences surface temperature (Ts), air temperature (Ta), mean radiant temperature (MRT), and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and to determine the role of shading in offsetting potential trade-offs. Findings indicate that increasing albedo reduced Ts by up to 7℃ and Ta at pedestrian height by 1.5℃, confirming the cooling potential of reflective pavements. However, results also showed that higher reflectivity elevated MRT by as much as 6℃, which in turn raised UTCI values beyond 46℃ in unshaded conditions, placing pedestrians in strong to extreme heat-stress categories. When modular canopy shading was introduced, UTCI declined by 5–6.6℃, effectively neutralizing the radiant penalties associated with high albedo and demonstrating that shading interventions are more decisive than material modifications alone. This study contributes to ongoing debates on climate-responsive design in arid cities by highlighting both opportunities and limitations of reflective pavements. While reflective surfaces provide measurable cooling benefits, they must be embedded within layered strategies that include shading and vegetation to ensure pedestrian comfort. Research limitations include the focus on a single urban typology and peak summer conditions, while practical implications emphasize the need for policy frameworks that mandate paired material-shading approaches in public spaces. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for planners and designers seeking to create thermally adaptive, pedestrian-friendly environments in hot-arid contexts.

Janis D'anna Arévalo Torres   Viviana Maribel Arauco Bejarano   Nicolle Abril Parraga Mori   and Juan Elias Otárola Santivañez   

The general objective of this study is to examine the socio-spatial development trajectory of the informal settlement Santa Rosa de Lima de Huancayo, Peru, over 40 years (1985-2025), focusing on unregulated urban development and infrastructure interventions. Adopting a longitudinal case study design with documentary analysis, systematic observation, and household interviews, this study explores four axes of development: social, economic, environmental, and urban-architectural. The analysis reveals extensive and largely unregulated urban expansion, marked by degradation of public open space, an increase in self-constructed residences, and a semi-structured urban landscape. This irregular pattern gradually develops partially structured streets and block configurations. A defining moment occurred with the 2011 opening of the Amazonas Bridge, enhancing connectivity and facilitating local government-led urban densification. Nonetheless, such infrastructure did not fully address ongoing issues such as environmental deterioration, vulnerable land tenure, and limited access to basic services. Its society confronts systemic inequities that have called for large-scale adaptability and resilience. Adaptive resilience in such cases is therefore the measures that residents implement to respond to problems, redesign their space, and incrementally improve their accommodations and common space, while fostering social cohesion. The research contributes to the scarce literature on long-term informal urbanization in mid-sized Andean cities that tend to be neglected in favor of megapolises. While the vast majority of Latin American research resorts to municipal archives, aerial photography, and surveying households, it takes up for the first time a four-decade-longitudinal multi-dimensional approach that sheds light on consolidation processes outside metropolitan areas. Results highlight the significance of the policy on allocative equity of land, participative plans approach, and sustainable services provision, in particular for the socio-environmental context characteristic of mountainous territories. Generalizability is restricted by the fact that data is collected at one point. It is recommended to undertake additional research in order to examine the multi-scalar governance structure, climate vulnerability, and longitudinal assessment to better understand the variables responsible for driving consolidation and resilience in similar informal settlements.

Mona Hassan Soliman   Rabab Salah Mohamed   and Hanan Moanis Abdellatif   

Feng Shui is among the ancient practices that continue to gain increasing attention in contemporary architectural design fields. Despite feng shui's widespread use in global architecture, there is a lack of objective tools to assess building compliance with site selection principles of feng shui. This research aims to bridge this scientific gap by providing a tool that assists in evaluating the compatibility of design and site selection according to feng shui fundamentals. The study used a mixed approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The measurement tool includes five main categories, each containing a set of criteria derived from feng shui literature, with relative weights assigned to each criterion according to its point ratio to the total overall points. This model was applied to three groups comprising six contemporary residential buildings, where each group contains two buildings, one designed according to feng shui principles and the other using traditional design methodology, with both the country and the architect held constant in each group to ensure objectivity of comparison and comprehensiveness of results. The comparative analysis results showed that buildings designed according to feng shui achieved the highest ratings across all categories compared to their traditional counterparts. This research presents a practical and objective model that can be adopted for site evaluation, whether in existing or new projects, opening the field for integrating the psychological dimension within architectural design considerations. This study paves the way for future research on integrating feng shui principles with architectural design levels.

Gilang Pratomo   Rahadhian P. Herwindo   and Anindhita N. Sunartio   

Collective forgetting threatens historical memory and national identity amid globalization and rapid development. This research addresses collective memory preservation at Banceuy Prison Historic Site through architectural transformation by integrating Soekarno's mentalite into museum design as a conservation strategy. The study employs qualitative methods with descriptive, analytical, and interpretive approaches. The research examines Soekarno's architectural characteristics and mentalite during the 1926-1945 period and explores the cultural significance embedded within the site. Findings reveal that formal configuration transformation can feasibly represent collective memory at Banceuy Prison Historic Site. This transformation involves restoring prison fortress geometry and guard tower structures. It also includes applying hipped or mansard roof characteristics. Metaphorical transformation is implemented through padma ornament integration with temporal contrast expressions. Meanwhile, spatial configuration transformation through integration of remaining site structures serves solely to facilitate historical trace recording. This study contributes theoretically by developing a transformation framework that integrates collective memory theory, mentalite concept, heritage conservation principles, and architectural transformation strategies. Practically, this research provides a concrete model for developing memory-based architectural design. The model aims to preserve collective memory at historic sites through systematic transformation approaches.

Areen Arabiat   Muneera Altayeb   and Tariq Alkhrissat   

Concrete's compressive strength is crucial for sustainability and quality. Advanced machine learning methods can minimize environmental impact and enhance mix design. Hybrid and ensemble-based approaches are being explored for accurate strength estimates, promoting sustainable construction techniques in civil engineering. ML techniques provide accurate first predictions of desired results. To predict concrete compressive strength, the study assesses several machine learning techniques, including Random Forest (RF), Decision Trees (DT), Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP), and Bagging. This study used open-source ML software called Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka). The dataset was obtained from the Kaggle platform, which was divided into a training dataset and a testing dataset. The features of this dataset were fed to the model. Then, the model was evaluated to examine the effectiveness of the suggested model in predicting concrete strength. This assessment used statistical indicators that include coefficient correlation (R²), mean absolute error (MAE), relative absolute error (RAE), mean square error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). According to the experimental data results, RF had the highest coefficient correlation, at 0.9604. However, the coefficient correlation for Bagging was 0.9384, the DT was 0.9238, and the coefficient correlation for MLP was 0.8722.

Pedro Alonso Macuri Chachayma   Jair Sebastian Mendoza Cortez   Adriana Sheyla Romero Espinoza   and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   

The results obtained from the analysis of twenty-eight structural models allowed quantifying the impact of diaphragm condition on the global seismic response of reinforced concrete buildings. Scenarios with and without diaphragm rigidity were compared, considering three key variables: lateral drift, base shear, and overturning moment. The modeled structures correspond to five-story buildings with three-meter inter story heights and plan geometries with aspect ratios ranging from one to four. Regular configurations showed drift differences below 1 %, while irregular configurations exhibited variations of up to 6.83 %. Base shear increased by up to 2.62 %, and overturning moment by up to 4.65 % when diaphragm flexibility was considered. These results show that geometric rigidity directly influences inter story deformation and, consequently, the distribution of internal forces. In addition, two complementary methodologies were applied to classify diaphragm behavior: a visual approach based on the interpretation of modal shapes, and a quantitative approach based on the calculation of average relative error. Both methods yielded fully consistent classifications across all models, validating the robustness of the proposed criterion and demonstrating its applicability to identify rigid or flexible diaphragms based on modal response, without the need for lateral loading. This methodology can be directly implemented in structural modeling platforms, enabling a more accurate characterization of the seismic behavior of buildings with complex geometries. A precise classification of diaphragm behavior is essential for realistic seismic analysis and safe structural design. However, current engineering practice lacks standardized technical or quantitative criteria to support this modeling decision. The proposed 5% threshold proved effective for identifying deformable diaphragms in structures with irregular mass or stiffness distributions. This contribution offers a structured and replicable tool for seismic evaluation, helping to avoid oversimplifications in modeling. Its application within commercial platforms can enhance the dynamic characterization of buildings with complex geometries, ultimately contributing to more reliable and safer structural designs.

M. V. S. S. Sastri   K. Rajani Kumar   K. Jagannadha Rao   and S. Vijaya Kumar   

This study presents the development and multi-objective optimization of alkali-activated concrete (AAC) using fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) under ambient curing conditions (30–35℃, 60–70% RH). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with varying molarities (8M, 12M, 16M) was used along with sodium silicate to activate the FA/GGBFS blends (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75%). The mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, were evaluated after 28 d of curing. The results showed that increasing the NaOH molarity significantly enhanced the mechanical performance, with the 50% FA–50% GGBFS mix at 16M yielding the highest compressive strength (71.4 MPa), split tensile strength (3.84 MPa), and flexural strength (12.3 MPa). However, increased molarity reduces the workability owing to shorter setting times and higher viscosity. To optimize the performance holistically, Desirability Function Analysis (DFA) was used to simultaneously evaluate six parameters: compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, cylindrical compressive strength, cost, and CO₂ emissions. Cost analysis focused on activators, whereas CO₂ emissions were estimated using literature-based factors (1.5 kg CO₂/kg NaOH and 0.07 kg/CO₂ GGBFS). Equal weighting was applied to all the six variables. The highest composite desirability (0.893) was achieved by the 8M NaOH, 50% FA–50% GGBFS mix, which offered strong mechanical properties (58.3 MPa compressive strength), low cost (US $84.86/m³), and moderate CO₂ emissions (49.71 kg/m³), making it the most sustainable and structurally efficient blend. Meanwhile, the 12M–50% FA–GGBFS mix showed the highest mechanical strength and ranked second overall, balancing strength and sustainability, and was especially suitable for structural applications. This study demonstrates that AAC mixes can be tailored to meet both economic and environmental goals without compromising performance. It also confirms that ambient curing with balanced FA/GGBFS ratios enables practical AAC production for real-world applications.

Lisbeth Roxana Becerra Saguma   Andres Enrique Recalde Gracey   Pedro Otoniel Morales Salazar   and Angel Miguel Acosta Dávila   

The article addresses risk management in the face of heavy rains, highlighting the importance of developing comprehensive public policies that minimize the impacts on infrastructure, economy, and security. This study addresses the urgent need to implement preventive and resilient measures through a qualitative phenomenological approach. A systematic literature review was conducted, using recognized databases and applying rigorous inclusion criteria, which allowed us to analyze studies published between 2019 and 2024. In addition, structured search equations were adopted, and specific cases evidencing the effectiveness and challenges of these policies were evaluated. The results show that strategies such as early warning systems, resilient infrastructure, and community participation have been implemented; however, limitations related to inter-institutional coordination, resource allocation, and integration with urban and environmental development plans persist. The discussion also highlights the need to strengthen evaluation and monitoring mechanisms to adjust response protocols to extreme events. Finally, it is concluded that an effective risk management policy requires a preventive and collaborative approach that integrates innovative technologies and promotes the participation of all stakeholders.

Peter Oluwole Akadiri   

In Oman's fast-evolving construction industry, the demand for building maintenance is significantly influenced by the choice of materials, a decision primarily made by architects. This study investigates architects' priorities in selecting materials when predicting building maintenance demand, defined as the expected frequency, extent, and cost of interventions over a building's lifetime. A questionnaire survey of 78 architects was analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression. Eleven technical, contextual, economic, and aesthetic factors were examined alongside professional characteristics. Results indicate that professional background significantly influenced the prioritization of material selection criteria such as climate compliance, durability, and environmental impact. Regression analysis identified material durability as the strongest predictor of anticipated maintenance demand, followed by climate compliance, client demand, and cost considerations. Although climate compliance was statistically significant, it received lower importance ratings in practice. These findings underscore the importance of performance-based material selection frameworks that integrate life-cycle thinking and climate adaptability to reduce long-term costs and maximize resilience in Oman's hot-arid climate. The results contribute to an existing body of knowledge on the fundamental understanding of the predictors of maintenance demand in the context of building management in the Oman construction Industry. The research will benefit industry stakeholders, especially architects, in improving their material selection practices in the face of performance demands associated with buildings.

Iryna Merylova   

This article explores methodological approaches and specific methods for addressing the scientific challenge of spatial planning organization of recreational areas in the Prydniprovsk region of Ukraine. The study aims to provide a systematic foundation for the investigation and understanding of spatial planning phenomena; to develop a structured framework for landscape and recreational zoning of the region's territory; to establish a toolkit for integrating interdisciplinary approaches; to facilitate comparative studies through standardized methods of data collection and analysis, enabling the identification of trends and regularities in various contexts; and to lay the groundwork for generating practical recommendations. As a result of the analysis of both quantitative and qualitative indicators of recreational resources, the specific characteristics of the region's recreational assets were identified, revealing their overall deficiency. The article presents a detailed application of cartographic methods based on geographic information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation according to defined categories. This approach enabled the structuring of the Prydniprovsk region's landscape-recreational, historical-cultural, and socio-economic resources within the framework of their recreational and tourism potential. Consequently, areas with the highest composite index values were identified and designated as having the greatest potential for the development of recreational and tourism functions. These zones serve as core recreational districts in the formation of a regional tourism and recreation network. By applying area-based parameters to the selected territories, the study developed a clear taxonomy for establishing a hierarchical spatial model of "region–district–zone." Moreover, the research contributed to the construction of a conceptual model for the regional recreation system and identified potential areas of urban planning conflict between recreational development and existing settlement structures.

B. Durga Prasad Baliga   Jagadeesha Pai B.   and I. Thirunavukkarasu   

The friction pendulum system (FPS) is a popular base isolation device to minimize seismic forces transferred to the structures. Constant isolator frequency of FPS may produce the resonance problem in the isolated structure for near-fault earthquake ground motions. So FPS may have limited effectiveness in isolating structures subjected to certain types of seismic activity. For improving the performance of such structures, a control system may be very useful to obtain the desired results. To address this issue, a PID controlled semi-active device is proposed in this study. PID algorithm is widely used in the industries and compared to other controllers, PID is simple and has a clear physical meaning. The structural model and the isolator properties considered for the isolated structure are developed as state-space matrices and are converted into transfer functions. Using BODE approximations, second-order plus dead time (SOPDT) models for these higher order transfer functions are derived to attain PID parameters. The PID parameters are tuned by means of Routh- Hurwitz technique. The usefulness of the proposed technique is established through numerical simulations for FPS isolated structures with two degrees of freedom. Results of the investigations indicate that a PID controller reduces shear at the base and sliding displacement of the structure isolated with FPS simultaneously. Furthermore, the resonance problem of FPS isolated structure can be nullified using the proposed technique.

An Vinh Le   and Phuc Ngoc Nguyen   

This study aims to present the results of the restoration of architectural design drawings of the Chieu Kinh Dien Temple (Hue Imperial City), and to support the figurative restitution project of this building. The Temple was built in the 3rd year of the Gia Long period (1804) and collapsed during the Vietnam–French War (1947–1954). Currently, the roof and wooden structure of the building have been lost, with only the foundation ruins remaining. Based on a multidisciplinary study approach—including historical document studies, archaeology, andarchitectural proportion analysis—and by referencing the architectural form of the Long Duc Dien Temple, this study successfully restored the original architectural design drawings of the Chieu Kinh Dien Temple. These include the floor plan, roof plan, transverse longitude and latitude section, and the main facades. This study consolidates a methodology for the reconstruction of the lost architectural heritage, and provides guidance for the restoration and reconstruction of architectural heritage in Hue in particular and in Vietnam in general. It contributes to the accurate restoration of the Hue Imperial City in accordance with the original architectural planning of the early Nguyen Dynasty, ensuring authenticity in heritage reconstruction activities, in the spirit of the Nara Convention of 1994.

Rim Meziani   and Joshima V. M.   

Energy-efficient retrofitting of building envelopes is a cost-effective and scalable strategy for reducing energy consumption, lowering carbon emissions, and enhancing thermal comfort. This approach has gained increasing attention in recent years, driving significant growth in research publications. However, the rapid field expansion makes it challenging to discern the research landscape's direction, scope, and gaps. This paper provides a bibliometric review of the building envelope retrofitting research domain that focuses on energy efficiency and climate resilience, utilizing citation data from the Scopus database. 1214 relevant research articles were analyzed using the Biblioshiny application in the R-Studio package. Bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis and contributes to a deeper understanding of the research domain. The study maps publication trends, tracks trajectories, and identifies active collaboration networks among researchers. The review examines the evolution and distribution of frequently cited keywords, offering a detailed overview of emerging topics and dominant research themes. It highlights key sub-areas such as energy efficiency, energy conservation, materials and methods, energy simulations, life cycle analysis, performance assessments, and optimization. The study identifies research gaps and presents future opportunities to advance energy-efficient building envelope retrofitting for energy efficiency and climate resilience. This paper can guide future research and policy making and promote sustainable retrofit practices. The paper provides recommendations for future research and emphasizes the importance of continued innovation and international collaboration in an effort toward energy-efficient and climate-resilient buildings.

Julio dos Santos   Kahar Sunoko   and Purwanto Setyo Nugroho   

Uma Lulik in Baricafa Village, Timor-Leste, is a traditional building that represents the local community culture. This building has a wooden structure consisting of three main components: head, body, and legs/feet, showing adaptability to environmental changes. The purpose of this study is to examine the structural behavior of wooden buildings against axial force loading, internal force, and shear force. This research uses a quantitative approach with finite element modeling through SAP2000 V22 software to analyze the behavior of structures against axial forces, bending forces, and shear forces in accordance with SNI 7973-2019 standards. This research was conducted by taking direct measurements of the structural elements of Uma Lulik Kapitan Afaia and calculating the structural capacity. The analysis results show that the wooden structure of Uma Lulik Kapitan Afaia meets the structural design requirements. Although there are certain elements that experience maximum deformation, such as the second-floor cantilever beam (Opui'i), the overall structure remains stable due to the interconnectedness of the elements. The columns showed good capacity in resisting axial and shear loads, thus maintaining the stability of the structure despite facing combined vertical and horizontal loads.

Camille D. Barrera   Neswyn Xavier C. Ching   Chammi Hazel M. Yap   Christ John L. Marcos   Dante L. Silva   and Edgar M. Adina   

The use of concrete in construction has remained relevant over time. However, advocates for sustainable construction and structural innovation prove that there could be more in concrete. Studies have particularly focused on improving its durability and strength. In line with these, this study aims to evaluate the compressive strength of M25 and M50-grade concrete cylinders reinforced with basalt and PAN fibers. Moreover, it aims to design and test fiber mixtures, assess their sustainability, and develop a structural model to optimize performance. The researchers first determined the properties of polyacrylonitrile and basalt fibers subjected to test and compare theoretical models. Then, the researchers performed a structural performance optimization of fiber-reinforced concrete. Concrete specimens have been cured and tested in compression through the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Aiding in the gathering and analysis of data, the study adopted descriptive statistics, central tendency measures, student t-tests, and cost-benefit analysis as statistical treatments. Four simulations were run, and variables such as Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus were held constant due to limitations in equipment and literature. The garnered concrete compressive strengths concluded with their reduction, specifically found in specimens with added PAN and basalt fibers. Stress simulations and structural models also validated this reduction. Furthermore, fiber-reinforced concrete was more costly with the addition of required steel rebars, thus increasing the cost of materials. It was also found that these fibers provided no structural benefit, as the statistical analysis showed no significant difference between fiber-reinforced and regular concrete mixtures. In addition, they could not enhance crack resistance and durability. Since material selection and production monitoring are as essential as fiber dispersion and curing conditions, engineers focus on these variables as they affect performance. This meant higher construction costs due to the reduced compressive strength of the concrete. With these, the researchers recommend further studying PAN and basalt fiber to clarify their effect on compressive strength. Furthermore, long-period evaluation must be done on fiber-reinforced concrete's structural durability for environmental conditions.

Sofiene Helaili   Yosra Zaouali   and Moez Chafra   

Using fibers generally necessitates sorting and, in some cases, chemical treatments, which raises manufacturing costs and has a negative impact on the environment. This problem is solved by using a random distribution of short, disorganized fibers. To use randomly dispersed short natural fibers, the mechanical properties of the randomly reinforced composite must be estimated. Two analytical models and one finite element model were used to analyze composites reinforced with short fibers. Calcium Carbonate Precipitate (CaCO₃) and PolyVinyl Chloride (C₂H₄Cl)n composites are being investigated as potential applications in the building industry reinforcement. The CCP improves recyclability while lowering petrochemical and energy consumption during production, thereby lowering the carbon footprint. The Mori-Tanaka model, the Halpin-Tsai model, and a finite element technique model were used to investigate the effects of distribution on the mechanical properties of the composite. The first is the effect of fiber volume fraction on the elastic mechanical properties of the composite. Elastic moduli increased by 97 percent for the Mori-Tanaka model, 101 percent for the Halpin-Tsai model, and 74 percent for the finite element technique model, as fiber content increased from 9 to 45 percent. The second factor is the impact of fiber orientation on a specific volume fraction. In comparison to a composite with uniform fiber concentration across all orientations, the elastic characteristics vary by 15.56 percent when the fiber concentration in each orientation is changed. This finding implies that the random distribution of fibers has no discernible effect on mechanical properties. The length of the fiber changes the stiffness by approximately 6.64 percent, depending on the concentration. This stiffness fluctuation is observed until the fiber's aspect ratio reaches 100; the rise becomes negligible after that. The fund mechanical properties were injected into a slab flexion finite element model to simulate the deformation of the un-reinforced and reinforced concrete slab with recyclable composites. The deflexion of the slab is reduced, and concrete slabs can be reinforced with sur composites.

Mohammed Itma   

Housing blocks are among the most popular types used in modern architecture to design social housing. However, it received much criticism in Europe regarding the social aspects of post-war housing. This study aims to gain a deep understanding of the social aspects of designing post-war blocks in Europe, focusing on the potential of medium-rise blocks, such as Bouça housing by Álvaro Siza, in comparison to globally remarkable high-density blocks. The main question is, to what extent could the design of this type consider the necessary aspects of social Sustainability, such as privacy, adaptability, and social contact? This study employs site visit observation, literature search, and architectural analysis of the Bouça housing, comparing it to the Unité d'Habitation and Robin Hood Gardens. The comparison between the three cases has provided a deeper understanding of the ideas for interconnecting housing units to achieve social cohesion. The study's main conclusion is that Bouça Social Housing can be considered a pilot project due to its sensitivity to social aspects, compared to other cases. Thus, through the comparison with Unité d'Habitation and Robin Hood Gardens, it becomes evident that Álvaro Siza proposed an alternative to high-rise mass housing by developing compact, layered row housing that fosters shared spaces and ground-level activity. This approach reflects a distinctive contribution to post-modern social housing. Concepts of this case may be replicable and help provide new ideas for future social housing design.

Parinaz Sabet   Michelangelo Scorpio   Giovanni Ciampi   Maryam Jamil   and Sergio Sibilio   

In recent years, a growing majority of citizens have resided in densely populated urban areas, often disconnected from the natural environment. As a result, opportunities for psychological restoration may primarily depend on the quality of window views. This study aims to present an integrated approach to the evaluation of view quality in line with established standards EN 17037 and LEED, while also measuring the distinct urban features observable from the inside and generating panoramic visual simulations of possible views, based on the detail level of the 3D model. The analysis focuses on a selected area of London, examining office spaces situated on various floors within four four-story buildings positioned along streets of varying widths. The analysis was conducted from the eye level of an average standing person, positioned at a height of 1.7 meters above the floor. Simulation outcomes demonstrate that window view quality varies significantly between the first and fourth floors across different urban configurations. Moreover, the findings reveal that the highest view quality is observed from the fourth floor of the building facing a 20-meter setback, representing the most favorable condition. In contrast, the lowest quality is recorded on the first floor of a building with a 9-meter obstruction, indicating the least desirable scenario.

Llazar Kumaraku   Malvina Istrefaj (Koliçi)   and Mira Idrizi   

This article examines the morphological structure of the contemporary city and the formation processes of settlements. It appears quite difficult to provide a formal definition for the city of the third millennium because the shape of the city has been in constant transition for years. Due to the alterations of its scale, the idea of the city itself is in crisis. By identifying the interaction of how the settlement's form is related to housing, the following article seeks to shed light on the current situation of the city's form. This investigation is based on exploring the formal link between housing and how it influences the definition of the morphology of the settlements which serves as the basis for this study. This research is methodologically carried through a formal analysis of Tirana, utilizing the city as a case study. The form of new residential slates is examined in light of this scenario, in relation to the entire organism of the city. The urban ‘triangle' formed by "Kavaja" Street, "Durrës" Street, and the New Outer Ring of Tirana comprises the study's focus area. In-depth research on the formal relationship between the residential slates and the shape of the particular selected area for this urban setting of Tirana is carried out. The article analyzes the morphology of Tirana's urban slates and their spatial integration within the city's overall layout, offering insights into their role in urban development. A new image of the general urban form of Tirana, as well as that of the settlements with a morphological history similar to Tirana – mostly Eastern European cities that have experienced a dictatorial era and are currently going through a phase of rapid urban development – results from this relationship. The findings of this local case study confirm the overall city's structure, and point to potential formal scenario of the future city.

Víctor Peña Dueñas   Heydi Karina Hinostroza Maravi   Ronald Michael Villanueva Añazco   Victor Hinostroza Maravi   Nelfa Estrella Ayuque Almidon   Aron Jhonatan Aliaga Contreras   and Juan Gabriel Benito Zuniga   

Advancements in structural engineering continue to develop more efficient models for various applications. However, traditional structural systems remain predominant in construction despite their limitations in ensuring adequate performance under static or dynamic loads. The main challenge lies in the vulnerability of concrete frame (CF) systems, which tend to experience large displacements and stiffness degradation compared to confined masonry (CM) systems, which, while rigid, exhibit limited ductility. This study analyzes the seismic behavior of a hybrid system that combines CF and CM, referred to as the Integrated system of 'Confined Masonry' and 'Concrete Frame' (ISMF). The proposed system leverages the stiffness and shear absorption capacity of CM while benefiting from the ductility and moment resistance of CF. The methodology includes static and dynamic analyses on representative structural models, evaluating key parameters such as displacements, drifts, base shear forces, and overturning moments in structures up to four stories. The results demonstrate that hybrid configurations efficiently control deformations and distribute forces more uniformly, highlighting the contribution of masonry to lateral stiffness and the role of frames in resisting moments. Finally, optimal models were identified, and regulatory adjustments were proposed to ensure structural safety and economic feasibility in seismic-prone regions of Peru.

Truong Xuan Dang   Phuong Tuan Nguyen   Tuan Anh Nguyen   and Hoa Van Vu Tran   

This study aims to develop a model combining the Finite Element Method and Artificial Neural Network to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of bored piles under various geological conditions. FEM is employed to simulate the detailed interaction between piles and the soil foundation under applied loads, while ANN is trained using FEM-generated data to optimize prediction accuracy. This integrated model not only delivers precise predictions of bearing capacity but also constructs a comprehensive bearing capacity distribution map for the entire study area, significantly aiding in pile foundation design. The findings demonstrate that the FEM-ANN model outperforms traditional methods and standalone models in terms of accuracy. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) metrics for ANN highlight reliable prediction capabilities, particularly under heavy load conditions. Comparative analysis of results from FEM, ANN, and experimental data confirms that this integration reduces prediction errors and leverages the strengths of both approaches. The ultimate bearing capacity map developed by the model effectively captures the load distribution across the study area, enabling engineers to identify optimal pile locations and reduce construction costs. In conclusion, the integration of FEM and ANN not only achieves high accuracy but also proves to be practically effective, particularly in complex infrastructure projects.

Jhoely Aimee Condori-Ramos   Vanesa Moreno-Janampa   Flor Sintya Soto-Taipe   and Tito Mallma-Capcha   

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the mechanical behavior of hot asphalt mixtures with the incorporation of corn cob ash and fiberglass, in the city of Huancayo, Peru. The adopted methodology includes a quantitative design and an experimental approach, where 40 asphalt mix briquettes were prepared, of which 22 contained additives in proportions of corn cob ash (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) and 1.5% fiberglass. Marshall stability and dynamic modulus tests, viscosity and water sensitivity analysis, and permanent deformation were performed. The results showed that the mixture with 1.5% corn cob ash and 1.5% fiberglass reached a maximum stability of 1195.8 kg and a yield of 3.66 mm. In addition, a reduction in the mixture voids was observed, reaching 4.02% with 2% ash. However, resistance to moisture damage was lower in the mixture with 0% ash and 1.5% fiber, with a value of 5.39 kg/cm^². Likewise, the addition of corn cob ash and fiberglass improved rutting depth and the number of passes, generating the lowest deformation, 4.8 mm, with 2% ash and 1.5% fiber. In conclusion, the addition of corn cob ash and fiberglass improves the durability of asphalt mixtures, although their proportion must be optimized to balance moisture resistance and structural stability.

Yvan Huaricallo   and Anthony Cristhian Portal Huamán   

This study evaluates the influence of the addition of kaolin and sawdust on the improvement of thermal comfort and mechanical resistance of earth blocks used in rural dwellings in high Andean areas. The research was carried out in the community of Corisorgona, Cajamarca, where local materials were extracted to manufacture blocks of earth with dosages of 4% and 8% sawdust, combined with 4% kaolin. Physical (granulometry, Atterberg limits, specific gravity) and mechanical (compressive strength) tests were carried out in accordance with the Peruvian technical standard E.080. The blocks reinforced with 4% kaolin and 4% sawdust reached an average strength of 16.70 kg/cm^², significantly exceeding both the standard blocks (7.87 kg/cm^²) and the normative minimum (10.20 kg/cm^²). Subsequently, a test room was built with reinforced earth walls (4% sawdust + 4% kaolin) and its thermal behavior was compared with a traditional house and the outdoor environment. The measurements, recorded with thermohygrometers for 24 hours, revealed that the reinforced room maintained a more stable temperature, with an average of 20.54℃, compared to 13.88℃ in the conventional house and 13.92℃ in the environment. Statistical analysis using Pearson correlation and linear regression confirmed the thermal improvement. The results show that the incorporation of recyclable and local materials not only improves the structural performance of adobe, but also optimizes indoor thermal conditions, promoting sustainable, economical, and replicable solutions in rural areas affected by extreme climates.

Mohab Taher Abdelfatah   Kustaubayeva Manar Mukhtarovna   Nauryzbayeva Ainash Sagatovna   Aigerim Tursynovna Yespenova   and Amandykova Dina Abilmazhinovna   

Urban planning scholarship continues to confront the enduring tensions between modernist and postmodernist paradigms, yet comparative evaluations of their tangible impacts on urban form, social equity, and environmental sustainability remain limited. This study aims to address this critical gap by systematically examining the spatial and social implications of these divergent approaches. Utilizing a qualitative comparative case study methodology, the analysis focuses on two paradigmatic examples: Letchworth Garden City, an embodiment of modernist urbanism principles, and Downtown Beirut, a representation of postmodern urbanism. This study employs a qualitative comparative methodology grounded in theoretical discourse analysis and case study interpretation. Through a detailed investigation of spatial organization, social inclusivity, and ecological outcomes, the study elucidates each paradigm's distinct advantages and shortcomings. Findings indicate that modernist frameworks, exemplified by the Garden City model, are most effective when applied in new urban developments where comprehensive planning from a blank slate is feasible. Conversely, as illustrated by the Collage City concept, postmodernist approaches are better suited to existing urban contexts with rich historical identities, embracing complexity and layering. The study concludes that recognizing this contextual distinction is vital for advancing hybridized planning strategies that integrate the order and functionality of modernism with the pluralism and adaptability characteristic of postmodernism, thereby fostering equitable, resilient, and sustainable urban futures.

Bashir Saleh   

Steel corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC) structures is a major concern in civil engineering, as it directly affects the safety, serviceability, and lifespan of infrastructures. This study focuses on understanding how corrosion-induced deterioration in steel reinforcement impacts the structural performance of concrete beams. In particular, it investigates how different levels of reinforcement loss influence the load-bearing capacity and failure mechanisms of RC beams under combined bending and shear. To achieve this, a numerical approach was adopted using the ABAQUS finite element software. Three beam models were developed, each representing a different degree of corrosion: intact reinforcement, 20% loss, and 25% loss in cross-sectional area. The models were designed to closely simulate the physical behavior of corroded beams, incorporating nonlinear material properties, bond degradation, and failure criteria. The findings reveal a clear decline in structural performance as corrosion severity increases. Beams with higher reinforcement loss exhibited reduced ultimate loads, increased deflections, and altered failure modes - particularly in shear-dominated regions. The simulation results aligned well with available experimental data, demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of the modeling approach. This research highlights the importance of early detection and quantification of corrosion damage in RC structures. By employing advanced finite element tools like ABAQUS, engineers can better predict structural degradation, evaluate safety margins, and plan timely interventions. The study provides valuable insights into infrastructure asset management and supports the development of effective maintenance strategies aimed at extending the service life of aging concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments.

Ni Made Emmi Nutrisia Dewi   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   and I Kadek Pranajaya   

The global climate crisis has intensified the need for sustainable and climate-responsive architectural approaches. In this context, traditional Balinese housing offers an invaluable model rooted in cultural wisdom that inherently adapted to environmental dynamics. This study investigates how principles from traditional Balinese architecture particularly those found in residential compounds can inform contemporary architectural strategies aimed at improving ecological resilience. The primary objective is to extract adaptive design principles from traditional housing systems and integrate them into modern frameworks. Utilizing a phenomenological qualitative method combined with environmental simulation tools, the research explores spatial configuration, material usage, and passive cooling techniques found in Balinese traditional homes. Key findings reveal that these dwellings utilize climate-adaptive strategies, such as open spatial layouts, natural ventilation, and locally sourced materials, which significantly contribute to thermal comfort without the need for mechanical intervention. The study concludes that these practices align with contemporary sustainable design principles and can be translated into scalable strategies for modern architecture in tropical contexts. The practical implication is a design framework that can support architects and urban planners in developing climate-sensitive and culturally grounded buildings. Socially, this approach fosters the preservation of cultural identity while meeting ecological demands. Limitations include the regional specificity of the findings, which may require adaptation before applying to other climatic or cultural contexts. Nonetheless, the study contributes to the discourse on how indigenous knowledge systems can be harmonized with modern sustainability imperatives to confront the challenges posed by climate change.

Alfaldo Branoyasensa Baria   Oki Setyandito   Risky Ayu Kristanti   Nizam   and Andrew John Pierre   

Offshore wind energy has emerged as a critical solution in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition toward sustainable energy systems, particularly in Indonesia, where fossil fuels remain dominant. The North Java Sea, with its favorable wind conditions and suitable water depths, offers significant potential for offshore wind development. This study evaluates the dynamic structural performance of jacket substructures with two bracing configurations: Pratt and X-bracing for supporting a 3 MW offshore wind turbine in this region. Through comparative numerical analysis, the research assesses key structural responses, including natural frequencies and lateral displacements, under site specific wind, wave, and current conditions. The findings aim to identify the most efficient configuration for ensuring structural reliability and long-term performance in Indonesia's offshore wind applications. Site specific metocean data and environmental conditions were incorporated into numerical models developed in Bentley SACS software. The jackets were analyzed under extreme wave, wind, and current loads, combined with 12 Design Load Cases (DLCs) of the wind turbine based on the international standards and as detailed in the international journal. Key parameters evaluated include natural frequencies, directional displacements, and structural integrity through eigenvalue analysis and utilization checks. Results show that the X-braced configuration provides higher global stiffness, improved dynamic stability, and better resistance to resonance due to elevated natural frequencies. Conversely, the Pratt configuration exhibited slightly larger displacements and lower modal stiffness, although it remained within allowable stress limits. Both systems passed strength verifications, yet the X-bracing design demonstrated more uniform load distribution and enhanced performance under multidirectional loading. The study contributes to the optimization of support structures in tropical offshore environments, offering a reference for future offshore wind infrastructure development in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Practically, the findings support efficient substructure selection for offshore projects, while socially, they aid in accelerating Indonesia's renewable energy transition and fostering green job creation. This research emphasizes the importance of structural configuration in ensuring offshore wind turbine safety and reliability under dynamic marine conditions.

Eddy Prianto   and Syeril Salsabella   

Thermal comfort is requisite for creating interior environments, especially in educational facilities in tropical humid zones. It's important to appraise how well current thermal comfort models, especially the Predicted Mean Vote, work in actual classrooms, taking into account the different needs of users, including gender disparities. Thermal comfort states in five university classrooms (both naturally ventilated and air-conditioned) in an educational building were assessed during the hot season of 2024. In-situ assessments of indoor temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity were performed in conjunction with standardized questionnaires. A total of 336 valid student responses (177 male, 159 female) were analyzed to assess thermal sensation, preference, and acceptability. A comparative analysis was conducted on PMV predictions, emphasizing gender-based disparities. The majority of students reported feeling comfortable inside the ASHRAE-defined comfort range (−1 to +1), with statistically negligible variations (p > 0.05) found between male and female perceptions. However, female students generally favored slightly cooler indoor ambiances than male students. The PMV model matched well with real data in naturally ventilated classrooms but greatly overestimated comfort in air-conditioned classrooms, with differences of up to 1.32 points from the actual Thermal Sensation Votes (TSV). This study is unique because it combines a focus on gender with real-world testing of the PMV model in tropical buildings, which is something not often seen in today's research on building performances. This study emphasized the constraints of employing common thermal comfort models in tropical humid atmosphere. It reinforces the significance of using gender-sensitive viewpoints and adaptive comfort strategies in architectural design. The results offer experimental proof for reevaluating thermal comfort standards in the tropical humid zones.

Anas Hussein   

Enhancing daylighting in the lecture halls of a university not only allows students to have better learning conditions but also is visually comfortable and helps in saving electricity. This study compares the outcomes of a selected lecture hall in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, which are illuminance, light uniformity, and glare probability. DIALux evo was used to model the lighting for different settings in various scenarios that were considered to improve light quality. The work examines the manner, in which different shading structures like horizontal and vertical shading devices provide light into an interior. The research has revealed that the execution of the right daylighting design can be favorable to the incorporation of good lighting and energy conservation. The immediate growth of sustainable architectural knowledge can be seen especially in that the research offers exact methods of the daylight quality improvement in educational settings that can be applied in reality. The study indicates the role orientation, window placement, and shading devices play in getting the most of daylight when being used and to cutting out the glare which indirectly improves the visual comfort and learning of the students. This research shows that implementing strategic daylighting design affects both the quality of light and energy conservation. This research advances the knowledge of sustainable architecture by offering precise suggestions for improving the quality of natural light in learning facilities and studying these suggestions' impact.

Ccori Siello Vega Neyra   Sleyther Arturo De La Cruz Vega   and Cristian Milton Mendoza Flores   

Solid concrete brick is a commonly used material in construction, although it often presents some problems such as low strength, cracking, and dimensional fluctuations that do not always comply with current regulations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of solid concrete bricks made with demolition waste (DW), incorporated in different proportions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of fine aggregate. An applied methodology, experimental design, and a quantitative approach were used. The population consisted of all solid concrete brick units with DW, while the sample consisted of 110 specimens selected in accordance with Peruvian Technical Standard NTP 399.601. These bricks were subjected to compressive strength, absorption, and dimensional variation tests. The results obtained show that all dosages with demolition waste improved compressive strength, with 5% DW standing out, reaching an average strength of 24.6 MPa (+12.86%). This same dosage showed a maximum absorption of 8.4% (+5.00%) and a minimum dimensional variation, with values of 1.82% in length, 3.64% in width, and 0.00% in thickness, demonstrating that the incorporation of demolition waste not only increases concrete strength but also maintains absorption and dimensional variation within acceptable ranges according to regulations. It is concluded that demolition waste has a significant impact on the physical and mechanical properties of solid concrete bricks, optimizing their performance and offering a viable alternative for their production.

Abraham O. Owoseni   and Anthony J. Umameh   

This study evaluates circulation standards in three high-traffic commercial complexes (Adewale Cole, Asset Corp, and Glass House) within Lagos' Computer Village, Nigeria's largest technology market. Employing structured field observation, direct measurements, and systematic photographic documentation, the research analyzes exterior elements (car parks, footpaths, ramps, steps, entrances) and interior components (doors, foyers, vertical circulation) against established accessibility benchmarks. Findings reveal critical deficiencies in disability access provisions, pedestrian safety measures, and wayfinding systems, with only entrance doors consistently meeting dimensional requirements. Non-compliant ramps, inadequate footpath protection, and missing alternative vertical circulation options emerge as systemic issues. The results demonstrate significant practical implications for Nigerian urban development, advocating for strengthened building code enforcement, prioritized retrofit interventions, and revised design guidelines for new commercial constructions. By systematically documenting circulation challenges in this high-density environment, the study contributes empirical evidence to architectural scholarship, particularly regarding the operational impacts of accessibility gaps in developing economies. It establishes that current deficiencies disproportionately affect vulnerable users while reducing commercial efficiency, underscoring the urgency of integrating universal design principles with adaptive policy frameworks. Recommendations propose mandatory accessibility audits, regulatory reforms aligning with international standards, and stakeholder education programs. This work provides a transferable methodology for assessing circulation systems in similar urban markets, offering actionable insights for policymakers, architects, and planners working to enhance safety and inclusivity in rapidly growing commercial hubs. The findings emphasize that improved circulation infrastructure serves both social equity goals and economic optimization in dense urban contexts, advocating for design solutions that balance commercial demands with humane spatial experiences.

Egidario Bridgette Aduwo   and Oluwadamilola Enoch Oni   

Biomorphic-inspired circulation strategies refer to practices that mimic natural forms and elements in representing building circulation systems. The research examines how forms and patterns found in nature can improve museum functionality, accessibility, and aesthetics. The study employed a qualitative approach, including a systematic literature review from 2014 to 2024, and a comparative analysis of the findings of three global museums and four selected Nigerian museums. The findings reveal the level of adoption of these strategies, which include: generation of forms and functions, geometric elements, analogical concepts, balanced proportion, sustainability features, fluid movement, and technological integration, from the selected museums. However, the research concludes that while the global museums fully adopted the strategies, a holistic adoption of biomorphic-inspired circulation strategies in Nigerian museums is recommended to enhance user experience by addressing the existing gap in the level of adoption. Furthermore, the study aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 (Good Health and Well-being of users) and 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), emphasizing its role in promoting user-centric design and environmental harmony. This research advances biomorphic-inspired architectural discourse by providing empirically validated design strategies for scholars, practitioners, while offering museum stakeholders and policymakers actionable insights for an adaptive museum environment.

Arkadij Larionov   Tatyana Kisselyova   Ekaterina Nezhnikova   Marina Oskina   Diana Stepanova   Rustem Shichiyakh   Marina Litwinowa   and Anna Yakushina   

The study aimed to determine the influence of technological, social, economic, and regulatory factors on protective and aesthetic functions in building facade glazing design. Based on the research (the main methods of collecting information were document analysis and an expert survey), the authors determined the facade indicators that perform aesthetic and protective functions, including the function of thermal protection and energy generation and the function of providing sunlight to illuminate the interior of the building and protect it against excessive overheating. Technologies and measures to facilitate their implementation were identified. The prerequisite for the study was the importance of glass in the appearance and space of a modern city. The authors identified the key indicators of glazed facades, including thermal protection, solar lighting, and innovative technologies, such as thermal mirrors and filling the gap with gas. The results confirmed the effectiveness of modern glazing technologies for sustainable architecture in an extreme continental climate and demonstrated the importance of traditions, trends, and economic factors. The results can be used in building façade design to achieve the principles of sustainable development.

Demet Önder   Gülşah Çelik Başok   and Serkan Mertyürek   

This research explores urban space and the leisure geography in pre-republican Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, during the late period of the former Ottoman Empire. While the epoch between 1919 and 1923 corresponds to the last years of the fallen Ottoman Empire, it also overlaps with the time interval the city witnessed the National Independence War as a central stronghold and a democratic political center. Soon after the victory of the Independence War, the new Turkish Republic was founded as a modern state, and Ankara was declared the capital city. In particular, this research explores 'socio-spatial dialectics' about leisure activities and urban space. It posits that leisure activities shape urban spaces and are influenced by their contextual environment, including economic, cultural, historical, and social factors. The study examines the historical significance of recreational spaces, which were often absent or underdeveloped in Ankara due to economic decline and urban destruction, particularly after the 1917 fire. It highlights the lack of designated recreational spaces in pre-republican Ankara, where social gatherings occurred primarily in open public spaces and informal settings. The emergence of specific leisure venues, such as coffee shops, theatres, and parks, is traced through historical narratives, showing how leisure preferences evolved alongside the city's geography and socio-economic changes. The paper concludes that the development of recreational spaces in Ankara was gradual and reflected broader socio-cultural dynamics, particularly as the city transitioned into a modern urban center by the start of the 1920s. This research aimed to inform and help understand the limited landscape devoted to leisure in Ankara in the pre-republican era, which was core to understanding the leisure geography in the capital city of the young Turkish Republic. The analysis provides insights into the reciprocal relationship between leisure activities and urban space and highlights the importance of historical context in shaping recreational landscapes.

Amer Alkloub   Rabab Allouzi   Farouq Sammour   Asala Jaradat   and Ahmed Ashteyat   

This study investigates the response and loading capacity of steel beams anchored in concrete using bi-directional steel anchors, commonly used in hybrid structural systems in high-rise buildings and bridges. Focusing on connections where steel beams intersect at the corners of reinforced concrete (RC) walls, the research examines the configuration of anchors as single or bi-directional anchors under shear force and bending moment applied to each beam. The bi-directional anchors are connections where two steel beams anchored in perpendicular directions at the corner of RC walls. In this research, seven steel anchors were cast and tested under bending and shear loads; four specimens were single anchors at different edge distances and three specimens were bi-directional anchors at the same selected edge distances of the first three single anchors. The experimental results for single anchors generally align with ACI 318-19 calculations. At a distance from edge of 120 mm, bi-directional anchors showed improved load capacity compared to single anchors. However, for edge distances greater than 180 mm, both single and bi-directional anchors exhibited similar load capacities, with no significant impact from the interaction between the bi-directional anchors.

Albert Jorddy Valenzuela Inga   Carlos Javier Huaman Albino   Jesús Manuel Meza López   Juan Gabriel Benito Zuniga   Nelfa Estrella Ayuque Almidon   Rivaldo Carlos Duran-Aquino   and Deyvid Froilán Matamoros Paitán   

The inherent vulnerability of earth-based materials to water-induced degradation poses a significant challenge. Compressed Earth Brick (CEBs), masonry units made from raw earth traditionally used in rural areas, often exhibit low durability and are easily eroded by the physical impact of raindrops. This investigation aimed to evaluate the erosion resistance of CEB stabilized with varying cement percentages (5%, 8%, 11%, and 14%) using standardized tests (SLS 1282, NZS 4298, and IS 1725). Absorption tests, when compared against evaluation criteria from international standards IS 1725, SLS 1282, and Peruvian standard NTP 399.613, found the CEB units to be 'acceptable' under parameters of dimensional variation, warpage, and absorption. However, the waterfall erosion test on CEB samples produced no observable erosion, thus this specific test did not solely differentiate durability levels among samples. Furthermore, in subsequent pressurized spray erosion tests, the CEBs exhibited minimal weight loss, varying between 0.01% - 0.6%. Interpretation of the erosionability indicators from the pressurized water spray erosion test concluded that CEB stabilized with 8%–14% cement are 'suitable' for severe exposure conditions. Conversely, unstabilized CEBs (0% cement) should be limited to mild or moderate exposure due to their high erodibility.

Ahmed Mohamed Thabet Alieldin   and Ahmad Salah El-Din Mohammad Hasan   

Metropolitan areas are parts of the city that are often crowded, especially during peak times, because they always contain major commercial centers and stores, the most important government institutions that provide services to citizens, and other vital and important facilities for the city. The increasing demand of citizens on these parts of the city has made its streets more congested with cars and vehicles, and thus obtaining sufficient and suitable spaces for parking has become a very difficult matter that users face daily when they visit metropolitan areas. Therefore, providing parking areas became a major concern for any modern city planning, and consequently, modern innovations such as car stackers, automated robotic systems, hydro park systems, and other smart parking systems were adopted to solve car parking problems. Nevertheless, the problem still exists in Egyptian cities because of their high fees, lack of security, and difficulty of use in many cases. The aim of this paper is to propose a comprehensive model to solve the problem of parking lots in metropolitan areas in Egyptian cities by giving comprehensive solutions capable of providing parking spaces while retaining cost efficiency and other basically necessary factors required to achieve the best quality of life in the urban environment. This model is expected to achieve economic advantaged, as shown below in the cost-benefit analysis section.

Jalaluddin Mubarok   Atiek Suprapti   and Agung Budi Sardjono   

Settlements are a community that is the same within one area. The development of settlements can be both structured and unstructured. Unstructured development is referred to as organic. Communities with a strong culture are able to thrive well within a region. This research focuses on areas that have specific characteristics, namely Islamic culture, commonly known as Pesantren. Pesantren, which is an area with the distinctive development of traditional Islamic culture, has been thriving for a long time in Indonesia. This research was conducted at the oldest and largest Islamic pesantren, Bahrul 'Ulum Tambakberas, Jombang, East Java, Indonesia. The research was carried out using qualitative methods, involving data collection through interviews with key informants, which were then analyzed in the form of the morphology of the pesantren area. This research aims to draw lessons from the development of pesantren areas that have a specific culture, with development that is not well-organized. The development of pesantren is able to survive from its early development to its current stage. The research objective is to identify how the development of pesantren is able to survive and develop well. The results of this research may be influenced by the strength of the pesantren leader supported by external factors as support. The development of the Tambakberas area in Islamic residential architecture is marked by the ability to create architecture that moves organically and is supported by strong internal factors, namely the strength of the Kiai.

Safete Veliu Rexhepi   Zejnulla Rexhepi   and Kristina Careva   

Design quality plays a vital role in residents' well-being. This study examines the impact of housing policies on the design quality and architectural attributes of apartment houses. The research comprises two components: an analysis and evaluation of apartment houses in Pristina, and a comparison of spatial standards across several cities. The study was prompted by the rapid construction of numerous apartment houses in Pristina from 2004 to 2024. The apartment houses that are case studies in this research were built by the private sector, and the research was conducted using a qualitative and comparative method. A total of six examples were selected, guided by their representation in different time periods and the morphology of the buildings. Each case study was analyzed using the criteria of spatial standards at both the building and apartment levels. By using the method of comparing spatial standards defined by specific documents (Housing Design Standards) of four different cities, Zagreb, London, Dublin and New York City, the architectural attributes of apartment houses in Pristina were compared and assessed, also the recommendations for spatial standards of apartment design in rapidly urbanizing areas were proposed. Based on the analysis, examination and systematization of collected data from case studies and reviewed literature, the study presents the influence of spatial standards on the quality of designing apartment houses in Pristina. The conclusions of the research are: the architectural attributes of apartment houses built in Pristina from 2004 to 2024, in terms of layout, function and organization, have improved over the years; housing policies affect the architectural quality of the built housing stock; the spatial standards in Pristina meet the criteria of the spatial standards of the compared cities. This work attempts to contribute to knowledge in the scientific and professional field and to pave the way for further research related to the phenomena of improving the quality of design and sustainability of existing and future apartment houses.

Oscar Cevallos   Diego Hidalgo   Diego Barahona   Jeyson Vega   and Joel Agualongo   

In many Latin American cities, reinforced concrete (RC) elements are frequently compromised by improper embedding of hydrosanitary pipes, particularly in informal or poorly supervised construction. This study investigates the structural consequences of such intrusions in RC beams and columns, emphasizing the disconnect between architectural design and structural safety. A mixed-method approach was adopted, including visual inspections of residential buildings, surveys of construction professionals, and finite element modeling (FEM) to simulate various pipe placement scenarios. Full-scale load testing and ANOVA statistical validation were used to reinforce the numerical results. The findings show that pipe embedment in tension, shear, or compression-critical zones significantly reduces load-bearing capacity and stiffness and may shift failure modes from ductile to brittle. Visual FEM outputs—including deformation, shear stress, and axial force diagrams—revealed localized stress concentrations and disrupted load paths around embedded pipes. These structural degradations persist despite existing design codes, underscoring the lack of enforcement and interdisciplinary coordination in practice. Although the case study was conducted in Riobamba, Ecuador, the configurations and findings represent challenges observed across Latin America and other urban regions with prevalent informal construction. This research highlights the hidden risks embedded in routine building practices and offers a replicable methodology and policy recommendations for enhancing structural safety in urban housing.

Nurmaiyasa Marsaoly   Muhammad Taufiq Yuda Saputra   Ichsan Rauf   Chairullah Amin   and Sabaruddin   

Regional growth is a complex phenomenon influenced by the interaction of physical, social, and economic factors, with transportation infrastructure serving as a key component in supporting this dynamic. This study aims to analyze the correlation between road network connectivity indices and regional growth on Ternate Island, North Maluku Province, Indonesia. Using spatial data and a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach, the study calculates the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Eta indices, as well as road network density, across five districts on Ternate Island. Regional growth indicators analyzed include per capita income, population density, and the availability of basic infrastructure. Pearson correlation results show that the Beta index and road network density have a very strong relationship with regional growth parameters, while the Alpha index shows a moderate relationship, and the Gamma index has a weak correlation. The Eta index demonstrates a significant negative relationship, indicating that the longer the average road segment, the lower the efficiency of connectivity. These findings suggest that a dense and functionally connected road network plays a crucial role in supporting inclusive and sustainable regional growth. Therefore, regional development strategies, particularly in island regions, should consider road connectivity as a primary instrument in infrastructure planning.

M. Irfan Fathul Fikri   Muhammad Zainul Arifin   Fauzul Rizal Sutikno   Muh Miftahulkhair   and Ella Ayu Pradita   

The absence of direct public transportation to Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport, Malang, has resulted in a high dependence on private vehicles and airport taxis. This study evaluates the feasibility of introducing an airport bus service, addressing a research gap in this context. A survey of 70 airport passengers was conducted to analyze their travel preferences, socio-economic characteristics, and willingness to shift to bus services. The findings indicate that passengers' choices are significantly influenced by fare levels and service frequency. At lower fares, respondents exhibit a more balanced preference between taxis and buses, whereas higher fares lead to a substantial shift toward bus services. Specifically, fare categories of IDR 126,000 (USD 7.63) with five daily trips and IDR 160,000 (USD 9.69) with six daily trips show a predominant preference for bus services. Additionally, Goodness-of-Fit analysis confirms the robustness of the applied model, demonstrating a strong correlation between the observed data and the predicted preferences. The results highlight that strategic fare structuring and optimal service frequency are crucial to promoting airport bus usage. The study also emphasizes the necessity of setting competitive fares, with an ideal range of IDR 10,000 (USD 0.61) to IDR 15,000 (USD 0.91), to enhance the attractiveness of public transport. Implementing an airport bus service has the potential to increase public transport accessibility, reduce private vehicle dependency, and support sustainable urban mobility. The success of this initiative will require collaboration between local government and transport authorities, along with public awareness campaigns to promote the benefits of public transport, such as reduced traffic congestion and lower environmental impact in Malang.

Minh-Tuan Pham   Duc-Duy Nguyen   and Duy-Liem Vu   

Geosynthetic-reinforced inclusion-supported embankments are increasingly adopted for infrastructure projects on soft soils due to their ability to minimize settlement and accelerate construction. This study employs a three-dimensional finite element method (3D FEM) using PLAXIS 3D to investigate the behavior of such embankments under static and cyclic loading, validated against centrifuge test data. The analysis focuses on vertical stress distribution, geosynthetic deflection, and load transfer efficiency, considering key parameters: embankment height (1.0-5.0 m), inclusion modulus (80 MPa - 21 GPa), geosynthetic stiffness (1000-8000 kN/m), and cyclic loading (5 and 50 cycles). Results show that higher embankment heights enhance load transfer efficiency through improved soil arching, reaching 100% at 0.2 m tray movement for a 5.0 m height. Stiffer inclusions (21 GPa) reduce geosynthetic deflection compared to 80 MPa, improving load transfer. Increased geosynthetic stiffness (8000 kN/m) reduces deflection and achieves 100% efficiency at 0.15 m tray movement, enhancing stability via the tensioned membrane effect. Cyclic loading reduces load transfer efficiency by up to 60% compared to static loading, with deflections increasing by 7-11% for 5 and 50 cycles, respectively, due to reduced tensile force mobilization. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing embankment height, inclusion, and geosynthetic stiffness for enhanced stability, particularly under seismic conditions. The validated 3D FEM model provides a robust tool for designing geosynthetic-reinforced embankments, offering critical insights into load transfer mechanisms and seismic performance for soft soil applications.

Marco Antonio Ramírez Montenegro   Duber Enrique Soto Vásquez   Miguel Armando Sevillano Cerveto   and Adrian Otoya Gutiérrez   

The limited implementation of advanced technologies in Peru highlights the necessity of enhancing asphalt mixture performance, especially in response to rising environmental demands and traffic intensity. This study investigates enhancing hot mix asphalt (HMA) by adding styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymers and a chemical adhesion agent, with the goal of optimising essential physical and mechanical properties, including bending flexibility, fatigue resistance, and rutting performance. The objective was to determine the optimal SBS polymer and adhesion additive contents in a mixture modified with PG76-10 asphalt binder, based on laboratory testing. A deductive, applied, and quantitative methodology was adopted, and the research design was descriptive, correlational, and explanatory, with an experimental, longitudinal, and prospective approach. The optimal formulation was found to comprise 5.7 % PG76-10 binder, 3.0 % SBS polymer, and 0.5 % adhesion additive. This achieved a Marshall stability of 1977 kg, a permanent deformation of 4.45 mm, and a tensile strength ratio (TSR) of 84.9 %. In terms of elasticity, the dynamic modulus reached 1901 MPa at 25 Hz and 54℃, indicating high stiffness under rapid loading, while fatigue resistance reached 2.32 million cycles at 400 με, supported by the predictive model (R² = 0.999). The results confirm that the modified asphalt mixture meets the fundamental technical requirements for hot mix asphalt applications, showing significant improvements in rutting resistance, elastic recovery, and fatigue performance.

Vian Marantha Haryanto   Indradi Wijatmiko   Duden Dodi Hartono   Jimmy Maulana   Fariz Maulana Noor   Tio Azhar Prakoso Setiadi   Sherafina Reni Cahayanti   Arsal   Revina Devitani Putri   Yaumil Putri Erlambang   Dhita Ayu Pradnyapasa   and Alfin Murtadho   

The Indonesian nickel mining industry is currently experiencing very significant development due to increasing global demand. This condition was responded to by Indonesia as a country with large nickel reserves to continue to intensify nickel downstreaming, with the hope that Indonesia would become not only the largest nickel commodity producer in the world but also a producer of processed nickel products. On the other hand, the increasing activity of the nickel ore processing industry and the production of nickel products, such as massive nickel mining activities, can also pose threats and negative consequences for the community and the environment in the mining area and its surroundings. In nickel mining, especially in the smelting nickel ore process, sulfuric acid is used through hydrometallurgical processes, forming Carbon-Sulfur as one of the wastes produced. Carbon-Sulfur waste, which contains 88% Sulfur, 11% CaO, and 1% Fe and Mn, is a mineral source that has the potential to be recycled or reprocessed, one of which is by making Carbon-Sulfur an admixture for civil engineering purposes such as concrete products. This research aims to determine whether Carbon-Sulfur waste from nickel mining can be reused and to test the effect of adding Carbon-Sulfur as an admixture in concrete products on improving the quality of the concrete. The results show that Carbon-Sulfur waste material has been tested as non-B3 waste so that it can be reused. Then, the compressive strength test results show that Carbon-Sulfur waste has the potential to increase the most optimal concrete compressive strength with an admixture composition of 2% and a curing period of 14, 28, or 90 days.

Ruma Kalla   Ravish Kumar   and Sandeep Kumar   

Sustainable development is a vital approach to tackling the urgent environmental, social, and economic challenges we face today. In the hot and dry western part of India, known for its arid conditions and soaring temperatures, using sustainable materials in building construction can significantly boost sustainability efforts. This paper aims to thoughtfully explore the core principles of sustainable development, highlight the critical need for sustainable building materials, and share insights into specific materials that are particularly well-suited to the unique climate of this region. The western region of India, with its extreme temperatures, low humidity, and limited water resources, really needs a contextual approach to sustainable development. This paper thoughtfully investigates the essential principles of sustainable development, focusing on the important role of sustainable building materials in lessening environmental impact and improving thermal comfort. By addressing the specific challenges of the area, the study looks at and evaluates traditional and locally sourced materials—like lime, mud bricks, and local sandstone that have shown remarkable performance in this climate. By blending local wisdom with modern sustainability measures, the paper provides insights into the properties of materials, construction methods, and their importance in today's architectural practices. The findings highlight how these sustainable materials can not only help reduce ecological footprints, but also guide policy, design, and construction strategies tailored for arid zones. This paper decodes the thermal and structural logic of vernacular materials through lab testing, simulations, and real-world comparisons, eventually demonstrating their capacity to reduce cooling loads by approximately 65%, lower embodied carbon, and support region-specific sustainable construction, offering a practical framework for climate resilient and low impact building practices in hot and arid zones.

Mariano Renato Monteiro Da Cruz   Dewa Made Priyantha Wedagama   Putu Alit Suthanaya   and Anak Agung Gde Agung Yana   

The level of road service (LOS) in Timor-Leste is closely linked to traffic volume and private vehicle use. Dili's metropolitan area faces serious challenges due to uncontrolled urbanization, traffic congestion, and environmental issues. This study was motivated by the fact that very little research had been done on how road users in the Dili metropolitan area perceived their transportation infrastructure. This study, therefore, aims to develop a perception-based model of urban road LOS in Dili using structural equation modeling (SEM). A total of 1001 respondents from five subdistricts participated in the survey. The model was built using observed and latent variables identified through factor and reliability analyses. Results show that sociodemographic characteristics, population growth, and traffic flow positively influence perceptions of LOS. Conversely, public transport use is negatively affected by population growth, suggesting that infrastructure development has not kept pace. Land use also shows a negative relationship with LOS, indicating a need for better planning. The findings highlight the importance of integrating land use, transport infrastructure, and demographic factors in urban mobility planning. This study recommends improving road and public transport infrastructure, integrating land use planning with transport systems, and implementing vehicle ownership controls to enhance LOS in Dili.

Mas Mera   Hifzil Wahyudi   and Februarman   

This sedimentation poses a critical threat to the local fishing economy and safe navigation, necessitating effective engineering solutions. At the Batang Arau Floodway Mouth in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia, significant sedimentation impedes the operation of fishing vessels exceeding 10 m in length, despite the presence of existing jetty structures. This research investigates the optimization of jetty layout configurations to mitigate sedimentation and enhance the navigational channel depth at this coastal floodway mouth using a numerical simulation approach. Six distinct jetty layout setups, including a baseline, the existing configuration, and four proposed optimized designs, were simulated and analyzed to evaluate their effectiveness. Our hydrodynamic and sediment transport simulations, evaluated by the stability of channel depth (i.e., near-zero sedimentation or erosion) and maintenance of navigational cross-sectional area, reveal that Scenario 5—featuring a short straight right jetty combined with a long-left jetty angled 66° rightward—offers the most effective protection for the floodway mouth against wave action and sedimentation. This configuration consistently yields a stable floodway channel depth with almost no net sedimentation or erosion at the mouth and within the main channel, thereby preserving navigational conditions. This enhanced performance is primarily attributed to the dominant influence of the alongshore current flowing towards the northwest, consistent with the prevailing wave-driven longshore transport in the area. Furthermore, simulations incorporating a floodway dredging scenario under both normal and flood discharge conditions indicate that substantial dredging efforts are necessary to achieve and maintain adequate water depths for the safe passage of larger fishing vessels. Subsequent simulations conducted after the simulated dredging demonstrate a relatively low rate of sedimentation within the dredged navigation channel, suggesting the potential for a long-term improvement in navigability.

Dennys Salazar   María Zúñiga   Alfonso Arellano   Lady Espinoza   and Maria Arias   

Today, population growth and climate change have created major challenges to ensure a continuous supply of drinking water. Reservoir tanks regulate pressure and store drinking water according to variations in consumption. Therefore, the objective is to analyze the influence of the maximum hourly coefficient in the design of reserve tanks in the Guamote and Guano cantons. In the methodology, the maximum hourly coefficients of previous studies were validated, characteristics of the distribution networks and their tanks were compiled, drinking water levels were recorded at three times for 7 days, and finally, the design of the volume of the reserve tanks was carried out. In Guamote, water levels in the tanks range from a minimum of 38% to a maximum of 90%, while in Guano the levels are maintained at 100%, with an overflow system that evacuates excess water. In Guamote, the San Juan Bajo, San Juan Alto and Carapungo networks require regulation volumes of 257 m³, 102 m³ and 61 m³, respectively. In Guano, the regulation volumes required for the La Inmaculada, Lluishi and Barrios Altos networks are 155 m³, 317 m³ and 96 m³, respectively. The results indicate that higher maximum hourly coefficients are associated with higher consumption volumes, therefore, a greater volume is required in the reserve tanks.

Fermanto Lianto   Rudy Trisno   Denny Husin   and Melvin Sumartha   

The new development of Indonesia's capital has marked a pivotal shift in national priorities, redirecting focus from the historically dominant Java Island to the central regions of the archipelago, particularly the islands of Sulawesi and Kalimantan. This strategic move entails the conceptualization and construction of entirely new urban environments, driving the transformation of indigenous cultures to preserve the dominant sociocultural and environmental fabric of these regions. Despite being separated as two different locations, both architectural representations of Balla and Ba'anjung show resemblance, yet uniqueness grounded in the vernacular architectural expressions of two representative ethnic groups. This paper proposes a comparative analysis-synthesis of the two houses with a focus on the structural form. The research aims to explore the architectural potential of these traditional forms as foundational prototype principles for contemporary development, promoting their structural and cultural potency as a basis for a modernized yet contextually rooted urban fabric. Highlighting the importance of local architectural identities emerges as a critical area of study. Employing typological analysis as a methodological framework, this study investigates the structural form of the types through three primary stages: (1) similarity and difference, (2) commonality and hybridity, and (3) characteristics and uniqueness. The outcome is a structural form of exploration resulting in the comparison between the two as the archetypes. The research contributes a novel perspective on architectural ideology and conceptual approach as a guide for design models.

Gianni Tomaselli   Alejandro Becerra   Luis Alejandro Velastegui-Cáceres   Julia Desiree Velastegui-Cáceres   and Theofilos Toulkeridis   

The current research arises from the dilemma between sculptural form and architectural utility, and how it is possible to link both disciplines by considering the boundaries between each. Contemporary artistic movements propose the immersion of the viewer in the artworks, generating habitable sculptures in contrast to contemplative architecture. Subsequently, this motivates the search for criteria for the integration of sculptural narrative into the architectural object, based on a theoretical foundation, a pragmatic analysis of the works, and the career of a reference with extensive experience in sculpture and architecture. The methodology included interviews with this reference, as well as the comparison of the information gathered in two building projects, verifying the integration of sculptural and architectural principles in specific elements. The research is qualitative in nature, and to ensure the reliability of the conclusions, a theoretical framework structured in three phases is proposed. In the macro phase, the main definitions of sculpture and architecture are compiled, along with the initial reflections of great masters on the interplay between the two. In the meso phase, we delve into artists whose sculptural work has integrated architectural concepts. In the micro phase, we analyzed the work of the renowned Ecuadorian architect and sculptor Jaime Andrade Heymann, and that of his father, the sculptor and muralist Jaime Andrade Moscoso. Timelines are created to structure the evolution of both professionals, their most relevant works for the research are analyzed, and the work is complemented with interviews with the architect. Finally, we analyzed two projects developed by Workshop four (Taller 4), being an architectural studio of which Jaime Andrade Heymann was a fundamental part, the Guápulo Habitat in Quito and the Former Central Bank of Riobamba. The visual resources in these artworks allowed us to propose three levels of sculptural integration within architectural elements, with the aim of fostering a critical appreciation between superficial aestheticism and proposals with conceptual and cultural foundations. Hereby, empty formalisms were avoided, promoting dialogue between work, context, and society.

Efe Duyan   

The article aims to develop the concept of the biophilic effect in architecture rooted in the biophilia hypothesis based on embodied cognition theories and a phenomenological background. The biophilia hypothesis, an evolutionary psychology assumption stating that human beings possess an inherent affinity toward nature, has been a widely discussed topic in the climate change crisis era. A brief history and summary of schemes of biophilic architecture will be given to exhibit its potential while underlining the theoretical ambiguities of the existing framework. First, a theoretical account of embodiment theory will be given to overcome the ambiguities and clarify how we are connected to the outer world. The concept of the embodied self emphasizes a human-centric approach to design, recognizing humans as hybrids of mind and body interacting within their environment. Second, the theory of affordances will be proposed to explain how nature is connected to us. The concept of affordances defines how our environment offers opportunities for action, shaping our interactions based on our physical and cognitive capabilities. Third, the concept of the biophilic effect will be introduced to explain how architecture mediates between nature and humans by illustrating its three primary components: the source, the architectural medium, and the inhabitant. In its multidimensional, temporal, and proxemic dynamics, the biophilic effect as a design aspect stimulates architectural experiences of nature in ways that align with human perceptual and cognitive processes. As a case study, the sun light biophilic effects of the Institute du Monde Arabe by the Ateliers Jean Nouvel will be analyzed. The article concludes that, through the biophilic effect, we can connect inhabitants with the natural environment, exploiting our inherent affinity to nature, enhancing human well-being and ecological harmony.

Muhammad Imaduddin   Joni Arliansyah   Edi Kadarsa   Rosidawani   Saloma   Yusuf Hartono   and Aztri Yuli Kurnia   

Traffic volume serves as a critical metric for assessing the efficiency and planning of urban road infrastructure. Traditionally, traffic volume data is collected through field surveys, a process that demands substantial time, resources, and financial investment. As an alternative, the utilization of secondary data sources, such as Google Traffic data, offers a more efficient and cost-effective method for estimating traffic volume with improved accuracy. This study applies Greenshield's modelling to estimate traffic volume. The primary objective of this research is to validate the traffic volume estimation derived from Greenshield's model, using speed data obtained via an API, by comparing it with field-observed traffic survey data in Palembang City, Indonesia. The data retrieved from the Google Traffic server via the Application Programming Interface (API) consists of real-time travel times recorded at 15-minute intervals for a fixed-distance road segment. The real-time speed of a given road segment is computed directly based on the ratio of distance to travel time when data retrieval. The free-flow speed () is determined under uncongested traffic conditions and is represented by the average speed recorded between 22:00 and 05:00. Meanwhile, the average speed () corresponds to the traffic conditions observed during specific time periods that align with field survey observations, namely morning (06:00–08:00), afternoon (12:30–14:30), and evening (16:00–18:00). Additionally, the maximum vehicle density () during congestion is assumed to be 200 pcu/km for each lane. Subsequently, the model integrates the accumulated values of traffic density () and average vehicle speed () to determine the traffic volume using an hourly traffic flow () approach on the road. This study showed a strong correlation existed between traffic volume estimated using Greenshield modeling with Google Traffic speed data and traffic volume data collected from the field survey. The coefficient of determination () was recorded at 0.87, while the Pearson correlation coefficient reached 0.93, reflecting a high degree of agreement between the modeled and observed traffic volumes. These results showed that Greenshield modeling provided a reliable estimation of traffic volume, as evidenced by how the estimated value closely approximated direct field observations.

Abdirahman Ali Muse   Abdiweli Ali Farah   and Ali Musse Hassan   

High traffic speeds and volumes on residential roads raise concerns related safety, pollution, and noise, prompting interest in traffic calming measures to reduce vehicle dominance. While volume control measures have proven effective in reducing traffic volume and crashes, the impact of speed countermeasures (e.g., vertical deflections, horizontal deflections, speed limit reductions) remains inconsistent and sometimes contradictory across studies. To assess the association between traffic calming measures and road traffic crashes, a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies (controlled before-after and empirical Bayes methods) was conducted up to Aug 2024. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using Review Manager 5.4.1. Heterogeneity was evaluated through Cochran's chi-square test and the I^² statistic. Subgroup analyses were performed by measure type. Of 1,588 identified studies, 24 met inclusion criteria, spanning 10 countries (1990–2024), with the majority from the United States (n=10), Australia (n=4), and the United Kingdom (n=3). Meta-analysis revealed a 28% reduction in total crashes (OR: 0.72 [95% CI: 0.65, 0.81; I^² = 97%]) and a 33% reduction in injury crashes (OR: 0.67 [95% CI: 0.53, 0.85]) in traffic-calmed areas. Pedestrian crashes decreased by 18% (OR: 0.82 [95% CI: 0.75, 0.90]). Subgroup analyses indicated that area-wide measures reduced total crashes by 12% and injury crashes by 15%, while vertical deflections reduced total crashes by 19% and injury crashes by 23%. In contrast, posted speed limits and signal-related interventions showed insignificant reductions (3% and 8%, respectively). Results for pedestrian crashes were inconsistent and insignificant. In conclusion, traffic calming measures are associated with significant crash reductions, though effectiveness varies by measure type. Further controlled studies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are needed to fully evaluate their impact.

Sithembinkhosi Siwo Atanase   Taonga Joan Zulu   Ganesan Senthil Kumaran   and Abraham Mwango   

This research explored green transportation solutions for non-motorized transportation (NMT) along selected roads in Kitwe's central business district (CBD). The study was driven by the need for sustainable urban mobility solutions in response to growing urbanization, traffic congestion and environmental challenges. NMT, which included walking and cycling, was identified as a critical component of green transportation due to its low emissions and health benefits. The research focused on evaluating the existing NMT infrastructure, its challenges, and opportunities for improvement. Five critical roads in the CBD Matuka Avenue, Obote Avenue, Independence Avenue, Chisokone Avenue, and President Avenue were selected based on factors such as traffic flow, land use, and existing pedestrian infrastructure. The study addressed the lack of adequate NMT facilities, which contributed to traffic accidents, pollution, and congestion. Methodologically, the study involved traffic counts, geometric analysis of walkways, and origin-destination surveys. Pedestrian speed, flow rate, and level of service (LOS) were calculated for each road, and results revealed that many walkways operated at LOS E below the recommended minimum threshold of LOS C for commercial centres, indicating poor conditions. The findings suggested that improved NMT infrastructure, such as dedicated bike lanes and walkways, would enhance safety and promote green transportation. Proposed solutions included the development of car-free zones along Matuka and Chisokone avenues, the construction of multi-storey car parks and continuous road maintenance. These initiatives aimed to reduce vehicle congestion, improve pedestrian safety, and contribute to Kitwe's transition to a sustainable transport system. The study concluded that prioritizing NMT in urban planning would improve accessibility, reduce emissions, and foster healthier, more liveable cities. Recommendations included further NMT traffic flow modelling, the integration of NMT policies, and public awareness campaigns to support the proposed green transportation strategies.

Deepthy S. Nair   and M. Beena Mol   

Beam-column joints play a vital role in self-compacting concrete (SCC) structures as they transfer loads and ensure overall structural integrity. To achieve the most desirable structural properties, steel fibres are incorporated into SCC as combination design; the fibre type and the quantity introduced must all be meticulously considered. This study aims to employ artificial neural network (ANN) models to detect subtle changes in joint behaviour that could potentially indicate damage or degeneration. This study improves the methods of assessment of the behaviour of beam-column joints under varied load application and environmental factors. The proposed neural network model shows strong predictive performance with R and R^² increasing by 9.3% and 17.9% and MAE, MSE, and RMSE decreasing by 31.7%, 67.7%, and 43.5%, respectively, for exterior joints without lateral reinforcement. For transversely reinforced joints, R and R^² improved by 1.7% and 3.7%, while error metrics dropped up to 23.3%, confirming the model's accuracy and reliability across all joint types evaluated. Employing structural health monitoring techniques, it is possible to constantly monitor the health state of these structures and get data on their performance over time that help in proper determination of failure indicators or necessity of maintenance. This integration enhances the effectiveness of structural monitoring by the removal of dependency on manual inspections as it cuts costs and chances of costly human errors. This research is novel in advancing the energy-efficiency and environmentally sustainable methods in construction and infrastructure industry.

Noor Sheena Herayani Harith   Shahrum Abdullah   Nur Izzati Husna Hassan   Samnursidah Samir   Mohd Irwan Adiyanto   Reni Suryanita   and Sheikh Mohd Iqbal S. Zainal Abidin   

This study evaluates the seismic vulnerability of non-seismically designed buildings in moderate earthquake located in Sabah, Borneo, East Malaysia using the FEMA P-154 Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) methodology and EMS-98 damage descriptions. The buildings, primarily constructed between the 1970s and early 2000s, were designed to support gravity and wind loads rather than seismic forces. Although it is on the tectonically stable southern Eurasia plate, the region experienced significant building damage during a magnitude Mw 6 earthquake in 2015 due to local faults. Field assessments of 215 buildings collected data on characteristics such as number of stories, construction year, occupancy, soil type, geological hazards, pounding, structural irregularities, and exterior falling hazards. Damage levels were categorized by structural type, including concrete moment-resisting frames (C1), concrete frames with unreinforced masonry infills (C3), and light wood frames (W1). The results indicate that in Ranau, 4%, 20%, 9%, and 68% of buildings were categorized as Levels 1, 2, 3, and 4 damage categories, respectively. In Lahad Datu, 62% and 38% were classified as Levels 3 and 4. Vertical irregularities, such as short columns in Ranau and split-level configurations in Lahad Datu, along with horizontal irregularities such as reentrant corners and misaligned beam-column connections, contributed significantly to structural vulnerability. These findings highlight the critical influence of architectural design on the reduction of seismic risk in moderate seismic regions and the need to improve design strategies for earthquake resilience.

Nyoman Ratih Prajnyani Salain   I Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   and I Nyoman Susanta   

This study examines the architectural resilience of Puri Ubud and Puri Peliatan as living monuments in Bali, Indonesia, with a focus on their adaptation to tourism development and modernization while maintaining cultural significance. Using a conservation approach based on local wisdom integrated with Burra Charter standards, this study investigates how these royal palaces have transformed physically and socially while preserving their historical and spiritual values. Using qualitative methods including direct field observations, in-depth interviews, and archival research, this study analyzes the adaptation strategies of the palace architecture, considering construction techniques, materials, spatial organization, and evolving social functions. The findings show that both palaces have implemented critical conservation methods that balance preservation with current and future needs. Details of the research results show that minimal physical transformation occurred in the adaptation of materials, structures, and construction techniques as well as modifications to the spatial layout in both Puris. Meanwhile, the results of social and functional transformation were analyzed based on the results of observations, interviews with Penglingsir of Puri and involving the perception of the surrounding community and tourists totaling 100 informants. From this perception, the results show that 54% of participants acknowledged the ongoing social and functional resilience of Puri Peliatan, while 73% emphasized the same for Puri Ubud. The challenges faced during the implementation of the critical conservation concept in both palaces are the absence of an integrated policy related to preservation, utilization, and revitalization activities because the palace has not become a cultural heritage object, the lack of community involvement in the preservation activities of the palace and the surrounding area, the lack of multi-stakeholder education related to heritage management and cultural literacy related to the palace. This study contributes to the conservation strategy of living monuments by addressing the gap between cultural preservation and functional requirements. The proposed architectural resilience model offers valuable insights for the management of world heritage sites, especially in rapidly developing tourist destinations.

Madhar Haddad   and Taisir Khedaywi   

Segregation of asphalt concrete mixtures is one important aspect affecting durability and performance of pavement structures. Aggregate segregation, temperature segregation, and mechanical spreading segregation are some of its different types. A review of segregation is carried out in the current study to have a better understanding of mechanism, types, measurements, likely causes (such as rutting, fatigue, cracking, raveling, and tire-pavement interaction noise potentials), and solutions to segregation problem. Performance and durability of asphalt pavements can be greatly improved by addressing these issues through proper compaction methods, quality control procedures, and optimal mixing processes. Asphalt concrete mixtures segregation is a complex issue that calls for a multidisciplinary strategy to successfully handle. Development of assessment techniques, construction practice optimization, material innovation, and use of technology for real-time monitoring should be the main areas of future study. Measurement of segregation in asphalt concrete mixtures, requires a multipronged strategy that integrates conventional approaches with cutting-edge imaging and mechanical methodologies. By integrating these techniques, a thorough assessment of segregation is possible, considering variables such aggregate gradation, temperature fluctuations, and mechanical characteristics, making it easier to spot possible problems before they cause serious pavement failures. Performance and lifespan of pavement structures can be greatly enhanced by asphalt concrete mixtures industry by solving these issues, which will ultimately result in safer and more resilient roads. In order to overcome segregation and guarantee durability and sustainability of asphalt concrete in road construction, future research should keep investigating novel approaches and technological advancements.

Irma Aswani Ahmad   Nurlita Pertiwi   and Nur Anny Suryaningsih Taufieq   

This study investigates the flexural behavior and energy absorption of reinforced concrete beams incorporating rice husk ash (RHA) under normal and acidic environments (pH 3). Six beam specimens were cast with RHA replacement levels of 0%, 5%, and 10% and tested under four-point bending. The experimental variables included initial cracking load, yielding load, ultimate load, mid-span deflection, and total energy absorption based on the load–deflection response. The results indicated that beams with 5% RHA exhibited the best performance in both environments, with significant improvements in flexural strength, cracking resistance, and deformation capacity. Under acidic conditions, RHA-modified beams demonstrated higher resistance to degradation, attributed to the pozzolanic reaction that enhanced the microstructure and reduced porosity. Energy absorption analysis revealed that 5% RHA beams achieved over 2.3 times the reference value in normal water and nearly twice under acid exposure. Meanwhile, 10% RHA beams showed moderate improvements, suggesting a diminishing return at higher replacement levels. The study also found that RHA enhances ductility, although it increases mid-span deflection, which should be considered in structural design. These findings support the use of RHA as a sustainable partial cement replacement, especially for structures exposed to chemically aggressive environments. The outcomes of this research offer practical guidance for optimizing material selection and structural performance in the development of durable and environmentally resilient concrete infrastructure.

Haneen Nsair   and Abdulla Alnuaimi   

As cities pursue sustainability, integrating renewable energy technologies into buildings has become critical. Renewable energy and sustainable urban development are essential drivers in this transition. Semi-transparent photovoltaic windows (STPWs) offer a dual benefit by generating solar energy while allowing natural light to enhance energy efficiency, visual comfort, and architectural aesthetics. This review delves into STPW design and applications, with a particular focus on their role in sustainable urban design, especially in hot climates such as Qatar. It examines technological advancements and key performance indicators, including energy generation and thermal behavior, as well as their architectural integration within building designs. The review also addresses challenges like material durability, dust accumulation and economic and regulatory barriers. It highlights optimization strategies for effective STPW implementation, such as AI-driven energy management and façade optimization. Finally, emerging trends in STPW integration for urban environments, particularly in smart cities, are explored, offering a forward-looking view on their role in the future of sustainable urban development. This study provides critical insights for architects, urban planners, and policymakers working toward energy-efficient, climate-responsive cities.

Mutiawati Mandaka   Wiendu Nuryanti   and Dyah Titisari Widyastuti   

Lasem, a small town on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia, has a long history dating back to the Majapahit period, when the region served as a vassal of the kingdom. Over time, the city has developed into an important cultural heritage area, attracting tourists for its rich history and distinctive spatial character. This research aims to examine and classify the morphological development of Lasem city based on historical periodization. The method used is a qualitative approach with an interpretive historical strategy, by tracing historical sources, archives, and spatial elements from different periods. The analysis shows that the formation of Lasem city progressed through seven main phases: Hindu-Majapahit era, Islamic era, Chinese Muslim acculturation period, Dutch Colonial period, Japanese occupation period, independence period, and post-independence era. Each period contributed to the physical form of the city, especially in the aspects of routes (such as rivers, roads, and railways), plots (ethnic areas, squares, palace complexes), land functions (settlements, trade, ports, places of worship, and tombs), and the variety of historical buildings. The Muslim Chinese, Dutch and Japanese periods are the most influential phases in the physical formation of the city, while the Japanese period shows the lack of diversity of city elements. This research also highlights Lasem's physical and symbolic heritage and shows the complex pattern of urban evolution during independence and afterwards, when there was an overlap between the traditional city, the historic city and the commercial city. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for the preservation and development of Lasem city as a heritage-based tourist destination.

Hilal Aycı   and Fatma Sinem Akbulut   

The Early Republic indicates the initial steps in planning practice in Turkey and witnesses the expansion and development of the railroad network in Anatolia. This article aims to investigate the interaction between the planning practices and the evolution of the railroad network during Turkey's Early Republic era from the perspective of Herman Jansen's 1932 Ankara Plan. Thus, the current study assesses how Jansen incorporated the railroad into his plan and how he envisioned the relationship between the railroad and the city. However, the claim that urban plans served merely as technical instruments at the bureaucracy's disposal was mainly included in the discussion. For that reason, besides considering the relationship of Jansen's plan with the railway, this article also interrogates to what extent the planner impacted urban planning through the railway and how much nation-state policies influenced this effect. Methodologically, the article reviews documents like industrial plans and competition specifications to grasp the bureaucratic perspective on the association between planning and the railroad. Concurrently, a methodical analysis is conducted through pertinent texts and planning reports to understand Jansen's planning philosophy. The findings suggest that the spatial decisions of the nation-state more influenced Jansen's planning methodology than the city's railway potential. Thus, in the Ankara Plan, the railroad emerges as a design facet that manifests the national railway policy. In Jansen's vision, the interconnection between the city and the railroad was pinpointed mainly, emphasizing the station and its immediate vicinity. The article concludes that in Jansen's Ankara Plan, the railroad's role in urban planning was largely sculpted under the overarching influence of the state's railway policy.

Tej Sai Moturu   and M. Swaroopa Rani   

Functionally Graded Concrete (FGC) represents a novel material system engineered to optimize structural efficacy through the modulation of composition and material properties throughout the concrete cross-section. This research undertakes a comprehensive examination of the mechanical behavior exhibited by Functionally Graded Fiber Reinforced Concrete via empirical assessment of both flexural and split tensile characteristics. Beam specimens (100 × 100 × 500 mm) were meticulously constructed, incorporating a high-performance concrete (HPC) layer in the top section and fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) in the bottom section to augment the flexural response. Additionally, cylindrical specimens were fabricated with fibers deliberately positioned within either the inner core or the outer shell to evaluate the influence of fiber distribution under conditions of split tensile loading. Various fiber types (basalt and glass), lengths (6 mm and 12 mm), dosages, and hybrid configurations were systematically examined. The findings indicated that functionally graded beams exhibited a remarkable enhancement in performance compared to conventional concrete, with hybrid mixtures yielding up to a 30.9% increase in flexural strength. In the context of split tensile evaluations, specimens featuring fiber-reinforced outer shells demonstrated superior performance, with the most effective hybrid mix attaining a 22.2% improvement in strength. This investigation substantiates that the strategic placement of fibers, along with grading and hybridization, serves as a potent methodology for augmenting the structural efficiency and crack resistance of concrete, positioning FGFRC as a highly promising alternative for advanced structural applications.

Paramita Atmodiwirjo   Arnis Rochma Harani   Adjie Pamungkas   Kristanti Dewi Paramita   and Yandi Andri Yatmo   

This study explores the vertical adaptation narratives in urban dwellings impacted by daily tidal floods. This study is part of the growing discussion of urban livelihood under the increasing rate of climate-induced disasters. This research explores the adaptation narratives of the Tambaklorok dwellers, a coastal urban kampung in Semarang, Central Java. The study observes and maps how an urban community adapts their living spaces against recurrent tidal floods, which inundate their dwelling daily due to land subsidence and rising sea levels. This study highlights such adaptations as vertical narratives, demonstrating how local communities occupy their living spaces in response to the water inflow at various heights. Different spatial strategies take place in multiple vertical positions of living space, to either redirect and block water temporarily; to protect the use of space during the inundation, and to recover and maintain space and objects after the water recedes. This paper reflects on how vertical adaptation of domestic spaces forms urban vertical strategies amidst recurrent disasters, expanding the urban design practice and policies for disaster resilience.

Mady A. A. Mohamed   Yasmine Sabry Hegazi   Hussein Elshanwany   and Samar M. Abd Elgawad   

The impact of materials on energy consumption in the retrofitting of heritage buildings presents a unique challenge, as choices are often constrained by the need to preserve the historical and cultural value of the structure. Despite these limitations, this study investigates how the materials used in the energy retrofit process in heritage buildings Wakalat-Quitbay (885 AH/1481 AD) can affect the building's energy performance. A multi-methodological approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, was used to quantify the effectiveness of different material proposals that were selected to meet the requirements of the Egyptian Energy Code for Residential Buildings (EECRB) for the thermal loads of the building. Thermal loads are considered a key factor influencing cooling energy demand during the hot season. The research utilised the analytical literature review, the field observation, and the numerical analysis using simulation programs (DesignBuilder) as investigation methods in the current research. Six different retrofit scenarios were developed, in which the materials were systematically varied, except for the insulation material, which remained consistent across all scenarios. The results indicated a significant difference in cooling energy across the various alternatives, highlighting the critical role of external envelope factors. Key variables, such as adding thermal insulation to walls and roofs and using double glazing, all demonstrated a notable influence on energy performance, while the cool roof technique provides some effect when used with insulation. The low-pile carpets negatively affected thermal performance, although several studies mentioned in the research have recommended their use. This approach provided an improved energy model for the heritage building and identified the optimal solution that maximised energy efficiency while preserving its value. The results demonstrated the potential for a 17% reduction in cooling energy consumption.

Kirti Gupta   and Mazharul Haque   

Urban expansion has intensified the urban heat island (UHI) effect, exacerbating heat-related risks and energy demands. While urban vegetation, particularly trees, is recognized for its microclimate-regulating potential through shade and evapotranspiration, the specific roles of tree crown morphology and leaf area index (LAI) remain underexplored, with gaps in understanding species-specific interactions, climatic adaptability, and practical urban integration. This study analyzes how crown characteristics (size, shape, density, height) and LAI collectively influence microclimate regulation, offering actionable insights for urban planners. This research systematically evaluates 32 peer-reviewed sources and real-world applications by employing a qualitative synthesis of literature method of 21 studies and 11 case studies (2005–2024) from diverse climatic zones. Findings reveal that trees with expansive crowns and high LAI (>4) reduce ambient temperatures by 1.5–5℃, with dense canopies enhancing shading and evapotranspiration. However, challenges include measurement inaccuracies in crown morphology, spatial heterogeneity in LAI, and limited long-term data, particularly in tropical and arid regions. Practical implications emphasize strategic species selection (e.g., broad-canopy, high-LAI trees) and placement to optimize shading and airflow, alongside policy measures like mandatory greening in urban developments. The study's originality lies in its integrative approach, bridging theoretical and empirical evidence to address UHI mitigation while advocating for human-centric, climate-responsive urban planning. By avoiding automated methodologies, this research underscores the need for community engagement and ethical, localized solutions to enhance urban livability and resilience.

Beltrán David Agüero-Zorrilla   and Abel Alberto Muñiz-Paucarmayta   

This study evaluates the hydraulic behavior of sanitary sewer networks in high-altitude Andean regions (Peru) using advanced optimization algorithms. A quantitative, explanatory experimental approach was employed, analyzing 51 inspection chambers through in-situ measurements of velocity, hydraulic depth, and flow rate. Data were systematically recorded on structured observation sheets for statistical analysis. To assess hydraulic performance, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques were applied. Key hydraulic parameters, including flow velocity, flow rate, flow type, and pipe diameter, were collected to calculate the Manning coefficient. This data was processed in a Python environment, where both algorithms simulated network behavior under varying conditions. Performance metrics such as flow stability, drainage efficiency, and solution convergence were analyzed. Results indicate that PSO outperforms GA in accuracy and stability, offering superior estimations of flow parameters such as velocity, hydraulic depth, and Reynolds number. PSO demonstrated lower deviation from real-world measurements, making it a more reliable tool for hydraulic modeling and sewer network optimization. While GA exhibited moderate variability, it still contributed to enhancing system performance. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, including limited access to high-quality hydraulic data and the need for real-time sensor integration. This study underscores the importance of investing in smart sanitation technologies and hybrid optimization approaches that integrate machine learning with hydraulic simulations. Such methodologies can enhance sustainability, mitigate overflow risks, and optimize wastewater management in vulnerable regions. Future research should explore scalable applications of PSO and GA across diverse hydraulic environments, ensuring broader applicability in global sanitation infrastructure projects.

Vu-Tu Tran   and Duy Thinh Do   

Effective evacuation planning is essential for ensuring public safety in emergency situations. This study examines evacuation performance in Vietnamese buildings by analyzing three key factors: exit dimension discrepancies, escape velocity variations across age groups, and evacuation flow dynamics using simulation models. The research compares real-world exit dimensions across multiple building types, including schools, hospitals, shopping malls, and office buildings, revealing significant deviations of up to 434% between building types and 200% from national standards. These inconsistencies highlight the need for design modifications to improve evacuation efficiency. The study further investigates escape velocity through experimental evacuation drills using the Caynax Sports Tracker application, demonstrating that the 18-60 age group has the highest evacuation speed, while other age groups exhibit reductions ranging from 14.6% to 38%. These findings emphasize the influence of age-related mobility constraints on evacuation efficiency and the necessity of priority-based evacuation strategies for vulnerable populations. To better understand evacuation dynamics, the study employs Viswalk simulation models to analyze the relationship between density, evacuation flow, and movement speed. Results indicate age-dependent evacuation capacities, with peak flow rates of 5,400 persons/hour (ages 11-18), 4,000 persons/hour (ages 18-60 and 6-11), 2,500 persons/hour (ages 60-70), and 2,000 persons/hour (ages above 70). The simulation also identifies a critical congestion threshold, beyond which further increases in evacuation flow result in reduced movement efficiency. The study concludes that optimizing evacuation infrastructure, designing age-sensitive evacuation plans, and implementing flow control mechanisms are critical for enhancing emergency preparedness. It recommends aligning exit dimensions with actual usage, implementing assisted evacuation protocols for high-risk groups, and integrating real-time monitoring systems to regulate evacuation flow. While this research provides key insights into evacuation efficiency, future studies should further explore behavioral responses, psychological factors, and real-time decision-making during evacuations to develop more comprehensive emergency management strategies.

Cut Abrari Fi Illiyina Jannah   Ova Candra Dewi   Miktha Farid Alkadri   and Nisrina Dewi Salsabila   

Indonesia's Roadmap for Buildings and Construction targets implementing the Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) for all existing buildings and a renewable energy mix of 31% by 2050. This study explores implementing passive and high-grade systems in the Pusgiwa Building at Universitas Indonesia, built in 2017, to achieve a Nearly Zero Energy Building by optimizing solar radiation potential. The passive strategies include the use of single tinted glass, single low-E glass, double-layer low-E glass, and configurations of horizontal, vertical, egg-crate external shading, all evaluated for Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) and simulated for Energy Use Intensity (EUI) using Grasshopper. HelioScope software was used to explore rooftop photovoltaic (PV) panels in this building. The study shows the combination of double-layer low-E glass—visible light transmittance of 39%, U-value of 1.6 W/m ²K, solar heat gain coefficient of 0.25—and the egg-crate sun shading on south and north facades—overhang depth of 75 cm and height of 215 cm—achieved 20.15% energy saving. Rooftop monocrystalline PV panels with a 10° tilt angle facing north contributed 24.5% of the total energy. This study highlights the potential energy savings through a selection of glazing and external shading combined with renewable energy, which can support the advancement of NZEB targets.

Ahmed Mohamed Shehata   and Naif Sultan Alaboud   

Over the last decade, several changes have been witnessed at the Jeddah Historic Centre, comprising heritage buildings built during the medieval era. Identifying heritage buildings in historic cities is a complex, time-consuming process that requires the expertise of professionals and multiple verification steps. Technological advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) provide tools that can facilitate heritage identification. This study explores the application of the Deep Learning (DL) Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) algorithm in identifying architectural features of heritage buildings in Al-Balad Area, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. To achieve this objective, a photographic survey covering most of the buildings in the area was conducted, and the architectural features of the images were analyzed through training (CNN) to identify their main features (Rawshan, windows, parapets, shops, and doors). The study results show that large data sets are not essential to train DL models as long as there is a balanced number of images across categories. Another affecting factor is the Image quality in terms of lighting, angle, clearly defined objects, carefully defined features, and labeling frames, which are essential for improved precise detection of Heritage-related elements. In conclusion, with the defined settings, the model could successfully identify architectural heritage features with an average precision of 88.2%, a recall rate of 4.3%, and probability thresholds of 54%. These results showed that Artificial Intelligence technology can contribute significantly to tangible heritage identification worldwide.

Louise Elizabeth Radjawane   and Virginia Claudia Lao   

In the context of transportation, sustainable development aims to create transportation systems that are efficient, environmentally friendly, and minimize negative impacts, including exhaust emissions and traffic noise. The same situation occurs on the local primary road, Indonesia. The aim of the research is to determine the value of emission prediction and noise level, and the relationship between vehicle type proportions to the prediction of emissions and noise levels on a 2-way and 2-lane undivided primary local road with mixed land use and mixed traffic. Primary data collection was conducted for 4 days. The guidelines used in this analysis are based on the Noise Level Prediction reference, Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia in 2004 and the 2010 Environmental Guidelines, Indonesia. The findings of study are that total vehicle emissions were 148,880 tons/hour, and the 1-hour noise level exceeded the standard noise quality threshold for commercial and public facility areas. Predictions of emissions and PNL increase along with the increase of number of traffic flow and the proportion of vehicle types that dominate the traffic. Conversely, the proportion of non-motorized vehicle, heavy vehicles, and light vehicle, as well as the space mean speed, has a negative impact on the prediction of emissions and PNL.

Anthony Julio Ricse Huamani   Betsy Margoth Acuña Santos   Nestor Raul Montes Palomino   and Marko Antonio Lengua Fernandez   

This research addresses the problem of conventional concrete roofs in Peru that have limitations in resisting repetitive stresses, which accelerates their structural deterioration. To address this situation, it was proposed to develop a lightweight concrete that reduces structural weight without compromising strength. This study incorporated two ecological materials - sugarcane bagasse fibre (SCBF) and corn stover ash (CSA) - with the aim of improving the mechanical and physical properties of the concrete and promoting the circular economy through the reuse of agricultural waste. Tests were carried out in fresh and hardened state to evaluate its performance in structural applications: in fresh state, slump, density and air content were analysed to study the consistency and lightness of the mix; in hardened state, compression, indirect tensile and flexural tests were carried out to evaluate its resistance to different types of loads. The mixes in prismatic and cylindrical specimens included SCBF in proportions of 0%, 0.25% and 0.5%, and CSA in 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%, evaluated at 7, 14 and 28 days, obtaining significant improvements in the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete with additions, particularly in compressive, tensile and flexural strength. The results showed that lightweight concrete reduces the structural weight by 26.84% compared to conventional concrete, which contributes to reduce the seismic loads applied to the structure. This lightening allowed the structural design to be optimised by reducing bending moments and the amount of steel required, improving the dynamic performance of the building. Although the cost of lightweight concrete is 14.7% higher, its benefits in seismic efficiency, weight reduction and sustainability position it as a technically, economically and environmentally responsible solution for the construction industry.

Giovene Perez Campomanes   Justiniano Felix Palomino Quispe   Leopoldo Choque Flores   and Karla Karina Romero Valdez   

Based on data from 30 years of maximum daily rainfall (1988-2017) obtained from the 5 pluviometric stations: Santa Eulalia, Autisha, Carampoma, Sheque and Canchacalla, registered by the National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology (SENAMHI), possible floods in the margins of the Santa Eulalia river basin were evaluated. The analysis was carried out for 2 cases: a) normal conditions and b) with the presence of extreme events considering the incidence of the modification of meteorological conditions derived from climate change and also assessing the influence of the two hydraulic structures located within the river: bridge and riverbank defences. With the presence of extreme events, for T= 100 years, the water level increases but still remains within the limits of the wall design, while for T= 139 and 200 years, the fluid surpasses the limits of the existing riparian defence. Likewise, for T= 500 and 1000 years, it is observed that, in spite of the significant increase in water flow, the flow level continues without modifications in its behaviour and does not manage to exceed the heights considered in the design of the bridge for T= 500 and 1000 years. It can be concluded that, with the presence of extreme events given the simulation carried out, these conditions tend to generate flooding and affect the population near the Santa Eulalia river; however, the increase in flow does not reach the elevation of the lower part of the bridge structure.

Amit Kinjawadekar   Nandineni Rama Devi   and Shantharam Patil   

Accessibility is a critical aspect of global sustainable transportation, fostering inclusive growth, equitable mobility and urban resilience for all citizens. Ensuring the availability of an inclusive transportation system is paramount for well-being of all, particularly for persons with locomotor disabilities. The relationship between physical infrastructure and the mobility of persons with disabilities has garnered considerable academic attention. Despite increasing focus on accessible transportation, there remains a significant gap in research on concerns related to persons with restricted mobility in urban bus transport infrastructure. This study systematically reviews existing literature on accessibility in bus transportation, integrating built environment considerations, principles of sustainable transit and technological advancements. Using a structured methodology based on PRISMA guidelines, eighty full text articles published after 2008 were reviewed from Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science. Findings from global research highlight accessibility challenges and potential solutions. The study emphasises the role of universal design principles in the built environment and related technological interventions to enhance transit accessibility. Key findings indicate that structural barriers such as inaccessible bus stops, lack of ramps along with social and attitudinal factors significantly hinder mobility of persons with locomotor disabilities. Policy enforcement and stakeholder collaboration are crucial in implementation of sustainable, inclusive transportation solutions. The review suggests urban bus networks must adopt a holistic, multimodal approach, integrating electric and autonomous vehicles to facilitate accessible mobility while reducing environmental impact. Practical implications include recommendations for stakeholders to incorporate inclusive design, improve service quality, and enforce accessibility regulations. Socially, the study advocates for greater public awareness, sensitivity training for transit personnel, and inclusive urban planning to empower persons with disabilities and promote community engagement. The findings contribute significantly to equitable mobility, aligning with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-11) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). This research lays the groundwork for future studies on accessibility, sustainability, and technological innovation in public transportation, supporting the development of smarter, more adaptable transit networks that prioritise inclusivity, and improve quality of life for individuals with mobility impairments and contributing to the broader goal of creating liveable, resilient cities.

Anitha J.   Ravi Kumar H.   and Subramanya K. G.   

The demand for the ingredients used in producing concrete is growing exponentially with the construction industry growing in faster than ever speed. Due to this increasing consumption of construction materials, there is a sharp rise in the depletion of these resources. One of the ingredients that is depleting fast globally is the natural river sand and this has driven the construction industry on a quest for other alternative options as a source for fine aggregate. Manufactured sand has shown remarkable results in conventional concrete and it is being currently used in many parts of India as a replacement for natural river sand. The manufacturing of M-sand is a multi-step process including crushing, screening and classification. Classification is the final step in the process which helps in getting the desired particle size distribution and removes excess fines. There are two different classification methods used in the process, air classification and wet classification. The air classification process, utilizing air classifiers, efficiently removes excess fines without the need for water, making it a more advanced and sustainable method. In contrast, wet classification relies heavily on significant water consumption to eliminate fines, leading to excessive water usage. Adopting air classification aligns with principles of the circular economy by reducing water dependency and promoting resource conservation. This research investigates the effect of using air classified manufactured sand and wet classified manufactured sand as a replacement to natural river sand in medium strength self-compacting concrete. A total of 450 cubical specimens of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm and 90 cylindrical specimens of 150mm diameter and 300mm height have been cast and used for various studies in this experimental work. The test results show that the air classified manufactured sand performs better than wet classified manufactured sand and both of them out perform natural river sand when used in medium strength self-compacting concrete.

Nguyen Phan Anh   and Nguyen Anh Duc   

Currently, the development of infrastructure in developing countries is driving a significant rise in demand for construction materials. As a result, natural aggregates are being overexploited, causing a serious shortage of supply. Additionally, construction and demolition waste has arisen, leading to significant impacts on the natural environment. Furthermore, industrial production sectors, such as iron and steel production and thermal power generation, emit a huge amount of industrial by-products, including blast furnace slag and fly ash. This construction and demolition waste, along with industrial by-products, is causing serious environmental problems. In this study, an environmentally friendly geopolymer mortar is produced using recycled fine aggregate from construction and demolition waste, combined with industrial by-products such as ground granulated blast furnace slag from iron manufacturing processes and fly ash from thermal power plants. Furthermore, this type of mortar does not use cement, thereby reducing carbon emissions. The use of recycled fine aggregate also presents a viable alternative to natural sand, helping to limit the overexploitation of natural resources. Experiments were conducted to examine the performance of this environmentally friendly geopolymer mortar. As a result, geopolymer mortar made with recycled fine aggregates and industrial by-products demonstrates performance that meets construction specifications. Additionally, the carbon footprint of this geopolymer mortar is reduced by up to 88% compared to mortar using Portland cement. The results can contribute to the development of a green construction sector, aligning with the net-zero carbon emission goal in the near future.

Lisa Ayu Winanti   Heni Fitriani   and Melawaty Agustien   

Queues at tollgates are still a major issue on highways. This often causes traffic jams when approaching the toll gate, as the number of incoming vehicles exceeds its service capacity. The Indonesian government will implement the Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) system as an alternative so that toll road users do not need to stop their vehicles when making toll payment transactions. However, the government needs to examine more deeply the issues that may arise due to eliminating queues, such as changes in traffic characteristics and vehicle arrival times at the main toll road intersections. This research looks at the implementation plan and tries to figure out what problems might come up when MLFF is put into place. This study investigates the existing traffic volume to analyze the feasibility of MLFF implementation. This study used time series forecasting methods to forecast traffic volume, considering variables such as service time, queue systems, and toll gate capacity. A financial feasibility analysis of the project was conducted by evaluating the potential toll revenue and doing a cost-benefit analysis of the toll road construction. The research results show that the implementation of the Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) system yields a Net Present Value (NPV) of Rp7.28 trillion, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 9.47%, and an investment payback period of 32 years. The conventional e-Toll system generates a net present value of Rp5.73 trillion, a rate of back of 9.05%, and an investment payback period of 33 years. Based on the results of the study, the Keramasan toll gate's implementation of the MLFF system is physically and economically feasible. However, for the transition process, positive socialization will be required from the government and toll road investors, as well as public acceptance of the MLFF system or this new payment transaction.

Adedotun Oyebola Akinola   and Didarabasi Esther Ini-Ukim   

Healing architecture has attained global recognition for its role in promoting human well-being, leading to its adoption in various building types, including healthcare, office and residential facilities. This paper examines the core principles of healing architecture, such as natural lighting, ventilation, acoustics, colours, biophilia and spatial organisation and their roles in creating a therapeutic environment. The study investigates notable wellness centres in Abuja, such as Nisa Wellness Retreat and Beauty Secrets MedSpa, analysing how these principles are integrated into architectural designs to enhance physical and mental health. The research utilises qualitative observation from site visits and highlights the successes and challenges of implementing these principles in Abuja. The findings presented through descriptive analysis show that Beauty Secrets MedSpa demonstrated the use of healing architecture principles by integrating biophilic elements such as water fountains, green areas, and natural and artificial lighting compared to Nisa Wellness Retreat, as seen in the building design and spatial elements. The results indicate that healing architecture principles significantly influence user well-being by integrating biophilic elements, natural lighting, and thoughtful spatial organisation. The paper emphasises the importance of architecture in fostering health-centric spaces, offering insights to architects, interior designers and policymakers seeking to create environments that support holistic well-being.

Anthony Babatunde Sholanke   and Ololade Simbiat Adisa   

Shopping malls are public facilities that cater to all user groups. To achieve sustainable communities, shopping malls should be designed to meet the accessibility needs of all categories of users. This study assessed the compliance of accessibility features of selected shopping malls with universal design strategies in Nigeria to determine areas for improvement towards promoting inclusivity in the development of the built environment. The study adopted a qualitative research approach. Data from three shopping malls were collected using an observation guide, analysed through content analysis, and presented descriptively with photographs and a table to enhance understanding and provide clarity. The study discovered that while a majority of the accessibility strategies implemented in the malls were satisfactorily compliant with universal design strategies, some of the features did not meet universal design requirements. Key areas found to be lacking include accessibility features largely beneficial for people with disabilities, such as a lack of accessible car parks, slippery floor surfaces, and a lack of lower handrails where main handrails are provided along stairways and ramps for the benefit of people with short stature, and children. Others are the use of open risers, generally considered unsafe for users, and the absence of baby changing toilet facilities. The study suggests retrofitting the shopping malls with accessibility features found to be lacking, to cater for all user groups, including people with disabilities, without compromising the functionality and aesthetic appeal of the shopping malls. The article is beneficial for policymakers, designers, researchers, and students towards the study, planning, and development of safe, resilient, sustainable, and inclusive environments in conformity with the 11th target of the 17 sustainable development goals.

Stephanus Evert Indrawan   LMF Purwanto   Hermawan   and Mark Ch'ng   

This study aimed to investigate the need for adaptive post-flood housing solutions in South Kalimantan's peatland regions, where low soil bearing capacity and frequent flooding required innovative construction methods. To achieve this objective, parametric design and digital fabrication were combined to optimize vernacular structures, improving resilience, efficiency, and adaptability. A control-parameter workflow was developed, involving structural profile recommendations, parametric modeling, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations, design iterations, and prototype fabrication. Tools such as Rhinoceros 3D, Grasshopper, and Karamba3D supported structural simulations, while Computer Numerical Control (CNC) and laser-cutting technologies enabled precise prototype fabrication. The results showed that optimizing the Kacapuri foundation reduced deformation, minimized material use, and improved load distribution. Local materials, including ulin and galam wood, improved environmental compatibility, reinforcing structure's suitability for peatland conditions. Scaled prototypes confirmed the system's ability to withstand critical loads, showing structural stability under simulated flood pressures. The study emphasized the effectiveness of combining modern computational tools with traditional construction methods, though further field testing was needed to validate the system's real-world performance. Therefore, future studies should explore alternative materials and incorporate machine learning to improve design flexibility. These results also contributed to the development of sustainable, disaster-resilient housing for vulnerable, flood-prone communities.

Janhet Katherine Díaz León   Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   and Pamela María Cahuana Zavala   

In recent years, climate change has manifested itself through increased rainfall, storm surges, floods, among others. Climate change is manifested in increased rainfall, storm surges and flooding, generating problems of soil erosion and landslides. These factors reduce the bearing capacity, weakening the soil, which generates significant settlements and a decrease in cohesion, increasing the risk of structural failures. In addition, certain physical properties of the soil, such as granulometry and classification, influence its behavior, with those composed of clays or low-density soils, which are susceptible to collapse, being more detrimental. Human activities, such as excessive deforestation, land use change and overgrazing, aggravate this degradation. Lime and cement are commonly used to stabilize the ground; however, these techniques increase carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, aggravating the environmental impact. This is why this research has shown that geosynthetics are a viable and effective solution in the field of civil engineering, especially in the face of the challenges of climate change. These materials stand out for their properties of resistance, permeability and durability in applications such as foundations, reinforced soils, pavements and protective barriers. Research shows that geotextiles, particularly those made from natural fibers, offer environmental benefits due to their biodegradability. They promote greener construction practices by improving the efficiency and durability of structures while mitigating environmental impact. The properties and applications of geotextiles are analyzed, evaluating their performance as a sustainable and effective alternative to meet the challenges of climate change in construction. Geotextiles, made with polymers, natural fibers or a combination of both, reinforce soil and pavements, allow filtration, separate materials and facilitate drainage. They are useful in column linings, pavement reinforcement, slope and bank erosion control, retaining walls and hydraulic spillways. Environmental benefits include reduced consumption of traditional materials, a lower carbon footprint and soil protection, consolidating geotextiles as a key tool for sustainable construction and mitigating the effects of climate change on the construction industry.

Samanamud Díaz Andres Alejandro   Verde Sánchez Diland Sebastian   Mendoza Flores Cristian Milton   De La Cruz Vega Sleyther Arturo   and Vega Neyra Ccori Siello   

The purpose of the research is to determine the behavior caused by the addition of recycled vehicle oil (RVO) and stone powder (SP) in subgrade stabilization, using an applied methodology, a quasi-experimental design, and a quantitative approach. The natural state soil has an A-6 classification (low plasticity clayey soils), with a plasticity index of 16%, a maximum dry density of 1977 kg/m³, and an optimal moisture content of 10.30%. Additionally, the unconfined compressive strength is 265863.64 kg/m², and its California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is 12.20%, indicating it is a good subgrade in relation to this last property. Subsequently, the addition of RVO and SP to the natural sample showed favorable results in all evaluated properties except for the unconfined compressive strength. In this regard, the dosage of 6% RVO and 15% SP presented the best values, reducing the plasticity index to 8%, increasing the maximum dry density (MDD) to 2047 kg/m³, lowering the optimal moisture content (OMC) to 4.90%, the unconfined compressive strength obtained a value of 100251.00 kg/m², and the CBR at 95% increased to 25.50%, classifying it as a very good subgrade. Finally, it is concluded that the subgrade soil with the addition of RVO and SP improves its physical-mechanical properties.

William Araujo   

Significant soil liquefaction effects were observed in the urban area of La Isla San Lorenzo following the Mw 6.1 earthquake that occurred on July 30, 2021, in northern Peru. The epicenter was located 12 km west of the city of Sullana, in the Piura region, an area characterized by alluvial deposits and a shallow water table, which contribute to high liquefaction potential. These effects were manifested through the formation of sand boils, ground fissures, and water ejection, leading to visible ground instability and potential damage to infrastructure. To assess the liquefaction potential in the affected area, a geotechnical analysis was performed using both empirical and numerical methods. The classical liquefaction potential method by Seed and Idriss (1971) was applied to evaluate the factor of safety against liquefaction, indicating the presence of liquefiable soil layers down to a depth of 8m. Additionally, a one-dimensional (1D) numerical analysis was conducted using the PDMY02 constitutive model by Elgamal (2002), which simulates the cyclic behavior of sandy soils under seismic loading. This model, based on a pore pressure ratio threshold, identified liquefaction triggering up to a depth of 6 m. Furthermore, shear strain analysis confirmed the occurrence of significant deformations associated with liquefaction. The combined results of empirical and numerical approaches highlight the vulnerability of La Isla San Lorenzo to liquefaction hazards, emphasizing the need for improved site-specific seismic hazard assessments and mitigation measures in future urban planning and infrastructure development.

Rohit Kumar   Divit Yadav   Debayan Dhar   and Ganesh Urala H. G.   

Typography plays a pivotal role in shaping the visual fabric of a cityscape and its dynamics. This study systematically explores the intricate relationship between environmental typography and its contribution to the human interpretation of public spaces. It addresses a significant gap in the domain of urban science literature and has the potential to contribute to the development of more interactive urban spaces. Therefore, this research employs a twofold methodology, commencing with a comprehensive literature review followed by an experimental phase involving a distinctive approach termed 'perceptual experimentation' to elicit precise psychological responses. The study results demonstrate a significant preference for typographic elements, as revealed by a binomial test analysing 3,150 responses, highlighting a substantial influence of typography on user preferences. Furthermore, a chi-square test confirmed a strong relationship between typographic elements in urban environments and user preference. Regarding the interpretation of the built environment, 74.12% of responses were found to align with correct interpretations. Logistic regression analysis indicated that font style and color significantly influence interpretation, while material and size exert minimal. The study holds important practical implications for urban design, planning and psychology, as it advocates for the integration of typography to enhance the connectivity of public spaces with people.

A. O. Akinola   and F. E. Amadhe   

Academic libraries are essential spaces for learning and research, characterized by consistent use and high occupancy levels. In tropical regions like Delta State, Nigeria, these libraries often rely on artificial cooling systems to ensure user comfort, which poses challenges for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. However, passive design strategies, such as natural ventilation, thermal mass, and shading devices, provide sustainable alternatives to reduce energy reliance and improve indoor conditions. This study aims to assess the application of passive design strategies in three academic libraries in Delta State: The Petroleum Training Institute (PTI) Library, Delta State University (DELSU) Library, and the College of Education (COE) Library, Warri. A case study research method was employed, with primary data collected using an observation guide to document passive design elements. The findings, presented through descriptive analysis, revealed that while the PTI Library demonstrated the highest adoption of passive strategies, none of the libraries fully maximized their potential. Gaps such as insufficient shading devices, minimal integration of vegetation, and reliance on artificial cooling systems were observed. The results indicate that passive strategies can significantly reduce energy demands and enhance comfort but require comprehensive integration during the design phase. The study recommends prioritizing passive strategies early in the design process, supported by thermal simulations to optimize their effectiveness. These findings highlight the potential of passive design to create sustainable, energy-efficient library environments in tropical climates.

F. Indriastiwi   S. P. Hadiwardoyo   and Nahry   

The current state of freight transport infrastructure in Indonesia lacks a comprehensive multimodal perspective. Developing infrastructure within this perspective is crucial to achieving efficient and seamless freight transportation. A strategic model is proposed to optimize benefits by minimizing total distribution costs while adhering to budget constraints for investment, operation, and maintenance (IOM). The model incorporates rail, road, and sea modes, factoring in generalized transport costs, such as the value of time (VOT) and reliability (VOR), under various scenarios. Applied to Java's freight transport network, this model uses network representation to reflect real conditions, including attributes like speed, travel time, unit costs, and capacity. It predicts freight volumes for a target year and employs bilevel programming solved by a genetic algorithm to determine the best infrastructure development strategies. Results demonstrate that a multimodal approach yields lower total distribution and IOM costs and higher efficiency compared to a unimodal approach. The model serves as a tool for optimizing multimodal transportation systems, reducing generalized costs, and providing strategic recommendations for infrastructure development in Java.

Abdirahman Ali Muse   Abdirahman Abdullahi Ahmed   Mohamed Abdi Hassan   and Mohamed Abdirahman Mohamed   

The present study evaluates the performance of locally sourced and imported aggregates in Somalia, focusing on their impact on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. Four different aggregates were investigated: Baidoa and Galkayo (locally sourced) and Oman and Dubai (imported). Concrete cubes of 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm were prepared and tested under two mix designs, M25 and M30, at curing durations of 7 and 28 days. Five key tests were conducted: compressive strength, slump test, Los Angeles abrasion, water absorption, and sieve analysis. Results indicate that the Oman and Galkayo aggregates exhibited the highest compressive strength in M25, while the Galkayo and Dubai aggregates performed best in M30. The Los Angeles abrasion and water absorption tests revealed that Dubai and Galkayo aggregates had superior durability properties. The sieve analysis showed significant variations in size distribution among the aggregates. Findings provide a foundation for optimizing concrete mix designs in Somalia, balancing availability, cost, and performance. Further research on long-term durability and microstructural properties using SEM analysis is recommended.

Mutaib I. Alsaadi   Sharifah Fairuz Syed Fadzil   Najib T. Al-Ashwal   Aasem Alabdullatief   and Ahmed M. Alhzmi   

A comfortable indoor thermal environment is crucial in classrooms, because poor indoor thermal conditions can adversely affect students' cognitive performance and lead to lower academic achievement. This study aims to evaluate indoor thermal conditions in typical schools in Muscat, Oman, characterized by hot and dry climate during summer and winter. This study collected fieldwork data using suitable instruments to measure different climate components, including indoor air temperature and relative humidity. The results showed that outdoor air temperature significantly influenced indoor air temperature, with the indoor temperature being lower than the outdoor temperature during the day in winter and higher than the outdoor temperature in the evening during summer. Despite daily variations in outdoor temperature, there were only minor changes in the daily range of indoor temperature. Effective insulation, modifying building envelope and ventilation systems, and regularly monitoring indoor air quality can help provide a comfortable indoor thermal environment, supporting student academic performance and well-being. Future research can explore the effectiveness of different strategies and technologies in improving indoor thermal conditions in schools.

Julio Casimiro   Brigitte Montalvo   Ninoska Morales   Lizeth Perez   and Manuel Laurencio   

Modular masonry has emerged as a technological innovation in the construction industry, offering solutions to improve efficiency in projects. In Chile, this method has been developed and patented thanks to the Society of Innovation for Construction (SIC), showing promising results that have led to its adoption in other countries. This approach seeks to reduce costs and improve accuracy in construction, using plastic connectors and spacers in hollow bricks to facilitate the reinforcement of walls. The introduction of modular steel reinforcement has been shown to increase strength and speed up the construction process, and has been patented in multiple countries. The discussion compares modular masonry to traditional masonry, highlighting its speed, economic efficiency and environmental options. Although procurement and transportation of components can present challenges, its versatile design and ability to build in a variety of environments make it a viable option. In addition, significant growth in modular construction is projected in countries, such as the United States, Canada, China, Egypt, and the United Kingdom, where it is expected to increase in market value and the implementation of industrialized buildings to promote sustainability.

Albert Jorddy Valenzuela Inga   Heydi Karina Hinostroza Maravi   Victor Hinostroza Maravi   Nelfa Estrella Ayuque Almidon   Aron Jhonatan Aliaga Contreras   Carlos Eduardo Lazo Herrera  and Boris Senin Carhuallanqui Parian   

Clayey soils often exhibit low strength and high plasticity, challenging subgrade stability in road infrastructure and prompting the search for sustainable stabilization solutions. This study evaluated the efficacy of recycled crumb rubber (CR) and eucalyptus ash (EA) as additives to improve the geotechnical properties of a problematic clayey soil. A laboratory program involving Atterberg limits, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests was conducted on samples with varying percentages of CR, EA, and their combinations. Key results demonstrated that CR addition, particularly at 15%, significantly enhanced soil strength, increasing CBR by 41.3% and UCS by 38.9% relative to untreated soil. Optimized CR-EA combinations (e.g., 10% CR + 10% EA) also yielded substantial improvements, with CBR increasing by 30.9% and UCS by 26.3%. However, EA addition generally increased the optimum moisture content, which may cause a potential practical inconvenience, and excessive overall additive levels could negatively impact performance. The findings highlight CR and EA's potential as effective soil stabilizers, emphasizing the critical role of optimizing additive proportions for enhancing clayey soils in road subgrades.

Aina Irdina Md Rosni   NH Abd Ghafar   Tham Yee Mei   Nur Shahelly Mansor binti Mohamad Mansor   and Lyn Dee Goh   

In order for reinforced concrete (RC) structures to remain structurally sound over time, damage detection is essential, particularly when the building has cracks. This pilot study examines the efficacy of a vibration-based technique that employs varying accelerometer distances to evaluate crack damage in reinforced concrete (RC) specimens. Four RC specimens were built; one was uncracked, and the other three had induced cracks with dimensions of 50 mm for length and 10 mm for width, and depths of 50 mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm, respectively. To test the efficacy of the vibration-based crack evaluation approach, a 10 mm crack was purposefully created in the concrete structure. As a way to ensure that the damage was significant enough to affect the vibration response while still being representative of typical structural damage scenarios, this crack size was selected. Using an impact hammer and accelerometers at 30 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm, and 120 mm distances, modal testing was carried out on specimens with different crack depths. The first mode natural frequency was ascertained by analyzing the experiment's data using ARTeMIS software. The findings show that the smallest deviations from the reference values determined by the multiplier method, which is based on the finite element method (FEM), are obtained at accelerometer distances of 40 mm and 120 mm. The locations of antinodes and nodes are represented by these distances, respectively. The data for uncracked specimens and those with a 120 mm crack depth show notable differences from the computed values, despite the fact that 30 mm is also close to both a node and an antinode. The accelerometers may have been positioned too closely together, which could have introduced signal errors. These results provide important information about how to best position sensors for vibration-based damage detection in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. In order to lay the groundwork for future studies into smaller or more intricate crack patterns, the goal is to assess whether this method can accurately identify and describe cracks.

Ahmad Saifudin Mutaqi   Purnama Salura   and Reginaldo Christopori Lake   

Increasing infrastructure development in cultural heritage areas often creates tensions between construction efficiency and preservation of cultural values. In this context, the Lean Construction approach, which focuses on process efficiency and value creation, needs to be re-examined to address the complexity of projects that intersect with historical sites. This study aims to explore how Lean Construction principles can be adapted sensitively to cultural heritage, taking the case of the restoration of Kimpulan Temple in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, as the object of study. This temple is a 9th-century Hindu relic that was unexpectedly discovered amidst the construction of a library building on the modern campus of the Islamic University of Indonesia, thus raising the need for a construction management strategy that considers the sacredness, symbolic meaning, and rhythm of local culture. This study uses a qualitative case study method through analysis of planning documents, interviews with stakeholders, and direct observation on site. The results of the study produce a Heritage-Sensitive Lean Framework, consisting of six main principles: value pluralism, cultural rhythm, distributed authority, contextual constraint management, multi-sector collaboration, and sustainable adaptation. These findings suggest that the lean approach can be extended beyond technical efficiency to deeper social and cultural meaning. The theoretical contribution of this study is the extension of the Lean paradigm in the realm of cultural preservation, while its practical contribution lies in providing relevant managerial tools for similar projects in the future. The social implications of this study include strengthening the role of communities and cultural institutions in decision-making for infrastructure projects. This study also opens up space for further validation and application of this framework in other heritage contexts with different socio-cultural characteristics.

Haifa Ebrahim Al-Khalifa   and Kawthar Ghasrah   

Mosques hold a significant place in Islamic culture and society and serve as more than just places of worship—they are embodiments of spiritual beliefs, cultural heritage, and architectural excellence. Over the centuries, mosque architecture has evolved under the influence of various factors such as religious teachings, cultural practices, and technological advancements. This research explores how mosque architecture can shape the spiritual and bodily experiences through the concepts of creating sacred places. This research aims to analyze the phenomenology and bodily experiences within mosques as places of worship, and the way different vernacular design choices affect the worship experience of worshippers within the mosque through the overall bodily experience, which will answer the question "How do architectural elements and design principles of mosques impact the spiritual and bodily experiences of worshippers across different cultures and geographic regions?". This was achieved by employing qualitative methods through architectural analysis of three case studies from Bahrain, Iran and Turkey. A comparative approach was later used to compare each mosque to other cases built around the same time within their regions. The findings highlight how geographical diversity, vernacular architectural styles, and cultural and historical influences highly shape how worshippers perceive and emotionally connect with mosque spaces. By emphasizing the bodily experience role—defined here as the interaction between the worshipper's body and the architectural space—the study highlights how mosques can improve spiritual experiences and reinforce communal and cultural identities.

Mohamed Seif-ElNasr Ahmed   Omnia Khaled   and Farag Abd El Naby   

This study examines the integration of smart materials in atrium design for public buildings to enhance environmental sustainability. Atriums play a crucial role in creating sustainable architectural spaces while fostering social interaction. The primary objective is to develop an evaluation model that quantifies the impact of smart materials on sustainability performance. A mixed-method approach combining case study analysis and modeling techniques is employed to assess key sustainability factors, including energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and resource utilization. Three internationally certified sustainable projects were selected to apply the proposed model. The evaluation results show an average sustainability score of 77.8%, demonstrating the significant contribution of smart materials to sustainable atrium design. Key findings include a 96% efficiency in natural ventilation and site sustainability, an 82% improvement in energy and material efficiency, and a 58% enhancement in natural lighting and acoustic comfort. These results validate the applicability of the evaluation model in both new and existing public buildings, offering a framework for advancing sustainable design practices. Despite these benefits, the widespread adoption of smart materials faces challenges, including high initial costs and integration complexities with conventional systems such as HVAC. Additionally, a lack of long-term data on their durability and performance under varying environmental conditions limits their broader implementation. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of smart materials over time. Further investigations are needed to optimize their design and application in different climates and building types. Specifically, assessing their functionality across diverse geographical regions with varying temperature and humidity levels will enhance their adaptability and efficiency. Addressing these challenges will facilitate the broader adoption of smart materials, promoting more sustainable public building designs.

Rawan Magdi   Tarek M. Kamel   and Amgad Fahmy   

Noise pollution is a phenomenon that affects many large cities and is caused by several factors, one of which is traffic noise due to the high population density in urban areas. This paper aims to investigate three retrofitting techniques to reduce traffic-induced noise on the main façade of the architectural department building at Cairo University. Initial physical measurements recorded a minimum noise level of 63.9 dB(A), exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The first technique explores geometry manipulation by altering the inclination angles (5° and 15°) of the façade protrusions. The second technique evaluates two sound-absorbing cladding materials: green wall systems and coarse concrete tiling. The third technique combines the two approaches, applying the cladding materials to the optimized angles. Using I-Simpa as a computational simulation tool, the sound pressure levels (SPL) resulting from each technique were analyzed. The results indicate that the base case scenario with a 0.75-meter protrusion achieved an average SPL reduction of 1.7 dB(A) with a green wall and 2.4 dB(A) with coarse concrete. However, implementing a combination of techniques—including increased protrusion, inclination, and surface treatment—proved more effective, achieving a maximum SPL reduction of 2.8 dB(A) from the highest recorded level. This study demonstrates the potential of integrated retrofitting strategies to address urban noise pollution effectively.

Abel Max Julcarima Espiritu   Angel Ulises Huaman Chuco   Jim Alcides Caballero Huaman   and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   

This study evaluates the influence of structural slenderness on the seismic response of buildings equipped with ADAS, TADAS and SLB hysteretic dissipaters. Structures with three levels of slenderness (1, 2 and 3) were modeled and analyzed by means of static and dynamic nonlinear analysis simulations. To quantify structural vulnerability, fragility curves were generated considering Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety and Collapse Prevention performance states as a function of peak ground acceleration (PGA). The results show that the incorporation of dissipaters significantly reduces the inelastic demand and delays the appearance of critical performance states, even in buildings with greater slenderness. However, differences were identified in the effectiveness of each type of dissipator depending on the geometric configuration. In less slender structures, the dissipaters maintained low probabilities of critical damage up to high PGA. On the other hand, in more slender buildings, seismic vulnerability increased significantly above 0.50g, with a higher probability of reaching Life Safety and Collapse Prevention states. The SLB dissipater presented the most uniform performance in all configurations, significantly reducing the probability of severe damage. In contrast, the ADAS and TADAS dissipaters showed a progressive reduction in their damage mitigation capacity as structural flexibility increased, thus increasing the probability of reaching critical performance states. These findings highlight the importance of adjusting the mechanical properties of dissipaters according to structural slenderness to optimize seismic response. The exploration of advanced strategies, such as the combination of multiple dissipaters and the consideration of geometric variations and soil conditions, is recommended in order to improve structural resilience to large magnitude seismic events.

Abdulbaset Mohamed Ammari   and Ruhizal Roosli   

The construction industry significantly impacts the environment, necessitating sustainable solutions such as prefabricated building technologies. In Libya, adopting these technologies could address housing shortages and enhance construction efficiency. This study applies the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) model and the Task-Technology Fit (TTF) framework to investigate factors influencing the adoption of prefabricated building technologies. Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to analyse survey data, key variables such as performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, affordability, and government support were examined. The findings reveal that performance and effort expectancy are the strongest drivers, with adoption more likely when users perceive efficiency and ease of use. Social influence, facilitating conditions (e.g., resources, infrastructure, technical support), and logistic factors (affordability and government support) also significantly impact adoption. Cultural alignment with local practices further supports implementation success. The study recommends raising awareness, enhancing technical infrastructure, and establishing robust government incentives and policies to promote adoption. These strategies are essential for addressing Libya's housing challenges, advancing construction efficiency, and fostering sustainability in the industry.

Alaa Elsherif   Mohammed Anwar Zayed   and Radwa Saeed Tawfik   

Traditional urban planning approaches have recently witnessed many struggles in anticipating the impact of policy shifts, economic changes and social dynamics on the performance of cities. In this context, a data-driven decision-making approach is considered as a critical method in shaping urban policies that manage cities' spatial performance. The paper investigates utilizing SLEUTH simulation model as a tool for data-driven decision making in the field of urban management. The study applied SLEUTH model on Badr city in Egypt as a case study for New Egyptian cities, where many of them faced challenges in achieving the desired rates of urban development through the past years. The study is structured into two main parts, the theoretical framework that investigates the significance of data driven decision making approach and the use of computational tools in the field of urban planning and the empirical part that details the methods used in the research including input data and calibration stages for two SLEUTH modeling scenarios: Scenario A: which utilized basic input data for the model to act as a baseline simulation, and scenario B where policy related factors are integrated such as the proximity to the New Administrative Capital and the establishment of Light Rail Transit Stations within the city. The results showed significant differences between the two scenarios, which highlighted the importance of integrating policy related factors in urban simulation models for more reliable results. The study concluded that incorporating updated computational and simulation tools has a significant effect on enhancing the process of setting management strategies for the modern dynamic urban contexts and highlighted the importance of adopting adaptive urban planning frameworks that respond to the evolving spatial performance of cities.

Tan Vo Dinh   and Thinh Duy Do   

Traditional villages serve as vital repositories of agricultural civilization, preserving cultural and spatial heritage. In the context of rural urbanization, understanding and revitalizing the spatial elements and cultural environments of traditional villages is essential. This study focuses on Katu villages, utilizing pattern language theory and landscape gene analysis to construct a framework for decoding spatial elements and guiding restoration efforts. The research identifies three key findings: (1) the spatial landscape of Katu villages can be systematized into a pattern language, encompassing distinct spatial elements such as gươl (communal houses), stilted houses, and ceremonial zones, along with principles of spatial order, scale, and cultural context; (2) three primary landscape genes—dominant architecture, overall spatial layout, and cultural practices—are identified as critical to preserving the historical and cultural essence of Katu villages; and (3) an integrated restoration mechanism is proposed, addressing weak points in spatial structures, reorganizing hierarchical connections to ensure cohesion within the circular pattern, and repairing large-scale elements such as housing clusters and sacred landscapes. This approach provides a sustainable pathway for protecting the cultural identity and spatial integrity of traditional Katu villages, ensuring their resilience in the face of modernization.

Siti Aisyah Nurjannah   Saloma   Kiagus Muhammad Aminuddin   Arie Putra Usman   Anis Saggaff   Ryo Agustinus Muliawan   and Shek Poi-Ngian   

Cold-formed steel requires a connecting medium such as a gusset plate. The most commonly used types are haunched and rectangular gusset plates of the beam-column joint (BCJ). Previous studies and regulations do not specify the dimensional limits of gusset plates. The optimal shape and size of gusset plates for withstanding loads are yet to be identified. This study aims to assess the effects of the shape and length of a haunched gusset plate (compared with a rectangular plate) on the capacity of a BCJ in resisting gravity loads. Specimen tests were performed to compare the performance of beam-to-column connections using rectangular and haunched gusset plates, each measuring 600 mm long. Subsequently, studies based on finite element models were conducted to compare the performance of BCJ using haunched gusset plates with lengths of 550 mm, 600 mm, and 650 mm. The differences in the type and size of gusset plates as connections affect the ultimate load and displacement. The 650-mm-long gusset plate affords the best bearing load capacity under beam-to-column connections of 51 kN and dissipation energy of 1638.62 kN.mm. Lower load capacities were demonstrated by the 600 mm and 550 mm haunched gusset plates and the 600 mm rectangular plate.

Muhammad Syazili   Mohammad Bisri   Ussy Andawayanti   and Andre Primantyo Hendrawan   

The condition of groundwater level in the slope is generally deep enough located and it is far from outermost surface slope, so in the slope reinforcement design that uses soil nailing, sometimes the influence to the safety factor is not considered, because slope is assumed that it will not experience water saturation. This research intends to investigate the value of safety factor and deformation that happen on soil nailing when the slope experiences the increasing of groundwater level. The methodology consists of analyzing by finite element with Plaxis software. The research method is carried out by using the finite element method that is the numerical simulation which is assisted by the software Plaxis, and is started by modelling the existing condition without soil nailing reinforcement formerly, then it is continued with modelling the existing condition by using soil nailing reinforcement. The researched parameter is groundwater level that is geometrically modelled by Plaxis with a depth of 2m on toe and 4m on hoe. The result shows that the safety factor value of slope by using soil nailing that experiences the increasing of groundwater level will experience a slight decrease, but the deformation in the slope land will be more increasing. Part of soil nailing that is caught water saturated is needed to be attended because the big pore water pressure more happens in the part.

Yurisman   Desnila Sari   Lukman Murdiansyah   Maiyozzi Chairi   and Khadavi   

Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs) are structural systems comprising beams, columns, and diagonal braces. The configuration isolates a short beam segment (termed a "link") at brace ends. These frames are engineered to concentrate inelastic deformation within the links during seismic events, making the system's seismic resilience critically dependent on link integrity. This study investigates how variations in plate stiffener configurations within shear link components influence the earthquake-resistant behavior of EBF structures. The study used a finite element method to model the specimens as shell elements. The test specimen model used in this study consists of a single beam and a shear link integrated into an EBF structural system. The specimens experienced controlled static, monotonous, and cyclic loading through displacement. Modifications made to the shear link are changes to the shape of the stiffeners on the web of the IWF profile, namely by adjusting the stiffeners' spacing and changing the stiffener plate's pattern to a diagonal arrangement. The study observed specific seismic parameters associated with the EBF structural system performance, including the strength, stiffness, ductility, as well as the capacity of energy dissipation for each test specimen. The obtained test results reveal a substantial performance disparity in shear links when utilized within single beams as opposed to their integration within EBF structural systems, highlighting the practical implications of the design and construction of earthquake-resistant steel structures.

Yesser Priono   and Evawani Ellisa   

This study examines the dynamics of riverside settlements in Central Kalimantan, with a particular focus on Palangka Raya City, to understand how traditional ecological knowledge and cultural practices intersect with contemporary urbanization and environmental pressures. Situated within the broader discourse on sustainable urban development, the research examines how the Dayak Ngaju people's enduring relationship with riverine environments. It offers valuable insights into balancing cultural continuity and ecological integrity in rapidly transforming urban landscapes. As Palangka Raya emerges as a strategic urban node, it faces mounting pressures from infrastructure expansion, land-use change, and socio-economic modernization—threatening the sustainability of indigenous lifeways and ecosystems. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining literature reviews, drone-based spatial observation, structured surveys, and participatory engagement with local communities. This methodological integration provides a nuanced and multi-scalar understanding of environmental and socio-cultural transformations in river-edge settlements. The findings reveal that traditional practices—such as seasonal fishing, floating cultivation, and ritual-based spatial organization—play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and social cohesion. These practices, however, are increasingly marginalized by top-down planning and fragmented urban governance. The study concludes that sustainable development in Palangka Raya requires a multi-dimensional framework that integrates indigenous knowledge systems, participatory planning, and adaptive environmental governance. It contributes to the fields of urban anthropology, environmental planning, and cultural sustainability by proposing a hybridized model of development that is rooted in both local wisdom and scientific innovation. Practical implications include informing culturally sensitive urban policies, while social implications point to the empowerment of Indigenous communities in shaping future cityscapes. While the study offers meaningful insights, its geographically narrow scope and absence of longitudinal data limit the generalizability of its findings; nonetheless, it provides an initial step toward more comprehensive, comparative research on riverine urban transformations across Southeast Asia.

Pallavi Sharma   Nithiyanandam Yogeswaran   and Ramkishore Singh   

Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects have emerged as a critical challenge in rapidly urbanizing regions, particularly in the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi, where unplanned urban expansion has significantly intensified localized warming. This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of UHI across Delhi NCR, with a specific focus on Gurugram, which has been identified as the epicenter of the highest Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII). Among the satellite cities of Delhi, Gurugram exhibits the most pronounced fluctuations in Land Surface Temperature (LST), a phenomenon driven by rapid urbanization, fragmented green infrastructure, and the proliferation of impervious surfaces. The research systematically analyses UHI patterns in Gurugram across seasonal and diurnal cycles, revealing distinct trends. Summer daytime UHI demonstrates significant interannual variability, with a peak intensity observed in 2017. In contrast, nighttime UHI remains relatively stable across both summer and monsoon seasons, indicating that daytime UHI is more sensitive to urban morphological changes, while nighttime heat retention is influenced by the thermal inertia of built-up surfaces and structural properties of the urban environment. Key drivers of UHI intensification in Gurugram include rapid population growth, the expansion of impervious surfaces, declining vegetative cover, and the scarcity of water bodies. Although there has been a marginal improvement in urban tree cover in recent years, the relentless expansion of built-up areas has offset these gains, exacerbating UHI effects. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted urban planning interventions that address the seasonal and diurnal behavior of UHI. Potential strategies include the integration of sustainable cooling solutions, such as cool roofs and pavements, the enhancement of green infrastructure through tree canopy expansion, and the restoration and optimization of water bodies. By providing a comprehensive understanding of UHI dynamics in Gurugram, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on urban climate resilience. It underscores the importance of context-specific mitigation strategies that account for the unique spatiotemporal characteristics of UHI, offering actionable insights for policymakers and urban planners to foster sustainable and climate-resilient urban development in rapidly growing cities.

Salma Tarek   

Sponge Cities is an urban approach to making cities more porous to storm flooding. Its main idea is to make cities act with permeability like a sponge absorbing and storing water then reusing it efficiently. This research aims to develop a framework that applies principles for Sponge Cities approach to guide contemporary cities toward ecological development. It follows a descriptive analytical approach answering two main research questions: (1) what are the key components of Sponge City that can be integrated into urban design and planning to enhance ecological developments? (2) how can principles of Sponge Cities be established to assess its effectiveness in improving urban resilience and biodiversity, along with community involvement? The research follows a systematic literature review followed by a comparative analysis for international case studies to help identify main principles and indicators of strategies for Sponge Cities. Furthermore, the research formulates a framework to understand how Sponge Cities could achieve ecological development. The research ended by an initial approach to applying Sponge Cities framework in Egypt. This showed a way of promoting ecological and resilient practices in Egyptian cities. Integrating green infrastructure and advanced water management practices would help foster biodiversity and mitigate the impact of climate changes.

Fermanto Lianto   Rudy Trisno   and Yasuhiro Hata   

The fundamental issue concerning churches in Jakarta today is the loss of the sacred value of buildings, especially since the construction of church architecture in Indonesia still imitates and adheres to Westernism from colonialism. The Church of Cathedral "Santa Maria Pelindung diangkat ke Surga", Jakarta, was chosen in this study, because it is the main Catholic church in Indonesia and is a witness to the historical heritage of the Dutch colonial period. This research sets out a qualitative research method that employs a theoretical study approach to analysing the church building's surface structure, deep structure and direction of church building development. The novelty in this research is the idea of a design guideline for Catholic churches in Indonesia, which comes from the study of 'Surface Structure' and 'Deep Structure', in the form of structural form diagrams and Catholic church architectural theory. This is fundamental because the study of Catholic church architecture often focuses on styles, architectural styles, and decorative elements and does not even touch on Nusantara architecture. The findings of this theoretical study, based on qualitative research, indicate that Catholic church architecture must pay due consideration to the principles of tropical architecture that are applicable in this context: 1) Spatial structure, namely the composition of the physical structure, hierarchy, and spatial strata reflected in the volume as a spatial experience; 2) Landscape as a transitional space between humans and their creations; and 3) Architectural elements that direct the signs and symbols of the faith.

Takkellapati. Sujatha   Moturu. Tej Sai   Ayinala. Naga Sai   and D. S. R. Murty   

The aggregate constitutes 60-70% of the total volume of materials used in concrete production. Replacing natural aggregates with construction and demolition waste is both a compelling and challenging task in the creation of new concrete. The present study was conducted on natural aggregates replaced with recycled aggregates at 0%, 30%, 45%, and 60% and Portland slag cement as a binder with M-Sand instead of river sand. Recycled aggregates concrete was exposed to high temperatures at 200℃, 400℃ and 600℃ at intervals of 1hr, 2hr, 3hr and 4hr durations after 28 days and also compared results with control concrete (0% recycled aggregates). Portland slag cement (PSC) + 1.5% of Nano silica were used. By an addition of 1.5% of Nano silica (NS) to binder material, it gives additional properties to concrete to reduce void ratio and still becomes denser and shows better performance under temperature. In this study, natural aggregates were replaced by recycled aggregates at 30%, 45% and 60%. Concrete containing recycled aggregate up to roughly 45% is appropriate for applications where temperatures must not exceed 400℃. Beyond 600℃, deterioration was substantially more severe and temperature has a significant impact on the mechanical characteristics of concrete. The compressive strength and durability studies of concrete showed better results with Nano silica at 45% replacement of recycled aggregates. Additionally, the properties of the inter facial transition zone (ITZ) between hydrated paste and recycled aggregates were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Sustainability index of a recycled aggregate concrete is evaluated by considering embodied energy, global warming potential and global temperature potential. Despite the rise in porosity with increasing replacement, the inter facial bond remained stronger with recycled aggregates at replacement levels of up to 45%.

Ali M. Alqahtany   and Maher S. Alshammari   

Housing remains a critical socio-economic challenge in Saudi Arabia, shaped by rapid urbanization, demographic changes, and economic transformation under Vision 2030. This research explores the current state of the housing sector, assessing the effectiveness of policies such as the Sakani Program and Idle Lands Program, while identifying persistent challenges including affordability gaps, urban-rural disparities, and regulatory inefficiencies. The study highlights the potential of public-private partnerships, innovative financing mechanisms, and sustainable construction technologies in bridging the housing supply-demand mismatch. Drawing insights from global best practices, it proposes a comprehensive framework emphasizing policy reforms, infrastructure investment, and technological advancements to ensure affordable, high-quality, and inclusive housing. Additionally, the research underscores the significance of addressing socio-cultural factors and supporting vulnerable populations through targeted interventions. By integrating sustainability, equity, and innovation, this study aligns with Saudi Vision 2030's goals of increasing homeownership, fostering economic diversification, and enhancing the quality of life. The proposed recommendations aim to transform the housing sector into a cornerstone of national development, creating resilient and inclusive communities while addressing the evolving needs of Saudi society.

Mostafa Mohamed Hassan   Magdy Ali Elyamany   Abd El-Rahman Ragab Khalil   and Shimaa Younis Megahed   

Fires have the capacity to result in significant harm to both people and their belongings. Concrete is a primary structural material extensively utilized in construction because of its strength, durability, and ease of production, but its fire resistance is its most distinctive advantage over other construction materials. Yet, using cement in construction is gradually gaining global influence because of the increasing rate of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission and global warming caused by it. So, in a trial to find a partial replacement for cement, this paper investigated how elevated temperatures affect compressive strength in slag and nano-modified concrete mixtures. Concrete mixtures, containing nanoclay replacing 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.8% of cement by weight, and slag replacing 50% of cement by weight, were examined for compressive strength change in fixed temperatures fluctuating between 25℃ and 700℃ for 2 hours. Results showed that in the mixtures including NC and slag the compressive strength increased up to 300℃ and improved the compressive strength by 40%, 54%, and 44% respectively when exposed to 700℃ for 2 hours. Using NC and slag to the concrete mix leads to improvement in the compressive, tensile and flexural strength when compared to the control mix.

Marwa Roby   Mohamed El Barmelgy   and Nehal M. Mohamed   

This paper investigates the ability of utilizing City Information Modeling (CIM) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the Egyptian context to develop and enhance smart city management to keep pace with the development of Egypt's Vision 2030 by leveraging Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and advanced communication networks as foundational elements for CIM-IoT in smart cities. It explores how these technologies can be applied to tackle local critical urban issues such as traffic congestion, energy consumption, and public safety. The research methodology involves a comprehensive literature review, through conducting a comparative analysis for twenty-six international and regional smart cities case studies, based on which a proposed framework "City Planning Information Model (CPIModel)" has been inducted. The research conducted a local field survey, as results and findings provide the requirement adjustment for the model to suit the Egyptian planning context. The findings of this research highlight the significant potential for assessing Egyptian cities and prioritizing their development into sustainable, resilient, and efficient environments for citizens by leveraging the power of data and technology. Egyptian smart cities can improve the quality of life for their residents and contribute to a more sustainable and smarter future.

Melissa A. Pungtilan   and Gilford B. Estores   

With the present method adopted in the construction of cold storage in the Philippines, the introduction of fibers to slabs is limited, together with the suitable maximum aggregate size to attain the maximum compressive strength of concrete and prevent unwanted cracks. This study examined the effects of using 12.5 mm, 19 mm, and 25 mm maximum coarse aggregate sizes with 0%, 0.35%, 0.65%, and 1.00% polypropylene fiber (PPF) content. The average compressive strength on the 28^th day showed consistent improvement and was highest on the 19 mm coarse aggregate from 0%, 0.35%, and 0.65% fiber content. The Multiple Response Prediction model identified that a mix of 20 mm coarse aggregate size and 0.45% polypropylene fiber content can significantly enhance concrete's compressive strength to 26.814 MPa on the 28^th day. Additionally, five slabs were fabricated to assess crack development at -25℃. Initial assessments showed gradual crack development within 14 days on slabs with 0% fibers. In contrast, slabs with 0.35%, 0.65%, and 1.00% fibers exhibited maximum crack widths of 0.256 mm, 0.085 mm, and 0.075 mm, respectively. The findings demonstrated that incorporating polypropylene fibers significantly reduces cracks in concrete slabs, thus enhancing their durability and performance in cold storage applications.

Kiagus Muhammad Aminuddin   Anis Saggaff   Mahmood Md Tahir   and Muhammad Firdaus   

Cold-formed steel (CFS) is a type of steel manufactured at ambient temperature using bending and rolling methods, enabling enhanced precision in shape and sizing. Its adaptability, resilience, and environmental sustainability render it very beneficial for building. Furthermore, its manufacturing method is more energy-efficient than conventional steel production and decreases emissions. Nonetheless, CFS has several limitations, including vulnerability to buckling owing to its slender profile. This research especially examines beam-column constructions with cold-formed steel connections. The paper discusses an experiment utilizing the sub-assemblage frame test method to improve the connection's resistance by emphasizing on rectangular gusset plates and the top-seat angle. The results demonstrated that the upper beam flange was the most susceptible, resulting in lateral-torsional buckling and a reduction in the applied load. Graphs were employed to examine the load and deflection data, with maximum load and deflection values documented for each specimen. RGFC-200 exhibits a maximum load that is 44.98% more than that of RG-200, whilst RGFC-250 has a maximum load that is 35.46% superior than RG-250. RGFC-250 has a maximum load capacity that surpasses RGFC-200 by 16.7%.

Abiodun Joseph Kilani   Bolanle Deborah Ikotun   Rasheed Abdulwahab   and Aderinto Gbenga Emmanuel   

The current high rate of global warming is negatively affecting humans' health and global communities. From the literature, it was evident that a larger percentage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) were emitted from cement industries. The production of environmentally friendly and low carbon concrete via incorporation of agricultural wastes / residues is one of the best methods of mitigating this environmental problem and others. This study reviewed the importance of incorporating Pineapple and Cashew wastes (PW and CW) in concrete as one of the approaches towards mitigating the emissions of GHGs in construction sectors. As of importance, PW and CW exhibit pozzolanic-properties which are good for the enhancement of concrete's structural properties. The review shows that low water – cement ratio is suitable for the production of pineapple waste's ash blended concrete. In addition, the production of workable CW and PW – concrete requires the use of 0.35 - 0.4 water / cement ratios for good results. Also, to attain good concrete's compressive, flexural and tensile strengths; the inclusion of PW in concrete should be limited to 0.1 – 0.5 %, 0.2 – 3.0 % and 0.15 – 3.0 %, respectively. Results from literatures have shown that the incorporation of 0 – 0.4 % of PW and CW in concrete really reduced the concrete's interstices and consequently, increasing its strengths and micro - structural properties, most especially at 90 days and beyond. Also, the review data were provided to help in reducing the rate of CO₂ and GHGs emissions from cement and concrete industries. In conclusion, this data will help in furthering the research on incorporating agricultural wastes in concrete as construction materials, and it will also help in reducing the problems of global warming through the emissions of CO₂ from GHGs and environmental pollution.

I Kadek Pranajaya   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   I Putu Oka Swiranatha   and Ni Made Emmi Nutrisia Dewi   

Temples as architectural works of cultural heritage have an essential meaning and role in strengthening local and national cultural identities because they have cultural and religious symbolic values. Luhur Batukau temple, located on the slopes of Mount Batukau, is a cultural heritage estimated to have existed since the Ancient Bali period. In 1959, Luhur Batukau Temple was restored and revitalized by returning the temple to be the main pelinggih. This research is to examine the extent of the value of cultural and religious symbols in the revitalization of architecture and temple interiors in Luhur Batukau Temple. The study results showed that there were 6 (six) cultural heritage building structures and 26 cultural heritage objects in the form of statues, statue fragments, and building pieces in the form of statues, statue fragments, and building fragments. The ancient statue is a relic of the megalithic era in the X-XIII centuries. In addition, ancient relics in the form of stones resembling the pinnacle of the building were found to resemble models of ancient Javanese temples with the concept of ciwa buddha. The value of this cultural symbol indicates the acculturation of ancient Balinese culture and ancient Javanese culture since the VIII century. Its existence also has considerable implications for the socio-cultural, economic, and religious life of the Tabanan people. The religious value obtained from the conservation process of Luhur Batukau Temple is manifested in scientific studies from archaeologists of the Archaeological Service and strengthened from the spiritual side in the form of Ida Bhatara Pawisik, which is handed down through the inner Mangku "Kebayan Lingsir" of Luhur Batukau Temple.

Ave Harysakti   Salampak   Indrawan Permana   Hendrik Segah   Herwin Sutrisno   and Onie Dian Sanitha   

This study examines the implementation of the EDGE (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies) rating system on existing green buildings at the University of Palangka Raya (UPR) to evaluate the performance of passive design strategies using Climate Consultant software. The main objective is to assess energy efficiency, water conservation, and sustainable material usage in accordance with EDGE certification criteria. Four existing buildings at UPR were selected as samples: the Rectorate Building, the Red and White Building, the PPIG Building, and the FAPERTA Building. Simulations were conducted utilizing regional climate data and incorporated passive design strategies such as natural ventilation, reflective materials, and external shading elements. The results demonstrate significant improvements, with energy savings ranging from 48.25% to 61.82%, water savings between 61.82% and 74.56%, and notable reductions in carbon emissions when compared to the base case scenarios. The study concludes that integrating passive design strategies recommended by Climate Consultant software with EDGE application enhances the sustainability, resource efficiency, and operational performance of green buildings, supporting the university's goal of achieving a sustainable campus. This research contributes to the advancement of sustainable architecture by expanding practical knowledge on environmentally responsive design strategies. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for future development of more efficient, resilient, and sustainable green building designs, particularly in tropical climates.

Liseth Marjhorit Canchaya Cano   Jesús Ángel Huamán Chávez   Albert Jorddy Valenzuela Inga   José Alvarez Cangahuala   Juan Gabriel Benito Zuñiga   Janet Yésisica Andia Arias   and Reymundo Gamarra Richard Hugo   

Currently, maintaining the quality of ready-mix concrete during long-distance transportation is challenging, as climatic variations affect its properties. To address this issue, the use of next-generation admixtures is proposed to enhance both the physical and mechanical properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened states, employing superplasticizers (S), retarders (R), and workability-retaining agents (M). Among the tested mixtures, D0.54%S0.48%R1.01%M exhibited the best performance by maintaining its consistency for up to 7 hours and extending workability by an additional 6 hours compared to the reference sample. Furthermore, with the use of R and M admixtures, this sample achieved a final setting time of 13 hours and 21 minutes—a 331% increase relative to the reference—and demonstrated one of the highest compressive strengths, reaching 45.39 MPa after 28 days. The unit weight and yield results indicate that the concrete falls within the normal-weight category, although these values may vary with atmospheric conditions. In conclusion, next-generation admixtures effectively preserved consistency and extended setting time during prolonged transportation, while significantly enhancing compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days.

Efe Duyan   and Ali Levent Kurtoğlu   

Against the backdrop of a mounting climate crisis and increasing emphasis on human-centered sustainability, this study investigates how biophilic design in architecture is potentiated by its integration with everyday human activities. Drawing on a combined framework of Implicit Association Tests (IATs) and descriptive survey statistics, it captures both subconscious and conscious responses to various dimensions of human–nature interaction: the presence of activity–nature connections, the variety of engagements, physical pathways to natural features, visual access through architectural openings, and multi-sensory engagement with natural materials. The article posits that integrating natural features into architectural spaces as part of human activities creates a positive emotional and cognitive response. Survey data revealed consistently high self-reported ratings for each dimension, indicating a strong conscious appreciation of biophilic affordances. Concurrently, IAT results demonstrated significantly faster natural versus artificial stimuli categorization, confirming robust implicit preferences for nature-integrated environments. These convergent findings underscore that architectural spaces where nature is integrated with daily activities and featuring open courtyards, expansive glazing, accessible vegetation, and tactile natural materials elicit enhanced emotional well-being, cognitive engagement, and physiological calm. By validating the applicability of IAT in architectural research and reframing natural elements as actionable affordances, this work advances interdisciplinary dialogues in neuroarchitecture and neuromarketing. Practically, our results can guide architects in designing architectural programs where nature is incorporated and closely aligned with functions in consideration of how the inhabitants perceive the biophilic elements. Nonetheless, the study's modest sample size and controlled laboratory context limit external validity; future large-scale field experiments across diverse demographic and cultural settings are needed to refine evidence-based biophilic design guidelines.

Untoro Nugroho   Sri Prabandiyani Retno Wardani   and Bagus Hario Setiadji   

This study explores the impact of vehicle speed and weight on the vibrational response of rigid pavements, focusing on acceleration, velocity, and displacement parameters derived from accelerometer data. Field investigations involving motorcycles, cars, and trucks revealed distinct vibrational patterns based on vehicle type. Lighter vehicles, such as motorcycles, generate high-frequency vibrations with low amplitudes and short durations due to their minimal dynamic impact and reduced energy transfer to the pavement. In contrast, heavier vehicles, particularly trucks, induce low-frequency vibrations with higher amplitudes and prolonged durations, reflecting their greater mass, larger contact area, and sustained excitation of pavement particles. Cars exhibit intermediate vibrational characteristics, with sharper peaks and moderate durations, emphasizing their transitional impact between lighter and heavier vehicles. These findings underscore the critical influence of vehicle-induced forces on pavement performance, with heavier vehicles accelerating structural degradation and fatigue due to prolonged dynamic loading. The study emphasizes the need for incorporating vehicle weight, speed, and dynamic load considerations into pavement design and maintenance strategies to enhance structural resilience and extend service life. By utilizing accelerometer-based measurements and advanced analytical tools such as MATLAB and spectrum analysis, this research provides a comprehensive framework for understanding traffic-induced vibrations and their implications for sustainable infrastructure. The results offer practical insights for optimizing pavement material selection, structural design, and maintenance practices to accommodate diverse traffic loads, reduce repair costs, and ensure long-term road durability in high-traffic environments.

Farag Mohamed Zaki Abd Elnaby   and Radwa Emam Soliman   

Preserving Islamic architectural heritage is vital for safeguarding cultural identity and maintaining historical continuity, particularly in Egypt, where landmarks like Al-Muizz Street embody centuries of architectural brilliance and cultural heritage. This study investigates the use of Augmented Reality (AR) as an innovative approach to the preservation, documentation, and promotion of Islamic architectural heritage, focusing on Al-Muizz Street as a case study. The research explores key applications of AR, including 3D modeling, virtual reconstruction of damaged structures, and mobile AR applications designed to enhance visitor engagement and educational experiences. The findings demonstrate AR's potential to preserve intricate architectural details through precise digital documentation and enable virtual restoration of deteriorated or missing elements, thus complementing traditional conservation methods. Furthermore, AR-powered mobile applications enhance visitor experiences by offering interactive guided tours, historical overlays, and multilingual content, fostering greater appreciation for the site's historical significance. Comparative analysis reveals AR's unique advantages in visualization, accessibility, and immersive learning, though challenges such as high implementation costs, limited technical expertise, and inadequate digital infrastructure persist. To overcome these barriers, the study recommends increased financial investments, targeted training programs, upgrades in digital infrastructure, and public awareness campaigns. This research underscores the transformative potential of AR in preserving Egypt's Islamic architectural heritage while providing practical insights for its broader application in cultural heritage conservation.

I Nyoman Sutarja   Ni Kadek Astariani   and Ngurah Sedana Putra   

The innovation of using pumice as a basic material for traditional Balinese ornaments is increasingly widespread, especially in public facilities and holy places. In practice, natural pumice ground is mixed with portland cement as a binder before being molded and carved. To meet sustainable green building standards, the use of pozzolan cement needs to be reduced and replaced with more environmentally friendly materials. Bungkulan pumice soil (BPS) is the precursor material (P) used in this research, plus the alkali activator (A), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃). Samples were made with 3 variations of PC (control) with a mixture of Portland cement and pumice soil (1:3). BPS-1 and BPS-2 samples were prepared with precursor and activator ratios (75%:25%) and (80%:20%), respectively. The activator ratio (Na₂SiO₃: NaOH) is 2:1 and the molarity concentration is 12M. For every variant, three samples were created and evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age. The sample with the BPS-2 code had the highest compressive strength and tensile strength results. SEM-EDX microstructural examinations were also performed on the samples with the results that the samples mixed with portland cement (PC) had more pore space compared to the geopolymer species (BPS-1 and BPS-2) because they did not use an activator to increase the density between the pores. Geopolymer can be an environmentally friendly alternative material for Balinese ornaments considering their mechanical and microstructural characteristics.

Nur Shahelly Mansor binti Mohamad Mansor   NH Abd Ghafar   Aina Irdina binti Md Rosni   Muhammad Yusuf Abadi bin Md Zaid   and Muhammad Rafiq bin Bujang   

Cracks are known as one of the main causes of structural failure in the construction field. It goes through a few stages before worsening, and signs of distress cause it within a structure. This study aims to conduct a pilot investigation into the application of a non-destructive, vibration-based methodology for measuring modal parameters and assessing cracks. In this study, two slabs with a dimension of 2m length, 1m width and 0.25m thickness were used to conduct laboratory testing. The specimens were then tested using a four-point bending test to form the first crack on reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. An impact hammer test was later performed on both slabs for each loading type, which included before load, after 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 of the optimum load that could be applied to RC slabs and after a crack was visible. Next, a vernier calliper was used to manually measure the crack width for both slabs. ARTeMIS Modal Pro 5.2 software was utilised to examine the modal parameters of both slabs in order to determine natural frequencies and mode shapes. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of both cracked and uncracked slabs were obtained using this software, as shown in the data analysis of this study. The first mode of both slabs' natural frequencies significantly decreased from 12 Hz to 8.47 Hz for slab 1 and from 9.94 Hz to 7.54 Hz for slab 2. The significant reduction in natural frequencies was also observed for higher modes of the second and third modes, both before and after cracking. Both RC slabs exhibit decreasing natural frequency values for each loading applied, particularly for 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 of the optimal load. This indicates that the reduction in frequency is directly correlated with the presence of cracks on both slabs. This study helps to establish the relationship between wave propagation and crack width in enhancing SHM.

Mona Hassan Soliman   Esraa Mohamed Abdelaziz   and Eman Badawy Ahmed   

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the fields of architecture because of its effectiveness in reducing costs, improving quality, providing thermal comfort for building users, and finding solutions to the energy problems and reducing harmful emissions produced by buildings from the use of traditional construction materials in construction, such as carbon dioxide. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of integrating Nano-materials in construction to determine the impact of each material on reducing energy consumption as well as carbon dioxide emissions in hot regions such as Beni Suef Governorate. The first part introduces the nanotechnology in architecture and discusses exactly how it has impacted the field. The second part, focuses on the impact of Nano- materials in thermal properties and its use in buildings, then the third part of the paper utilizes the DesignBuilder program to simulate the energy efficiency and carbon emission of a primary school in Beni Suef City. Through the Design Builder program, following the choice of nanomaterials appropriate for Beni Suef City's climate, the simulation reached at: it was found that OLED lighting is the most effective way to reduce electricity consumption inside educational buildings. It saves roughly 66% of energy consumption because of its high oxidation, thermal stability, and it was also concluded that self-cleaning paint is one of the most effective uses of nanotechnology to reduce carbon emissions from buildings, as it helps reduce emissions by 32%, and this paper examined nanomaterials that are suitable for Egypt's climate and aim to achieve the most energy-saving school building possible and reducing harmful emissions.

Nadine Melanie Gamero Villajuan   Katterin Isabel Paytan Ccora   and Vladimir Simón Montoya Torres   

This study focuses on the limited use of recycled materials in the Peruvian construction industry, specifically focusing on glass and PET plastic as reused resources. The objective is to address waste management in construction, a critical issue in a global context where a 70% increase in solid waste production is expected by 2050, according to the report issued by the World Bank. The problem intensifies in Peru, where approximately 852,000 tons of glass waste are not utilized annually, with only 5% being recycled and reused. The research method focuses on an innovative alternative by combining recycled glass and PET (POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) plastic for the manufacture of translucent concrete panels. The thermoforming technique is used to wrap crushed glass with PET plastic, obtaining a translucent aggregate. Compressive strength tests revealed an average strength of 90%, indicating the feasibility of these panels for use as masonry or non-structural cladding materials. Additionally, an exploration was conducted with eight different proportions of water, cement, fine/ coarse sand, and crushed glass, to achieve higher strength. This study is experimental, and an observation sheet was used to collect data, using a mechanical mixer that allowed for proper integration of all aggregates. The results obtained provide opportunities for various practical applications. The use of panels not only provides a sustainable solution for waste management but also offers translucency, adding new aesthetic and functional elements in architectural design. The conclusion is that the implementation of this technique contributes to the decrease in demand for natural resources and the reduction of the carbon footprint associated with the production of conventional building materials.

Shakti Rahadiansyah   Lily Montarcih Limantara   Mohammad Bisri   and Tri Budi Prayogo   

This research intends to analyze the correlation of factors, variables, and aspects in the modeling of sabo dam capacity. Multiple parameters are influencing the sabo dam capacity modeling. It can be determined by defining and testing the new indicators through statistical validation. Therefore, this approach will always be opened for a new indicator that may be potential to be adopted and qualified by passing the statistical test that may enrich the overview of the capacity modeling. In one of the established models, several sabo dam indicators are grouped in three aspects of physical, regulation and social. These indicators are expected to have a strong interconnection to the capacity of a sabo dam. The capacity itself is not yet included in the sabo dam performance model. The compatibility of the capacity indicator needs to be verified within the mathematical structural model of sabo dam performance. Then, the indicators magnitude is collected and its value is scaled through site survey. The methodology is to construct the structure with the added capacity indicator that is assembled and its interconnection strength is tested within the structural mathematic equation which is connecting every parameter in a specific correlation to describe the modeling in a general overview. The adoption of this model is built up using the previous studies' dataset. The result shows that the capacity indicator adopted the model resulting in compatibility as R²: 95.32% and adjusted R²: 84,41%. By the conclusion, it will simplify and reduce the number of indicators from forty to only nineteen that may simplify in applying real survey to find the actual capacity value of a sabo dam.

Ajamu S. O.   Abdulwahab R.   Ibiwoye E. O.   and Shawon M. C.   

In the quest of scouting alternative supplementary cementitious materials that could complement the characteristics of the conventional binder in concrete technology, metakaolin has been found to show good prospects. However, reactivity of metakaolin is greatly dependent on the source of kaolin being the parent material. This study focused on the influence of source of kaolin on its reactivity and the corresponding effects of it thermally treated form on the strength performance of cement mortar. The kaolin was obtained from Ekiti, Ogun and Oyo States, respectively. The kaolin was calcinated at a temperature of 800℃ for a duration of 180 minutes to produce metakaolin and characterized accordingly. Metakaolin was used to replace cement in order 10, 15 and 20%, respectively and setting times were evaluated accordingly. A mixed ratio of 1:3 and water-binder ratio of 0.47 as well as incorporating 0.75% superplasticizer were adopted in the production of mortar. The mortar was cast in prism moulds of 40 x 40 x 160 mm. Thereafter, samples were cured in water and both the flexural and compressive strengths were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively. The sum of silica, alumina and ferric oxides for all the metakaolin were observed to be greater than 70%. Hence, materials exhibited pozzolanic properties. The addition of 10% MK was observed to enhance both the flexural and compressive strength. Also, Oyo based MK samples surpassed those from Ekiti and Ogun States, evidence justifying the influence of source of kaolin on its characteristic performance.

Miguel Ruber Rios Romo   Alvaro Miguel Tello Palomino   Estefany Jhoany Medina Vetanzo   and Marko Antonio Lengua Fernandez   

The premature deterioration of rigid pavements represents a serious road safety problem, affecting connectivity and causing human losses, while the production of Portland cement contributes significantly to CO₂ emissions. Therefore, this study proposes the use of natural materials, such as coconut shell ash (CSA) and Trema micrantha fibre (TMF), known as ‘sachahuasca', to improve the durability and sustainability of pavements, offering alternatives that reduce dependence on cement and its environmental impact. The process began with the procurement and preparation of both materials: sachahuasca fibre was selected, washed, dried and cut, while coconut husk was collected, cleaned, washed and dried and then treated in a kiln, obtaining ashes that were incorporated into concrete in concentrations of CSA (0%, 0.5% and 1%) and TMF (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) for the repair of rigid pavements. A total of 126 cylindrical and 21 prismatic samples were then manufactured and tested for compressive, tensile and flexural strength, with curing at 7, 14 and 28 days, for a total of 147 samples, in addition to slump, density and temperature tests. The results indicated that the mechanical and physical properties improved in the rigid pavement, highlighting an increase in strength during the first few days, which favours its durability. The low slump achieved is suitable for concrete in rigid pavements, promising not only to improve road infrastructure, but also to reduce CO₂ emissions.

Mohammad Waleed AL-Ahmad   and Mohammed Salman AL-Lami   

Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a modern concrete technology that has gained popularity recently. It is characterized by exceptional compressive strength compared to Normal Concrete (NC), which ranges from 120 MPa to 180 MPa and more. Many researchers tried to use this type of concrete to strengthen the structural elements, and the result shows that UHPC might be a good alternative to strengthening techniques that use less weight and thickness. In this paper, an experimental program was conducted to study the feasibility of using a UHPC jacket to repair and strengthen defective reinforced concrete columns. Five Reinforced Concrete (RC) columns were cast using Normal Concrete (NC), and four of them were cast without concrete cover as defects. The UHPC jackets were cast with maximum compressive strength obtained from trial mixtures reaching 123.6 MPa at 28 age days and different jacket thicknesses of 20 mm, 30 mm and 40 mm. The results showed that using the UHPC as a jacketing helps increase maximum capacity load efficiency, reaching up to 253.3% compared with defective RC columns. All the jacket specimens had a failure in the way of spalling, where the jacket's failure method was predictable before its occurrence, as the failure occurred gradually, from a hairline crack to a complete failure, due to the use of steel fiber, which helped prevent the expansion of cracks. Further on, the results showed that the jacket thicknesses had a clear effect on the behavior of the columns. Whereas the thickness of 20 mm and 30 mm gave a better improvement, neither of these thicknesses was able to restore the defective RC column to its original condition. A column with a jacket thickness of 40 mm can restore the defective RC column and result in more than 17% improvement compared with its original condition.

Pan Panjehpour   

This review article examines nine Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods that have been selected for their effectiveness in detecting critical defects in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. It discusses the existing gaps, future technological possibilities, and challenges associated with the implementation of NDT in RC structures. This scoping review is limited to the application of NDT to RC structures. The article emphasizes the strategic integration of NDT methods while taking into account factors such as the age of the concrete, pre-stressing, geometry, and accessibility. It also highlights recent developments in NDT, identifying gaps and potential future technologies, as well as challenges in applying NDT, while comparing AI-enhanced NDT techniques to traditional methods. General guidelines for selecting the appropriate NDT methods are provided, along with key factors to consider when choosing NDT techniques. The limitations of current NDT methods are outlined, including restricted penetration depth, signal distortion, inadequate 3D imaging, and the lack of universal testing standards. Additionally, the review suggests that the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies can enhance accuracy and enable real-time monitoring. To ensure effective predictive maintenance and reliability, the article recommends standardizing NDT protocols, investing in training, and using interpretable AI with Internet of Things integration.

Mouna El Mkhalet   Hicham Lamouri   and Nouzha Lamdouar   

Bio-inspired algorithms have emerged as efficient techniques for structural optimization, offering robust solutions to complex engineering problems. This study begins with a review of research conducted by various authors on the optimization of retaining walls. It includes a literature survey of three evolutionary algorithms, PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization), ACO (Ant Colony Optimization), and SA (Simulated Annealing) detailing their principles, current applications, and associated calculation steps. The case study focuses on optimizing the structural configuration of a retaining wall, incorporating dynamic analysis using the Mononobe-Okabe approach to evaluate seismic stability. In this context, the objective function, based on surface area, is considered alongside constraints related to sliding, overturning, and geometric requirements of a retaining wall under seismic conditions. The fifth section of this study presents the performance analysis, confirming that PSO is the fastest and most stable algorithm, while SA is the slowest. Additionally, sensitivity analysis highlights PSO's efficiency in achieving low surface values, and Sobol's indices identify X₂ and X₄ as the most influential variables. The final part of the study is dedicated to the discussion of results, divided into three sections. The first section compares the results obtained by the three algorithms in terms of structural gains, highlighting PSO and ACO as the most effective. Next, a performance analysis reveals that ACO emerges as the most efficient algorithm overall. Finally, the optimal dimensions of the retaining wall in both static and dynamic modes are compared, showing nearly identical results and prompting interesting questions. The main contribution of this work lies in the first-time application of a scientific, metaheuristic, and multi-objective optimization model to solve an optimization problem for a cantilever retaining wall. This approach determines the optimal dimensions under seismic conditions, adhering to the Moroccan RPS 2011 guidelines.

Ngoc Thang Nguyen   and Van Linh Ngo   

As urbanization accelerates, buildings are being constructed in increasingly close proximity, leading to significant structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) effects during seismic events. This interaction occurs when adjacent structures influence each other's dynamic responses through the underlying soil, potentially amplifying or mitigating seismic forces. Despite extensive research, SSSI remains a highly complex phenomenon, influenced by multiple factors, including the spacing between buildings, foundation types, relative mass and stiffness of structures, and the mechanical properties of the soil. Initial explorations of SSSI employed wave propagation-based analytical approaches. However, the common assumption of linear soil behavior in these models restricts their applicability to real-world scenarios and elastic half-space conditions, limiting their applicability in real-world engineering practices where soil nonlinearity plays a crucial role. Recent research has emphasized the need for more comprehensive models that account for nonlinear soil behavior to enhance the accuracy of SSSI predictions and their implications for structural safety. This study focuses on examining SSSI effects between many structures situated on both uniform and layered soil conditions. Numerical simulations are developed using FLAC3D, a powerful geotechnical modeling software based on the Finite-Difference Method (FDM). These simulations incorporate nonlinear soil properties to more accurately reflect real-world conditions. To ensure reliability, the numerical results are validated against experimental data obtained from centrifuge tests. The findings from this research provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of SSSI under varying seismic conditions, helping to clarify how different structural configurations and soil compositions influence seismic performance.

Reem Abdallah AL Balushi   and Mohamed Faisal AL-Kazee   

Landscape design is one of the most rapidly evolving and innovative fields, aligning perfectly with Oman's Vision 2040. In this domain, landscape design and ecology seek to integrate visual elements with functional capabilities and sustainable features to create harmonious outdoor spaces. This research explores a pedagogical approach to innovative landscape design and ecological practice. Additionally, the paper aims to present a creative approach to future landscape design from an academic perspective, which has been adopted in the development of Barka Public Park in the South Al Batinah Governorate. The proposed methodology employs a systematic approach to landscape design, consisting of three phases: the Knowledge Phase, the Synthesis of Knowledge Phase, and the Control of Design Choices Phase, ensuring coherence with objectives. Moreover, these three phases were implemented in educational settings to understand better the importance of evaluating compositional and design choices through in-design and post-assessment. Furthermore, the primary aim of the new design is to create a contemporary, inclusive, and sustainable environment named LEGO Park. During the design process, the LEGO Park case study presents a dynamic framework that integrates functionality, innovation, and aesthetics to enhance environmental sustainability. The design process adheres to user-centered principles, aiming to strike a balance between sustainability, aesthetic appeal, and functional effectiveness. The LEGO Park design features various designated zones for social interaction, a central plaza, a skating area, a children's playground, water features, kiosks, a gathering and BBQ area, seating areas, green spaces, and a theater. The findings of this paper encourage designers to consider all factors related to the specific case study in landscape design. Finally, the paper explores an innovative teaching approach to future architectural landscape design and ecology, which has been applied in a real-world design case.

Kiran K. Shetty   Arun Kumar Y. M.   A. Krishnamoorthy   and Poornachandra Pandit   

In recent years, the rapid growth of tall structures has been driven by land scarcity and increasing population. As building heights increase, pile foundations become essential for structural stability. In many construction projects, structures need to be erected in challenging soil conditions, where conventional reinforced concrete (RC) piles and steel helical piles may degrade over time. RC piles often require longer driving lengths to achieve the necessary load-carrying capacity compared to steel helical piles. To address these issues, this study introduces helical grooves in RC piles to enhance its load-carrying capacity. Additionally, when foundations are exposed to harsh soil conditions that accelerate material degradation, wrapping piles with GFRP helps mitigate deterioration and enhance durability. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the performance of RC helical grooved piles wrapped with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) under axial and lateral loads in cohesionless soil. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the behaviour of GFRP-wrapped piles in terms of axial settlement and lateral displacement characteristics. A comparative study between GFRP-wrapped and non-wrapped piles was also carried out to analyse their performance under axial and lateral load conditions. Additionally, the effect of varying the pitch of the helical grooves on the axial and lateral load-carrying capacity of the piles was examined. The results indicate that GFRP-wrapped helical grooved piles outperform non-wrapped piles under both axial and lateral loads.

Gulnara Abdrassilova   Elvira Danibekova   Gulmira Adilbay   and Ainagul Tuyakayeva   

At the end of the 20th century, in the post-Soviet countries, amidst changes in the political and socio-economic system, the issue of creating a living environment became particularly urgent, given the new challenges of finding identity and sustainable development. The unification characteristic of Soviet architecture began to change under the influence of local cultural and historical factors. A distinctive feature of Kazakhstan is that the material and spatial environment of settlements is mainly formed by objects built during the Soviet era. The operational lifespan of some buildings from the Soviet period is only around 40 to 50 years. However, for society, these structures are an important source for understanding the historical continuity of that era. The loss of this architectural heritage could lead to a disruption of the compositional and spatial balance of cities. The aim of the research is to examine scientific and practical methods for preserving and utilizing the material heritage of the 20th century in Kazakhstan, which influences the formation of the architectural identity of the 21st century and ensures sustainable development of the environment. This involves enriching the existing material and spatial basis through the reconstruction of historical sites, their transformation and adaptive reuse. The study found that the lack of modern scientific methods makes it difficult to preserve 20th-century architecture in Kazakhstan and reduces its potential for sustainable use. The authors have proposed some solutions to systematize approaches to the management of Soviet-era heritage sites in Kazakhstan and strengthen their role in urban development.

S. Vijaya Kumar   Mvss Sastri   and S. Pallavi Charitha   

Fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) has garnered considerable attention from researchers due to its superior performance relative to conventional concrete. This study conducted an experimental investigation into the thermal behaviour and temperature-dependent mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with polypropylene, steel, and hybrid (steel + polypropylene) fibres. The research assessed the influence of these fibres, in specific proportions, on the strength characteristics and material properties under varying temperature conditions. Concrete samples with fibre contents of 0%, 1%, and 2% by volume were prepared and subjected to compression tests both prior to and following exposure to decomposition temperatures, as determined through thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The results indicated that steel fibre reinforcement significantly enhanced compressive strength, with increases of 28.13% and 46.94% for 1% and 2% fibre contents, respectively. Polypropylene fibres slightly reduced compressive strength, while hybrid fibre reinforcement yielded mixed results contingent on fibre content. Thermal treatment generally resulted in increased compressive strength across all samples. Plain concrete exhibited a 6.98% strength increase post-heating. Steel fibre-reinforced concrete demonstrated the most substantial improvements, with strength increases of 15.06% and 8.14% for 1% and 2% reinforcement, respectively. Polypropylene and hybrid fibre concretes exhibited moderate strength increases following heating. The study illustrates that fibre-reinforced concrete, particularly with steel fibres, can markedly enhance the mechanical properties and thermal resistance of concrete. This has significant implications for improving the safety and durability of critical industrial structures frequently exposed to high temperatures. The findings offer valuable insights optimizing fibre-reinforced concrete in various structural applications under different reinforcement levels and heating conditions. Further research on the microstructural changes and long-term performance of FRC at elevated temperatures is recommended.

Asmaa Ramadan Elantary   

This article analyzes the complex relationship between fluctuations in indoor temperature and humidity over a period of time, derived from five distinct datasets. It explains the consequences of these variations for human comfort and the rules of architectural design. The study revealed significant differences in temperature where it varied from 20℃ to 32.9℃ in addition to the humidity levels changing from 26% to 73%. Humidity levels above 60% except for some months and temperature range of 20–33℃ led to discomfort when the number of occupancies increased, and air conditioning was off. The findings emphasize the overriding importance of competent climate control devices for conditioning indoor environments, including multiuse venues where diverse occupancy patterns can influence conditions. Importantly, the article emphasizes the need to consider microclimates when designing architecture, proposing methods including passive cooling techniques and energy flexible HVAC systems that take advantage of natural airflows. Future research paths include longitudinal studies of climate, materials, and occupants geared towards optimizing indoor climates. To summarize, this research highlights the need to introduce climate management strategies within architectural practices to create healthier and more responsive spaces.

Aslı Taş   

In this study, a design methodology for tall buildings is developed based on the increasing importance of tall buildings, and their problematic relationship with historical buildings. In the study, five historically and culturally significant buildings were selected, Divriği Great Mosque, Süleymaniye Mosque, Topkapı Palace, Hagia Sophia Mosque, and Selimiye Mosque. Based on these buildings, new tall building designs were developed with the visual artificial intelligence tool DALL-E. In the first phase of the study, the conceptual variables of each historical building were determined in line with the data obtained from the literature, and tall buildings were created according to these variables. In the second phase of the study, the buildings were designed with reference to both historical buildings, and different tall building styles (functional, eclectic, modern, postmodern, postmodern, high-tech, and ecological). Although the visuals obtained with DALL-E are inspiring, there are difficulties with the controllability of the system. The system generally fails to produce the desired results in a single stage. As the number of images increases, the details are reduced and blurred. In conclusion, DALL-E is very successful in creating creative and inspiring designs, but the system is still in its developmental stage.

Tamer ElSerafi   and AlHussein Ben Aly   

Purpose: This study investigates the integration of smart city strategies and livability principles to develop sustainable residential districts that address the challenges of urbanization, such as environmental degradation, insufficient infrastructure, and declining social cohesion. Methodology: The research employs a mixed-method approach comprising theoretical analysis, empirical case study evaluations (e.g., Songdo, Masdar City, Msheireb Downtown Doha), and expert surveys. It identifies critical indicators of livability and sustainability, focusing on district-level smart city strategies. Findings: Through a comparative analysis of smart city projects at both city-wide and district scales, the study reveals that transitioning from city-wide smart initiatives to medium-sized residential districts enhances social sustainability and quality of life. It prioritizes factors such as healthcare, green mobility, public safety, and community engagement, while also addressing the shortcomings of existing "ghost city" phenomena. The findings provide a comprehensive approach to evaluating and directing the creation of smart and livable districts. This approach is a comprehensive integration of the indicators for both smart and livable districts, to be a base for creating a smart livable system for urban planners, policymakers, and stakeholders to implement smart district strategies that promote inclusivity, environmental sustainability, and livability. The findings provide stakeholders, legislators, and urban planners practical recommendations for putting smart district policies that support liveability, inclusivity, and environmental sustainability into practice. In order to create sustainable and well-rounded urban settings, these findings highlight the significance of implementing a comprehensive strategy that incorporates both intelligent infrastructure and liveability outcomes. The framework provides a comprehensive approach to evaluating and directing the creation of smart and livable districts. Novelty: This research bridges the gap between technology-driven smart cities and human-centered urban planning by introducing a holistic framework for creating socially vibrant, ecologically sound, and technologically advanced residential districts.

Oleksandr Nedbailo   Boris Basok   Olha Vlasenko   Volodymyr Marteniuk   Maryna Khybyna   and Tetyana Belyaeva   

The analysis of scientific information sources showed that a global trend is developing in the world to develop methods for increasing the overall energy efficiency of buildings for various purposes using appropriate technologies aimed at reducing energy flows through their envelope. At the same time, a combination of an extensive passive approach to increasing the thermal insulation parameters of building envelopes through the use of individual materials with the use of active regulation of the thermal regime of the building envelope using renewable energy sources, etc. is gaining wide development. The purpose of this study was to determine the main thermal parameters of a conventional building envelope, which includes a coolant circulation circuit to maintain its corresponding thermal regime. This technology is designed to actively increase the effective thermal resistance of the building envelope during the operation of the thermal barrier system. The main technological advantages of this technical solution are analyzed, a method for calculating the main thermal parameters that can determine its energy efficiency of operation and the results of calculations using this method are presented. A simplified schematic diagram of a system using a thermal barrier, for which the initial low-potential source is the soil massif, is also proposed. Analysis of the obtained data showed the energy feasibility of using such technology in the cold season to reduce heat losses in premises and potentially increase the energy efficiency of the building as a whole.

Evelin R Mayta Mercado   Iván E Sarmiento Ñaupa   Veronika M Contreras Valenzuela   and Christian E Murga Tirado   

This research analyzes the impact of the incorporation of marble filler and sugarcane ash in the stabilization of tropical soils, specifically in the Central Peruvian rainforest. These soils, characterized by their high plasticity and low bearing capacity, represent a significant challenge for civil engineering. Four proportions of marble filler (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%) and sugar cane ash (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) are evaluated in order to determine the optimum combination to improve soil strength and stability. The tests performed included granulometric analysis, determination of the plasticity index, consistency limits and mechanical property tests, such as the modified Proctor compaction tests and the CBR index. The results reveal that the combination of 6% marble filler and 2% sugarcane ash improves the bearing capacity and reduces the plasticity of the soil, obtaining a plasticity limit of 9.44%, a modified Proctor of 2.112 kg/m³ and a CBR of 13.57%. This approach, which takes advantage of industrial and agricultural by-products, represents a sustainable and economical alternative for soil stabilization in regions with similar characteristics, providing a viable solution for infrastructure development in areas with soils of complex properties.

Kholoud R. Salama   Medhat A. Samra   and Osama M. Farag   

Buildings stand as significant consumers of energy. They contribute to at least 30% of global energy usage with a significant amount expended on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for the purpose of maintaining indoor thermal comfort. Recent studies and practical implementations have highlighted the effectiveness of adaptive facades in enhancing thermal comfort more efficiently than traditional building envelopes. This research delves into the potential of passive adaptive systems, particularly those that harness the properties of natural and adaptive materials, to improve the energy efficiency of building envelopes. Accordingly, theoretical data are collected to conduct a framework as a proposal for the best available adaptive materials which can be used in smart windows to control thermal behavior and reduce thermal loads. The research question: To what extent does the idea of selecting adaptive materials succeed in achieving thermal comfort in building spaces within the scope of energy efficiency? The research assumes that if there were a framework linking the physical properties of materials with the best-suited climate for their function, it would be easy to resort to these technological solutions that ensure high efficiency for the spaces of the buildings and the comfort of their occupants. The key objective of this study is to specify the best available adaptive materials, particularly adaptive glass and other smart window materials, and enhance their role in facades aiming to control thermal behavior and reduce thermal loads. The novelty of this study lies in integrating a detailed comparative analysis of multiple adaptive materials and developing a comprehensive framework that clearly links the physical properties and adaptive behaviors of these materials with specific climatic conditions. This framework facilitates the practical selection of adaptive materials by architects and developers, thereby enhancing building performance, occupant comfort, and significantly reducing reliance on conventional HVAC systems.

Muhammad Yoga Riestyan Razzaq   Shafrizal Eko Bagaskara   and Tota Pirdo Kasih   

This study aims to provide valuable references for designing earthquake-resistant housing that supports safer and more sustainable residential development in earthquake-prone areas. By combining literature review, data analysis, and simulation methods, the research integrates traditional architectural characteristics with modern engineering practices. A prototype house was designed using SketchUp based on local cultural elements, reflecting the essence of regional identity, and tested for earthquake resistance through ETABS simulations. The design incorporates key elements such as bore pile foundations and steel columns, ensuring the structural stability while respecting local traditions. These materials were selected based on their proven ability to withstand significant seismic forces, addressing both cultural relevance and engineering standards. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining traditional wisdom and modern engineering to enhance structural resilience. This study aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, which emphasizes creating inclusive, safe, and sustainable settlements. By integrating cultural insights with contemporary techniques, the findings offer practical solutions for resilient housing that can be adapted to similar contexts. The research underscores the importance of preserving local architectural values while addressing safety and environmental concerns. The outcome provides actionable recommendations for engineers, policymakers, and stakeholders dedicated to sustainable and disaster-resilient housing development.

Nimesh Chettri   Komal Raj Aryal   Ugyen Pelden Wangmo   Karma Tshering   Tshering Penjor   Yeshi Dema   Rigzin Norbu   and Karma Dema   

Roadblocks in Bhutan are common and significant challenges that impact transportation, public safety, and the economy. Predicting these roadblocks is difficult because of the complex interplay between geological, climatic, and topographical factors. This research proposes to develop a predictive model using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to create a roadblock susceptibility map of Bhutan. The study incorporates fourteen influencing factors such as rainfall, soil type, elevation, slope, aspect, settlement area, profile curvature, plane curvature, distance to rivers, distance to fault, topographic position index (TPI), Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), with roadblock inventory data. These factors were processed using Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) to build a geodatabase. The data are split into 70% for training the ANFIS model and 30% for validating the results. The ANFIS model incorporates the neural networks and fuzzy logic principles and it gives better predictions. The performance accuracy, evaluated using the confusion matrix, was 0.8408, indicating good predictive ability. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the relative weight of each factor, which was then applied in the Weighted Over Method (WOM) to create a susceptibility map. This map, generated for both the entire country and individual districts, can aid in mitigation efforts and serve as a preliminary tool for future infrastructure planning.

Rehab Salaheldin Ghoneim   Racha Taiyara   and Zain Nader Maghaireh   

The main concern in the modern world is global energy consumption and environmental impacts; thus, sustainable architecture is a significant concern. For this, advanced predictive models become inescapable for better optimization of design outcomes. This research investigates using CNNs to further the sustainability of buildings through precise predictions of critical metrics such as energy efficiency, carbon footprint, and occupant satisfaction. The best CNN model showed high accuracy: 91.2% in energy efficiency classification, with a low MSE of 0.014 for energy predictions and 35.8 tons CO₂ for carbon footprint estimates. It also reached an accuracy of 88.5% in predicting occupants' satisfaction with a 0.023 MSE. Coupling CNN predictions with BIM workflows allows architects to work on material selection, building footprint, and urban density in the earliest design stage by promoting proactive sustainability measures. The study, however, is very effective at realizing limitations in both the diversity of the dataset used and the static nature of the design focus and points toward future enhancements in expanded datasets, dynamic data integration, and improved computational efficiency. This research identified CNN as an essential tool concerning sustainability design optimization that is appropriate for aligning architectural practice with energy efficiency and environmental goals.

Shanmukha Shetty   Sharanappagouda Kadabinakatti   and Drishya Shetty   

Multi-story structures are becoming a popular option in modern development due to the fast urbanization and rising demand for residential and commercial spaces. The most popular construction method for these kinds of buildings is reinforced cement concrete (RCC) framed construction. But since materials, mostly steel and concrete, account for about 70% of the entire cost of RC buildings, it is necessary to establish sustainable and economical design techniques. The goal of this study is to optimize a ten-story commercial building's design in order to utilize less material while still meeting design codes' standards for serviceability and safety. The study investigates important factors that affect structural efficiency, such as material qualities, column orientation, geometry of structural grid, and column placement patterns. Case studies with different column grid configurations were examined to determine how these parameters influence the amounts of concrete and steel required for a safe design. The material requirements were determined by designing and evaluating each architectural plan. The column grid was strategically modified in each case to investigate the effect of a particular parameter on achieving design optimization. Moving columns toward the centre band of the building plan, keeping peripheral columns, aligning columns perpendicular to longer spans, and increasing the size of the peripheral columns with columns of shorter depth concentrated near the central band are all crucial design optimization strategies identified by this study. Higher-grade steel was also used, which improved structural strength while using less material in comparison with increasing the grade of concrete. These changes resulted in material savings of up to 2.58% for steel and 1.52% for concrete. The results offer useful suggestions for column grid architectural planning, emphasizing techniques that reduce the number of columns and maximize material usage. This study emphasizes how effective structural grid planning can lead to environmentally friendly and sustainable building methods. The study supports the larger objective of sustainable infrastructure development by optimizing design parameters, which helps building multi-story structures that are both economical and ecologically conscious.

Sally el-Derawy   Abbas el-Zafarany   and Noha Abd el-Aziz   

Cities face various types of risks; some are natural such as floods, extreme heat, and earthquakes, others are urban risks such as fires, crime, and riots. Urban spaces can be creatively utilized to protect the city and increase its resilience. In some cases, urban spaces can be a "safe refuge" for the city residents. Such a concept is an untapped opportunity which has not been applied in the local context and there is not much literature about it. This research aims to help the designers and urban planners to make the right decisions about urban spaces enabling them to improve the Egyptian city's resilience. A framework for planning and designing urban spaces is created based on the concepts of resilient cities, disaster risk reduction approach, and some international case studies. The framework is verified using Delphi technique for testing and prioritizing the framework principles. The main result (the framework) includes the planning and design principles and the procedures applied to find them. For example, an open space can be a refuge from earthquakes, where people can escape dilapidated buildings. The safe dimensions of space are related to the height of the surrounding buildings. Additionally, a set of principles has been developed for each type of natural disaster. This framework highlights some of the conflicts that can occur in a recommendation that solves one problem and increases the risk of another, such as encouraging wind movement to withstand heat waves which conflicts with using windbreaks to reduce exposure to sandstorms. The framework integrates diverse principles of planning and design in urban spaces in order to mitigate several risks. The principles of the framework are classified into a group of sub-categories, and then arranged based on the relative importance index and the number of responses of design principles to disasters.

Zeinab BahaaEldien AboQaleb   Seham Abou-Seree Haroun   Ayman Abdel-Hamed Al-Shewi   and Mohsen Hasan Eltouni   

Open theaters are crucial for public urban environments, as they require high-quality speech and listening processes. Designers protect open theaters by creating barriers and technical solutions to maintain an appropriate acoustic level. However, the impact of open theaters on the surrounding urban environment is often overlooked. This research aims to understand the mutual influence between open theaters and the surrounding environment to ensure environmental friendliness and noise-free operation. To achieve this, noise levels are measured near the open theater and other noise sources, such as roads, commercial uses, maintenance workshops, and mosques. These levels are then used to predict noise levels in the surrounding areas. The methodology was applied to Children's Cultural Park in Cairo, analyzing acoustic results to increase awareness of selecting the appropriate location for open theaters in urban environments. The noise levels were monitored at 10 different times, divided into three periods: morning (6 am to 12 pm), afternoon (2 pm to 6 pm), and night (8 pm to 12 am). The predicted noise levels were then mapped using satellite images and standard noise models, and the predictions were verified with recorded noise data from the field study.

Mansour Safran   

This study explores the integration of advanced machine learning algorithms and parametric design tools within architectural engineering to optimize the selection of interior materials for residential buildings. The research addresses the challenges posed by conflicting criteria such as cost, durability, sustainability, and aesthetic value in material selection. By leveraging machine learning models, including Gradient Boosting Machines, the study achieves high-fidelity predictions of material properties. To identify the most suitable materials, these predictions are refined using metaheuristic optimization techniques, specifically Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA). The methodology follows a systematic workflow, encompassing data collection, preprocessing, model training, optimization, and integration into parametric design tools. Results demonstrate the approach's efficacy, with Neural Networks optimized through PSO achieving an accuracy of 0.90 and a minimized objective function value of 0.63. This highlights the effectiveness of combining machine learning and optimization algorithms in enhancing decision-making processes for material selection. The study concludes that this integrated methodology significantly enhances the efficiency and sustainability of material choices in residential interior design. By providing a robust and data-driven framework, this research contributes to the field of architectural engineering by enabling informed decisions that balance functionality, aesthetics, and environmental considerations, ultimately advancing sustainable interior design practices.

Amira Salem   Ahmed El-menshawy   and Ola Tarek   

The research focuses on the importance of the rehabilitation of the urban fabric in urban conservation projects in order to achieve architectural and urban integration with restoration projects. This is especially true in areas that suffer from a change of identity and instability of aesthetic values due to encroachments on the heritage environment of historic buildings as a result of new transportation needs and changes in the social and cultural structure. Based on the analytical approach to the most important urban issues of the heritage perimeter of the heritage buildings in the current situation in Fuwah city and the identification of the heritage perimeter of the heritage building and dilapidated areas through field lifting by observation and photography and comparing them with the plans of the General Authority for Urban Planning (General Structural Plan for Fuwah city), the research aims to develop a plan to integrate the development of the urban fabric with conservation projects by proposing movement axes in the form of a tourist tour to preserve the general character and unified visual qualities. The research identifies a proposal to preserve the perimeter of heritage buildings by merging separate groups of heritage buildings, each with a different urban space with a single axis of movement not interspersed with vehicular traffic, rehabilitation of social and service infrastructure by separating vehicular traffic, proposing pedestrian movement axes, and urban mobilization to improve open spaces to reuse them as gathering areas and tourist services.

Sachin Kumar Sahu   and Vandana Agrawal   

This study explores the determinants of location satisfaction in Slum Rehabilitation Housing (SRH) within Raipur, India, a city grappling with rapid urbanization and an increasing number of informal settlements. By examining two Slum Rehabilitation cases Telibandha (in-situ redevelopment) and Bhatagaon (relocation site), the research assesses how locational factors influence residents' satisfaction levels. Employing a systematic survey method, the study identifies key determinants, such as proximity to amenities, healthcare, education, transportation, and workplaces, and evaluates their impact on the perceived quality of life. The findings reveal significant disparities between the two Slum Rehabilitation Housing sites, with Telibandha generally demonstrating higher satisfaction due to better integration with urban infrastructure. At the same time, Bhatagaon faces challenges related to its peripheral location and limited access to essential services. Quantitative analysis highlights that satisfaction with transportation, health facilities, and commercial amenities strongly correlates with overall locational satisfaction. The results underscore the critical role of strategic location planning in the success of Slum Rehabilitation housing projects, emphasizing the need for equitable access to urban resources. This research contributes to the discourse of slum rehabilitation housing by offering actionable insights for policymakers to design inclusive, sustainable housing solutions that enhance the well-being of marginalized communities.

Mamatha N.   and Ajai Chandran C. K.   

Fire safety in high-rise residential buildings is a complex issue, especially when it comes to electrical shaft fires. These enclosed vertical shafts help the rapid spread of smoke, toxic gases and heat across different floors and pose a high risk to the occupants and affect the evacuation process. However, the actual life fire outbreaks show that the existing measures are still wanting as far as evacuation safety is concerned. These issues are addressed in this research through the use of performance-based fire design (PBFD) to assess fire behaviour and evacuation patterns in high-rise buildings. The study then simulates using PyroSim and Pathfinder simulation software, the visibility of smoke, reduction of visibility, CO and CO₂ levels, temperature changes, and congestion of the evacuation corridors. Unlike other studies, this paper combines both fire development and occupants' response to give a holistic approach to the issue of evacuation challenges. One of the findings of this research is the analysis of the ASET and RSET whereby it was found that the current provisions in fire safety do not ensure a safe exit. It was established that RSET is much higher than ASET, which points to a severe lack in current fire safety solutions. Simulations incorporating NBC-2016 (National Building Code-2016) provisions—such as fire-rated doors, sprinklers, and mechanical ventilation—demonstrate improved outcomes, reducing RSET from 1,272 seconds to 746 seconds. However, persistent challenges such as congestion, bottlenecks, and hazardous gas levels highlight the need for enhanced fire safety strategies. This research offers practical recommendations to improve evacuation effectiveness through better ventilation, compartmentalization, and advanced suppression systems. The findings contribute to risk mitigation strategies, expand the knowledge base for fire safety, and provide a foundation for improving fire safety regulations in high-rise buildings.

Ayuddin   Herman Parung   and Muhammad Wihardi Tjaronge   

Eastern Indonesia, West Sulawesi Province the city of Mamuju is a region that is very prone to earthquakes. The earthquake in 2021 caused the Governor's Office Building to collapse completely. This condition caused the building structural systems in the city of Mamuju to suffer extensive damage and total collapse, particularly in the building columns. With this incident, building or house structures are provided with solutions to anticipate structural damage during a strong earthquake so that the structures can withstand and protect their occupants from the risk of earthquake hazards. One of the solutions in this article is to provide an additional external GFRP reinforcement placed on reinforced concrete columns aimed at increasing lateral stress. The use of external GFRP reinforcement is highly relevant in contemporary conditions with the advancement of material technology in concrete, namely Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP). The results of the tests on the circular concrete columns conducted in the structural laboratory using GFRP material as external reinforcement showed a very significant impact on axial strength. Thus, in the direct application to the 5-story grandstand building using external GFRP reinforcement on the reinforced concrete columns, it is shown that there are no overstressed structural element components.

Noha A. Shaheen   Khaled Dewidar   G. Nagy   and Ashraf Ali Nessim   

As the globe grapples with the profound consequences of climate change, its impact on built cultural heritage has emerged as a critical concern. Rising global temperature and unpredictable weather patterns threaten the integrity of historical sites, consequently, jeopardizing our collective identity and historical narratives. This paper focuses on Historic Cairo, Egypt identifying the risks associated with climate change based on the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 outlined by the IPCC. The study aims to develop risk response resilience strategies to provide a comprehensive treatment plan for the impacts of the climate change risks affecting Historic Cairo. The research methodology comprises two main phases: a theoretical phase involving a literature review on climate change-associated risks and their impacts on built cultural heritage and an analytical phase involving an expert survey questionnaire targeting heritage management stakeholders. The data collected revealed that key stressors such as the mean air temperature, extreme heat, relative humidity, changes in soil chemistry, and fire weather exhibit critical challenges requiring urgent mitigation efforts and attention. Moreover, the historic associative value, along with the architectural, aesthetic, and artistic values demonstrated significant vulnerability. Hence, these values were assigned extremely high to high-risk priority levels necessitating proactive measures to mitigate the identified risks. In contrast, precipitation and rainfall were deemed to have low-risk priority levels on the heritage communal, urban, and historic values. Consequently, the risk response strategies were developed to effectively mitigate these challenges. This research contributes to the ongoing global and local efforts to enhance resilience in built heritage management. Additionally, it aligns with the sustainable development goal (SDGs goals 13 and 11) which emphasized the need for cultural built heritage protection and addressing vulnerabilities against climate change impacts with a specific application in the Egyptian heritage context.

Tarikul Islam   Faruk Patowary   Debasish Sen   and Sharmin Reza Chowdhury   

The utilization of sustainable materials in concrete production has attained attention recently. The effect of altering jute fiber content on the workability, compressive, and splitting-tensile strength of concrete prepared using stone chips as coarse aggregate is investigated in this study. In this experimental study, different concrete mixtures were prepared with 25-mm jute fibers in selected proportions (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% by weight of cement). To determine the workability of the concrete, thorough assessments were performed. Additionally, the jute fiber content was systematically added to identify the optimum proportion for enhancing the mechanical performance (compressive and splitting-tensile strength) of the concrete while maintaining moderate workability. Workability in terms of slump values falls as fiber content increases. The findings show that incorporating jute fibers into concrete improves its compressive and split-tensile strength significantly. For both tests, the optimum fiber content was found to be 0.4%. These improvements are attributed to the reinforcing and bridging effects of the jute fibers within the concrete matrix. However, for higher fiber content (1.2%), the concrete-mix becomes less workable, resulting in improper fiber distribution, difficulty in compaction, and higher voids in the concrete. As a result, fiber aggregation occurs, and compressive and split tensile strength decreases.

Mohamed Salah Elashry   Nanees Elsayyad   and Lamis Elgizawi   

The rapid urbanization of Egypt's new cities has amplified the urban heat island (UHI) effect, causing environmental and health challenges such as increased energy demands and reduced air quality. While sustainable urban development rating systems—like LEED, BREEAM, CASBEE, The Pearl, Green Star, DGNB, and Egypt's Green Pyramids Rating System (GPRS)—offer valuable frameworks, they often lack specific measures to address UHI mitigation tailored to Egypt's climatic conditions. This research proposes a UHI-focused rating system designed for Egyptian neighborhoods. The system aims to develop sustainability indicators aligned with Egypt's environmental needs, informed by consultations with 64 experts from academia, government, and related fields. Indicators were categorized into UHI, ecology, resource efficiency, and governance, and evaluated using a five-point Likert scale. Data collected in November 2024 were analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII), revealing priorities in Resource Management (21.0%), Ecology (14.2%), Transportation (13.9%), and Placemaking (13.0%), with UHI Mitigation ranked at 12.0%. Lower emphasis on Social, Governance, and Economic factors reflects a focus on resources, ecology, and urban design. The findings informed UHI-specific enhancements to the GPRS framework, including green and blue infrastructure, optimized urban morphology, and heat-reducing materials. The revised framework supports Egypt's Vision 2030 and offers a replicable model for climate-resilient urban design in developing regions, addressing the critical need for sustainable strategies to mitigate UHI effects.

Gede Windu Laskara   I Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   and I Nyoman Susanta   

The role of Active Street Frontage (ASF) identity is crucial in Ubud as a world-renowned tourist destination. The traditional Balinese street-frontage (TBF) elements provide a sense of place and identity in Ubud that has economic, social, and environmental impacts. This study seeks to examine the influence of TBF components on creating ASF identity in Ubud. The TBF elements under examination comprise such as fence walls (penyengker), green areas (telajakan), foyers (lebuh), roadways (marga), gates (kori), walkways (rurung), and crossroads of primary highways as a civic center (catuspatha). This study employs a descriptive qualitative methodology that incorporates field observations and comprehensive interviews. TBF's elements are not merely architectural features but encoded cosmological and spiritual narratives. The findings indicate that "TBF's activeness" brings the existence of sensory complexity and dynamic socio-cultural moments that encourages tourists to walk. The emergence of traditional space adaptability defines the unique identity of Ubud's ASF. For tourists, TBF elements encourage walkability, due to the physical uniqueness and cultural activities involvement. For residents, the TBF not only has a physical role but also promoting collective identity, community bonds, and a sense of belonging to the area. Cognitively, TBF fostered place attachment through daily rituals and communal practices, embedding collective memory of ASF identity.

Eman Sherif   Mohamed A. Salheen   Ahmed Abd Elrahman   and Ayat Ismail   

For many years, place attachment has been explored from various perspectives resulting with many definitions and approaches. This research works on further understanding the theory of place attachment with focus on the town scale which was barely mentioned in literature. The research also presents an exploration of the context through the lens of place attachment. Dahab, the focus of the empirical section of this research is a small town located in South Sinai in Egypt. Dahab's economy is based on tourism industry and has been recently the focus of development as a strategic plan was published in 2024. This research works on contextualizing the place attachment theory in Dahab, through in-depth semi-structured interviews with the residents and visitors. Factors from literature were used to categorize the information, and then various themes were identified, analyzed, and correlated to one another and to literature. As a result, the paper concludes with a comprehensive understanding of the place and a list of contextualized themes that adds to the understanding of the place attachment theory. Some of the results and relationships adhere to literature and others are new contributions of this study. These results also help in the understanding of Dahab which could aid decision makers and planners in approaching the town. This study explores a small sample of participants hence the results could only contribute to the understanding of place but not to decision making. Yet, the study could take part in designing a contextualized survey to measure the important aspects and characteristics of place that cannot be changed and the unimportant ones that could be change without affecting the users' sense of place. Therefore, future research could work on involving the visitors and residents experience of place attachment within the urban design and development processes.

Sutoyo   Catur Arif Prastyanto   Anggoro Dias Ainur Rasyid   and Vicario Baroroh   

Several factors that must be considered for the performance of porous asphalt mixtures using b-5/20 Asbuton are homogeneity of asphalt content in granular Asbuton, water content of Asbuton granular, mixture composition, combined aggregate gradation, temperature of aggregate in dryer system, method of mixing, mixing time, and compaction system. All the kind of that variable will affect mixture properties, so every single factor must be known by technician laboratory and quality engineer in the field. This research, will present an effective method that was applied to the mixing process in the Asphalt Mixing Pant (AMP), specifically the stages, temperature and mixing time based on laboratory test results which resulted in the highest performance of a porous asphalt mixture for heavy traffic, namely Marshall stability > 3600 kg, cavity volume > 8%, CL < 20% and AFD < 0.3%. This research uses dry method with varying the aggregate heating and mixing time in the mixer. The selection of the appropriate method is carried out based on the performance of the mixture as mention above. Based on the results of the analysis, the use dray method with aggregate temperature of 190℃, and time mixing 10 second for granular Asbuton in the mixing plant (pugmill) can be said. And the whole mixture of aggregate, granular Asbuton and asphalt is 45 seconds. So using the correct mixing method system will produce a porous asphalt mixture that is strong and durable to support heavy traffic loads.

Rehab Salaheldin Ghoneim   Mazin Arabasy   Rana Abu Osbaa   and Rasha Al Hamad   

This systematic literature review investigates how machine learning (ML) algorithms and metaheuristic methods have been integrated into sustainable digital architectural design optimization over the past two decades. The study analyzes 42 peer-reviewed publications, highlighting the critical role of these technologies in enhancing energy efficiency, structural optimization, and environmental sustainability. This review showcases the growing use of ML and metaheuristics to reshape traditional architectural practices by addressing multi-objective optimization models such as generative design and performance improvement. Furthermore, the review outlines the approaches taken in the study, focusing on algorithmic decision-making for material and energy consumption optimization. Despite the promising advancements, several limitations are outlined, including non-standardized procedures and limited applications in practice. The research calls for mixed-method procedures and empirical studies for the validation of algorithmic models in real architectural projects. Practical implications of this study include the potential for ML and metaheuristic algorithms to enhance design procedures, reduce environmental impact, and achieve higher energy conservation, which will result in more sustainable building solutions. Social implications are the broader use of such technologies with the aim to achieve sustainability goals within urban environments, make resource allocation more effective, and enhance occupant comfort. This review contributes to the literature by pointing out the need for standard methods and introducing these technologies into practice to have the maximum impact on sustainable design.

Jaser K. Mahasneh   Tasnim almigbel   Asia Hamasha   and Mayyadah Al-Khdairat   

Buildings require improvements in their structures to be more energy efficient and sustainable. This study focuses on holistic energy analysis that aids in enhancing energy efficiency and reducing consumption by retrofitting buildings. A quantitative approach is utilized in the study by using a unique methodology that integrated Building Information Modeling (BIM) with the Internet of Things (IoT) to develop a model that supports specialists in making well-informed decisions regarding future refits, and the research is based on a complex building at Jordan University of Science and Technology, located in Irbid, Jordon, as a case study. A comprehensive BIM model was developed specifically for this facility, and several retrofit methods were used in combination with IoT. Some of the IoT applications implemented included plug load efficiency, operation schedules, shading techniques, daylight management, lighting efficiency, HVAC system upgrades, and physical modifications like window glass types. Thereafter, a Building Energy Model (BEM) was established to evaluate energy consumption behavior. The results assessed several retrofitting options for their impact on total energy use (EUI) and identified ways to improve energy efficiency. According to the results, integrating BIM with IoT led to total annual energy savings of $9.19 per square meter.

Farha Shermin   and Mainak Ghosh   

The evolution of Assam-type houses, a distinctive architectural style in Northeast India, reflects a significant transition from traditional to contemporary designs. This transition raises concerns about the loss of essential traditional features that make them well-suited to Assam's unique climate. This study explores the extent to which contemporary self-built Assam-type houses adopt critical climate adaptive features from its traditional counterparts. Through an expert opinion survey, case studies, and a detailed analysis, the research identifies key elements, such as lightweight materials, flexible frameworks, courtyards, and well-placed openings for natural ventilation, which are essential for climate adaptability. It also highlights the omission of certain vital features in contemporary designs, which compromises their ability to respond effectively to Assam's environmental challenges. The research shows the importance of integrating traditional design principles into contemporary practices. It contributes to the field by bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary architecture in Assam, laying the groundwork for practical approaches to sustainable housing practices. The study also emphasizes the importance of preserving and adapting traditional features and their role in creating sustainable and liveable houses that respond effectively to Assam's changing environmental context.

An Vinh Le   

The Complex of Hue Monuments (abbreviated as the Monuments), the first UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site in Vietnam, is well-known for its wealth of scientific materials for research. This paper begins by providing a general introduction to the construction history and architectural typology of the Hue Imperial Palaces (abbreviated as the Imperial Palaces), a key component of the Monuments. These include the existing heritage buildings located within the Hue Citadel and the Emperor Mausoleums of the Nguyen dynasty (1802–1945). Next, this paper examines the floor plan design methods of the Imperial Palaces, with particular focus on the Twin-Ridge Beam Buildings (abbreviated as Twin Buildings), which are unique in ancient Asia. The name of this building type is derived from its characteristic design, which consists of two or three buildings connected and placed on the same platform. This construction style represents the highest level of architectural achievement during the Nguyen dynasty. Drawing mainly from historical documents of the Nguyen dynasty, surveys of remaining heritage Twin Buildings, dimensional analysis, investigations into traditional design methods, and interviews with master carpenters, we analyze the proportions of the floor plans and re-determine the primary architectural design methods used. Through this study, the units of measurement, parametric factors, design principles, and design processes for the floor plans of Twin Buildings have been clearly defined. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the principles behind the floor plan design of the Twin Buildings in Hue imperial architecture. It also offers valuable guidance for the precise restoration and reconstruction of the Monuments. Moreover, the findings published in this paper serve as a valuable reference for researchers, graduate students, and architecture students, contributing to academic education and scientific research.

I. M. Kariyana   T. H. Pamungkas   and Tirka Widanti N. P.   

Bali, as one of Indonesia's premier tourist destinations, has seen a notable increase in visitors, particularly in South Denpasar, a hub for leisure activities. This rise in tourism has led to heightened traffic volumes, which challenge the area's road infrastructure, especially during the rainy season. South Denpasar is prone to frequent flooding and drainage overflow, which disrupt traffic flow and compromise road functionality. This study examines the impact of rainfall on traffic flow and road performance in South Denpasar. By analyzing traffic flow characteristics and correlating them with varying rainfall intensities, the study quantifies the relationship between rainfall and key road performance indicators. The findings reveal a strong correlation between rainfall intensity and declining road functionality. Additionally, the study introduces models that depict the effects of various rainfall intensities on road performance, offering a clear understanding of rainfall's impact in flood-prone areas. The results underscore the critical need for efficient drainage systems and strategic traffic management to mitigate the adverse effects of heavy rainfall. By adopting these practical measures, South Denpasar can enhance road resilience, reduce disruptions during rainy seasons, and maintain smooth traffic flow, ensuring a sustainable and reliable infrastructure for both residents and the growing number of tourists.

Rini Kusumawardani   Alfita Ilfiyaningrum   Sito Ismanti   Bagus Hario Setiadji   Pranadya Krida Palgunadi   Fadhila Tiara Avrilia   Togani Cahyadi Upomo   and Mochamad Aryono Adhi   

The phenomenon of land subsidence has emerged as a critical issue in Semarang, Indonesia, particularly within its northern coastal regions. This issue is primarily attributed to the rapid urbanization and extensive infrastructure development in the area. The present study employs the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique, a proven method for effectively monitoring subsidence patterns, to analyze changes occurring between 2020 and 2024. The findings indicate significant subsidence within the northern coastal zones, with rates reaching up to -0.23 meters per year. The primary drivers of this subsidence are identified as excessive groundwater extraction, the presence of soft alluvial soils, and accelerated urban development. The impacts of this land subsidence are multifaceted, including exacerbated flooding risks, disruption of local infrastructure, and increased challenges for urban planning and development. These findings underscore the urgency of implementing mitigation strategies, such as stricter regulation of groundwater extraction and the development of resilient infrastructure designed to adapt to these changing conditions. Furthermore, the study highlights the necessity for long-term, sustainable strategies to address ongoing subsidence and its associated risks, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding both coastal and inland areas of Semarang. These insights contribute to the broader understanding of urban subsidence and its implications, offering a foundation for developing effective management and adaptation measures in similar rapidly urbanizing regions.

Adarsh S. Chatra   Sharanappagouda Kadabinakatti   Amar Mohan Shinde   Ramanandan S.   and Sundarvel V.   

Slope failures and debris flow landslides are among the most significant natural hazards affecting the Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu, India. The present study focuses on the comprehensive investigation of a slope section in Kurumbadi village within this district, which has been subjected to rainwater infiltration. This research integrates field studies, laboratory experiments, and numerical modeling to assess the stability of the slope under extreme rainfall conditions. Specifically, a 13-day rainfall event from 3^rd to 15^th November 1993 is recorded as the highest total rainfall in the study area and serves as the basis for the stability analysis. The numerical modelling is performed using the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) software, employing a coupled two-dimensional (2D) seepage analysis to simulate rainwater infiltration into the slope. The stability of the slope is further evaluated using the infinite slope method, which considers two distinct soil states: loose and medium-dense. The results of the analysis reveal that soil with medium density exhibits greater resistance to collapse compared to loose soil under identical rainfall intensity and duration. These findings underscore the critical influence of soil density on slope stability during prolonged rainfall events. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of slope failure in the Nilgiris and highlight the importance of considering soil density in the assessment and mitigation of landslide risks in regions prone to heavy rainfall.

Nurzhigit Smailov   Akmaral Tolemanova   Assem Ayapbergenova   Yerlan Tashtay   and Aziskhan Amir   

This literature review examines the application of Fibre Optic Sensors (FOS) in the structural health monitoring of concrete buildings, an increasing issue in contemporary construction owing to the demand for safer and more resilient infrastructure. This review aims to evaluate the current state of FOS applications and estimate their efficacy. The study employed modelling and experiments with FOS to measure deformations in various concrete samples. FOS, which are thin fibres with an optical cable inside, was used in the study. The sensors were integrated into concrete structures to measure deformations. The research indicates that FOS, specifically Fibre Bragg Gratings, deliver higher reliability and accuracy in quantifying deformations in concrete, surpassing conventional approaches in precision and environmental durability. FOS are non-contact sensors that excel in extreme environments, including elevated humidity and temperature fluctuations, rendering them suitable for monitoring essential infrastructure such as bridges, tunnels, and buildings. The analysis highlights critical challenges, such as the necessity for advanced sensor integration techniques and better calibration procedures to guarantee consistent data accuracy. Moreover, it underscores the possibility of amalgamating FOS with additional monitoring systems to provide comprehensive, real-time structural health management solutions. Although FOS are now utilised in several concrete buildings, the study indicates that more research is necessary to enhance sensor technologies and investigate new applications, including the incorporation of artificial intelligence for data processing. This evaluation underscores the necessity of creating economical, scalable solutions for the extensive application of FOS in building projects.

Ahmed. H. Mahmoud   Mamdouh Dardeer   Anani. E. Anani   and Mahmoud Zayed   

Morning glory spillways (MGSs) or shaft spillways have special design features allowing the excess water to be passed from the dam reservoir to the downstream outlet. In this research, holes within MGS featuring semi-elliptical notch shapes were experimentally investigated for discharge coefficient () and flow pattern compared with the classical MGS in case of without notches. This new and innovative design utilizing the semi-elliptical notches was examined for various approach Froude numbers () and notch numbers of = 2, 4 and 8 notches. The results indicated that the semi-elliptical notches had the ability to enhance the discharge coefficient and also breakdown the streamlines of flow vortex of simple shaft spillways. However, the semi-elliptical notches were more effective for lower , and consequently lower flow discharges. The impact of notches on the percentages of improvement in values decreased as rose compared with the classical MGS. A new discharge coefficient () formula for MGS with semi-elliptical notches was proposed which was valid for , , and .

Kirti Gupta   and Mazharul Haque   

Urban residential areas are confronted with substantial challenges in maintaining outdoor thermal comfort due to the urban heat island effect. As the ramifications of climate change continue to escalate, it becomes increasingly vital for the well-being of inhabitants to improve the outdoor comfort of urban dwellings. The purpose of this study is to conduct an exhaustive review of microclimate design optimization to discern and assess a range of methodologies, tools, and design elements that contribute to the efficient creation of microclimatic-sensitive designs. The study adopts a systematic literature review method to investigate seminal publications, studies, and models pertaining to the optimization of microclimatic design. The study focuses on the different computational models, including RayMan and ENVI-met, and analyzes various context-specific design factors that impact microclimatic conditions in-depth. The review delves into context-specific design factors such as vegetation, building orientation, and urban morphology, emphasizing the importance of scale sensitivity, local adaptation, and zoning flexibility in optimizing microclimatic conditions. The analysis highlights a notable lacuna in the existing body of research regarding the optimization of microclimatic design for low-height residential units within urban clusters. The prevailing body of research mostly focuses on expansive group housings and institutional structures, neglecting the distinct issues and prospects associated with smaller-scale residential clusters. This gap highlights the need for more targeted research on smaller-scale residential clusters to develop tailored microclimatic solutions. The study can help address these overlooked areas, and further studies can provide a more holistic understanding of sustainable urban living, ensuring that microclimatic design benefits are equitably distributed across diverse urban environments.

Ariana Nicole Grados Hinojosa   Jheny Zenaida Romero Jimenez   Maria Estela Quispe Sedano   and Marko Antonio Lengua Fernandez   

The improvement of concrete properties is critical for advancing sustainable construction materials, and this study introduces an innovative approach to achieve this by repurposing agroindustrial waste. Peru faces a growing environmental challenge due to the vast amounts of agricultural residues generated, particularly from coffee and pineapple production. This research demonstrates how coffee husk ash (CHA) and pineapple fiber (FHP) can be effectively incorporated into concrete to enhance its mechanical performance while addressing waste management issues. The experimental program focused on developing a concrete mix with a target strength of 210 kg/cm², integrating CHA and FHP as sustainable additives. These materials underwent specific pre-treatment processes—drying, calcination, and sieving for CHA, and drying and cutting for FHP—before being introduced into the mix in varying proportions. The mechanical properties of the modified concrete, including compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, were evaluated through rigorous testing. Results revealed that an optimal combination of 1.60% CHA and 1.10% FHP significantly enhanced the concrete's performance, achieving a compressive strength of 271.55 kg/cm², a tensile strength of 32.71 kg/cm², and a flexural strength of 82.81 kg/cm² at 28 days. These improvements represent a remarkable leap in material strength compared to standard concrete. However, excessive dosages of additives led to slight declines in performance, emphasizing the importance of dosage optimization. This study highlights the dual benefits of incorporating agroindustrial waste into concrete: improving the mechanical properties of construction materials and contributing to environmental sustainability. By transforming waste into valuable resources, the research provides a practical and scalable solution for the construction industry, aligning with circular economy principles. The findings offer a roadmap for future innovations in sustainable construction, showcasing the potential to revolutionize concrete design while mitigating environmental impacts.

Martinus Edwin Tjahjadi   Putu Harry Gunawan   Hardianto   Ester Priskasari   and Ketut Tomy Suhari   

A sustainable maintenance of bridges is a very challenging task. Accurate information on the bridges' structure integrity could inform their lifespans. Meanwhile Digital Twins have emerged as transformative tools in monitoring and analyzing structures by creating virtual replicas of physical bridges to predict structural behaviors under various conditions. The integration of digital twin technology with bridge structures has revolutionized the field of structural maintenance. However, this technology has not been suited yet to accommodate the usage of DSLR cameras to monitor deformation which has been a day-to-day practice in photogrammetric community. This paper explores the concepts and implementation of performing bridge deformation monitoring using a DSLR camera by employing a novel statistical analysis. A case study was conducted by photographing a bridge concrete pillar in two different epochs. A convergent imaging network was applied to each photographing campaign to shoot around 33 retro target points attached to the pillar's surface. Ten photos on each epoch are processed using the least squares bundle adjustment to compute camera parameters and points of coordinates. This type of imaging network produces an orthogonal structure of the resulted covariance matrices of the 3D coordinates to simplify the statistical displacement analysis. The orthogonal and homogenous covariance matrix structures simplify the congruency and localization test procedures. Also, a sub millimeter precision of the coordinate measurements is effortlessly attainable. It is revealed that there are insignificant structure movements occurring, and it has little implication of the bridge's internal structures. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of using DSLR cameras to enable digital twin to perform self-assessment mechanism to any deformation analysis on bridge structures.

Beatriz Paola Suri Paredez   Rosmery Dalia Altamirano Huerto   Frank Anthony Bernaola Bernaola   and Rando Porras Olarte   

The increased traffic on road infrastructure has led to higher maintenance costs, particularly for flexible pavements, while rigid pavements, despite their greater durability, require significant initial investment. In Latin America, rigid pavements are preferred for their long-term cost-effectiveness, but they can deteriorate over time. To address these challenges, this study investigates the use of cocoa pod fibers as a natural admixture in concrete to improve its mechanical, thermal, and workability properties, and ultimately enhance the durability of pavements. High-strength concrete (280 kg/cm²) was mixed with cocoa pod fibers at dosages of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. Key tests, including slump, unit weight, air content, compressive strength, and flexural strength, were conducted. The results revealed significant improvements in workability and mechanical performance, especially at dosages of 1% and 2%. These dosages provided an optimal balance between strength, flexibility, and cost-efficiency, making the concrete suitable for rigid pavement applications. Furthermore, the incorporation of 4% cocoa pod fiber resulted in a 2.32%. Thermal properties were also enhanced, with the addition of 2% cocoa pod fiber lowering the temperature by 0.7℃. Compressive strength increased by 15% with 1% fiber, and flexural strength peaked at 36.5 kg/cm² with 2% fiber. The economic analysis revealed that the incorporation of 1% fiber in the concrete generated a 2.19% increase in the unit cost, which is equivalent to an increase of approximately 11.68 soles per cubic meter compared to concrete without admixtures. This additional cost is justified by improvements in mechanical properties, such as higher compressive and flexural strength, as well as improved workability of the concrete.

Hasman Syuhas   Muhammad Yamin Jinca   and Windra Priatna Humang   

Goods transportation on the Trans Sulawesi road is dominated by truck transportation which causes problems including high operational costs, road damage due to over-dimension overload (ODOL) vehicles, and increased carbon emissions. Therefore, more efficient and sustainable alternative transportation modes are needed, one of which is the Rolling Highway (ROLA) system. This study aims to analyze the potential for ROLA implementation based on truck operators' perceptions of operational costs, travel time, flexibility, security and safety, policy support, ease of loading and unloading, and environmental impacts. The study used perception analysis and multiple linear regression, from truck operators on the Makassar-Parepare route. The results showed that a 20% reduction in operating costs and up to 120 minutes of travel time could increase operators' willingness to shift to the ROLA system. However, flexibility and ease of loading and unloading are still major constraints that need to be addressed. In addition, the implementation of ROLA has the potential to reduce road damage, lower carbon emissions, and improve the efficiency of logistics distribution. To implement this policy, the government needs to develop economic incentives (operational subsidies) and accelerate investment in ROLA -supporting infrastructure.

Adham Sami ALAzzam   and Syarmila Hany Haron   

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need to facilitate access to religious sites, prompting researchers to explore digital solutions. Virtual reality (VR) has proven effective in various fields, including architecture, heritage, and education; however, its potential to strengthen cultural and religious identity remains underutilized. This gap highlights a lack of research interest despite the risk of Islamic architectural heritage being lost due to Western influences and implementation challenges. For that, this research explores the potential of VR in addressing the challenges facing mosques, particularly in preserving Islamic ornamentation and fostering a deeper connection to religious identity. To achieve its objectives, the study employs questionnaires, interviews, and a VR experiment. Findings indicate that VR effectively enhances awareness of Islamic decorations, reinforces cultural identity, and serves as a crucial tool for sustaining social and religious interactions. However, it is significantly influenced by age, individuals' willingness to utilize the glasses and their prior experience with them. The elderly typically do not engage with virtual reality. Furthermore, the recall of information was greater among individuals experiencing virtual reality for the first time compared to those with prior experience. The research highlights the need to incorporate virtual reality into mosque design and heritage conservation to maintain engagement with Islamic architectural identity. Simultaneously, there is an ongoing necessity to follow technological advancements for their application in preserving and presenting heritage.

Julio Mateo-Santiago   Yascara Paulina-Barrón   José Guadalupe Chan-Quijano   Marisol Luitin-Luna   Kenya Suárez Domínguez   Evangelina Alejandra Montalvo-Rivero   and Maria Silvia Montalvo-Tello   

This study evaluates the physical and mechanical properties of three soil samples collected from distinct locations in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico, to assess their suitability for sustainable construction. The soils were classified as medium plasticity clay (CL) and high plasticity clay (CH) according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Physical properties, including bulk density, moisture content, plasticity, and linear shrinkage, were measured, revealing significant variability that was influenced by mineral composition and geographical origin. Grain size distribution analyses indicated that all samples passed the No. 4 sieve (98–100%), with notable differences in finer distributions across the samples. The load-bearing capacities of bricks made from these soils—both with and without the addition of 20% fine sand—were evaluated. Bricks without additives demonstrated significantly higher compressive strength, with Sample No. 2 achieving 320.0±5.8 g/mm², indicating its potential for structural applications. In contrast, bricks containing fine sand exhibited reduced strength but improved workability, making them more suitable for non-structural uses. These findings highlight the feasibility of using locally sourced soils for sustainable construction, particularly in regions with limited access to industrial building materials. The study underscores the importance of optimizing soil composition to balance strength, workability, and durability, offering cost-effective and eco-friendly architectural solutions for housing and urban infrastructure: the use of locally sourced soil for construction, such as compressed earth blocks, offers significant ecological benefits by reducing carbon emissions, promoting circular economy principles, and conserving natural resources.

Carissa   Dewi Larasati   Sugeng Triyadi   Mia Wimala   and Alyssa   

Indonesia, in the Pacific Ring of Fire and at the convergence of three tectonic plates, is vulnerable to natural disasters. Disasters cause property damage and disruptions. Therefore, accelerating post-disaster reconstruction is essential to speed recovery and normalize community life. The Indonesian government has developed modular prefabricated concrete technologies— Simple and Healthy Instant House (Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat/RISHA), Excellent Home Instant Panel System (Rumah Unggul Sistem Panel Instan/RUSPIN), and Interlocking Frame Building Concrete Construction (Bangunan Rangka Interlok Konstruksi Beton/BRIKON)—to rebuild detached housing for disaster victims since 2015. RISHA is the most popular technology and has many certified applicators, so it has also been used to speed up public infrastructure reconstruction, including school reconstruction. This study will evaluate these three technologies, which have design limitations for school buildings, using assessment parameters developed for this research to achieve optimal results. To establish these assessment parameters, literature reviews, site observations, and structured interviews focused on design, production, and construction, weighting these parameters with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution Analysis (TOPSIS) was used to choose the best technology. For modular prefabricated schools, RUSPIN outperformed RISHA and BRIKON in design, production, and construction.

Ade Ratih Ispandiari   Nanda Yustina   Eko Kustiyanto   Favian M.G. Putra   Zulfa Qonita   Robby Arifandri   Muhammad Imaduddin Abdur Rohim   Noor Muhammad Ridha Fuadi   Annissa Roschyntawati   Iskendar   Buddin Al Hakim   Anas Noor Firdaus   Siti Sadiah   Dewi Kartikasari   and Kusno Ajidarmo   

Indonesia has approximately 500 navigable rivers, yet their utilization as Inland Waterway Transport (IWT) routes remains minimal. One promising IWT potential lies in the Citanduy River, Pangandaran Regency, West Java, which holds historical significance, vital functions for the local community, and tourism opportunities. This study aims to determine the optimal location for IWT docks using a comprehensive multimodal parameter-based approach encompassing spatial, infrastructural, economic, social, environmental, and regulatory aspects. The research process involved four main stages: identifying key parameters, conducting geographic information system (GIS)-based geographical analysis to determine alternative locations, parameter weighting using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), and ranking with the Measurement Alternatives and Ranking According to the Compromise Solution (MARCOS) and Root Assessment Method (RAM). The analysis identified dominant parameters such as alignment with spatial planning, road accessibility, land cost, land use, and road width. Additional parameters included elevation, slope degree, landslide risk, flood risk, water depth, and sediment conditions. The geospatial analysis evaluated six potential IWT locations alongside three existing docks to determine the best dock location. MARCOS and RAM methods, known for their robustness in multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), ranked the locations based on established criteria. The study recommends three optimal dock locations: IWT-6, IWT-1, and IWT-4, which scored highest in technical and strategic terms. This research provides critical guidance for developing sustainable waterway transport infrastructure in Pangandaran Regency, promoting the local economy, transportation efficiency, and tourism potential. Additionally, it highlights opportunities for creating similar IWT systems in other Indonesian regions with strategic river potential.

Aida Nayer   Samar Awad Abdelhamed Soliman   and Dalia Abdelfattah   

The design of urban spaces that foster sustainable practices along the waterfront requires new analytical and structural approaches to promote spatial planning processes. This research discusses the relationship between the configuration of riverbanks as linear urban spaces and the public interest by studying the appropriation of pedestrian behavior. This paper adopts a multi-method approach to investigate pedestrian movement and interactions in linear urban spaces. By combining automated trajectory analysis with environmental mapping, behavioral observation, and user interviews, this approach enables to capture qualitative insights into user experience, and perceptions of safety and comfort. The study aims to identify factors that influence the visitors flow patterns, evaluate the impact of design features, and uncover safety concerns. The model incorporates spatial analysis for the stipulated urban features, and testing visitors' alternatives for the new transformation of the Nile riverfront project. The new pedestrian promenade known as "Mamsha-Ahl Masr" (the walk of Egypt's citizens), incorporates several transformations of the river landscape which aims to improve the quality of life for the first completed phase and further extensions are taking place consecutively, However, the quantitative understanding of population flows expedites specific procedures on the urban scale to showcase people's interactions. Therefore, the research deploys a multi-agent behavior simulation technology to demonstrate the interaction between individuals and the linear environment. The research represents empirical data synthesizing variables that affect walkability models related to visitors' attractiveness towards diverse activity preferences, clustering, and visiting frequency. Finally, the qualitative comparison and quantitative correlation analysis are combined to enhance the understanding of the spatial design features affecting visitors' experiences while studying the potential behavior simulation model. By combining these analyses, we can identify areas for improvement and optimize the promenade's design for a better pedestrian experience. The research explores the various scenarios for pedestrian flow tracking by explicitly simulating activities and therefore enhancing the aspects of social cohesion. The research concludes by presenting relevant criteria required for optimizing pedestrian-friendly experience in linear urban areas as a comprehensive approach that promotes walkability, safety, and social interaction in cities.

Mohamed Badr   

Recently, Egypt has witnessed significant attention toward the planning of residential areas, particularly those designated for low-income housing, with a focus on incorporating quality of life indicators in their design. This effort aligns with the National Human Rights Strategy, aiming to create more sustainable housing environments and provide adequate housing for citizens. While targeting the same low-income demographic, these areas often differ in terms of urban density, influenced by various factors such as the housing policies implemented during the development phase and the specific housing programs applied. These variations are reflected in the achievement of quality of life indicators across different regions. This research aims to assess the extent to which variations in urban density within low-income housing areas impact the achievement of quality of life indicators, using a case study approach that examines social housing projects in Egypt's first-generation new cities. The methodology is structured around three main axes: First, an exploration of the theoretical framework concerning low-income housing and its urban characteristics, including a review of quality of life standards and their application mechanisms. Second, an analysis of Arab and international experiences in implementing these indicators, leading to the identification of a relevant set of quality of life indicators for low-income housing across different urban densities. Third, a comparative study of low-income housing areas in 6th of October City and 10th of Ramadan City, both of which feature varying urban densities within the same housing category. The study monitors urban characteristics, construction timelines, and housing policies in both cities, employing statistical methods to accurately measure the impact of different urban densities on the achievement of quality of life indicators. The research findings indicate that medium-density housing areas achieve the highest quality of life indicators, outperforming both low-density and high-density areas. Medium-density areas strike a balance between spatial comfort, service accessibility, and environmental quality. In contrast, low-density housing areas show moderate quality of life due to limited infrastructure and fewer available services. High-density areas consistently perform the poorest, primarily due to overcrowding, insufficient green spaces, and limited access to essential services. These results highlight the crucial role of urban density in optimizing the quality of life within urban environments.

Mohamed Ezzeldin   Ahmed Nady   Mohamed Darwish   Muhamed Elalfy   and Ayman Assem   

The integration of physical models with real-time digital evaluation and feedback enhances urban planning and design. City-Pixel operates by using 3D-printed pixels equipped with RFID tags and Arduino microcontrollers to represent urban elements. These pixels are placed on a grid mat, allowing real-time capture of their positions. The system then processes this data through software to perform various urban analyses. This novel method integrates physical representations of the built environment with sophisticated digital technology, enabling data-informed decision-making and improving collaboration among stakeholders. This paper examines City-Pixel, an innovative method that seamlessly integrates physical and digital components in architectural and urban design. The aim is to assess the tool's potential benefits, limitations, and transformative capacity to alter conventional design processes through instantaneous analysis and feedback on an actual built environment. The study analyzes this innovative design method and its unique capability of seamlessly integrating hardware and software components, exploring a complex technological framework that facilitates seamless interaction between physical and digital aspects. Defined assessment criteria, encompassing usability, real-time responsiveness, and design flexibility, are established to evaluate the tool's efficacy. The study clarifies the software design of City-Pixel, revealing its foundational architecture, algorithms, and user interfaces. The physical representation of the new method is meticulously examined, encompassing its manufacturing process, utilizing materials, fabrication techniques, and assembly sequence. City-Pixel enables thorough geographical analysis by integrating current technology, hence improving informed decision-making and planning. Its ability to deliver real-time data and feedback improves stakeholder collaboration, bridging gaps and fostering sustainable, efficient urban development. The implementation of this new method has significant implications for architecture and urban design. City-Pixel introduces an innovative methodology in architectural and urban design by effectively integrating physical and digital domains. Its revolutionary methodology provides a comprehensive platform for real-time assessment of urban environments, promoting data-driven decision-making and collaborative design processes, so revolutionizing the future of urban planning and development.

Yudha Tantra Ahmadi   Moh. Sholichin   Lily Montarcih Limantara   and Runi Asmaranto   

This research intends to investigate the effectiveness of reservoir operation pattern for flood control in the parallel reservoirs of Tugu and Bagong reservoirs. These parallel reservoirs meet in the same junction before the town house of Trenggalek Regency. The Tugu reservoir supplies water requirement in 1,250 ha irrigation area, 12 l/s raw water supply, and 0.40 MW mini hydro electrical power. However, Bagong reservoir supplies water requirement in 857 ha irrigation area and 465 l/s raw water supply. The beneficiary from the two reservoirs do not overlap with each other except as the function of flood control. The methodology consists of simulation of reservoir operation based on the irrigation and raw water supplies, simulation of reservoir operation for flood control, and assessment of reservoir reliability. The reservoir operation pattern for flood control focuses on the decreasing of reservoir water level during the flood period so there is an empty space that can be utilized as flood control storage by regulating the outflow structure because the spillway structures of both reservoirs are not completed by regulator gates. The research result is hoped can obtain the most optimum flood storage by considering the maximum capacity in the river downstream of each reservoirs so it can minimize the flood risk due to 25 years return period.

Mas Mera   Yolanda Wulandari   Junaidi   and Februarman   

River bends are susceptible to sedimentation near the inner bend and erosion near the outer bend due to uneven velocity distribution. This study investigates the effectiveness of fin gabions in mitigating these issues through physical modeling. Five experimental setups were conducted in a laboratory flume: (1) Baseline: A leveled sand bed with regular gabions placed on the outer bend; (2) Lower Fin Gabion: A fin gabion embedded at the lower part of the bend. This setup addresses topography issues encountered in post-simulation of setup 1; (3) Mid-Bend Fin Gabion: An additional fin gabion embedded at the middle of the bend. Topography challenges in post-simulation of setup 2 necessitated this configuration; (4) Reinstalled Gabions: Reinstallation of all gabions from setup 3. This setup is implemented to ensure that the gabion configuration in setup 3 can maintain the baseline without changing significantly; and (5) Surface-Placed Gabions: All gabions placed on the surface without embedding. This setup aims to ensure that the fin gabions are firmly embedded. Results demonstrate that the fin gabion configurations, especially setup 3, significantly reduced sedimentation near the inner bend by up to 72%. This reduction led to a more uniform flow distribution, mitigating erosion at the outer bend. The findings highlight the potential of fin gabions as an effective solution for enhancing river bend stability.

Nuradin Zhailkhan   Jiyenbeсk Sugirov   Mermurat Nigmetov   Gulbanu Baisarova   and Kalyy Yerzhanov   

Rod elements have wide application in the engineering structures including bridges, buildings, drilling platforms and other types of infrastructure. The ability to predict accurately the behaviour of these elements under various loads is crucial to the safety and reliability of above-mentioned structures. The aim of this work is to improve the reliability prediction of the offshore platform. One important aspect of this prediction is the study of the non-linear static elastic stress state of the rod elements. To solve these problems, designers and engineers use a number of techniques including the finite element analysis to ensure that the platform can withstand the expected loads and perform its intended function safely and reliably. The design of drilling platforms in the Caspian Sea is a complex and non-trivial task that requires careful consideration of various factors including environment, safety regulations and operational requirements. Severe environmental conditions such as strong winds, waves and currents can have a significant impact on the structural integrity of the platform, while the presence of hydrocarbons in the area poses a risk of explosions and fires. This study presents the calculation of amplitude-frequency characteristics of free oscillations of the offshore drilling platforms on an anisotropic layered base using the finite element method. The findings will help to understand better the design of the "offshore drilling platform – seabed" when operating in the Caspian Sea, notably to determine the size and shape of the elements required to support a given load or to optimise the structure design to minimise stresses in the elements.

Tri Sudibyo   Sutoyo   Chusnul Arif   Erizal   and Fardzanela Suwarto   

Rutting is a common issue in heavily trafficked roads, which can lead to further unrecoverable permanent deformation. This distress commonly occurs on roads with low-speed traffic and high-temperature environments. A better rutting resistance pavement is favorable because it will require lower maintenance and thus be more economical and ecologically friendly. The utilization of agricultural waste plastic (AWP) as a modifier for bitumen in road construction presents a sustainable solution for both plastic waste management and road durability enhancement. This study investigated the effect of incorporating agricultural waste plastics into bitumen using a low shear mixing method. The primary objective of this study is to assess the impact of agricultural plastic waste on the rutting resistance of modified bitumen. The modification process was carried out at a temperature of 160-180°C and a mixing speed of 500 rpm. Four types of bitumen were used in this study: standard 60/70 pen bitumen and 6% AWP-modified bitumen at three different shear mixing durations. Standard test results indicated that the inclusion of agricultural waste plastic dramatically changed the rheological properties of bitumen in terms of penetration number and R&B softening point. A further in-depth observation of the rheological properties of bitumen shows its enhanced capability in preventing potential rutting damage compared to conventional bitumen. The modified bitumen exhibited a higher complex modulus (G*) and lower phase angle (δ) at reduced frequency. The master curves explain the changes in the modification effect with temperature. The improved performance under higher temperatures and stress conditions or increased stiffness and elastic recovery can be attributed to the successful modification by agricultural waste plastic.

Mirella Alexandra Camarena Verastegui   Gustavo Quispe Paitan   Percy Julio Quispe Paitan   and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   

The Loreto region of Peru faces a severe crisis in access to drinking water, with a large part of the population without adequate supply. Elevated tanks are a common solution, but present significant structural challenges in a seismically active area. The Peruvian standard E.030 does not specify a seismic reduction coefficient (R) for these tanks, leading to the use of foreign standards that do not fit local conditions. This increases the risk of structural failure, especially in inverted pendulum type geometry tanks, which endangers the safety and functionality of the water supply. This study proposes a new equation to estimate the most appropriate seismic reduction coefficient according to the height of the tank, taking into account the seismic conditions in Loreto. Simulations of seismic loads were carried out using the pushover method, evaluating the structural behaviour of 63 elevated tank models. The results show that as the tank height increases, the seismic reduction factor decreases, indicating a lower capacity of the structure to dissipate seismic loads. Models with larger volumes and heights exhibit more plastic behaviour, while smaller and stiffer tanks have lower ductility and reduction factor. The proposed equation, with a linear regression of the form y = -0.064X + 9.598, provides an accurate tool to adjust the seismic reduction coefficient as a function of tank height. This proposal can be incorporated into the E.030 standard, improving the seismic design of elevated tanks in Loreto and other seismically active regions, and reducing the risk of structural failure during seismic events, ensuring a safer and more sustainable water supply.

Phuong Tuan Nguyen   Tuan Anh Nguyen   Truong Xuan Dang   and Hoa Van Vu Tran   

This study aims to accurately predict the horizontal displacement of shoring systems in deep urban excavations, where numerous risks threaten the stability of surrounding structures. The methodology integrates Finite Element Modeling (FEM) to simulate soil behavior and excavation conditions, providing a detailed assessment of displacement under varying construction scenarios. The results from FEM serve as input for an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which optimizes prediction accuracy by managing the nonlinear relationships between displacement factors. ANN predictions are then validated against actual field monitoring data, demonstrating significantly improved accuracy with low forecast errors and stable predictive capacity. By combining FEM and ANN, this research enhances predictive capabilities, offering a robust and feasible solution for optimizing shoring system design in deep excavations. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves Mean Squared Error (MSE) = 0.0658, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) = 0.2566, and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) = 0.1835, proving its superiority over traditional methods. Additionally, feature importance analysis highlights the Y-coordinate and excavation depth as the most influential factors in displacement prediction, providing valuable insights into engineering applications. The findings also reveal that ANN is highly sensitive to input variations, particularly in FEM parameters such as elastic modulus and excavation depth. To improve generalization, future research should expand to various soil types and excavation conditions, ensuring broader applicability. Looking ahead, integrating deep learning techniques such as LSTM or CNN could further enhance real-time prediction and safety monitoring, ensuring more efficient and reliable excavation management in urban construction projects.

Tareq Al-Hyasat   Muhannad Ismeik   and Shadi Hanandeh   

Proper slope stability prediction, particularly in mountainous terrains, is essential to reduce the catastrophic consequences of failures. Calculating the factor of safety (FS) with traditional methods is challenging and requires either tedious computations or sophisticated software. Advancements in machine learning (ML) methods and data collection have substantially improved slope stability analysis. While many ML algorithms have been applied to evaluate slope failures, there is a lack of a comprehensive comparative analysis across these algorithms with a broad dataset. This study employed classical and ML procedures to classify and predict the FS required for geotechnical design. Novel models were developed using a large dataset that included different soil and geometric attributes. The FS was modeled in terms of soil unit weight, cohesion, friction angle, slope angle and height, and pore water pressure ratio, using Python. Eight statistical metrics and confusion matrix measures were employed to evaluate the reliability of the models. The results showed that ML models were effective in predicting and classifying the FS, with the random forest model demonstrating optimal performance in terms of accuracy for both regression and classification models. The model's applicability was further confirmed with an independent validation dataset. Sensitivity analysis results indicated that soil cohesion was the most influential parameter on the FS, while slope height had the least impact. The illustrative example demonstrated the direct implementation of the model compared to traditional solutions. The findings of this study assist practitioners in estimating the FS required for the preliminary assessment of slope failure and in selecting appropriate protective measures and mitigation techniques. This can lead to better decision-making, optimized design processes, and increased sustainability for geotechnical and highway projects involving earth slopes.

An Vinh Le   

The Complex of Hue Monuments (abbreviated as the Monuments) is well-known for its wealth of scientific materials for research. This paper begins by introducing the features of the Wooden Frame of the Twin-Ridge Beam Building (abbreviated as the Twin-Buildings), which represent the highest level of the Hue Imperial Palaces (abbreviated as the Imperial Palaces). The Twin-Buildings are an important component of the Complex of Hue Monuments, recognized as UNESCO's first World Cultural Heritage site in Vietnam in December 1993. Next, this paper examines the design methods of the Wooden Frame of the Twin-Buildings, which were used exclusively for special functions such as residences in the Palaces, worshiping halls in the Shrines of the ancestors, and the Temples of succeeding Emperors' mausoleums. Designing and constructing the Twin-Buildings represents one of the most challenging techniques among the Monuments. Primarily based on the historic documents of the Nguyen dynasty, surveys of the remaining Twin-Buildings, dimensional analysis, investigations into traditional design methods, interviews with traditional master carpenters, and study results on the floor plan design methods, this research seeks to redefine the design methods of the Wooden Frame of the Twin-Buildings. Through this study, the architectural proportions, design methods, and design processes of the Wooden Frame have been concretely identified. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the principles behind the wooden frame design of the Twin-Buildings in the Imperial Palaces. Furthermore, the findings published in this paper serve as a valuable reference for researchers, graduate students, and architecture students. They contribute to academic education and scientific research, while also providing an important database and knowledge base for the restoration and reconstruction of the Monuments.

I Gede Surya Darmawan   Ni Wayan Nurwarsih   and I Wayan Parwata   

This study aims to optimize the use of the roof of tourism facility buildings on Semawang Beach, Bali, as a tsunami disaster evacuation zone. The background of this research is based on the high risk of tsunamis in the coastal areas of Bali, which requires effective mitigation strategies. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach, analyzing tourism buildings with three or more floors. Data was obtained through mapping, interviews, and direct observation, which were then analyzed using montage techniques to describe the roof's potential as an evacuation site. The results showed that buildings such as the Prama Sanur and Fairmont Hotel could be modified to accommodate thousands of people in an emergency. The conclusions confirmed that optimizing the roof as an evacuation site improves safety and maintains the local architectural identity. The benefits of this research include providing practical solutions in disaster mitigation and contributing to the development of architectural planning policies that are integrated with safety aspects. This recommendation is expected to be implemented in various tourism areas in Indonesia, creating a safer environment for tourists and local communities. The research also contributes to the coastal architectural literature by offering innovative approaches to building design responsive to disaster threats without sacrificing local aesthetics and culture.

Raghda Abdelkader Mahmoud   Sherif Ahmed Ali Sheta   Esraa Mohamed Mohamed El-Azab   and Ahmed Mohamed Thabet Alieldin   

The Egypt Vision 2050 aims to raise the quality of life standards to become one of the best 30 countries in the world instead of the current ranking 69th of the 100 countries in 2021: Increasing the area of green space, attempting to establish new urban communities and cities in the empty land, doubling the size of the residential areas, and increasing the commercial, industrial, educational, and recreational activities. Therefore, the research aims to measure the quality of urban life as a vital demand for human existence in one of the new cities in Egypt, New Damietta city, provided that it is one of the new residential areas that belongs to the new generations of Egyptian cities, and has a clearly completed strategic plan, which did not achieve the planned population objectives, with the appearance of some shortcomings in its urban environment. In this context, the researchers utilized a set of evaluation criteria to investigate the current state of New Damietta neighbourhoods. The criteria are based on an evaluation index proposed by the AARP Public Policy Institute in the United States. In this context, several tools have been used by the researchers to proceed with the evaluation process. These tools are the analytical hierarchy process, SPSS software, and fuzzy logic technique. The results obtained by this research showed that the QOUL in New Damietta City needs to initialize annual surveys to evaluate the level of residents' satisfaction with the city of New Damietta and take residents' suggestions to help achieve the quality of urban life from their point of view.

Raghad N. Jasim   Anwar S. Al-Qaraghuli   and Zuhair A. Nasar   

Architecture is constantly evolving with the emergence of diverse technologies, in particular, the subject of architecture and artificial intelligence (AI). As such, this research focuses on architectural style utilizing Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and AI tools, especially in image-to-image technology. Further, the study examines StyleGAN 2-ADA, which can generate images as a general summary of the data input, besides DALL-E 3 and Midjourney AI tools to create images. This study analyzes AI models using local architectural data from the works of Rifat Chadirji, a renowned Iraqi architect (1926–2020) recognized for integrating modernist principles with traditional Iraqi architectural elements, resulting in a distinctive and influential style. The images of the facades were chosen for this research due to their extensive temporal range and the adaptability of their design approach. The research provides greater control over design outcomes using image-based inputs, addressing how architects can leverage AI tools to balance heritage preservation with innovation. Moreover, it offers practical insights into merging these tools into professional workflows and cultural applications. The methodology of this work has two main parts: generation and evaluation. In the generation process, the dataset was input into StyleGAN 2-ADA for image generation, whereas, in DALL-E 3 and Midjourney, the dataset was classified into subgroups before generating images. The evaluation process includes two methods. Firstly, the SSIM metric is applied to determine the structural similarity between the original and generated images. Further, the questionnaire was selected to investigate architects' opinions and assess attributes such as historical aspects, artistic elements, patterns, and materials, ensuring alignment with architectural standards. The results demonstrated that StyleGAN 2-ADA excels in tasks centered on retaining architectural heritage. On the other hand, DALL-E 3 proves to be a valuable tool for fostering innovation. Meanwhile, Midjourney provides a flexible method by balancing preservation and renewal.

Carlos Saldaña   Vannessa Colcha   Vladimir Pazmiño   and Diego Hidalgo   

Purpose: This study aims to develop a cost-effective methodology for evaluating road serviceability by integrating the SERVQUAL model, traditionally used in service quality assessments, with a user-centered approach. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research involved evaluating roads in various cities in Ecuador, including Cuenca, Riobamba, Guano, Penipe, Salcedo, and Guaranda. These roads are considered secondary, main, and urban. The SERVQUAL model was adapted to gather user perceptions on road quality through surveys, focusing on dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation coefficients, were conducted to validate the reliability and consistency of the SERVQUAL model in this context. Findings: The findings indicate that user perception, as measured by the SERVQUAL model, is a reliable metric for assessing road serviceability. Significant consistency was observed across the SERVQUAL dimensions, demonstrating the model's effectiveness in capturing user satisfaction. The study showed that user feedback provides valuable insights into road conditions, complementing technical measurements and identifying specific areas of concern that may not be evident through traditional methods alone. Conclusions: This integrated approach offers a practical and economical alternative for road serviceability assessment. It enables road management authorities to incorporate user perceptions into their evaluations, providing a more holistic view of road quality. The methodology is particularly beneficial for regions with limited resources for extensive technical evaluations. Originality/Value: This study introduces an innovative application of the SERVQUAL model in road serviceability evaluation, demonstrating the feasibility and value of using user perceptions as a complementary metric to traditional technical measurements. The approach enhances traditional evaluation methods by incorporating user feedback and reducing costs, making it valuable for road maintenance planning and decision-making.

Thuy Van Tran Thi   Vuong Pham Ngoc   N. V. Minayeva   S. Yu. Gridnev   and Yu. I. Skalko   

Studies on the influence of various types of imperfections in elastic systems in the case of several external forces were analyzed. The analysis showed that in most studies, a loading function was introduced at a certain stage of research, and the loads ceased to be independent. The two most frequently used static stability criteria in the mechanics of deformable solids are the bifurcation criterion and criterion of the method of initial imperfections. It is shown that these are methods for finding singular points of the implicit function theorem (only those pairs of spaces with corresponding norms in which the derivative of the Fréchet map is an isomorphism are considered). Using this result, we analyzed the continuous dependence of the function describing the state of the compressed elastic strip on the characteristics of the initial imperfections. A condition is obtained that is imposed on the external influence parameter and base stiffness coefficient; if violated, the cross-sectional shape of the strip will no longer be close to a rectangle; that is, the strip loses its shape. Moreover, these parameters remained independent throughout the study. The new results were compared with known classical results.

Ansarullah Ansarullah   Juhana Said   Muhammad Zainal Altim   Gusti Hardyanti Musda   Kusno Kamil   Dolly Indra   Asniawaty Kusno   and Muhammad Awaluddin Hamdy   

Consumption of chicken and poultry is a major factor in the world's diet. But the growing popularity of eating chicken has significant negative implications for the environment, especially when it comes to waste management. And one of the most important chicken wastes is its feathers. The purpose of this study is to determine the composition of chicken feathers, density, sound absorption, heat resistance, water absorption, ambient durability, and assessment as fiber panels and classification before using them as a substitute for alternative panel materials in the community. As a result, the best composition for alternative panel materials made from chicken feathers: PVAc glue and white cement is a ratio of 70:20:10 in the manufacture of wall application panels and a ratio of 70:30 in the manufacture of finely chopped chicken feathers, and PVAc glue, and water in the manufacture of acoustic application panels. Density 0.38-0.4, the material is categorized as soft fiber board (RF) with low density and stiffness that can withstand loads up to 38.2 kg/cm², and absorption value ᾱ 0.49-0.52, can withstand heat up to 10 ℃. This study also confirms the potential of chicken feathers with adequate adhesive composition as an alternative and advanced material in the field of architecture that has met the criteria as a green panel material, sustainable, and environmentally friendly.

Haneen Nsair   Abdulla Alnuaimi   Raffaello Furlan   Abdalrahman Alhndawi   and Heba Alqub   

Among various solutions in sustainable building design, optimum interior daylight is vital in improving visual comfort and occupants' well-being. Semi-transparent perovskite solar windows have emerged as a promising solution because they offer energy generation and enhance daylighting performance. In hot desert climates, such as Qatar, the high intensity of solar radiation poses various challenges to achieving a comfortable visual environment. This paper focuses on the ST-PSW's impact on daylighting and glare issues. The research will determine an optimum value of WWR and VLT for office buildings in Qatar that provides a better balance between natural light intake and visual comfort. Simulations were performed in Grasshopper for Rhino, while daylighting analyses were performed using Radiance software. The outcome of these analyses indicates that 40% WWR with a VLT of 0.4 is an ideal solution providing the most daylight yet limiting glare. However, supplementation through artificial light sources may be required in certain areas. A 60% WWR with the same VLT allows for better distribution of natural light; however, this may involve the use of shade in winter months. The best combination is 60% WWR with a VLT value of 0.3, which presents the optimal distribution between daylight and glare control, limiting the need for any extra light source or shading. The research findings will contribute to developing intelligent building strategies and play to Qatar's 2030 vision for sustainable development.

Muhammad Luqman Nurhakim   Andre Primantyo Hendrawan   and Runi Asmaranto   

This research intends to evaluate dam-break in CIawi and Sukamahi dams. Both CIawi and Sukamahi dams are dry dams with parallel position. The concept of flood control pattern in Ciawi and Sukamahi dams is in the beginning of rainy season and the elevation of water level in both dams must be in low elevation. It is possible by the available tunnel to flow water into both dams. If the failure of Ciawi-Sukamahi parallel dry-dams happens together, it needs some observations for anticipating it. The methodology consists of data collecting; literature study of related previous research; analysis of the PMP (Probable Maximum Precipitation) rainfall by using Isohyet and Hersfield methods, design flood by using HEC-HMS, dambreak by using HEC-RAS, then the losses of parallel dams-break by using InaSAFE method. The research result shows that the potency of Ciawi-Sukamahi parallel dry dams will break in the worst scenario that is piping in Ciawi dam with PMF discharge of 1,389 m³/s and in Sukamahi dam with PMF (Probable Maximum Flood) discharge of 254 m³/s and causes the inundation of 50.9 km² that spreads in 8 cities/ regencies. The result is hoped as the consideration to the stakeholder related with flood mitigation due to the simulation of the dam-break potency of Cimahi-Sukamahi parallel dry dams.

Tory Damantoro   Riza Suwondo   Juliastuti   and Atik Kumala Dewi   

This study pioneers the application of Gender Equality, Disability, and Social Inclusion (GEDSI) analysis in a metropolitan context, focusing on transportation behaviours and preferences across genders and vulnerable groups in the Kedungsepur Metropolitan Area (KMA). Through a comprehensive mobility survey involving 6,113 participants, including the elderly, children, low-income groups, and individuals with disabilities, this study investigated the key determinants of public transport use and infrastructure performance. Using descriptive statistics and a logit model, the study reveals significant gender differences in travel behaviour, with women being more likely to use public transport due to safety concerns and their multifaceted roles, while men predominantly rely on private vehicles. Income levels also shape transportation choices, with higher-income individuals favouring private car use. Safety perceptions, particularly among women, have emerged as critical factors influencing public transport decisions. Furthermore, the analysis highlights infrastructure gaps, such as inadequate bike lanes and handicap parking, which deter vulnerable populations from using public transport. By illustrating how demographic factors, such as gender, age, education, safety perceptions, and access to private vehicles interact to shape public transport use and infrastructure performance, this study provides actionable insights for policymakers. The findings emphasise the importance of targeted interventions to enhance public transport infrastructure and safety, fostering inclusive and sustainable urban mobility.

Abdulbasit Almhafdy   Norhati Ibrahim   Sabarinah Sh Ahmad   Essam Almahmoud   and Ali Alashwal   

Recently, many researchers have investigated the environmental performance of courtyards for thermal and energy improvement in buildings and urban spaces. For microclimate modification, achieving optimal benefits from courtyards depends on several design factors: the plan aspect ratio, number of floors, area, cantilevered roof, and orientation. This study assessed the energy performance of the U-enclosure courtyard (UEC) attached built volume in a tropical climate using these design factors. The UEC configuration was chosen for investigation through a parametric analysis using integrated environmental solutions virtual environment (IESVE) simulation software. The results highlight the significant energy-saving potential of an optimized courtyard design. A square plan aspect ratio improves energy performance, saving 13.10% annually compared to a rectangular design due to reduced solar radiation exposure. Increasing the building height to six floors achieved the best energy savings per square meter, reducing energy consumption by 41.35% compared to a single-floor courtyard. Similarly, decreasing the courtyard area from 900 m² to 400 m² resulted in an energy saving of 28.90%. Adding a cantilevered roof covering 60% of the courtyard opening further reduced energy consumption by 14.78%. While orientation had a negligible impact overall, the west orientation performed slightly better, with an annual energy reduction of 0.4%. The study also highlights the interaction among these design factors and their cumulative effect on energy efficiency. These insights provide valuable guidelines for designing courtyards in tropical climates, harnessing their potential to lower energy consumption and enhance the energy performance of buildings. By understanding the relationship between courtyard design factors and energy performance, architects and urban planners can develop more sustainable building practices, contributing to the broader goal of environmental conservation and energy efficiency in urban development.

Tamer ElSerafi   

Purpose: This paper investigates the incorporation of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concepts inside the historic district of ElMosky in Cairo. The primary objective is to improve urban mobility, conserve cultural heritage, and enhance the overall quality of life in the district. Methodology: This research utilizes a qualitative technique, which involves a combination of literature review, semi-structured interviews, field observations, and document analysis. The literature review encompasses the impacts of urbanization, concepts of TOD, and the most effective approaches worldwide. The case study analysis is based on conducting semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, which provides a deeper understanding of the local mobility challenges and possible solutions. Field observations provide information on traffic conditions, pedestrians, and public spaces. Document analysis includes reviewing existing studies to provide a contextual framework for the findings. Findings: The study reveals major urban mobility obstacles in ElMosky, including traffic congestion, outdated public transportation, and insufficient pedestrian infrastructure. Proposed strategies include pedestrianizing key streets, creating green spaces in underutilized urban pockets, and enhancing transit connectivity through expanded public transportation networks. These strategies were informed by community feedback and observations, ensuring their relevance to ElMosky's unique context. Novelty: This study is one of the pioneering efforts to implement TOD concepts in a historic district in Cairo. It aims to address the intersection between contemporary urban mobility requirements and the preservation of cultural heritage. This study offers a framework for integrating TOD into historic settings, demonstrating how tailored interventions can simultaneously address contemporary urban challenges and protect cultural heritage. The strategy offered is customized to respect ElMosky's distinct cultural and historical setting, while simultaneously advocating for sustainable urban growth.

Vernonia Intan Glacyola Djerol   Ludfi Djakfar   Christina Wahyu Kartikowati   Rahayu Kusumaningrum   and Muh Miftahulkhair   

Road damage generally begins with the emergence of small cracks that, if not promptly addressed, lead to more severe damage and reduced road capacity. To mitigate this issue, enhancing the performance of asphalt pavements is crucial. One promising approach is the incorporation of natural polymers into asphalt mixtures. This study investigates the potential of eco biopolymer carrageenan, derived from Eucheuma spinosum seaweed, as an additive to improve the mechanical properties of Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course. The high cellulose content in Eucheuma spinosum is hypothesized to enhance the flexural strength and cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. The study begins with determining the Optimum Asphalt Content and Optimum Carrageenan Content through Marshall testing, which yielded values of 6.5% and 8.5%, respectively. Subsequently, test specimens were prepared for the Three-Point Bending test to assess the flexural strength. The results reveal that the maximum bending stress values for control specimens ranged from 683.25 N to 944.79 N. In contrast, specimens with the addition of 8.5% carrageenan exhibited significantly improved bending stress values, ranging from 1000.28 N to 1149.10 N. The addition of carrageenan enhanced the asphalt mixture's flexibility and resistance to cracking under maximum loading conditions. The findings indicate that carrageenan serves as an effective natural polymer modifier, improving the mechanical performance and durability of asphalt mixtures. This research highlights the potential of carrageenan as an eco-friendly and sustainable material for advancing asphalt pavement technologies, offering both enhanced quality and environmental benefits.

Aida Diana Baltazar Ramos   and Vladimir Simon Montoya Torres   

The research evaluates the effectiveness of bagasse as a residual organic material and its implementation as a roofing solution for housing in high Andean areas, knowing and interpreting the circumstances of the Aramachay - Jauja annex, from the climatological issue to the economic status of the local population. The methodology was experimental; quantitative and qualitative data were collected, to address figures such as thermal levels, in addition to the results of the instruments (anemometer and thermo hygrometer) to measure the temperature and humidity throughout the experimental part; on the other hand, qualitative information was handled based on surveys and interviews with the residents of the annex to better interpret their feelings and context, in addition to obtaining relevant data such as their economy. A diagnosis of the environment and analysis of materials are contemplated; from these, we will know the different problems, effects and thermal needs inside the houses that the settlers are facing, in addition to the properties of the materials that will serve as conglomerating elements with the bagasse, cement, gypsum, paste and sugarcane slime were considered. Afterwards, the results of the feasibility of the resulting mixtures are evaluated, in addition to their implementation in a modular space and finally, the temperature and humidity figures are taken every three hours in the span of a whole day (24 hours). It was determined that the biopanels used as covers provide a slight thermal degree to the interior of the module and the mixture with the best favorable effect was bagasse, stalk slime and paste; in spite of highlighting more, the desired thermal comfort index was not reached. We can affirm that the use of heat regulating systems such as the trombe wall or the covering proposed in this article does not cover the thermal comfort degrees due to its isolated and individual use, but if a housing design that considers all these unified elements is taken into account, it would clearly have a better response; besides, it would remain as a tentative precedent in social housing in high Andean zones.

Muhammad Reza Hasrul   Ahmad Rifqi Asrib   Mohammad Junaedy Rahman   Ahnaf Riyandirga Ariyansyah Putra Helmy   Noor Fadilah Romadhani   Moeh Kay Muddin Asnur   and Muhammad Iqra Hasrul   

The impact of Overdimension and Overloading (ODOL) vehicles on road longevity is a critical concern, particularly in regions like Indonesia where ODOL violations are prevalent. This study investigates the effect of ODOL vehicles on pavement deterioration, focusing on the Maccopa Motor Vehicle Weighing Implementation Unit (UPPKB) in Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. Using three analytical methods—Bina Marga 01/MN/BM.83, SNI 1732-1989 F, and Pd.T-05-2005, the study quantifies the Cumulative Equivalent Single Axle Load (CESAL) and assesses the Remaining Life (RL) of road pavements under both normal and overloaded traffic conditions. The findings reveal that overloaded vehicles significantly reduce pavement longevity, with RL decreasing by approximately 50-70%. Under normal conditions, CESAL values range from 792,226.36 to 17,669,270.93 by 2034, depending on the method. However, in overloaded conditions, CESAL values dramatically increase, with Pd.T-05-2005 estimating up to 31,920,549.18 by 2034, indicating a much higher rate of pavement wear. The Pd.T-05-2005 method, due to its higher sensitivity to axle loads, consistently predicts faster pavement deterioration, making it particularly relevant for regions with heavy ODOL traffic. Overall, this research underscores the critical need for stricter enforcement of weight regulations and highlights the potential for improved road maintenance planning by utilizing more sensitive methods like Pd.T-05-2005 to better account for overloaded traffic. To address these challenges, policymakers are encouraged to implement periodic axle load audits and deploy weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems for real-time monitoring and enforcement of ODOL regulations.

Rehab Salaheldin Ghoneim   

This study explores integrating machine learning models, specifically LightGBM and the Energy Valley Optimizer (EVO), in optimizing building façade designs for enhanced energy efficiency and thermal performance. LightGBM, a gradient boosting model, is utilized to predict thermal behavior and energy consumption by analyzing key architectural parameters such as façade type, orientation, and window-to-wall ratio (WWR). Meanwhile, the Energy Valley Optimizer (EVO), a nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm, optimizes these parameters to balance energy efficiency with aesthetic and functional design requirements. The study demonstrates significant reductions in energy consumption across various building types, with composite façades achieving up to a 40% decrease in energy use compared to glass and metal alternatives. Optimized WWRs further reduced energy demand by 35 kWh/m^² in high-rise offices and 25 kWh/m^² in mid-rise residential complexes. Cross-climate analysis highlights the importance of adaptive, region-specific strategies, resulting in 20% to 30% improved energy efficiency in diverse climates. This research contributes a data-driven, climate-responsive framework for early-stage architectural design, bridging aesthetics, functionality, and sustainability. The study supports AI-driven strategies in achieving energy-efficient, high-performance buildings by advancing theoretical understanding and offering practical insights.

Joanna Kathleen D. Magsalansan   Beatriz Ruzel DS. Lorenzo   Ciara Mae D. Tengson   and Gilford B. Estores   

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a highly flowable type of concrete that does not require vibrations during pouring. Researchers have explored various ways to improve its mechanical properties by adding different materials or replacing them with concrete mixes. One material that has been found to enhance concrete strength is carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), which is known for its durability and stiffness. This study investigates the effectiveness of using Chopped Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CCFRP) to reinforce SCC and improve its mechanical properties. A total of 126 cylindrical concrete specimens, divided into three different design mixes (M20, M30, and M40) with varying percentages of CCFRP (0%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.125%, 0.15%, 0.175%, and 0.20%), were tested for compressive strength and split tensile strength. The results for the compressive strength showed that the optimal CCFRP contents for the M20, M30, and M40 design mixes were 0.15%, 0.125%, and 0.05%, respectively. The addition of CCFRP significantly affected the compressive strength of the concrete; however, its effect on the split tensile strength varied based on the design mix. For M20 and M30, there was no significant effect on the split tensile strength, whereas for M40, the CCFRP had a significant impact. The recorded optimal CCFRP amounts for the split tensile strength were 0%, 0.125%, and 0.20% for M20, M30, and M40, respectively. In conclusion, there was a positive relationship between the compressive and split tensile strengths of SCC, but the addition of CCFRP did not consistently improve its mechanical properties. The optimal amount of CCFRP required varied depending on the design mix.

I Wayan Parwata   I Gede Surya Darmawan   and Ni Wayan Nurwasih   

Traditional Balinese architecture, especially Bale Sakenem, has an important role in creating a comfortable and safe residential environment. Along with modernization, it is important to maintain local traditional values. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the renovation of the Bale Sakenem building structure on the comfort and safety of its residents in Central Singapadu Village, Gianyar. The method used was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest approach involving 20 Bale Sakenem homeowners from five banjars. Data were obtained through questionnaires and structured interviews, as well as analysis of saka, bale-bale, and bataran heights. The results of the study showed that 90% of respondents in Banjar Negari and 88% in Banjar Abasan felt an increase in comfort after renovation. Measurement of the height of the saka, bale-bale, and bataran in accordance with the user's anthropometry after the intervention as many as 52% felt the comfort and suitability of the height of the intervened bale "sakenem" building, and 48% felt comfortable by the user with the bale "sakenem" used for control, the height of the building was still included in the comfort criteria; and, the height of the bale bale and bataran buildings still creates comfort and safety. This study concludes that dimension-based renovation and anthropometry are effective in improving the comfort of Bale Sakeem residents. The benefits of this research contribute to the development of traditional architecture that is relevant to modern needs, as well as helping to preserve Balinese cultural heritage and improve the quality of life of the community. By applying ergonomic principles, it is hoped that it can support the sustainability of traditional architecture in the modernization era.

Vandana Balakrishnan   and Narayana K. A.   

Historic towns are constantly evolving, balancing their historical legacy with present needs and future aspirations. Often, religious and cultural systems have shaped their unique identities over time. However, due to rapid, unregulated growth and transformation, this cultural distinctiveness is being diluted, resulting in the loss of meanings, associations, memories, and identities. In historic religious sites of continued religious significance, focus has been on the tangible and built heritage of the ancient temples. The objective of this paper is to look at the critical intangible layer of associated socio-cultural systems that are integral to the heritage place identity. These are least documented and largely ignored. These include pilgrimage, festivals and rituals, manifest as tangible and intangible heritage within and beyond the boundaries of the temple. This research paper is grounded in archival references, literary sources, religious texts and the author's on-site study of the centuries old chariot festival of Thiruvarur. This study investigates the synergetic relationship between the temple, settlement and region through the lens of the Azhi Ther festival associated with the Thyagaraja Temple in the historic town of Thiruvarur in Tamil Nadu. The significance of the festival and it's role in shaping the heritage place identity of the historic core is demonstrated, followed by establishing associated, critical Tangible and Intangible dimensions of the festival processes and approach to sustaining them.

Cirilo Mar Pat M. Gazzingan III   and Dante L. Silva   

In high-rise steel building design and construction, diagrid structural systems are valued for their material efficiency, spatial flexibility, and lateral stability. However, due to the lack of specific guidelines for diagrid configurations such as diagrid angle and density in existing design building codes, this presents challenges and limitations in design optimization. To address these gaps, this study applies a Neural Dynamics model focusing on diagrid angle configurations and cross-sectional variations to enhance structural efficiency under lateral and seismic loads. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network was used to simulate diagrid structures of varying heights and loading scenarios, predicting critical parameters that balance material use with structural performance. The results reveal that increasing diagrid angles in taller buildings significantly improves lateral stiffness and reduces deformation, particularly at angles between 65° and 74°. Additionally, by incorporating a selection of steel sections, varied cross-sectional areas along the building height enhance vertical stability without substantially increasing overall weight. The findings of this study highlight the critical role of diagrid angles and material distribution in optimizing structural efficiency. The neural network model demonstrated high accuracy in predicting key structural parameters, confirming the potential of computational intelligence in structural design. This research provides actionable insights into optimizing diagrid systems, offering practical guidelines for integrating neural dynamics into design processes. By addressing material efficiency and structural resilience, the study contributes to the development of sustainable and innovative solutions for high-rise construction. These findings not only inform updates to design standards but also pave the way for further advancements in applying artificial neural networks to structural engineering challenges.

Abdulrahman M. Alshaikh   Mohammed A. M. Alhefnawi   Umar Lawal Dano   Aymen Hashem A Alsayed   Umaru Mohammed Bongwirnso   and Wadee Ahmed Ghanem Al-Gehlani   

Due to the compelling increase in construction activities and buildings with various administrative; educational, and residential functions and the growing interest in their general shape and aesthetic values, are primarily related to the use of manufactured and natural finishing materials. Thus, using environmentally friendly and renewable materials is imperative for sustainable urban development. There are often debates about using clay tile products and metals such as aluminum sheets as cladding materials in Saudi Arabia's office buildings. The present study assesses 5 mm aluminum sheets and 2 cm clay tile claddings using Design-Builder software to calculate the operational cooling energy based on three simulated office building facades in Saudi Arabia. The findings revealed that the operational cooling energy decreased by 2.6% and 1.7% when using terracotta and aluminum profiles, respectively, compared to the base case. Cooling loads were estimated at 6,780,000 kWh and 6,840,000 kWh for the terracotta and aluminum profiles, respectively. In contrast, cooling energy per conditioned building area was estimated at 748 kWh/m² and 752 kWh/m² for terracotta and aluminum profiles, respectively. Therefore, clay tiles are more energy-efficient for cooling loads in the study area. This study will support decision-makers in selecting and specifying finishing materials for construction projects in the study area and similar arid regions.

Smruti Raghani   Tejwant Singh Brar   and Mohammad Arif Kamal   

Certain architectural settings have the power to enable deep reflection that goes beyond ordinary preference, and it's critical to understand the design elements that generate such impacts. The development of ecologically valid ways to measure mental states that reflect deep psychological engagement with architectural settings will benefit the field. The base of architectural experience is sensory and emotional response patterns generated by energy forces. Regardless of individual differences, consistent patterns of results could aid architects in creating brain-informed structures. Spaces manifested via carefully chosen geometric forms, with the desired form of energy, provide an atmosphere for the user that facilitates the best possible experience. As a result, a thorough examination of the space's form, geometry, shape, and energy is essential to create an atmosphere for the best experience. A detailed investigation is required to comprehend the characteristics of developed and unbuilt places. When a person perceives actively explores an architectural setting, this study will look into the affective influence of forms. The study's potential contribution to design is based on the power of design, re-contextualization through usefulness and purpose, and existential interactions between the person and the environment. Many different theories explain the relationship between the subtle energies and the built form, but the scientific evidence, which proves this, is minimal. This study investigates and compares the effect of form on the energy levels, stress levels, and mental balance of humans in dome and pyramid. The study involves a detailed literature study directed towards an experiment to compare the effect of the form and surroundings on humans.

Yosafat Aji Pranata   Amos Setiadi   Bambang Suryoatmono   and Novi   

Joglo traditional wooden buildings are buildings that are still widely found in the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. These buildings were built in the sixteenth century and were not damaged during several earthquakes in the area in the years of 2001, 2004, 2006, and 2023. The purpose of this research is to study the stiffness and strength behaviors of Joglo wooden buildings due to seismic and gravity loads. The scope of the research is that the existing wooden building studied uses Teak wood (Tectona grandis) and it is located in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It was built in the sixteenth century. The behaviors studied are deformation and drift due to lateral loads in accordance with current Indonesian seismic code SNI 1726, and the capacities of the columns and the beams in accordance with current Indonesian timber code SNI 7973. The results obtained from this research show that the drift due to the design earthquake load is lower than the permitted limit. The results of modal analysis show that there is no twist in the first and second modes and the pattern of the first and second modes of the building are translated in each of the main directions. The strengths of the columns and the beams are much higher than the required strength. These results can be used as a reference for academics, practitioners, and the public that the Joglo wooden building structure system is safe against earthquake.

Gabriela Koraly Quispe-Quispe   Mishel Claudia Aparco-Pocamucha   Job Miquias Inga-Huaire   and Marko Antonio Lengua-Fernandez   

Urban flooding is a growing challenge in cities worldwide, aggravated by climate change, inadequate infrastructure, and rapid urbanization. In Huancayo, Peru, streets such as Jirón Angaraes, Tarapacá, and Bolognesi are prone to recurrent flooding, leading to significant disruptions in daily life and deterioration of rigid pavements. This study aims to develop an innovative, sustainable solution to mitigate urban flooding by creating a permeable concrete mixture infused with natural fibers from agave (A) and bamboo (B). These fibers are incorporated to enhance both the drainage efficiency and the structural integrity of the concrete. The study examines various fiber dosages (0.4%-1.2%) and their effects on the mechanical properties and permeability of the concrete, using cylindrical and beam specimens tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability at different curing stages (7, 14, and 28 days). The results demonstrated a synergistic effect between bamboo and agave fibres, significantly improving the mechanical strength and permeability of the concrete, making it more efficient for water management. The optimal mix, composed of 0.8% agave fibres and 0.4% bamboo fibres, achieved a compressive strength of 242.06 kg/cm^² and a permeability of 1.167 cm/s, achieving an ideal balance between durability and permeability that offers an innovative solution to address urban flooding. These results highlight that the incorporation of natural fibres in pervious concrete not only provides an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional materials, but also contributes to the development of resilient infrastructure. This scalable and sustainable approach has the potential to be applied in other vulnerable regions globally, establishing itself as a valuable contribution to the field of civil engineering and urban resilience.

Anak Agung Gede Raka Gunawarman   I Wayan Wirya Sastrawan   and Nyoman Ratih Prabandari   

This study compares and examines construction material waste generated from the bamboo architectural construction process, with and without the involvement of bamboo craftsmen in the design process. This research emphasizes the importance of incorporating the knowledge of bamboo craftsmen in the design process to reduce construction material waste. The research question guiding this study is: How does the involvement of bamboo craftsmen in the design process affect the amount of construction material waste produced in bamboo architectural projects? In addressing this question, this research employs a comparative case study method. Two case studies were selected for analysis: Umah Joring, which was designed with craftsmen's involvement, and the WISH School Pavilion, which was designed solely by designers. A comprehensive data collection approach was employed, encompassing document analysis, on-site observations, and re-measurement of structural elements. The collected data underwent rigorous processing and analysis, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. This analysis enabled a comparative assessment of construction waste percentages, thereby assessing the impact of craftsmen's knowledge on waste reduction. Umah Joring achieved a low waste percentage of 5.99%, showcasing the efficiency of its straightforward design and the importance of craftsmanship in optimizing bamboo use. In contrast, the WISH School Pavilion, with its complex organic design and limited craftsman involvement, generated a much higher waste percentage of 17.89%. This 11.90% gap highlights the challenges of achieving material efficiency in intricate architectural designs using bamboo. Craftsmen's knowledge can contribute to more sustainable construction by reducing material waste, which is essential for eco-friendly projects.

Duy-Liem Vu   Minh-Tuan Pham   Son-Tung Pham   and Thanh-Long Vo   

Geosynthetic-reinforced embankments are essential for stabilizing structures on weak soils or sinkhole-prone areas by redistributing loads through soil arching and membrane effects. This study investigates the effectiveness of these load transfer mechanisms using a combined approach of multi-trapdoor tests and Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. The objective is to analyze the impact of embankment height, base geometry, and geosynthetic stiffness on load distribution and settlement reduction in reinforced embankments. The principal findings indicate that increasing embankment height amplifies the soil arching effect, significantly reducing stress concentration in weak areas and minimizing differential settlements. Additionally, geosynthetics with higher stiffness were found to enhance the membrane effect, leading to more uniform load distribution and reduced deflection. The FEM results aligned closely with experimental data, with difference under 10%, pointing the accuracy of the model. Notably, the combination of increased geosynthetic stiffness and optimized embankment configuration results in near-optimal load transfer efficiency. These insights suggest that optimal combinations of embankment height, geosynthetic stiffness, and base geometry can improve stability, especially in geotechnical applications on weak foundations. This research provides a foundation for future studies exploring 3D modeling and larger-scale testing to refine these findings further and contribute to effective embankment design in complex soil conditions.

Yoseph Liem   L. M. F. Purwanto   and Robert Rianto Widjaya   

The digitalization of architectural design is growing rapidly. The world considers that digitalization accelerates, enriches, and makes design more creative and varied. The digitalization process cannot be completely automated. In architectural education, it is necessary to have a tiered knowledge from the manual stage to digitalization. So, the basis of exploring ideas in creative designs was strongly and maturely understood at the digitalization levels. This study aims to provide an overview of whether the exploration of creative design conventionally meets the principles of visual design in architectural education. The method used was action research, with an open-ended question and an assessment of the creative designs by architecture students. The results show that the conventional architectural design has accommodated all the principles of visual design (balance, rhythm, harmony, unity, and focus) except for the concept of proportion by 67% and focus by 27%. Other results show that an efficient way to create creative ideas was to imitate existing designs and develop them according to the architect's fantasy imagination. The fantasizing (supported by a conducive environment) plays a dominant role instead of the experience. Laziness was a factor that inhibited the creative design ideas in the conventional method. A conducive environment during the design process was the most dominant supporting factor.

Rishabh Sharma   and Sharmin Khan   

Urbanization often results in a rise in urban development and a decrease in green cover, which are primary catalysts in increasing urban temperature. The elevated temperature of the microclimate of metropolitan areas, compared to their vicinities, is referred to as Urban Heat Island (UHI). Heat islands cause human discomfort, and life-threatening health issues along with increased energy consumption and aggravated pollution. This paper attempts to comprehend the impact and influence of green cover on the intensity of UHI in the microclimate of Aligarh city areas using the mobile traverse method. Two research objectives formulated to accomplish the study include the evaluation of the impact of green cover on the UHI effect in microclimatic conditions and a proposal of a mitigation strategy to alleviate the UHI impact in the affected area. This study dealt with only ambient D.B.T. and relative humidity- R.H. (%) observations and was confined to only two specific identified locations in Aligarh city. This research determined the presence and extent of UHI's microclimate variation concerning green cover within urban communities of distinct environmental layouts and functionalities. Spatial analysis of the data showed that with the 10% reduction in green cover, there was a rise in temperature by 0.082℃ in short distances. These findings are beneficial for reducing the impact in UHI-affected areas and for developing a thermally comfortable environment along with improved urban planning.

Ana Almerich-Chulia   Luis Echevarría   María Dolores Criado   Viviana J. Castro   Sonia Martínez   and Ana de Diego   

Economic, environmental and sustainability reasons bring a growing need to act upon existing structures to extend their working lives, preferably through efficient strengthening solutions, in which the least amount of material and better ways are used to calculate the resistance of a structure or section. Such an approach not only conserves resources but also minimizes the environmental impact associated with the production of new materials and the construction of new structures. This paper unveils the result of theoretical-experimental research on using High-Performance steel Fibre-Reinforced Cementitious Composite (HPFRC) to increase the load-bearing capacity and strain capacity of concrete columns subjected to centred compression. Additionally, it proposes a novel way to determine the parameters of Mazar's damage model. The study introduces a new approach for determining the parameters of Mazar's damage model when limited material behaviour data is available. In practical scenarios, the lack of exhaustive data is often a challenge, and this approach could facilitate more accurate and practical assessments across various structural situations. Six cylindrical concrete specimens were tested to validate this procedure. These specimens were divided into three groups: two as reference models, two with an external HPFRC jacket covering the full height, and two with partial-height jacketing. The jacket is made of a thin layer of HPFRC without additional longitudinal or transverse reinforcement bars. The test results show that significant improvements can be made in circular cross-section elements strengthened over the entire height even if the reinforcement has a reduced thickness, making it thus both a feasible and economical solution. The results indicated that the maximum load achieved in the columns reinforced with HPFRC was more than twice that of the unreinforced standard specimen, underscoring the effectiveness of this technique in enhancing structural performance in terms of load-bearing capacity and durability. Furthermore, the numerical study carried out with finite element software demonstrated a good agreement with the experimental results obtained, which open up possibilities for their application in the analysis and design of future structural reinforcement.

Lee P. Leon   Leighton A. Ellis   Navin Ramroop   and Chris Maharaj   

Flexible pavements experience a number of distresses during their life cycles, such as cracking and deformation. To lessen the damage, more resilient road mixtures were developed, like Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) which is categorized as a gap-graded mixture. However, this resulted in increased construction costs, which had an impact on the growing trend of long-lasting, reasonably priced, and environmentally friendly pavements. The amount of waste generated worldwide is largely attributed to construction and demolition waste (CDW). One practical way to reduce the impact on landfills and maintain the usage of natural aggregates is to employ CDW in pavement construction. The sustainable alternative of combining natural aggregates (NA) with both recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and recycled asphalt pavements (RAP) was taken into consideration in this study to promote the use of CDW in applications involving heavy traffic pavement. The mix design approach was employed to optimize SMA mix designs incorporating 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% RCA+RAP. The results of the volumetric characteristics showed that the density, optimum binder content, voids filled with asphalt (VFA), and voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) generally reduced nonlinearly as the RCA-RAP contents increased. The highest stability was seen with 0% RCA+RAP, which was followed by 30%. All blends had acceptable flow values, which ranged from 3 to 4 mm. The 30% RCA+RAP concentration produced the best results in performance tests like the indirect tensile strength and indirect tensile stiffness modulus. According to this study, SMA mixes with the right amount of RCA and RAP can function just as effectively as traditional SMA mixes. Additionally, repurposing construction waste into aggregates for pavement layers can help with better waste management while safeguarding the environment and natural resources.

Diego R Cajachagua Guerreros   Jhonatan Seeler Arteaga Rojas   Jhon Rodrigo Ortiz Zacarias   Shirley G Cardenas Quispe   and Roberto Miguel Solano Guzman   

Self-compacting concrete offers significant advantages in infrastructure projects, but its application in specific regions such as Junín has not yet been widely studied. The research evaluates the design of self-compacting concrete with microsilica and plasticizer, focusing on its workability, cost and strength. Using a mix with type I cement, 5-10% silica fume and SikaCem, workability and strength tests are performed. The purpose is to determine the economic feasibility and technical advantages of self-compacting concrete compared to conventional concrete. The results show excellent flowability and passability, with a flow time in the V-funnel of 10.8 seconds and a blocking coefficient of 0.9, complying with regulations. Strength tests reveal values of 407.3, 426.5 and 437.9 kg/cm^² at 7, 15 and 28 days. Although the initial cost is higher ($120/m^³), the cost-benefit analysis highlights a 17% reduction in construction time, with savings in labor and maintenance, and greater durability. The cost/benefit ratio of 1.2061 indicates that self-compacting concrete is economically favorable and efficient for complex construction. The conclusions highlight that, although the initial cost of self-compacting concrete is higher, the long-term savings and advantages in terms of quality and durability justify its adoption. It presents a better understanding of the economic and technical impacts of self-compacting concrete, providing a solid basis for its implementation in infrastructure projects in the region by considering local variables in the analysis, which offers a contextualized perspective relevant to the specific conditions of the area. This study underscores the importance of innovating in construction materials to improve efficiency and sustainability in the industry.

Rapheal A. Ojelabi   Ignatius O. Omuh   Lekan M. Amusan   and Olugbenro Ogunrinde   

The rise in the cost of conventional construction materials and the greenhouse effect from construction activities have been an issue of concern to stakeholders in the construction industry. Hence, efforts have been concentrated on developing low-cost, environmentally friendly and sustainable local materials to mitigate the greenhouse effect. The quest for the sustainable materials necessitates the study to examine the prospects of adoption of engineered bamboo products and the challenges militating against its use among construction professionals. A quantitative approach was adopted and 70 questionnaires were distributed among construction professionals with structural engineering background in selected firms across Lagos State. Data collected were processed using percentage, mean item score and Kruskal-Wallis's test. Facts garnered from the study revealed that engineered bamboo adoption for construction related works like ceiling, flooring, and reinforcement among others is not outstanding. The poor implementation of the engineered bamboo products is attributed to some challenges which include ‘high affinity for conventional materials', ‘unavailability of bamboo products' and ‘lack of machinery to refine raw bamboo' among others. Therefore, the study recommends that stakeholders need to channel more resources into research and development and creating an enabling policy that can enhance the bamboo products adoption.

Dalia H. Eldardiry   Walaa Mohamed S. Sadiq Husain   and Islam Hamdi Elghonaimy   

In the last few decades, the authorities in Bahrain have paid intense attention to people with different disabilities in general and physical disabilities in particular. This attention matches the approval of the resolution on the Human Rights of Different Disabilities People, which includes people with disabilities such as blindness, hearing impairment, movement disability, being deaf, and partial or total speech impairment. Moreover, focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic results worldwide, outdoor spaces were recommended for practicing entertainment activities. Consequently, authorities instructed park designers to consider the various physically disabled users in their designs, such as visual impairment, deaf people, etc. There is still an obstacle to the absence of clear design guidelines regarding this issue and the necessary precautions. Consequently, it decreased the level of practice for people with different physical disabilities, light sports, simple fitness, playing joyful games, and participating in entertainment activities, improving their physical performance and sustaining a suitable level of self-confidence and joy. Unfortunately, guidelines for choosing the appropriate equipment for different types of physically disabled users are absent. These obstacles are shown comprehensively in the current state of most of the parks in Bahrain. The research examines the issue of different kinds of physical disabilities in designing parks. Therefore, the study objective is to search for the missing considerations in design and implementation practices that create deficiencies that negatively impact the usability of parks for people with disabilities. The research hypothesis is that there is a necessity to follow specific design principles while emerging the existing park or, in the case of creating new parks to support different disabilities, which will improve their physical and psychological conditions and positively impact practicing their life and become a productive member in the community rather than be problem cases for themselves and their sponsors. Consequently, it will improve their family status. The study concludes with design guidelines that facilitate the designer's job, considering the needs of physical disabilities in design parks. Therefore, this research used a mixed method approach as its main methodology through a theoretical literature review and an analytical study.

Niyaz Sarzhanov   and Konstantin Samoilov   

The issue of housing for humans has been extensively studied and remains highly relevant. While multi-story buildings in both large and small cities have addressed the need for residential accommodations, key aspects essential to ensuring comfortable living and human activity have often been neglected. A potential solution lies in the renovation of existing structures to enhance housing quality while preserving the original framework. This paper aims to explore the relationship between renovation approaches and the structural systems of residential buildings. It examines case studies of building renovations utilizing various materials, highlighting their features and applicable solutions. The analysis includes examples from multiple countries with diverse social, economic, and climatic conditions. Renovation is defined in this study as the process of modernizing residential buildings and their surrounding areas. Through an evaluation of architectural strategies employed in building renovations, the study identifies general trends and principles applicable to the refurbishment of standard residential structures. Based on these findings, the authors propose recommendations for renovation strategies tailored to different structural types. The outcomes of this research offer a framework for implementing revitalization projects, urban regeneration efforts, and building adaptation initiatives.

Erniati Bachtiar   Arman Setiawan   Ritnawati   Mahyuddin   Erdawaty   Fitriah   and Poppy Indrayani   

Concrete is the material of choice for most buildings in harsh climates, particularly in areas where the sea and coast are inextricably linked. Oceanic conditions can be highly challenging, making development in regions constantly exposed to the ocean a common difficulty. This study aimed to investigate the influence of curing methods and the fine aggregate modulus on the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Specifically, the study examined the curing processes of concrete cured with both freshwater and seawater. Three variations of the fine aggregate modulus were used: 6, 6.5, and 7.2. Concrete samples were cured in both seawater and freshwater, with three samples for each variation. Mechanical parameters, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, were assessed according to ASTM standards. The testing was conducted when the samples reached 28 days of age. The results showed that both the fine aggregate modulus and the curing method significantly affect the concrete's strength. Notably, as the fine aggregate modulus increased, the strength of the concrete decreased. Additionally, after 28 days, no signs of seawater infiltration were observed in the high-strength concrete samples.

Jaser K Mahasneh   and Ahd K Matarneh   

Daylighting is a fundamental consideration in the design of buildings and interior spaces. The quality of daylight is significantly influenced by the building envelope, including its openings and shading elements. Balconies, as a type of shading device, can mitigate excessive direct sunlight. This study examines the effect of attached balconies on daylight quality in living rooms. It evaluates three types of balconies -recessed, semi-recessed, and cantilevered- across varying depths, along with the aperture ratios associated with these designs. A parametric multi-objective optimization approach was employed to achieve the study's objectives. The base case model was developed using Grasshopper, a parametric modeling tool integrated with Rhinoceros 3D. Daylight simulations were conducted using the Ladybug and Honeybee plug-ins, focusing on two annual daylight metrics: Daylight Autonomy (DA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE). Subsequently, a multi-objective optimization process was carried out using Octopus, a Grasshopper plug-in for optimization. This process identified optimal balcony configurations that balance DA and ASE values to enhance daylight quality. The results demonstrate that balconies positively influence daylight quality and effectively reduce visual discomfort in living rooms.

Marycielo Cynthia Olivera Buendia   Oriana Ximena Arias Coz   and Vladimir Simon Montoya Torres   

Climate change significantly impacts the lifestyle of people living in high Andean areas. For children, heat, combined with other environmental factors like humidity, leads to exhaustion—something experienced daily. Prolonged exposure to heat can cause side effects such as anxiety, and depression, and contribute to mass migrations and regional conflicts, affecting local communities. Given these concerns, this research focuses on the thermal comfort of all types of buildings, whether residential or public. It proposes the importance of controlling internal temperatures, much like green walls or building placement systems that allow air to flow freely, creating cool chambers with stable temperatures for a greater sense of comfort. To achieve this, a system of modular architectural membranes was designed and prototyped. These membranes are tailored to the specific needs of the geographical region where the study was conducted, as each area requires dynamic, flexible geometries capable of forming responsive and intelligent morphologies. The results have effectively met the thermal control needs of buildings in the Mantaro Valley, complying with ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers) standards for thermal comfort. Additionally, the system integrates high Andean cultural elements, preserving traditions and art to reinforce identity, as expressed through iconography in the "lliclla," a traditional Andean mantle. Finally, it's important to mention that various tools were used throughout the data collection, implementation, and design modification processes. SketchUp and V-Ray were utilized for design and presentation; MS Excel, Meteonorm, and WeatherSpark for pre-prototype data collection; and GeoGebra and Climate Consultant for adjustments and changes due to external factors like sudden temperature shifts and the structure of the building where the prototype data was collected.

Nourhane M. El-Haridi   and Maha A. Abd El-Wahab   

Alexandria city remains a vibrant and dynamic metropolis, and the construction of new residential compounds and urban clusters has driven significant urban expansions in Alexandria. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenges and opportunities of rapid growth and explore the urban expansions to meet the city's long-term sustainability. This research will investigate the extent to which these new urban extensions in Alexandria align with the principles of SDG 11, which focuses on sustainable cities and communities. This research aims to develop comprehensive assessment criteria to evaluate the sustainability of urban extensions in Alexandria City. By analyzing the extent to which these extensions integrate the principles of SDG 11, this study will provide valuable insights for future urban development in the region and the new expansion that has changed the urban morphology in Alexandria. This research employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data analyses. The study will focus on key indicators derived from SDG 11, including: urban planning and management, access to safe, affordable, and adequate housing, access to basic services, reducing the environmental impact and finally building inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable communities. Furthermore, the study will incorporate the City Prosperity Index (CPI) developed by UN-Habitat as a comparative framework for assessing the overall sustainability of the new extensions. The findings of this research will culminate in the development of robust assessment criteria for evaluating the sustainability of future urban extensions in Alexandria City. These criteria will serve as a valuable tool for urban planners, developers, and policymakers to ensure that future growth aligns with the principles of sustainable development, leading to improved quality of life for all residents.

Rahadhian P. Herwindo   Y. Basuki Dwisusanto   and Enrico Nirwan Histanto   

The tradition of constructing tall buildings in Indonesia has essentially existed since the pre-colonial era. This is evident in the form of Prambanan Temple and other temples from the era of Ancient Mataram. These tall structures were built not only with stone but also with wood. Buildings with layered wooden roofs are known as "Meru," and this type was widely developed during the Majapahit era after Ancient Mataram, with traces still visible today in temples (pura) in Bali. These tower structures are the result of the adaptation of past local elements, crafted with unique creativity, such as corbel tectonics. In pre-Ancient Mataram traditions, these towers can be linked to stone menhirs in the ancient Austronesian tradition. The phenomenon of constructing towers or tall structures with reference to ancient traditions continued in the post-colonial period, reflecting the Meru and temple (pre-colonial) concepts. This can be seen during the administrations of Sukarno, Suharto, and even to the present day. This study aims to examine the relationship between tall building architecture in the pre-colonial and post-colonial eras in relation to the development of local identity. The study uses a qualitative, descriptive-comparative, and historical approach. The findings show a persistence and distinct creativity in the use of local/past elements in the design of tall buildings, further indicating that the tradition of constructing tall structures has indeed been part of Indonesian architectural heritage since the pre-colonial era.

Jefrey I. Kindangen   Octavianus H. A. Rogi   and Pierre H. Gosal   

Local materials for construction are becoming more popular due to their natural, exotic, and beautiful qualities, which can help the community's economy. Roof materials that mimic organic materials derived from unsustainable synthetic plastics could contribute to environmental pollution. Coconut leaves (Cocos nucifera), found across Indonesia, can be utilised as roofing. This study investigates materials' conductivity, effective thickness, and design and production methods to maximise their economic worth and usefulness. An evaluation was performed to assess the heating capacity of coconut leaf roofing materials relative to unpainted zinc roofs and heat-resistant painted zinc roofs. Evidence indicates that coconut leaf organic roofs effectively lower temperatures on roofs, in attics, and within indoor spaces. Three models of test houses show that coconut leaf roofs reduce heat on the roof surface by 19.6% and 7.3% and in attics by 5.9% and 2%, respectively, compared to unpainted zinc roofs and heatproof painted zinc roofs. Determining the primary influence on indoor air temperature—whether it is solely the surface temperature of the roof or the temperature within the attic—presents a complex challenge that resists straightforward conclusions. The use of coconut leaves as a roofing material offers a promising sustainable architectural strategy to address problems related to global warming. Further research can be directed to improve the durability of the material.

Abdelrhani Ajraoui   Said Chakiri   Hammou Mansouri   Mohamed Ben Haddou   Oussama Laassilia   Allal Labriki   and Amine Soufi   

Natural hazards frequency is on the permanent increase due to several human and natural factors. The Rif mountains in northern Morocco particularly the Mediterranean Ring Road is one of the most affected parts by this phenomenon. The region's intricate topography, geology, and disrupted climatic and environmental conditions, compounded by anthropogenic factors, contribute to this vulnerability. The present research delves into a case study of a landslide incident that occurred in 2020 at the western entrance to the Jebha City, causing disruptions on National Road 16 (NR 16), a crucial supply road linking North-West to North-East of Morocco. The study aims to diagnose and comprehend the triggering factors of the event. To achieve this, comprehensive geological and geotechnical approaches are employed, combined by ongoing monitoring through satellite images, then the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) was applied for slope stability assessment. As a result, the detailed analysis reveals the presence of highly weathered carbonate shale formations from the Ghomarides of Aakaili, exhibiting an advanced state of alteration with a geometric configuration conducive to instability. Further studies confirm that instabilities stem primarily from slope reprofiling during NR16 construction in 2012, exacerbated by heavy rainfall and intense seismic activity in the region. The initial modelling slope condition validates these hypotheses. Additionally, modelling the selected stabilization option yields satisfactory results, providing insights into potential strategies for mitigating the impact of natural hazards on critical infrastructure.

Maisoon Amireh   Mazin Arabasy   and Rehab Salaheldin Ghoneim   

Integrating intelligent applications in the interior design of hospitality establishments signifies a substantial advancement in enhancing visitor experiences and operational efficacy. The emergence of new technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and building information modeling (BIM), is transforming the design and functionality of tourism-related places to address the increasing need for sustainability, energy efficiency, and personalized services. This systematic literature analysis examines works published from 2010 to 2024, focusing on the impact of intelligent technologies on the interior design of diverse tourism facilities, including heritage sites, eco-resorts, and urban hotels. The review highlights significant developments in adopting these technologies, emphasizing their contributions to improving interior spaces' aesthetic and functional dimensions and their impact on energy conservation and sustainable practices. Moreover, intelligent applications enhance guest pleasure by providing more immersive, tailored experiences, cultivating a stronger bond between the surroundings and guests. The primary findings indicate that integrating smart technologies enhances operational efficiency, increases sustainability initiatives, and improves visitor experience. This report presents a comprehensive analysis of current trends. It delivers essential insights for interior designers and tourism operators aiming to include smart apps in their projects to maintain competitiveness in a progressively digitalized tourism market. The study highlights the significance of continuous innovation in designing tourism facilities and its broader implications for the future of smart tourism. The study's limitations encompass the range of technologies assessed and their disparate adoption among various tourism establishments, potentially impacting generalizability. This review enhances the scholarly and practical comprehension of smart interior design in the tourism industry.

Dina Almukasheva   Gulnara Maulenova   and Dinara Nazarova   

The intensification of construction, typical for most Kazakhstani cities today, entails the densification of buildings in the central part, including areas with historical architecture. This allows us to talk about the need to form a new view of architectural objects to preserve the unified architectural appearance of cities based on architectural design codes. In this case, the creation of a non-standard solution is based on the use of a variety of compositional principles and techniques, including the use of a rich color palette. In almost all cases, the use of color needs to be substantiated, which leads to disparate color ratios in the organization of cities' environments, and Almaty is no exception. This research aims to develop a method for coloristic organization of the residential area of the city of Almaty using architectural design code. The article discusses the analysis of color characteristics of various historical periods of development of the city of Almaty, identifying key elements of architectural design code and their applicability to the modern practice of urban environment design. The research methodology is based on the literature analysis and research on the topic of colorism and its application in architectural design code. Observations and data collection were also carried out on the existing structure of the city of Almaty and its problems regarding the coloristic organization of space. The result of the study is the development of recommendations for creating a harmonious color picture of the city of Almaty based on the identified methods and principles. The work includes the following key aspects: a review of architectural codes and regulations, an assessment of visual perception of different color schemes, and their impact on social interaction and the psycho-emotional state of residents. Through techniques such as questionnaires and visual surveys, data on residents' preferences for color schemes were collected, allowing the development of recommendations for creating a color plan that takes into account the characteristic features and cultural aspects of the region. The study's results can be used to further develop urban planning and architectural design codes in Almaty and other regions of Kazakhstan.

Khaled Galal Ahmed   Madhar Haddad   Ariel Gomez   Atmah Al Dhaheri   Reem Badran   Maha Mubarak   Alyazia Alkaabi   and Amal Al Harthi   

The presented Capstone Graduation Project, undertaken by a group of 5 senior students and supervised by three Instructors from the ABET-accredited Architectural Engineering Undergraduate Program at the United Arab Emirates (UAE) University, depicts a case study of the very recent transformation of the commonly followed conventional architectural engineering design process into a high-performance and integrated one. The presented challenging case study is a design project for an iconic 'Crystal Pavilion' to serve the UAE University with fully glazed facades, roofs, and internal partitions. This prestigious pavilion design aims to ‘narrate' the UAE University's history, achievements, and aspirations. The innovative design process has successfully dealt with the multiple challenges of designing such a fully glazed building in a context with harsh climatic conditions like Al Ain city, where the UAE University campus is located. These design challenges included reducing heat gain to achieve ASHRAE and Estidama Energy Use Intensity (EUI) benchmarks, availing required daylighting into the pavilion while avoiding glare, effectively integrating building construction, structure, and electromechanical systems, overcoming the problem of the desert dust accumulation, attenuating outside noise, and utilizing renewable energy resources. While meeting these design challenges following the relevant codes, a high-performance integrated design process has been applied and the efficiency of the designed advanced building systems and technologies has been validated.

F. Hendrawan   R.D.S. Dinata   I.G.Y. Pratama   I.P.G. Suyoga   and I.A.O. Ambarawati   

The Chinese-Balinese have maintained and negotiated their Chinese identity within Bali's broader socio-cultural and political contexts and this study analyses how their identity is represented in Tri Dharma temple architecture. As they have been in Bali for generations, the Chinese have adapted to Balinese culture and society in multiple ways, and also involved in responding to the shifts of political attitudes towards ethnic Chinese under successive Indonesian regimes that have viewed the Chinese people as ‘the Other'. These responses have influenced Chinese-Balinese ways of maintaining and developing Chinese belief systems and architecture. This study focuses on the exploration and explanation of the widespread cross-cultural phenomenon of Tri Dharma temples in Bali. On-site surveys of the Tri Dharma temples' architectural forms in Bali have also been conducted, which lead to classifying the Tri Dharma temples according to their cultural and architectural characteristics that are the core of this study. Representative examples from each classification were selected as case studies, to illustrate how the processes of intercultural and political negotiation can be read in Chinese-Balinese architecture. This study, therefore, provides an understanding of how cultural negotiating processes contribute to maintaining and adapting cultural identities in everyday lives that would also be relevant to other intercultural built environments.

Albert Jorddy Valenzuela Inga   Víctor Peña Dueñas   Janet Yéssica Andía Arias   Ronald Michael Villanueva Añazco   Boris Senin Carhuallanqui Parian   and Richard Hugo Reymundo Gamarra   

The Trombe wall (TW) is a passive solar heating system utilizing natural convection between indoor air and a device gap spacing. Incorporating TWs as building envelope elements can significantly reduce the energy consumption of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems. Photovoltaic panels (PV) and fans are often integrated into TW systems with parallel glazing. As previous studies of TW with forced convection only focused on TW with glazing parallel to the wall, this study designs and analyses the unprecedented case of forced convection effects on a PV-TW system with 70° inclined glazing and automatically controlled damper fans. For the design of the TW-PV system, the VDI 2221 guideline was used. The obtained system energy requirement is 438.424 Wh, to operate continuously for 8 hours without solar power, which can be satisfied by a 2400 Wh battery connected to solar panels. Simulations using Energy2D software, considering a reference ambient temperature of 15℃, revealed that with a fixed upper vent outlet velocity of 0.1 m/s, increasing lower vent inlet velocities decreased indoor air temperatures. The maximum average indoor temperature of 24.39℃ was achieved at 0.1 m/s inlet velocity, decreasing to 19.14℃ at 0.4 m/s, demonstrating that higher inlet velocities reduce indoor temperatures in this configuration. This study provides crucial insights into the performance of forced convection in a PV-TW system with inclined glazing, offering a foundation for future research and innovative sustainable building design.

Jose Eleazar M. Concepcion   and Gilford B. Estores   

In order to address concrete's low tensile and cracking properties, fibers are introduced into concrete mixtures. Bambusa Blumeana, a bamboo commonly found in the Philippines, is used as the fiber source in this study. Bamboo fibers with a length of 40mm are introduced (0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%) into 20.7MPa concrete mixture as partial fine aggregate replacement. Three compression, three split tensile and six anchor bolt pull-out Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Concrete (BFRC) specimens for each bamboo fiber percentage were prepared, tested and analyzed. Results show that the maximum compressive strength (20.327 MPa) occurs at the control specimen while the split tensile strength (2.157 MPa) and anchor pull-out tests (21.70 kN) peak at BFRC0.5; thus, the optimal bamboo fiber percentage is at 0.5%. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Method was conducted and showed that the split tensile strength of BFRC mixes is comparable to that of the control specimen. The results of the pullout test were verified using an ANSYS FEM and found to be in good agreement. Lastly, a Regression analysis equation is proposed to predict the concrete breakout strength of BFRC using compressive, split tensile strength and bamboo fiber percentage as predictors with bamboo fiber percentage having the highest individual effect with an R2 Value of 0.907.

Sutedjo Krisnadi   Bambang Suryoatmono   and Johannes Adhijoso Tjondro   

The strengthening of wooden beams using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is an effective method for enhancing beam capacity. Numerous studies have confirmed the increased capacity of CFRP-reinforced wood beams, though the degree of improvement varies. This variation suggests that the impact of CFRP reinforcement may be influenced by the timber's specific gravity (SG). This study investigates the structural performance of wood beams reinforced with CFRP on the tension side. Experimental bending tests were conducted on three timber species—Albizia Falcata (Albasia), Acacia Mangium (Akasia), and Java Shorenensis (Meranti)—in accordance with ASTM D143-2009 standards. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS Workbench 2020 R1 was employed to complement the experimental results and address inconsistencies caused by natural timber defects and mechanical property variations. The results show a significant increase in beam capacity due to CFRP reinforcement, particularly in timbers with lower SG. The study confirms that CFRP reinforcement effectively enhances the structural capacity of timber beams, especially in species with lower SG, and demonstrates the advantages of using FEA for designing CFRP-reinforced wood beams.

Heriansyah Putra   Baiq H Sulistiawati   Dede H Y Yanto   Fauzan   and Achmad Basuki   

This study aims to evaluate the extraction method of soybean as a plant-derived urease enzyme. The use of soybeans as a source of urease offers several advantages. Soybeans are a renewable and sustainable resource that is readily available in many regions. Moreover, they contain high levels of urease enzyme, which accelerates the carbonate precipitation process, leading to faster soil improvement. By focusing on this research aspect, the development of an efficient and sustainable extraction process is necessary to obtain the urease enzyme from soybeans, thereby increasing the effectiveness and practicality of the EICP method for soil improvement. Furthermore, the soybean powder was prepared in a suspension and extracted using two methods, namely filtration and centrifugation, to separate the particle and solution and obtain a purified solution. Its efficacy as a biocatalyst was evaluated using a test-tube experiment to determine the hydrolysis rate of urea as well as the production of precipitated materials. Unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests were used to assess its effect on soil strength at different curing times. The highest hydrolysis rate was obtained using 50 g/L of soybean extract in the two extraction methods, centrifugation and filtration, with speeds of 1,100 u/g and 500 u/g, respectively. A maximum precipitation ratio of 100% was achieved using a concentration of 20 g/L, which later increased constantly. This study showed that the extraction methods had similar UCS values, ranging from 300 to 400 kPa. In conclusion, a soybean concentration of 20 g/L prepared using filtration has great potential for use in the calcite precipitation technique for soil improvement.

A. A. Shaban   Zena Basher   and Y. A. Lotfi   

Public spaces in many cities worldwide struggle with limited green space and features, hindering resident engagement and overall quality of life. This study investigates smart open spaces as a potential solution, exploring application strategies through a literature review and a case study of the central park of Masdar City (MENA region). The study aims to identify key criteria for assessing smart public space quality and understand expert perceptions via structured interviews. Analysis of expert judgments revealed alignment with literature on the importance of technologies like camera surveillance and smart lighting for security and sustainability, respectively. However, discrepancies emerged regarding digital apps and smart signage, highlighting the need for further exploration to optimize the user experience. This study ultimately seeks to inform best practices for user-centered design of smart technologies within public spaces, aiming to improve qualities of public space such as safety and security, community and engagement, sustainability, legibility and accessibility, and sense of place and connection to the space's historical roots, consequently enhancing the user experience in emerging smart cities.

Mohamed Mahdy   Amgad Fahmy   and Rana El-Dabaa   

Recently, several studies have discussed the concept of kinetic facades that responds to environmental variations such as solar radiation intensity and humidity levels to improve indoor environment quality. Most of these kinetic facades are actively automated; which tend to use sensors and actuators in response to the environmental stimuli. On the contrary, recently, passive adaptive strategies have become an efficient alternative to active-automated strategies. The passive strategies depend on utilizing the passive actuated materials in facade systems design by taking advantage of self-adaptation of the materials' structure in response to environmental variations without using energy. Accordingly, the study argued that using these smart materials in fabricating solar shadings has a positive impact on buildings' energy consumption. However, these shadings may lead to minimizing the Window-to-Wall Ratio, therefore, decreasing the daylight levels inside the space. Therefore, the study aims to present a multi-objective optimization for passive adaptive shadings that integrate smart materials to balance the daylight and solar radiation inside the space. The research goes through three consecutive phases. First, the shading module and building geometry modeling. Second, a multi-objective optimization that aims to generate a set of Pareto-optimal solutions; a set of non-dominated alternatives. Third, a performance comparison between three of the optimal solutions and the base case model without any shading elements. The results show that the optimal solutions can decrease 51-80% of the solar radiation intensity while keeping the illuminance levels at moderate levels inside the office space.

Kuram Reshma Rozelin   H. K. Sugandhini   Laxman Kudva P   and Aditya Hemant Karigar   

The durability, safety, and operational viability of diverse structures in maritime environments depend on the critical activities of marine structure restoration and upkeep. This paper presents an advanced overview of a vast family of structures in various branches of dynamics, such as jetties, ports, harbors, offshore platforms, and coastal fortifications, which may be considered as a shield for many purposes. While there are strategies to overcome structural degradation and long-term performance, there are no particular tools to check, repair and protect all structures functioning in a marine environment, especially those open to various kinds of stress due to evolving problems such as corrosion, wave action and biofouling. The process of rehabilitation of marine structures achieved by restoring the structural integrity and operating effectiveness of a marine structure or system consists of a series of operations that improve, maintain, repair, and replace existing structures to extend their life span, meeting the requirements of new regulations and directives. The report ends with a brief description of some of the more sophisticated monitoring techniques that are found to be more useful in monitoring the health and performance of offshore infrastructure, such as remote sensing technologies, and underwater inspections. Some recommendations are made for some topics that could be considered in future research for maintenance and rehabilitation of offshore structures.

Nardin Essam Alzawawi   and Shifana Fatima Kaafil   

The objective of this paper is to reduce the use of expensive chemical admixtures in construction materials and to increase the use of natural and sustainable materials for the users' health and well-being. The gum produced from Acacia trees is chosen in this study, crushed into a fine powder, and added with cement as a dry mix to examine its effects on the properties of concrete. Acacia trees are the most commonly grown in Middle East Northern Africa (MENA) and are known as Arabic Gum (AG). The effect of Arabic gum is studied on mortar cubes of size 5cm x 5cm with 1% and 2% of Arabic gum with respect to the weight of the cement and on concrete cubes of size 15cm x 15cm with 1% and 2% of Arabic gum with respect to the weight of the cement. It is found that mortar cubes with 1% AG perform better than cubes with 2% AG. However, in concrete cubes, 2% AG perform better than conventional cubes and 1% AG. The compressive strength of 2% AG is higher by 3% than conventional concrete. It is found that concrete cube with 2% AG shows high workability and less voids compared to conventional concrete cubes. Concrete cube with 2% AG enhances the compressive strength of concrete and hence it is recommended to be used for load bearing applications and due to low density and self-weight, it is also recommended to be used in non-load bearing applications.

Brunilda Basha   and Zafer Sağdıç   

Involving the public in decision-making processes is crucial for successful management of heritage projects, as it promotes a sense of belonging and ensures that community needs are reflected in the treatment of historical buildings. This study examines the role of public participation in the adaptive reuse and preservation of historic structures, using Elbasan Bazaar Hammam as a case study. The Hammam, which is partly used as a restaurant and partly abandoned, is one of Albania's most important monuments from the Ottoman period. This research explores public perceptions regarding the current and potential future use of Elbasan's Bazaar Hammam, while also evaluating broader community participation in heritage projects in Elbasan. Research data are collected from literature, case studies, field visits, and questionnaire survey distributed randomly to residents of Elbasan. The questionnaire is divided into four main areas: awareness and visits, perceptions of current use, new approaches to Hammam use, and community impact. Then, the findings were analyzed using the descriptive statistics approach. The responses indicated a significant interest from Elbasan citizens in preserving the existing Hammam, suggesting several options for its reuse. Emphasizing public opinion guarantees the long-term sustainability of future treatments for the Elbasan Bazaar Hammam, serving as a model for similar cultural endeavors. The results of this study can help legislators, urban planners, and professionals who deal with heritage preservation projects determine the most firm regulations for historical places like Elbasan and elsewhere.

Muhammad A. Seddeek   and Hossam S. Amin   

Egypt widely turned its planning approach from comprehensive to strategic planning without considering the characteristics of cities. One of the main characteristics is city dynamics which is used as a tool to assess the suitability of the urban planning approach. Eighteen indicators are extracted as dynamic indicators measured to cover the demographic, social, and economic dimensions, and only four indicators are available in the Egyptian context due to the lack of data in developing countries. All indicators were collected for the time frame from 1986 to 2006 as a time before SPA implementation. The pre-implementation test was planned to run depending on SPSS, but it could not consider the negative as well as the positive changes as a type of dynamics. Static analysis divided indicators depending on their special value into three negative and three positive categories. For each city, the value was collected as the strong and moderate change together and the weak and no change together. Out of 56 cities, 45 are suitable for strategic planning, with a percentage of 80%. Around 11 cities are not suitable for using the strategic planning approach; those cities do not follow the same pattern of city size, economic or administrative role. The post-implementation results match the pre-implementation results as the city of Kafr El-Sheikh mostly exceeded the plan targets, which confirms the high dynamic of the city, contrary to Matria city, which is classified as a city with no dynamic, after comparing the 2027 strategic plan targets with the recent 2024 situation.

Leonel Suasaca Pelinco   Junior Adolfo Perez Mendoza   Arnaldo Yana Torres   Efrain Parillo Sosa   and Franz Joseph Barahona Perales   

The study's general objective was to analyze soil type's influence on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete buildings with elastomeric anti-seismic isolators. The study was treated with a quantitative approach, a non-experimental design of applied type, with a comparative scope, considering the object of study as category A1 buildings related to structures erected on soil profiles S1 and S3 and the sample as a dual structural system of category A (clinical) with the incorporation of an isolation interface, structure formed by 4 levels with soil factor type S1 and S3. The techniques used were the structural approach in the plan and height of the building and the use of software for modeling, correction, and scaling of earthquakes. Initially, static and dynamic seismic analysis was performed. As a result, it was obtained that the values of energy input to the structure and the values of dissipation or absorption of such energy by the HDRB isolation devices, allow a ratio between S3/S1 soils, which reaches values of up to 75%. Consequently, it is concluded that on S1 soil, HDRB isolators will make a better contribution and will dissipate a higher percentage of input energy; in addition, they will strengthen the seismic behavior of a type A1 building.

Alex Vasquez Atahuaman   Arlitt Lozano Povis   Ana Zaravia Povis   Kevin Ccoyllar Quintanilla   and Aron Aliaga Contreras   

In this study, emergency routes were evaluated and optimized for the El Tambo 198 Fire Company in Huancayo, Peru, using geospatial data and infrastructure analysis. Twenty-six routes to different supply taps were analyzed. Thus, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the operational effectiveness of emergency routes in case of explosions. For this purpose, QGIS and ArcGIS were used to map the road network, critical facilities, and risk zones, classified into three levels: severe (zone A), moderate (zone B), and mild (zone C). The network analysis identified the most effective emergency routes, considering factors such as speed limits and traffic congestion. Detailed maps of optimal routes were created for each gas center and restrictions were established to minimize congestion in high-risk areas. These were adjusted to the speed regulations of the National Traffic Regulations and simulated emergency vehicle traffic, prioritizing access to hospitals and fire stations. The results showed variable response times between 1.1 and 6.8 minutes, highlighting the importance of proximity to gas facilities. Shorter routes, such as to the PetroPERÚ Tap (San Pedro), allowed for a quick response, while longer routes showed the need for improved road infrastructure. The research underscores the importance of inter-agency collaboration and strategic planning to optimize emergency response, as well as ongoing training and road maintenance.

Laurence Bridgemohan   Lee P Leon   Trevor Townsend   and Tamika Sinanan   

A sustainable pavement engineering approach that makes more use of recycled aggregates is bitumen stabilization technology. Accurately characterizing the parent materials and behavioral traits of bitumen stabilized material (BSM) is now more and more crucial for its performance. The study's two objectives are to: (1) use the aggregate imaging system (AIMS) to examine the morphological characteristics of crushed stone, recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) both before and after abrasion; and (2) determine whether the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) test is a suitable tool for assessing BSM fracture. The recycled coarse aggregate fractions were found to be more angular than the natural crushed stones. The most spherical aggregate was found to be RAP. The study also highlighted the SCB test and showed that the SCB test is a valid technique for evaluating BSM fracture within specified methodological limitations. The amount of time between sample preparation and testing has a significant impact on test results. Furthermore, similar to other bituminous pavement materials, the type of bituminous materials, notch depths, and sample sizes all have a major impact on the fracture energy and toughness index. The study's findings show that BSM with optimized recycled material delivers adequate fracture resistance when compared to conventional materials. The potential for the eco-friendly, sustainable repurposing of building and demolition waste materials as pavement layer aggregates can improve waste management while safeguarding the environment and natural resources.

Youssef Elbalghiti   Mouna El Mkhalet   and Nouzha Lamdouar   

Urban development often requires the use of tall structures to maximize the use of ground space and meet the growing and innovative demands of designers and architects. In most cases, the challenge for these types of projects is to find a fair balance between justifying the stability of structures and the profitability of the project, which is conditioned by optimizing the foundation system. To achieve this, the use of soil-structure interactions, which studies the reciprocal effects between soils and structures in contact with them, allows for a comprehensive response to most technical problems and provides all possible optimizations and better modeling of resilient and adaptable structures that can withstand natural forces and environmental impacts. To achieve this, engineers and scientists are working on improving soil and structure modeling techniques, collecting and analyzing geotechnical and environmental data, using advanced technologies such as numerical modeling and simulation, and designing structures. This case study focuses on a 25-story tower built on a low-bearing sandy-loam soil. The support soil study was conducted based on geotechnical investigations, and soil-structure interactions were calculated using the pressuremeter method for all possible combinations. This study demonstrates that the use of refined calculations by integrating soil-structure interactions allows for significant optimization of foundation solutions and precisely defining and delimiting risk zones where solicitations are maximal.

Diego Hidalgo   Carlos Montero   Daniel Luna   Vladimir Pazmiño   and Jessica Brito   

This study investigates the effectiveness of banana peel extract as a corrosion inhibitor for A36 steel, addressing the need for sustainable solutions in infrastructure maintenance. Controlled corrosion exposure tests were conducted on steel plates treated with banana peel extract at varying concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Surface characteristics were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and colorimetry. The pH and conductivity were monitored throughout the tests. The corrosion rate was determined using gravimetric characterization. Mechanical testing, including stress-strain behavior analysis, was performed using a universal testing machine. The results demonstrate that banana peel extract significantly enhances the corrosion resistance of A36 steel. Higher inhibitor concentrations, particularly at 15%, resulted in improved mechanical properties, such as ultimate stress, yield stress, modulus of elasticity, resilience, and toughness. SEM analysis revealed the formation of a protective chemisorbed layer, while colorimetry indicated better preservation of the steel's surface characteristics with increasing inhibitor concentration. Banana peel extract is a promising and sustainable alternative for corrosion protection in civil infrastructure. The effectiveness of the inhibitor increases with higher concentrations, providing robust protection against corrosion and enhancing the mechanical integrity of the steel. The utilization of agricultural waste as a functional corrosion inhibitor promotes circular economy principles. By repurposing banana peels, the study contributes to sustainable engineering practices and supports the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This approach not only mitigates the environmental impact of traditional corrosion protection methods but also offers a viable, eco-friendly solution for extending the lifespan of steel structures.

Sema Karagüler   

Today, as in every subject, architectural designs gain new qualities under new approaches and disciplinary trends and are shaped according to new perspectives. Therefore, there is a need to introduce new sanctions in line with the advancing trends and developments in the design and application of architectural projects. In architectural project design, parcel-based construction rules such as "Building Height", "GCR", "FAR" (See Appendix) and "Building Approach Distance" may not be sufficient to produce solutions suitable for today's urbanization conditions, architectural trends and approaches. In this regard, it has been thought that new solutions should be sought, emphasizing the need to support the construction rules with some additional sanctions. In this article, a new construction rule is explained. This rule supports the consciousness of the infiltration of the green element into urban building parcels and the buildings on the parcels as in parallel with today's ecological settlements that are at peace with nature, green architecture and increasingly developing new urbanism trends. For this purpose, first of all, the importance of reflecting the green element on the building level is explained in terms of the phenomenon of urbanization in accordance with new trends with a nature-friendly and sustainable approach. Then, the Green Area Coefficient (GAC) at the building level, which is proposed and formulated in this sense, is defined. In the rest of the article, GAC and the shares of this coefficient formulated on the building and its plot are stated. Then, the calculated values of the construction rules in question with certain assumptions are presented in tables, and a flow chart is proposed for calculating the amount of planted area at the building level depending on all these coefficients. As a result, schematic explanations are made for the newly proposed GAC construction rule and the application is clarified.

Jhanella Katheryn Cañari Rodriguez   Jeraldin Briguit Arzapalo Yali   and Vladimir Simon Montoya Torres   

The search for innovation in architecture with new technologies focuses on the convergence between artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) in the field of architectural design, taking into account the perception and sensation of virtual spaces in the shot of architects' decisions in the design process. The study aims to evaluate the level of perception, realism and sensation experienced by sensory characters immersed in architectural virtual spaces designed through comparative technological combination in a 2D environment. An experimental methodology was used based on a diagnosis according to the principles of neuroarchitecture, identifying the considerations related to sensory characters, followed by the grammatical generation of the prompt to obtain 2D images through AI, which were recreated in 3D models through of the Oculus Quest 2. Specific questions were raised that examine the sensations, perception and realism in the spaces created by Artificial Intelligence, collaborating with the virtual virtualization platform. The comparative analysis between the sensations anticipated by the designer, those experienced in the virtual space and the 2D visualization had a favorable impact on the perception and sensation of the virtual space designed using image generators. An innovative perspective for decision-making in architectural design is proposed, concluding that the integration of artificial intelligence image generators with VR suggests significant potential for the application of this technological synergy in the architectural field, which provides new opportunities for the practical application of these technologies in the workplace. These conclusions contribute to the understanding of how these technologies can be used in the design process to improve the quality of architectural spaces and educate future architects in new technologies.

Hiba Mazen Kamel Al Hassan   

According to this article, a hybrid machine-learning framework incorporates many techniques that offer a thorough detailed approach to possible design. This approach aims to find solutions to the issues of reconciling cost-efficiency, environmental impact, and user comfort in modern architecture. Machine learning (ML) is used to make a broad range of architectural designs that align with particular restrictions, like financial limits, location circumstances, and energy aims. ML is utilized to estimate the design's efficiency and make repeated improvements. Through predictive analysis and risk evaluation, it expects energy use up, user comfort, and environmental effects. Patterns and links are recognized to enhance the effectiveness of building plans and operations. Deep learning models are utilized in material choice with machine learning to evaluate material features and environmental impact. The best material mergers are utilized based on efficiency norms and sustainability aims. The proposed ML-based approach gives several advantages, such as a faster design technique, finer indoor environmental quality, and improved energy usage—all of which are economical solutions. We may be inside a new age of strong and sustainable buildings by using the suggested architecture. The recommended framework shows the ability to improve building design methodologies via machine learning while complying with sustainability goals.

Umar Lawal Dano   

In recent years, coastal cities around the world have been facing an increase in flash floods, causing catastrophic effects on people, properties, and socioeconomic activities. However, the existing literature on this topic focuses disproportionately on the natural factors that trigger floods, such as hydrological, geotechnical, and environmental factors. To achieve a more comprehensive and effective understanding and management of floods, it is crucial to also consider the human factors that contribute to floods and their mitigation strategies. This study employs an expert-based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to assess the human factors that contribute to flash floods in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The findings reveal that the highest-ranked factor contributing to flash floods was the inadequate open drainage systems (IODS) (29%), followed closely by the presence of impermeable surfaces (IS) (25%) and topography flattening (TF) (21%). Infrastructure failure (IF) and vegetation clearance (VC) were the least-rated factors, with priority weights of 17% and 7%, respectively. The study recommends stormwater management (SM) and the provision of open drains (POD) to mitigate flash flood risks in the study area and similar geographical regions resulting from anthropological factors contributing to flash floods. This study can help decision-makers to understand flash flood causes and design appropriate prevention measures.

Roz-Ud-Din Nassar   and Shah Room   

This study investigates the utilization of ultrafine Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete to enhance its properties and sustainability. The effects of ultrafine RHA on fresh and hardened concrete properties and the microstructure of the resulting binary mixtures were examined. Test results indicate that the incorporation of ultrafine RHA considerably decreases the slump of concrete mixtures. Mixture having 15% replacement of cement with ultrafine RHA shows a 43% increase in compressive strength at 90 days of concrete age. Furthermore, at the same replacement level, a 31% reduction in moisture sorption, a 27% reduction in drying shrinkage, and a 23% reduction in mass loss due to abrasion are recorded. Acid resistance tests show that the mix with 15% ultrafine RHA loses only 12% of its compression strength after exposure to H₂SO₄ at 56 days of age, in comparison to the 29% loss in the control mix. SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses confirm a denser microstructure, increased silica content, and enhanced pozzolanic activity in ultrafine RHA-modified mixes. These findings suggest that ultrafine RHA is a viable supplementary cementitious material, offering significant environmental and performance benefits to the resulting concrete mixtures.

Nawir Rasidi   and Taufiq Rochman   

This investigation examines the viability of corncob ash (CCA) as a sustainable substitute for cement in the formulation of interlocking concrete blocks (ICB) utilized in wingwall structures of bridges. The impetus for this study arises from the necessity to diminish the environmental footprint of construction materials and enhance the sustainability of infrastructure developments. By substituting varying proportions of cement (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) with CCA, this research seeks to evaluate the impact on the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and shear strength of the interlocking blocks. Comprehensive laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the mechanical properties of the CCA-modified concrete blocks. The findings revealed that a 2% substitution of cement with CCA produced the most advantageous results in compressive and tensile strength, indicating an optimal equilibrium between strength and material efficiency. Furthermore, the shear strength of the mortarless interlocking concrete blocks exhibited significant enhancement, suggesting improved structural performance. The results underscore the potential of CCA to effectively replace a portion of cement in concrete production, thereby fostering more sustainable and environmentally responsible construction methodologies without compromising structural integrity. This research advocates for the wider implementation of alternative materials in civil engineering, particularly in the context of critical infrastructure construction.

Aarón Kruchinsky Rojas   and Manuel Laurencio Luna   

The bibliographic review carried out contemplated the studies performed for the chemical stabilization of clayey soils, which can be problematic due to their deficiency in physical and mechanical properties in construction. The studies included in the following article were born from the initiative to seek new alternatives to the use of cement and lime, particularly in the reduction or elimination of their use as traditional stabilizers, as well as to better manage the disposal of industrial waste. The incorporated studies evaluated stabilization by geopolymerization, reinforcement, use of common additives with other aggregates and residues. Stabilization effectiveness is measured primarily by results in physical properties such as optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD), both obtained through compaction tests and mechanical properties through tests such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and bearing capacity (CBR). To a lesser extent, the study of improvements related to durability, flexibility, permeability, among others, is also contemplated; studies, despite improving the main properties of the soils, deepened their research to obtain more information on the stabilization of clayey soils.

William Araujo   

Liquefaction is a seismic geotechnical phenomenon whose impact on a city's infrastructure can be devastating. This process occurs when saturated soil temporarily loses its strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress, typically from earthquake shaking, leading to a fluid-like behavior. Countries with seismic activity, particularly those located near coastal areas or rivers, meet the basic requirements for liquefaction occurrence. The consequences of liquefaction can be catastrophic, causing buildings, roads, and bridges to sink or tilt, as well as creating large ground deformations and damaging underground utilities. The aim of this research is to analyze the liquefaction potential of the city of Piura, Peru. This region is particularly vulnerable due to its proximity to active seismic zones and the presence of loose, water-saturated soils. Two field tests were utilized to assess the potential for liquefaction: the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and the Shear Wave Velocity Test (Vs). The methodology employed for this study involved gathering data from two key sources: the Construction Materials Testing Laboratory at the Universidad de Piura and the Geophysical Institute of Peru. Using this data, we applied the methodologies developed by Seed and Idriss (1971), Andrus and Stokoe (2000), Youd and Noble (1997), and Iwasaki et al. (1984) to assess the likelihood of liquefaction. The results of the research indicate that several of the tested areas exhibit a significant potential for liquefaction, especially in zones with loose sands and high groundwater levels. If an earthquake were to occur, the severity of damage, including settlements and structural failures, could be extensive, affecting critical infrastructure and posing a risk to public safety.

Deepthi Shenoy   Sugandhini H. K.   and Laxman Kudva P.   

Globally, thermal power plants produce about 780 million tonnes of coal ash, of which Asia alone accounts for 66% of this share. India, the third-largest coal ash producer, generated 226 million metric tonnes in 2019. Conserving natural resources and promoting viable alternatives are priorities that contribute to achieving sustainable development goals. This study aims to assess the fresh and hardened properties of high-strength concrete, in which 75% of natural fine aggregate (NFA) is supplemented with coal bottom ash (CBA). This study assessed ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength at 3, 7, 28, 56, and 90 days using 100 mm cube specimens, split tensile and flexural strength at 7 and 28 days with 150 mm dia. × 300 mm height cylindrical specimens and 500×100×100 mm beam specimens, respectively. A minimum of three samples are tested in each group per test, and the average values are recorded. The findings reveal promising outcomes for using high-volume CBA as a feasible alternative to NFA. The concrete exhibited commendable early-age hardened properties with a 28-day compressive strength of 79.73 MPa, flexural strength of 7.2 MPa, and split tensile strength of 3.25 MPa, supporting the suitability of CBA in high-strength applications. The higher water absorption of CBA due to its porous structure may have led to a higher slump value. However, it's important to note that a higher slump value meant that the slump was a collapse pattern, and the mix also showed significant bleeding, segregation, and a longer setting time, which presents a considerable challenge when attempting to incorporate higher volumes of CBA into concrete.

A. Asrul Sani   Edi Purwanto   and Wijayanti   

The Kenali traditional houses in West Lampung that still survive today, built and shaped by the cultural heritage of boats, show original and unique characteristics. Ship cloth and boat toponyms have shown their influence on Kenali traditional house, especially related to the conception of belief. Through a case study of five Kenali traditional houses, this paper aims to investigate, identify and analyze important elements regarding the brief history of the morphology of the Kenali village, local terminology, general and specific architectural characteristics of traditional houses, as well as the social culture of the Kenali people in West Lampung. This research is based on observations and in-depth interviews within the framework of interpretive qualitative research. As a first step, we identified several local terminologies related to boats sourced from the results of interviews, then conducted in-depth and intensive observations on ten observation units. In the final stage, the interpretation process was continued in stages to obtain the meaning of the boat symbol embedded in the Kenali traditional house. The findings of this study show that the symbolism of the boat has been embedded in the architecture of the traditional Kenali house. The bilik kebik room is the main bedroom intended for the eldest male child through hereditary or patrilineal kinship. It symbolizes steering the boat, the eldest son symbolizes the boat's helmsman, and the son represents the ancestor. Therefore, the house symbolizes a boat where ancestors are the orientation of life through the inheritance of good values in the transition of the human life cycle from birth to death. This paper hopes that the results of this study will provide a better understanding of the cultural context in the practice of spatial content of the Kenali traditional house. In addition, these findings can enrich the treasury in the search for Indonesia's identity as a maritime country.

Víctor Peña Dueñas   Janet Yéssica Andía Arias   Juan Gabriel Benito Zuñiga   and Albert Jorddy Valenzuela Inga   

The useful life of concrete in areas prone to freezing and thawing has been a challenge for its preservation, since these environments cause cracks and deterioration in the material. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine a concrete durable to freezing and thawing under the standards of ASTM 666, which is made of a material of the fourth glaciation - the morainic aggregate, for which air incorporating additive was used. Preliminarily, for compressive strength, values of 33.72 MPa were obtained in the samples without incorporating air subjected to freezing and thawing; however, in the samples when incorporating air subjected to freezing and thawing, it was reduced to 31.18 MPa. Next, for the tensile strength, values of 3.88 MPa were obtained in the samples without incorporating air subjected to freezing and thawing; however, in the samples when incorporating air subjected to freezing and thawing, it was reduced to 3.31 MPa. Finally, it is concluded that the use of morainic aggregate in concrete improves compressive and tensile strength. Despite the moderate loss of strength due to freeze-thaw cycles, the concrete still retains superior mechanical strength compared to its design strength.

Randa Khalil   

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for school designs that prioritize health, well-being, and sufficient natural ventilation rates, alongside engaging learning environments. In conventional double-loaded school layouts, only one classroom typically aligns with the optimal wind direction, achieving standard ACH rates. This study addresses research gaps by introducing two frameworks: the EDS for early design and the RO for retrofitting existing educational structures. The EDS framework optimizes the façade design variables for a hypothetical classroom to maximize the average air velocity (AAV), while the RO framework investigates façade design variables within a real case study to identify optimal configurations that meet the standard ACH. Key design parameters analyzed for the EDS include the Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), Opening-to-Wall Ratio (OWR), and Façade height (FH) correlated with AAV. The RO framework considered window/opening position, WWR, and OWR associated with achieving needed ACH and improving the learning environment. The EDS included a CFD-parametric optimization approach engaged with developed GHPython codes and linear regression analysis. CFD simulations for specific design scenarios were performed in the RO framework to assess ACH while improving the learning environment. The EDS framework analysis demonstrates that key design variables (OWR, WWR, and FH) explain 33.1% of the variance in AAV, with optimal configurations achieving an AAV of 0.65 m/s. Regression analysis highlights the substantial positive impact of OWR on AAV and underscores the negative influence of facade height, aiding in formulating design strategies that enhance indoor air quality in classrooms. The RO framework, applied to classrooms in Cairo, Egypt, demonstrates versatility in enhancing IAQ through optimal configurations of WWR and OWR. Simulations identified optimal opening ratios: 20% W/OWR in foundation-stage classrooms (ACH of 6.94) and 30% WWR with 10% OWR in primary-stage classrooms (ACH of 7.33). These configurations reduced infection risks below 1%, supporting findings from related studies on ventilation and infection risk, and affirming the RO framework's efficacy in designing healthier educational environments. The EDS and RO frameworks offer valuable tools for improving IAQ and learning conditions in classrooms; future studies may investigate frameworks across diverse settings and user feedback may be included to refine their real-world effectiveness.

Samer AbdelHamid Elokdah   Dina Abdellatif Bakir   and Hala Barakat   

Exposure to natural features, such as natural light, directly correlates with high rates of the individual's productivity level. An artificial lighting technique that mimics natural light in its aspects like intensity and dynamic color ranges is called Circadian Lighting, which significantly impacts the individual's productivity level. This paper aims to examine the effect of Circadian Light on the productivity level of the users of a co-working space. It is hypothesized that using Circadian Light in a working environment will enhance the circadian rhythm of individuals by improving their sleeping and waking cycles, and this enhancement will directly correlate with a high level of productivity for individuals in such an indoor working environment. This research experiment is hosted in a co-working space, which is considered a semi-stressful working environment. The research type is experimental design research. By applying a self-reported questionnaire about productivity changes, the methodology is formed to conduct answers about the effect of the Circadian Light on the changes in circadian patterns, especially the sleeping and waking cycles, and its relationship with productivity levels. The overall sample size is thirty-three participants. The reversal design technique 'ABAB' was applied to ensure productivity and circadian rhythm enhancements from the questionnaire answers. The results show statistical data using Excel charts and graphs and outputs using SPSS. The results indicate an improvement in the productivity of the individuals, good sleeping qualities, and alertness in the early morning; all aspects of changes can be mentioned due to the changes in the melatonin levels. The paper's conclusion supports and approves the hypothesis. This paper also concludes the importance of dynamic lighting techniques in interior architectural design. The significance of this paper is in filling the gap in the research of adding Circadian Lighting to a semi-stressful working environment such as co-working spaces.

U. K. Ugah   A. B. Sholanke   K. O. Dimuna   A. O. Akinola   V. O. Ene   and I. C. Nduka-Kalu   

Technological advancements in construction and architecture have led to the neglect of some users' needs in building designs, this study assessed the compliance of selected faculty of environmental science buildings with Universal Design (UD) principles in southwest Nigeria. The paper reviews the evolution of higher educational buildings, UD principles, and their significance in academic environments. Using a case study approach, buildings at the University of Lagos, Obafemi Awolowo University, and Federal University of Technology Akure were examined. Data was collected through direct observation and document analysis. Findings revealed significant deficiencies in accessibility features, including inadequate ramps, non-functional lifts, poor wayfinding systems, and insufficient parking for people with disabilities. The study highlighted a systemic lack of consideration for diverse user needs in educational facility planning and execution. It emphasizes the need for a paradigm shift in academic environment design, aligning with national disability rights legislation. Recommendations include retrofitting buildings with UD structures, retraining professionals on UD principles, updating building policies, and ensuring new buildings incorporate UD principles. This research provides empirical data on UD compliance in Nigerian universities, serving as a baseline for future improvements in inclusive educational design.

Advincula Salvador Annie Leandra   and Laurencio Luna Manuel Ismael   

This review article explores the utilization of plastic waste as an environmentally conscious alternative in road construction projects. It mentions several countries that have implemented plastic waste management mechanisms to incorporate them into pavement, thus promoting a circular economy. The aim of this review is to offer an up-to-date synthesis of the application of plastic waste in various pavement layers and the corresponding benefits. Research was compiled from several authors from different countries that applied plastic waste in subgrade, bitumen, asphalt and rigid pavement. These studies evaluated the behavior of standard and modified samples through different tests to determine how pavement properties are affected by the incorporation of polymer wastes. In addition, different types of plastics and their physical properties, such as melting point, which is important in determining the method of incorporating waste plastics into asphalt, are described. A table is included that provides information on the recycling of plastics, their acronyms, densities, biodegradability and applications in daily use, which facilitates the visual identification of the types of plastics. The plastics examined in this analysis include low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PETE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The conclusions of this review are related to the application of the flooring. The conclusions of this review are related to the application of the pavement in different layers and how this can improve its properties depending on the layer where the polymer is applied.

Saken Uderbayev   Kylyshbay Bissenov   Roza Narmanova   Koktem Yerimbetov   and Nurzhamal Sailaubekova   

The research is devoted to the study of the possibility of using asphalt resin-paraffin residues and ash from thermal power plants in the production of asphalt concrete to improve its performance and reduce environmental impact. The study employed samples of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits from oil fields in the Kyzylorda region, infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the specific surface area and activity of natural radionuclides in the ash from the Kyzylorda thermal power plant. The main results of the study show that fly ash from thermal power plants contains a high content of silicon oxide (30.03-62.53%) and aluminium oxide (8.84-30.92%). Spectral analysis of asphalt-resin-paraffin residues from oil fields revealed the presence of hydrocarbons in methyl and methylene groups. The optimum composition of the composite binder “Bitumen – asphalt resin-paraffin residues – thermal power plant ash” is as follows: bitumen – 80-82%, thermal power plant ash – 7-11%, asphalt resin-paraffin residues – 8.5-9.5%. The resulting asphalt concrete demonstrated high compressive strength (2.2-2.5 MPa at 50℃, 4.4-5.2 MPa at 20℃, 9.7-9.9 MPa at 0℃), high shear stability (internal friction coefficient 0.85-0.87), excellent shear adhesion at 50℃ (0.62-0.86), high water resistance (0.89-0.98) and low water saturation (1.22-2.2%). The results also show that the use of thermal power plant ash and asphalt resin-paraffin residues in asphalt concrete improves its performance and reduces the environmental impact through waste recycling. The data obtained confirm the possibility of effective use of these materials in road construction in Central Kazakhstan. This research brings to science a practical methodology for developing asphalt concrete composition using asphalt resin-paraffin residues and ash from thermal power plants, which contributes to the efficient use of resources and reduction of environmental impact in road construction.

Vu Tu Tran   Duy Thoi Do   and Duy Thinh Do   

The spatial structure of urban transportation is closely related to urban movements, as has been demonstrated by numerous previous studies. At the same time, other studies have shown a connection between urban movements and land-use patterns. However, no research has yet examined the three-way relationship between these factors, nor applied them to the assessment and recommendation for urban planning. This study explores the critical relationship between urban configuration, land use, and urban movement in shaping dynamic and socially cohesive urban environments. Leveraging Space Syntax theory and advanced overlay analysis techniques, this research conducts a detailed examination of the street network in Da Nang City, Vietnam, to critically assess the city's comprehensive urban planning project. The findings demonstrate a strong correlation between urban configuration, land use patterns, and urban mobility, highlighting their combined impact on the vitality of urban spaces and the promotion of social interaction. Furthermore, the study identifies both strengths and potential areas for improvement in Da Nang city's revised master plan, providing valuable insights for urban planners. By examining the city's current urban form, the research proposes a new urban structure centered around five functional cores, aimed at optimizing the urban configuration to build on existing strengths and support sustainable urban development.

Gaukhar Sadvokasova   Lyazzat Nurkusheva   Veronika Musabayeva   Bolat Kuspangaliyev   and Konstantin Samoilov   

Creating a barrier-free environment that takes into account the needs of the low-mobility part of the population is a constant task in various areas of personal and public life organization. The emergence of mandatory design and construction standards has ensured significant progress in this area. The demand for a barrier-free environment in apartments where families without disabilities live is constantly growing. A barrier-free environment becomes a criterion for the convenience of living in general. The inclusive design that ensures this quality of the home offers various solutions. One of the unresolved problems so far is the possibility of wheelchair users living on different floors of multi-storey buildings. This is due to the difficulty of their evacuation in case of emergency shutdown of elevators. An option to solve the problem is the installation of car ramps and apartment parking lots. These ramps, under normal conditions, provide highly comfortable automobile delivery of a representative of low-mobility groups of the population directly to the apartment doors. In the event of an accident, these ramps can be used freely, without creating a queue, to ensure the descent of an accompanied disabled person or a bedridden patient on special stretchers from any floor of an apartment building.

Stefany M. Mucha Marticorena   Gaby N. Ordaya Aliaga   and Vidal V. Calsina Colqui   

The present study aimed to analyze the stabilization of clay soils for the optimization of urban subgrades through the use of common glass in the province of Tarma, Peru. An experimental design methodology was employed, with 5 test pits excavated for soil extraction. Recycled glass was used, ground, and added in varying percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 60%. An observation sheet was used to record all relevant data. The results indicated that the SiO₂ content in the glass was 71.166% and the CaO content was 25.683%, with Si (53.355%) and Ca (41.355%) being the predominant elements. Regarding Maximum Dry Density (MDD), the highest value was recorded with the addition of 20% ground glass (1.987 g/cm^³). Additionally, the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) decreased as the percentage of added glass increased. Concerning the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) at 100% of the MDD, the maximum value was observed with 20% glass addition (17.8%), indicating that the subgrade is of good quality. Finally, the ANOVA analysis showed an F-statistic value of 267.1722 and a p-value of 0.00, suggesting statistically significant differences between the groups with different percentages of glass addition. It was concluded that the addition of ground glass improves the density and moisture providing an effective solution for the stabilization of clay soils in terms of sustainability and performance.

Manu Vijay   and G. Ravi   

India's road transport system relies heavily on its extensive network of bridges, many of which are reinforced cement concrete RCC structures. Fatigue is a critical issue for these road bridges, significantly influencing their life span. This study focuses on the fatigue analysis of an RCC bridge on NH275, connecting Mysore to Hunsur in Karnataka State, India to ensure the long term safety and reliability of aged RCC road bridges by assessing their structural integrity in the face of fatigue induced damage. The methodology involved a systematic approach by collecting load data to calculate annualized traffic and cross-sectional data was gathered from documentation to accurately model the bridge. A moving load analysis was conducted to evaluate the stress distribution under vehicular loads. The study then applied Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) to analyze fatigue cracks caused by cyclic loads using crack initiation and propagation theories. But, due to the high randomness of LEFM parameters and associated uncertainties, structural reliability principles were incorporated and the Reliability Index (β), was calculated using a limit-state approach. MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a) was used for computational analysis which enabled precise calculations. This study provides a detailed understanding of the relationship between load cycles, crack size, and the Reliability Index (β) for Reinforced Concrete Bridge. It emphasizes the importance of equivalent stress range and detected crack size in fatigue analysis and offers a methodology for predicting bridge reliability over time. The results indicated that the Reliability Index (β) consistently decreased as the number of load cycles increased. At 2x10^⁶ cycles, the highest β value was observed in the scenario with a single moving vehicle, reflecting lower stress levels. The analysis also showed that bridges with detected cracks and varying traffic growth exhibited different β values depending on the crack size and vehicle speed. This developed method enabled the assessment of bridge dependability and helped determine an acceptable risk level and optimal inspection intervals, ensuring a safe and reliable bridge. The findings contribute to the development of more accurate inspection strategies and maintenance plans, ensuring the safety and longevity of bridge structures.

Menna Alaa AboElhassan   and Shaimaa Samir Ashour   

Literature on gas stations is limited, either discussed in urban planning and history or mentioned as non-places lacking social interaction. Limited research explores their potential as public spaces with social behavioral patterns. The paper aims to investigate if the new typology of gas stations in the new suburbs of Cairo, Egypt act as Third Places for its consumers and if they could act as successful public places. To explore this, a correlational study was conducted with 245 responses to a survey designed to examine the social behavioral patterns of gas station users within this new typology. The survey was designed according to the paper's criteria deduced from Jan Gehl, Project of Public Spaces (PPS) and Third Places Theory Criteria. The paper presents pioneering findings in studying the social life of gas stations in Cairo, Egypt's new suburbs. Furthermore, the study explores novel and seldom unexplored subjects of social interaction history at gas stations, a topic previously uncharted. The study found a generational gap in gas station perceptions. Younger demographics, adolescents, and young adults view gas stations as social public spaces, potentially functioning as "Third Places". However, adults perceive them as practical convenience spots. Conversely, older adults disagreed with the notion of gas stations as social hang-out spaces or "Third Places". These findings suggest that gas stations serve largely as a "Third Place" for younger people, with some adult potential but little attraction for older adults.

Abdel-Wahab M. Abdel-Wahab   Hebatallah A. Elsayed   and Ayman H. El-alfy   

Cairo's urbanization and traffic mitigation technologies have dramatically reduced the city's green spaces. Satellite imagery and the Geographic Information System (GIS) can allocate roof space in several Cairo government buildings. GIS and Remote Sensing (RS) satellite images track metropolis growth and shrinkage. In areas with limited land, urban administrative buildings might develop rooftop gardens from underutilized rooftop areas. Roof gardens reduce air pollution, provide oxygen, and reduce heat transfer while offering social and recreational places for building inhabitants. The geographic spread and efficacy of rooftop gardens were examined to determine public approval. The study utilized a mixed-methods approach combining GIS mapping, survey questionnaires, and thematic analysis of interviews to evaluate the psychological and social impacts of roof gardens in administrative buildings. Quantitative data, including correlation and regression analyses, identified significant relationships between environmental factors and employee productivity. Qualitative insights from interviews were thematically analyzed to capture recurring patterns in occupant well-being, which were integrated into the final garden design. The combination of these methods provided a comprehensive understanding of how environmental interventions like roof gardens influence both physical and psychological health. The research examined how roof gardens affect building inhabitants' well-being, contentment, and productivity. The research incorporates creative gardens, lounges, cafés, event spaces, shaded areas, and pergolas to promote socializing and community involvement. The design of a roof garden may impact worker productivity, according to research. Green environments, aesthetics, and thermal comfort increase productivity. The current research suggests that roof gardens might boost employee productivity and well-being. The regression study showed that air quality, visual appeal, thermal comfort, and green areas best predicted self-reported productivity. The model predicted 68% of production variation, with air quality being the primary predictor. Thermal comfort correlated most with productivity (r = 0.50), followed by green areas (r = 0.48) and visual attractiveness (r = 0.45). For all factors, positive associations with productivity ranged from moderate to high. These results may help in designing and implementing roof gardens in administrative settings, improving staff well-being and productivity.

Fadhilah Muslim   and Rachmat Hermawan   

The use of cement, as the main construction material, is a major contributor to escalating global CO₂ emissions as cement production increases. To address this challenge and align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), fly ash from boiler combustion has a potential to replace a partial percentage of cement as a waste material. In line with Indonesian Carbon neutral's strategy, biomass cofiring of Coal Fire Power Plant (CFPP) also contributes to net-balanced CO₂ emissions. This research explores the potential benefits of incorporating fly ash derived from coal and biomass co-firing at power plants on the properties of concrete. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the impact of co-firing on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. Three concrete mixes prepared using Portland Cement CEM I and cement replacement by 10%, 20% and 30% fly ash (FA) were subjected to rigorous testing, including assessments of density, porosity, sorptivity, and electrochemical analysis. The results revealed that replacing 10% of cement with fly ash yielded the most optimal outcome, with the concrete exhibiting remarkable corrosion resistance. Specifically, it exhibited a density of 2.226 kg/m³, porosity of 26%, sorptivity of 0.3 mm/s^0.5, and a corrosion rate of 0.26 mm/year. Additionally, the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) test demonstrated enhanced corrosion resistance of the reinforcing steel across all variations of concrete specimens. This was further confirmed by the carbonation test, which indicated the absence of carbonation (indicated by pink areas). In conclusion, the utilization of fly ash derived from coal and biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants presents a promising alternative to traditional cement in concrete. This alternative material offers superior properties compared to concrete composed solely of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).

Sandy Grace Lizarraga Cotera   Claudia Andrea Marcelo Maravi   Alex Baggio De la Cruz Soria   and Jorge Luis Poma García   

In this research, we intend to implement intervention plans in sacral heritage buildings of the Mantaro Valley, promoting and encouraging the commitment to perpetuate the local culture and memory as the old church of Huayucachi, considered as immovable historical heritage in the category of religious architecture entering as one of the 15 primeval and sacral churches of the Andean territory, since its formal characteristics are outlined as a mixture of baroque style and ornamental elements of the Andean culture, being some main vestiges of what was once a living architecture. From a diagnosis, we propose an architectural intervention proposal that is defined as a put in value of the old church of Huayucachi, opening a set of questions about its influence on its environment, its construction, history, culture and traditions. The information of the old church of Huayucachi was collected through an observation and description sheet by environment, in which its parts were recorded through an area of analysis based on its elements and its current state by percentages of deterioration, and this information is complemented with a study analysis of materials and heritage survey for the understanding and contextualization of its environment. It was determined that the study is under the premise of safeguarding the building through a constructive technological integration that will allow its occupation and cultural use of a currently abandoned and deteriorated heritage, thus promoting cultural sustainability.

Amitava Sil   Nipun Kumar   M. B. Ananthayya   Jayasimha. N.   Nandan N. Shenoy   Amshith Kumar M. J.   and Amogh Ajay Malokar   

The following study focuses on biophilic design in contemporary architecture and its impact on sustainable context and people's health. The purpose of this paper is to establish how biophilia can be used to achieve the design of sustainable and people-oriented built environments. Subsequently, based on the literature, a conceptual model is formulated to capture the essence of biophilic design and stress sustainable living and improvement of the occupants' standard of living. Finally, the study provides a detailed literature review that chronologically analyses the historical development of biophilic design about the changing definitions of sustainable design. Methodologically, this research utilizes qualitative interviews, surveys, and case studies that encompass a wide geographical spread and types of architecture. Causal comparative and correlational methods are used to examine quantitative data that indicates how biophilic design benefits occupants. It would benefit from the results that reflect the positive relationship between the BIOPHILIC DESIGN elements and the improved well-being to show the advantages of the integration of SUSTAINABILITY AND HUMAN-CENTRIC DESIGN elements. From the lessons learned, it is clear that a finite design thinking approach generates the highest outcomes in these areas, but the study's applicability could be restricted by case study-focused analysis.

Eskander Muslimovich Baitenov   and Ainagul Kayrbaevna Tuyakayeva   

The researches of traditional architecture of Kazakhstan (existed till the early 20th century) were limited by territorial frames of separate oblasts of Kazakhstan. So, there were problems in the development of compelling concept of traditional architecture of Kazakhstan. Some studies applied holistic approach to its scrutiny. They determined certain periods but considered the evolution of local architecture as linear and successive. This is explained by the lack of database to develop objective conclusions. Due to local archeological and architectural researches, implemented recently, we can study deeper the process of architectural form-development in Kazakhstan. The aim of this research is the scientific justification of conclusions that the process of local architectural form-development had three main periods. They are – Ancient (Bronze epoch, Sacks period), Medieval (Turkic peoples mostly) and the period of XVI – early 20th century, which is related to forming of the Kazakh nationality. All the above periods experienced relatively independent architectural form-development. The methodological basis of the research is the comparative method, which pointed out the whole and specific in architectural compositions of all three periods. Also, due to following apply of the systematic analysis, we developed multilevel system of architectural forms. Moreover, the character of levels' interrelations has been determined. It was identified - each period had its own specific form arrangement. The ancient period had dominating form-development principle - rigid radial-circular structure of compositions. During the medieval centuries – composition was arranged as per clearly and artistically accented three-level volumetric-spatial structure. The “Kazakh” period – the space was arranged as per dominating the vertical axis. This research tried to form a panoramic vision on the development of traditional architecture of Kazakhstan during the period of three thousand years. It will be a significant contribution to the awareness of the processes of architectural form-development in Kazakhstan. It will be the basis for further researches to study and specify certain aspects of local architecture. The results of the research can be used for scrutiny of architectural heritage, development of new approaches for its restoration and protection. The research is absolutely necessary for the creation of modern regional architecture of Kazakhstan.

Debby Seftyarizki   Mohammad Nur Dita Nugroho   and Samsul Bahri   

A parking area is believed as one of urban public open spaces that are potential enough to contribute in mitigating UHI (Urban Heat Island) through the design arrangement of vegetation and other landscape elements. Parking areas in Pantai Panjang Bengkulu Indah Mall (BIM) and Rumah Pengasingan Soekarno, two of most famous tourism destinations in Bengkulu, Indonesia, were chosen as the object study for this research to discover the possibility of landscape elements in reducing air temperature rise by finding the correlation between existing landscape element and air temperature created. Site observation was conducted for 2 days in each location to collect existing physical data of landscape element, and existing air temperature data using a mini weather station and a thermal-hygrometer. Data from both observed locations then will be compared to each other to find which one has a better performance in reducing air temperature through their landscape elements. Simulation using ENVI-met will also be conducted to find the effectiveness of existing vegetation in reducing air temperature. Results of the study showed that both observed parking areas are not giving a huge positive impact on reducing UHI in Bengkulu City because the temperature recorded on the existing site was higher than the temperature data collected from the internet on the same day. However, landscape elements in Pantai Panjang BIM parking area, such as wide-tree vegetation and greater shaded canopy area especially on the west side, have bigger potential to mitigate UHI due to the lower of air temperature compared to Rumah Pengasingan Soekarno Parking Area.

Martin Schoch   Sunaree Lawanyawatna   and Sokhai Nop   

To address Sustainability, Cambodia's National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD) is developing a national building rating system for possible implementation by the Ministry of Environment. This paper describes the objectives and framework for preparing the draft of this system. The study aims to develop guidelines and certification criteria for Cambodia's 'new buildings' and 'buildings in use'. The study reviews prevalent regionally and internationally used building assessment schemes and relates their outcomes to the local context. The resulting criteria framework further developed through stakeholder reviews and piloting projects, combines sustainable considerations in environmental, economic, and socio-functional sustainability categories, including process, communication, and site considerations. It incorporates feasible quantitative and qualitative criteria for implementation and evaluation using applicable indicators. The framework also foresees the development of training and operation manuals for the certification process. While adopting several criteria from existing rating schemes to become practical in Cambodia, such an approach requires a gradual adjustment due to the prevailing lack of local standards and related reference data and the lack of experience in sustainability in critical occupations of the industry. The significance of the study lies in its potential to promote sustainable development in the Cambodian construction sector; implementing a certification system will help the country achieve sustainable development goals.

Aya Roby Abdelfattah   Abdelrahman Ragab   Magdy Elyamany   and Shimaa Younis   

Cement manufacturing is one of the industries that has a significant impact on climate pollution, contributing approximately 6-8% to global CO₂ emissions and global warming. However, there has been a global shift towards more sustainable practices in various fields, including the cement industry. The aim of this study was to produce concrete binders based on calcined clays and limestone as a possible way to reduce the amount of clinker used in cement manufacturing. In order to produce limestone calcined clay cement, the study compared different concrete mixtures that included two different types of calcined clay (from the Egyptian deserts of Sinai and Zaafarana) in combination with limestone filler. The evaluation was based on compressive, indirect tensile and flexural strengths, and the degree of hydration. In this experiment, 9 cement-based concrete mixes, including a reference mix, were designed with fixed water content, sand, and basalt. Eight concrete mixes of limestone calcined clay cement (4 for each type of calcined clay) were produced, using 7.5%, 15%, 22.5%, and 30% of calcined clay, 10% of limestone filler, and 5% gypsum, with the remaining being clinker. The water consistency, setting times, Le Chatelier test, and compressive strengths of the concrete mixtures were evaluated. Furthermore, rapid chloride permeability test, XRD analysis and SEM study were conducted to investigate the kinetics of pore refinement and microstructure. The results showed that the binders exhibited a slight improvement in mechanical strengths compared to Ordinary Portland Cement, by 4.6%. Furthermore, the study revealed a significant pozzolanic activity and synergy between the calcined clay and limestone filler in the binder. Both limestone calcined clay cement concretes outperformed ordinary Portland cement, particularly in terms of workability and durability. The SEM images, processed using the MATLAB image processing toolbox, confirmed that the binder cement concretes have better pore refinement and microstructure compared to the Portland concrete, especially the Zaafarana mixture of 30% calcined clay at a curing age of 90 days. In conclusion, the development of limestone calcined clay cement concrete presents a promising approach for reducing the clinker content in cement production, thereby contributing to the global efforts towards more sustainable and environmentally-friendly construction materials.

Nchiti El Mehdi   El Hammoumi Abdellah   Iben Brahim Aomar   Cherraj Mohammed   El Hachmi Driss   and Jouhar Abderrahmane   

On September 8, 2023, Morocco suffered a severe earthquake in the Al-Houaz region, with a magnitude of 6.8 on the Richter scale. Some areas were more severely affected than others, with different degrees of damage observed on buildings of the same type. It appears that site effects, aging, and structural degradation are responsible for the increase in this damage. To understand these effects, the H/V spectral method provides useful information on the dynamic behavior of buildings using microtremor measurements. In this study, the frequencies and damping of a set of Moroccan buildings are derived from measurements of ambient vibrations and compared to those given by the Moroccan seismic code and research works. For this purpose, ambient vibration measurement is performed on 17 existing buildings, representing the seismic classification of the European Macroseismic Scale. This study shows that damping on different buildings is frequency-dependent, which can be explained by the effect of radiative damping when buildings are founded on flexible soils and is a possibility to take into account in seismic design. A comparison of the frequencies measured at the top with those on the soil indicates the risk of soil-structure resonance. Also, the variation in frequency between the regulatory state and the ambient vibrations shows a decrease in frequencies for all buildings of vulnerability classes A and B, while for buildings of classes C and D, no variation in frequency was observed. This highlights a qualitative assessment of the damage and loss of rigidity of the buildings measured.

Derya Güleç Özer   

Cities need to face the difficulties of population increase, physical development, and rapid socioeconomic change head-on, especially with regard to the growing demand for transportation. Therefore, integrating clean transportation options, such as bicycles, into public transportation systems is essential. Bicycles are viable alternatives for short and medium-distance journeys, necessitating strategic planning and integration with rail transport systems. In this study, the integration of the bicycle rental system (Isbike) with Marmaray, Metro, and Tramway stations is examined. The field survey was carried out in six districts of Istanbul: Kadıkoy, Maltepe, Umraniye, Besiktas, Florya, and Atakoy. The research was carried out in three stages: (i) DepthMapX software and Open Street Map data to analyze using Space Syntax; (ii) bicycle route creation using Isbike station and IBB railway transportation data; and (iii) bicycle riders' survey-based evaluation of these routes based on physical, environmental, and visual criteria. The findings point to the possibility of space syntactic techniques for examining the physical layout of the city and assessing how well bicycle lanes integrate with the rail system, so recommending methods for better bikeability in urban planning.

Nataly Cecilia Perez Curi   Susan Milagros Meza Villanera   Luis Ronaldo Ricra Ricaldi   and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   

In the Andean regions of Peru, Andean house construction in Peru relies heavily on adobe as the main material, characterized by an entrenched self-construction system. This method faces significant challenges in terms of durability and structural strength, especially in areas exposed to flooding and seismic movements, due to the inherent low mechanical properties of adobe. In response to these limitations, research has explored the improvement of the mechanical properties of adobe by incorporating readily available fibers, such as chillihua fiber (CF), a plant that grows in the high Andean zone. At the same time, efforts have been made to reduce environmental pollution by reusing plastic waste, such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), due to its slow decomposition process. This research work evaluates the mechanical properties of adobe modified by incorporating CF fiber and recycled LDPE in the Andean region of Huancayo. Evaluations of the physical properties of the soil in situ were carried out to verify its suitability, followed by tests of granulometry, moisture content and plasticity index (PI). Subsequently, compressive strength and absorption strength tests were developed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the stabilized adobes. The study was divided into control and experimental groups with varying concentrations of CF fiber and recycled LDPE (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6%). The results showed that adobes stabilized with CF and recycled LDPE exhibit significant improvement in their compressive, indirect tensile, flexural and absorption strength, increasing load-bearing capacity and improving water absorption resistance. These improvements potentially contribute positively to the durability and structural stability of buildings with a variation of the cost of a conventional wall per m² versus a stabilized wall of only 6.86%.

Pengki Suanto   Saloma   Siti Aisyah Nurjannah   and Shek Poi Ngian   

The development of the construction industry impacts the need for sustainable materials and efforts to utilize paper waste. Synthesis of nanocellulose from waste paper uses the alkaline method at low temperatures as an environmentally friendly alternative construction material. The central concept of the research involves the transformation of waste paper into nanocellulose using alkali at low temperatures, which aims to explore waste paper as the primary material for nanocellulose that can be used in concrete mixtures. The alkalization process uses NaOH and NaClO at low temperatures. The research results show the successful synthesis of nanocellulose with promising characteristics for application in construction materials. PSA results confirmed the achievement of the nano size, showing that the distribution of particles on the nanometer scale between 100-500nm has an impact on the material properties. FTIR spectroscopy verified the chemical structure of nanocellulose, identifying the characteristic functional groups of cellulose. XRD revealed an increased amorphous structure after alkali processing on nanocellulose, which correlated with its mechanical strength. SEM observations visualize the morphology of nanocellulose, displaying the structure of the nanofibrils formed. EDX results in unsynthesized fibres were dominated by carbon and impurities; after synthesis, the carbon content disappeared, and the silica increased. The overall results show the potential of nanocellulose from waste paper as a sustainable construction material, offering an innovative solution for reducing waste and developing eco-friendly building materials. This research opens up new opportunities to utilize waste paper and develop nanomaterials for a more sustainable construction industry.

Amira Elwazan   Shafak El-Wakil   and Abeer Elshater   

Many cities worldwide are losing their unique identities due to new urban and architectural developments. Heliopolis, a district in Egypt, is currently undergoing this transformation, particularly with the introduction of flyovers aimed at alleviating traffic congestion and improving traffic flow. While these developments enhance transportation efficiency, they threaten the district's visual identity, safety, privacy, and overall quality of life for residents. This paper explores the physical, visual, environmental, economic, and social factors shaping Heliopolis' character. It evaluates the experiences and perceptions of various stakeholders—residents, commuters, and urban planners—before and after the urban transformation. Data gathered through an online questionnaire revealed significant shifts in community attachment and perceptions of the district's image. The study reveals conflicting opinions on the transformation and highlights the need for urban design that integrates modern infrastructure with the preservation of historical and cultural identity. It suggests that urban planners incorporate community feedback to foster sustainable and inclusive development while emphasizing the balance between cultural heritage and modern needs. A vital limitation of the study is its focus on a single district, which may not fully capture broader urban trends. However, the findings stress the importance of integrating community input to achieve sustainable development and preserve cultural heritage amidst infrastructure changes.

Sandeep G. S.   Arun Kumar Y. M.   and Nehal Habib   

Earthquakes and Wind forces pose significant threats to high-rise structures worldwide, often causing extensive damage and loss of life and property. Friction dampers are cost-effective, easy to install and reusable and hence are the best choice among several types of seismic dampers to control the effects of lateral forces on high-rise structures. The arrangement of the dampers plays a prominent role in strengthening high-rise buildings for lateral forces. The present study investigates the efficacy of X-type and diagonal friction damper configurations arranged at the bottom 1/3rd, middle 1/3rd, top 1/3rd and throughout the height in a typical bundled tube high-rise building system in minimizing the structural response to lateral forces. It is observed from the present study that the location of the friction dampers plays a prominent role in controlling structural response to the lateral loads compared to the type of friction dampers adopted. Building system with X-type friction dampers arranged throughout the height of a building is found to be effective in resisting lateral forces in bundled tube high-rise structural systems, especially at higher stories as compared to other configurations considered in the study.

German Acuña-Portocarrero   Julissa Soto-Chahua   and Juan Elías Otárola-Santiváñez   

In the District of Rio Tambo, specifically in the village of Cana Eden in Satipo, rural dwellings face a significant problem of thermal comfort. Structures built with industrial materials present greater thermal discomfort compared to those built with mixed or natural materials. This research focused on determining the incidence of construction materials on the level of thermal comfort of these dwellings. The methodology used was applied, with an explanatory level and a non-experimental causal cross-sectional research design. The study population comprised the dwellings of the Cana Edén population centre, with a census sample of 30 dwellings. Observation sheets were used for data collection. The analysis included the evaluation of the thermal properties of the building materials, such as thermal conductivity and transmittance, and their impact on the thermal comfort of the inhabitants. Environmental and personal factors influencing the perception of thermal comfort were also considered. In addition, a detailed study of the sunshine of the dwellings was carried out, using tools such as the Givoni bioclimatic diagram and Mahoney tables to assess local climatic conditions. The results revealed that dwellings built with industrial materials presented greater thermal discomfort compared to those built with mixed or natural materials, which offered a higher level of thermal comfort. This finding underlines the importance of carefully selecting building materials in architectural design, considering the specific conditions of the environment and the cultural and socio-economic needs of the community. Finally, the research developed an architectural design proposal that promotes the use of natural materials in jungle dwellings, with the aim of significantly improving thermal comfort and habitability conditions for local inhabitants. This proposal not only seeks to solve the problem of thermal discomfort, but also to contribute to sustainability and energy efficiency in housing construction in the region.

Appolinaris Didien Trimartinni   Lily Montarcih Limantara   Pitojo Tri Juwono   and Hari Siswoyo   

This research intends to assess the storage capacity performance of multi-purpose reservoir in design stage. However, the performance size of reservoir storage capacity shows the reliability in guaranteeing water demand-supply and flood control storage. The methodology consists of data collecting, data analysis, calibration of low flow and high flow model by using HEC-HMS, analysis of reservoir storage capacity by using SPA, assessment analysis to the performance index model of reservoir storage capacity for water demand-supply by using McMahon approach, preparation of model for determining the influenced variables by using SEM-PLS, regression model for developing the performance index of multi-purpose reservoir storage capacity by using GRG approach, and performance classification model of multi-purpose reservoir storage capacity by using zonation approach. The result shows that the performance index model of multi-purpose storage capacity by using the variable, indicator, and variable index weight is as follows: KT** = 0.20030 CV + 0.457672 D + 0.16677 KA + 0.175258 DF (with RMSE = 0.218483 and NSE = 0.758675). This research is hoped to predict the feasibility of reservoir storage capacity and performance of reservoir storage capacity based on the ability to fulfil water demand in various conditions of storage capacity for monthly and annual requirements. In addition, it can be a reference in assessing the performance of reservoir storage capacity and utilization so it can be used as the base for decision making to design the dimension of dam completion structure and design of reservoir management.

Totoh Andayono   Mas Mera   Junaidi   and Dalrino   

Land use change from catchment area to residential can reduce infiltration volume, decrease infiltration capacity, and increase surface runoff. This research develops an artificial infiltration device focused on micro-scale stormwater management in residential areas that is modular, economical, and can be integrated with urban drainage systems to be applied on narrow lots. Artificial infiltration device is in the form of a shallow well measuring 50cm × 50cm × 100cm, with geotextile-covered walls and a palm fibre-covered base. In the centre of the well, a perforated PVC pipe with a diameter of 4 inches and a split of 2×3 cm is installed to facilitate the flow of water and prevent the wall of the well from collapsing. The first stage of the research involves collecting and testing soil samples from 10 residential properties to determine soil characteristics and infiltration. The second stage measures the performance of the artificial infiltration device using data on the roof area, rainfall, inflow, and outflow volumes. The final stage evaluates the performance of the device by determining the infiltration capacity using Horton's equation and the relationship between rainfall intensity, surface runoff, and infiltration. The results show that using 1 unit of artificial infiltration device with an average rainfall intensity of violent category and an average roof area of 30 m^² can increase the infiltration capacity 11 times, from 72.3 mm/hour to 798 mm/hour. This result shows a significant increase in the device's water absorption capacity. The device slowed the onset of surface runoff to an average of 12.5 minutes, potentially reducing the flood peak. The device also increased the critical point from the 3rd to the 48th minute, increasing infiltration volume and reducing surface runoff. The infiltration device can reduce the risk of flooding and inundation in urban residential land.

Joshy Nichelson Castillo Curasma   Esthefany Araceli Curo Tovar   Jimmy Nick Stevens Garcia Joija   and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   

The variation of height from one floor to another is associated with the decrease of stiffness. Such variations in the world, have claimed countless lives and have led to the collapse of structures throughout history, such as the earthquakes occurred in Loma Prieta 1989, Taiwan 1999, Northridge 1994, Ica 2007, several buildings products of the seismic event failed by the change of stiffness at the first level of the structure. The present research work analyses the structural behaviour of buildings in the first level height variation controlled by viscous fluid dissipators. Based on the analyzed investigations, we have noticed that the buildings of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 floors, are structures that have collapsed in the described earthquakes, so on this basis we have analyzed the structuring of models with 900 m² with the variation of the height of the first level in 3, 5, 7 m in the models of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 floors correspondingly, in which we analysed the 21 models with a linear time-history analysis with 3 pairs of seismic records which were treated and scaled by using the SeismoSignal software, SeismoMatch, being the 1966 lima case 2 earthquake the predominant one to analyse the behaviour of the structure, in which we added the viscous fluid dissipators based on Fema 274 and the Hazus methodology, in which we could appreciate the parameters of drifts, accelerations, energy dissipation, hysteretic graph, which were obtained through the use of the ETABS 20 software. We conclude that the addition of viscous fluid dissipators improves the structural behaviour, optimally reducing the stresses in the building, controlling the height variation of the first level, which is ideal for existing structures that require structural reinforcement, being the maximum tolerable drift of 0.009249 to ensure the proper functioning of this device, and it was also obtained that increasing the height in a new building is not appropriate because it increases the drifts and reduces the accelerations correspondingly.

Daniel Cruze   and Moses Benhin Rajan   

Events like earthquakes, waves and wind can exert significant lateral pressure on pile foundation supporting structures, including towering buildings, transmission towers, offshore constructions, and bridges. The present study illuminates the notable improvements in the ability of monopile foundations to withstand lateral cyclic, static, and axial loads by implementing toothing system in rectangular wing design. Furthermore, findings serve as valuable information for optimizing foundation configurations in structures that face lateral and axial loads. In particular, this research delves into the structural behaviour of a novel pile foundation design that features rectangular wing with toothing system. The study compares the behaviour of traditional monopile to rectangular winged pile with toothing system, subjected to static, cyclic, and axial loads. The numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of piles when subjected to cyclic lateral loads, static loads, and axial loads using ANSYS software. The static load simulations incorporated displacements ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm. The results revealed that the rectangular winged pile toothing system displayed a 35% improvement in resistance against static lateral loads compared to the monopile. In cyclic loading, rectangular winged pile with a toothing system showed significant improvements in load resistance, surpassing the monopile by 71.62% in positive direction and 74.29% in negative direction and 103.53% for axial loading when compared with conventional monopile.

Ni Putu Aryani   and I Kadek Merta Wijaya   

In addition to living in the central village, Pengotan traditional village members also own houses in their fields. This is a result of most of the people being farmers who work in the fields. Nonetheless, there are variations in the residential patterns—linear and clustered—of the fields where people reside. Thus, the purpose of this research was to detect residential patterns in the fields and to compare and assess them according to three criteria: social, cultural, and economic. To explain and gather data for the study, qualitative descriptive approaches were used. After verifying the theory utilized to conduct observations, interviews, analysis, and interpretation of analysis results, the comparative deductive technique is implemented. A comparative method is used to compare the two research objects, considering both their characteristics and their facts. As research items, one traditional house in the central village as well as two residential patterns in the fields between Banjar Delod Desa and Banjar Yoh were examined. Two types of residential patterns—linear and clustered patterns—were found in the fields based on field observations and analysis. A luan-teben idea found in the orientation illustrates the spatial hierarchy present in many topographies. The comparison concludes that the furniture utilized in each mass depends on the quantity and purpose of the various masses. In the meantime, research based on social, cultural, and economic factors determines which factors have the greatest bearing on the growth of lodge houses. In conclusion, people of Pengotan village constructed two residential patterns in the fields that still take spatial hierarchy into consideration. Since occupants need more room to complete daily tasks, the two residential patterns differ primarily in mass quantity and mass function. Therefore, depending on day-to-day activities, the economic factor is what genuinely persuades homeowners to construct a lodge house.

Ni Wayan Meidayanti Mustika   I Dewa Gede Diasana Putra   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   and I Made Adhika   

This study aims to identify the factors influencing green building certification in Bali, Indonesia, with a focus on contextual sustainability, particularly socio-cultural aspects. The green building movement is gaining traction globally and has found its way to Indonesia, promoting sustainability in the construction sector through various certification systems such as Greenstar, BREEAM, LEED, DGNB and Greenship. However, implementation in Bali presents unique challenges and opportunities due to its rich cultural heritage and local architectural principles. The first green building certification in Bali began with a pilot project in Gianyar Regency in 2018, indicating a nascent but growing interest. Despite the growing global push for sustainable buildings, adoption in Bali has been modest, with only ten projects certified to date, mostly government buildings. This limited uptake highlights the need to understand the contextual factors influencing green building certification in Bali. The research used a mixed methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative analysis. Data collection included in-depth interviews and questionnaires distributed to stakeholders involved in green building projects in Bali. The findings revealed three main groups of influencing factors: Green Building Performance, Rules and Regulations, and Socio-Culture. Among these, socio-cultural aspects emerged as particularly significant, reflecting the importance of aligning green building practices with Balinese architectural traditions and local community values. This study highlights the critical role of contextual factors in green building certification in Bali. Integrating local cultural values and traditional architectural principles with green building standards can increase the acceptance and effectiveness of sustainable building practices in Bali. The findings suggest a pathway towards more sustainable development in Bali that respects and preserves its unique cultural identity while advancing environmental sustainability goals.

Bukola Adejoke Adewale   and Anuoluwa Nissi Odewumi   

Community centres play a variety of important responsibilities in communities. They function as cohesive environments, fostering the convergence of individuals from diverse backgrounds to engage in collaborative endeavours and promote inclusion, which is essential for sustainable urban development. This study examined the adoption of inclusive architecture strategies in three selected community centres in Lagos Mainland, Nigeria – Araromi Youth Development Centre, Magodo Residents Association Community Centre, and Ikeja Youth Centre, in order to improve inclusion in public spaces and foster sustainable urban development. Employing a qualitative approach, the research aimed to evaluate the adoption level of inclusive architecture strategies in the study area. Utilising an observation guide as a research instrument supported by a thorough literature review, the study conducted in-depth case studies within the study area, revealing commendable levels of adoption. However, a deeper examination reveals opportunities for greater adoption of inclusive architecture strategies in order to achieve a more holistic and inclusive design aligned with global standards. This study also offers significant implications in the field of architecture as it provides a comprehensive framework that future research can use to assess and compare the inclusiveness of different public spaces. This research underscores the pressing need for enhanced inclusivity in urban spaces and public areas, contributing valuable insights to academic discussions and offering practical implications for educators, architects, urban planners, and policymakers, thus fostering inclusivity and sustainable urban development.

R. Jose Antony Syril   and D. Rajkumar   

The structural performance of masonry columns under axial compression is crucial for construction safety and durability. This study investigates the behaviour of masonry columns using finite element analysis (FEA) with ANSYS software, focusing on the effects of different mortar types (conventional cement and geopolymer) and steel wire mesh reinforcement. The purpose is to evaluate how these materials and reinforcement techniques influence load-bearing capacity, deformation, crack formation, and failure mechanisms. Numerical models were developed and validated against experimental data, demonstrating that geopolymer-confined columns exhibit superior load capacity and ductility compared to conventional counterparts. The principal results indicate that the FEA models show slightly higher stiffness during the linear phase due to the absence of micro-cracks and bond-slip effects. Major conclusions highlight the significant impact of material selection and reinforcement strategies on structural performance. This study emphasizes the potential of ferrogeopolymer materials combining geopolymer mortar and steel wire mesh to enhance masonry column performance. Contributions to the field include providing insights for optimizing masonry column design and construction, offering a comprehensive analysis of advanced materials and reinforcement techniques, and validating numerical models against experimental results to improve future research and practical applications.

Adham Sami ALAzzam   and Syarmila Hany Haron   

Islamic architecture is characterized by its unique architectural style that embodies societal values, Islamic practices, and traditions. As architectural forms evolved, Western art influences began to appear, resulting in a fall of some elements within Islamic art. This research examines the incorporation of Islamic characteristics into the architectural design of contemporary mosques in Jordan. It investigates two specific mosques: Al-Hamshari Mosque and King Abdullah Founder Mosque. The research aims to comprehend the factors behind the tendency to distance oneself from embracing Islamic architecture and instead move towards Western styles, and to identify solutions and techniques that enhance the utilization of Islamic architecture. To achieve these objectives, a mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining an objective analysis of the mosques with questionnaires and interviews. The research highlights the significant influence of designers in preserving identity, as there was a low acceptance of animal ornaments among worshipers because designers viewed them as unsuitable for modern design. Consequently, worshipers no longer feel that these ornaments are part of their identity. On the other hand, the difficulty in applying ornaments was one of the challenges raised by designers, which impacted their usage. The research result helped in understanding the factors influencing the delivery of Islamic identity through ornamentation in contemporary mosques in Jordan. As a result, it is possible to deal with the problem of spreading the Western style through the research results and recommendations.

Johan Wahyudi   Retna Hidayah   and Slamet Widodo   

Ngancar Village is one of the villages in Magetan Regency that borders directly with Central Java Province, and is a village where two cultures meet, namely Jawa Timuran culture and Mataraman culture. One form of culture that is reflected in the field of architecture is residential houses that have undergone many changes in terms of form and function. Traditional Javanese residential houses, which were once quite numerous, have now begun to undergo many changes, replaced by more modern dwellings. One part of the house that is inseparable is the kitchen or in the language called pawon. This research aims to obtain a typology of pawon layout patterns in traditional Javanese houses in Ngancar Village and its influencing factors. The framework of the study approach used in this research is an observational approach and interviews in the field with qualitative analysis techniques. The results of the research related to the layout of the pawon against the omah based on the facing of the house are: 1) To the right of the omah are 8 houses, 2) To the left of the omah are 8 houses, 3) Behind the omah are 7 houses, and 4) Inside the omah are 3 houses. While the layout of the pawon towards the omah based on the cardinal directions are: 1) To the east of the omah are 13 houses, and 2) To the west of the omah are 3 houses.

Sandesh Upadhyaya K.   Priyodip Paul   S. Sumanth Akhil   Nishanta Khatoniyar   and Nausha Shetty   

Concrete, a popular construction material, is prone to cracking, which affects its long-term strength and durability. An easier, eco-friendly, and economical approach to improve the durability of concrete is by applying ureolytic bacteria. Self-healing concrete is the concrete that fills the micro-cracks by producing calcite crystals when the bacteria come in contact with water and air. The study focuses on accessing the concrete healing mechanism using five different bacteria that contribute to the increase in compressive strength of the concrete. These five bacteria studied here are rarely used in concrete. The hardened properties of concrete with ureolytic bacteria were comparable with conventional concrete of grade M30. The present study aims to identify the potential ureolytic bacteria that can be effectively used in concrete. Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation occurs when water encounters unhydrated calcium in the concrete, and calcium hydroxide, which serves as a catalyst, is produced with the aid of bacteria. The calcite formed filled up the voids and cracks formed in the concrete, enhancing its strength. In the presence of a calcium source, calcium carbonate can be precipitated through a biologically driven mineralization process. The ureolytic bacteria used in concrete in this study, with the exception of Proteus inconstans, showed good calcite formation. Concrete with Bacillus coagulans showed positive results for hardened property tests conducted after 7 and 28 days of curing. In addition, the densification of the concrete matrix was observed through microscopic analysis, such as X-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscope. The calcite crystal formation was evident in the ureolytic bacterial concrete specimens, indicating self-healing activity in the concrete.

Balamuralikrishnan R.   Noof Nasser AL. Oufi   and Thekra Issa Alghassani   

Environmental regulators put pressure on refineries to handle wasted catalyst in a safe manner. Spent catalyst, which is produced when petroleum is split to reduce its sulphur level and enhance its burning properties, is one of the petroleum refineries in Oman's industrial byproducts. Spent catalysts include cementitious material, which can be utilised in place of cement to some extent. The relationship between steel bond strength and the flexural behaviour of regular (C30) and high-strength (C60) spent catalyst-based concrete is the main topic of this study. Concrete cubes of the C30 and C60 grades, each measuring 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm, were made for optimisation after different amounts of leftover catalyst were added to the concrete, such as 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by weight of cement. Twenty-four cubes were cast for the bond research and forty-eight cubes for the compressive strength test as part of the optimisation procedure. For a bond study with a helical spring H8 diameter to avoid local shear an embedded vertical bar H12 at a length of 500 mm was inserted while casting of the cubes. Finally, for flexural strength test prism was cast of size 500 ×100 × 100 mm - 12 nos. for 0% and 9% for C30 and C60 grade concrete. The test was run on regular concrete more precisely, on leftover catalyzed-based concrete cubes after the concrete had been cured for 28 days. For the bond investigation, a 1000 kN capacity Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used to perform a pull-out test. The optimum dosage of spent catalyst-based concrete cubes replacing cement is 9% under the compressive strength test. The bond study using a pull-out test of 9% replacement of concrete by spent catalyst gives better performance compared to other dosages of spent catalyst (3%, 6%, & 12%). It concludes that a 9% replacement of cement using spent catalyst gives an 11% increase in terms of pull-out strength with respect to conventional concrete.

Pedro Daniel Laureano Villanueva   Jeiser soto llanco   Diego Antony Chanco Vila   and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   

Seismic movement in various regions of the world, especially in those located in areas of high tectonic activity such as the Pacific Ring of Fire, has resulted in considerable damage to infrastructure and significant human losses. In South America, particularly in Peru, this high seismic vulnerability has been a constant concern. In response to this global issue, the present study focused on investigating the effectiveness of Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD) to mitigate seismic effects in buildings of various heights. A comprehensive analysis of building models spanning heights from 5 to 20 stories was carried out, evaluating variations in key parameters such as drifts and accelerations under different percentages of mass in the TMD, ranging from 1% to 10% of the total building weight, supported by advanced computational analysis using specialized software such as ETABS. The results obtained revealed that the optimum mass percentages for TMD varied significantly depending on the height of the building. In taller buildings, specifically 15 and 20 stories, an improved structural response was observed when using 10% mass in the TMD, achieving considerable reductions in drifts and accelerations. In contrast, for buildings of lower height (5 and 10 stories), 5% mass in the TMD proved to be adequate to improve structural behavior without compromising its effectiveness. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the need to tailor the design and implementation of TMD according to the specific characteristics of each building to optimize their effectiveness in seismic risk mitigation. These findings provide a solid foundation for future research and practical applications in the field of earthquake engineering, underscoring the importance of meticulously considering the particular conditions of each structure when implementing vibration control devices such as TMD.

Oscar Moreno-Torres   Anamaria Franco-Leyva   and Maria Margarita Sierra   

This study evaluates the effect of a liquefiable layer in one dimensional site-response analysis to understand the propagation of ground motion through soil deposits. The evaluation was directed using an analytical method based on the application of a simplified hyperbolic constitutive model termed MRDF+u (modulus reduction and damping curve fit using a reduction factor and including porewater pressure generation, u) to integrate the Dobry and GMP PWP generation models accounting for ground softening (liquefaction). The methodology used 15 spectrally matched input motions selected from the PEER database, which were applied to a generic 30-meter sand profile with varying positions of the liquefiable layer. The soil profile was discretized into 20 sublayers, and the dynamic properties were kept constant within each layer. The analysis included equivalent linear total stress, nonlinear total stress, and nonlinear effective stress computations using the MRDF+u model. Corresponding calculations indicated that the liquefiable layer plays a major role in affecting the results of the site-response analysis that can lead to severe ground deformation and failures during seismic events. The effect of the liquefiable layer was demonstrated in the increment of porewater pressure values - by as much as 80% - and the large shear strain values by up to 15% observed in this layer. However, discrepancies in response spectra suggest that current models might underestimate the effects of soil softening and modulus degradation under high PWP conditions. The results obtained also suggested that the MRDF+u constitutive model is effective to capture the main soil response features, and it could be used in regular engineering practice. The research contributes to developing techniques in engineering design and public safety by providing more reliable geotechnical models to build earthquake-resistant structures. Correctly accounting of liquefiable layers facilitates the design of robust foundations and structures and reduces the risk of failure during earthquakes. Future research and engineering applications should focus on investigating the effect of different soil types, varying seismic conditions, and the application of multi-dimensional analysis methods to expand our understanding of liquefiable layers and improve site response predictions.

Mücella Ates   and Sacide Akin   

The concept of a 'smart city' is viewed both as a strategy to tackle urban challenges in existing cities and as a fundamental approach for planning new residential areas with diverse goals. This article began by identifying a gap in research on 'smart new cities', where the smart city concept plays a central role, despite the extensive body of work focused on smart cities in general. In the first part of the study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of smart new settlements and compared their urban plans. In the second part, we applied the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision-making method, to quantify the role of the smart city concept in the physical development of new settlement areas. Specifically, we evaluated how the parameters of the smart city concept influence the spatial formation of newly built smart cities. The findings revealed that the importance levels of the smart city concept's subcomponents differ in new smart cities, and urban design processes are shaped accordingly. Thus, the urban planning of these new smart cities varies based on the specific smart city parameters prioritized during the design phase.

Arham Munir   Nany Yuliastuti   and Atiek Suprapti   

The city of Ternate is a city that developed from the 6th to 17th centuries, influenced by Portuguese and Dutch Colonial hegemony as well as ethnic Indonesian traders and ethnic immigrants. As a historical area with a variety of cultural heritage, as the city develops, it is starting to lose the identity attached to the central area of Ternate City. The aim of this research is to identify the potential of the central area of Ternate City as an identity-forming element in a historic city area. This research uses a qualitative approach, which focuses on searching for field observation data and in-depth interviews supported by literature studies through relevant agencies and relevant research. The results of the research show that there are three important elements identified as historical heritage consisting of: 39 pieces of cultural heritage in the form of building sites and structures, 6 areas whose existence has historical value in the central area of Ternate City, and 3 activity networks whose existence has a strong relationship with the existence of the settlement. These three elements are also factors that form the central area of Ternate City and can be strong markers and identity values that the center of Ternate City is a historic city area.

Nada Yamoul   Latifa Dlimi   Khalid EL Harrouni   Chakir E. L. Mahjoub   and Baraka Achraf Chakir   

The building sector, considered energy-intensive, is one of the biggest consumers of energy. The building envelope is therefore a key element in ensuring thermal comfort and improving thermal performance. In this regard, improvement solutions and concrete measures in favor of energy sobriety become a necessity. Many methods and mechanisms have been implemented in recent studies for better energy efficiency, and the energy storage is considered one of the most relevant ways to achieve these proposes. PCMs can provide key solutions to energy shortages, carbon emissions, and climate adaptation. The integration of phase-change materials (PCMs) into the building envelope is considered a relevant solution for improving the thermal comfort and thermal performance of buildings, due to their ability to improve the thermal inertia and to reduce energy demand. This research paper discusses and proposes a literature review of benefits from PCM passive applications in buildings, and investigates the potential of using PCM to reduce energy needs through the simulation of three different scenarios. Ansys Fluent software was used to study the heat transfer; the thermal flux and the surface wall temperature following the proposed configurations. The results highlight the potential and importance of using the PCM to improve thermal performance and provide a more comfortable indoor environment.

Wendy Jia Yee Lau   Ahmad Sanusi Hassan   Hilma Tamiami Fachrudin   Hazril Sherney Basher   Muhammad Hafeez Abdul Nasir   and Mohammad Dolok Lubis   

ETFE is known as ethylene tetra-fluoroethylene, which is a highly durable polymer material with excellent light transmission properties. The growing adoption of this emerging lightweight material in building construction can be attributed to its inherent characteristics, including its high daylight transmittance, energy-saving potential, and reduced weight in comparison to conventional glazing glass solutions. This paper intends to assess the performance of different frit patterns of ETFE foils as building facades on the distribution of natural daylighting and illuminous environment within the buildings. The research methodology involves a combination of on-site monitoring of selected case study building and physical lab test to ensure a comprehensive research approach. Analysis focuses on key parameters which included the outdoor and indoor lighting level measured in unit of lux and daylight factor to determine the performance for different frit patterns of ETFE Foils. The major findings of this research show that 16mm dots fritted ETFE foils contribute to the most optimal daylighting performance among 4.3mm dots fritted and clear ETFE foils. Understanding daylighting performance of different frit patterns of ETFE foils helps architects and designers on the selection, customization and application of fritted ETFE Foils as building facades. The research outcomes will provide broad insights to the growing body of knowledge on integration of fritted ETFE facades to enhance the overall daylighting performance, quality of indoor illuminance environment and well-being of building occupants.

Odutayo Ayoyimika Adefemi   and Fatunmbi Ololade Mary   

The convergence of nature and cuisine within the domain of fine dining establishments represented a captivating fusion of sensory experiences, where the art of fine dining intersected with landscape architecture. By scrutinizing existing literature, the study aimed to elucidate the diverse strategies employed to seamlessly incorporate natural elements into the ambiance and aesthetics of fine dining restaurants. Through an in-depth analysis, the research identified several key landscape elements that could be integrated into the design of fine dining restaurants. These encompassed both tangible and intangible components, ranging from botanical features such as living walls, vertical gardens, and indoor greenery, to the incorporation of natural materials like wood, stone, and water features. Additionally, the utilization of spatial arrangements to evoke natural settings, such as open-air seating areas, panoramic views, and biophilic design principles, emerged as a pivotal aspect of landscape integration in restaurant design. The review relied on a systematic analysis of peer-reviewed literature published between 2014 and 2024 in Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, by examining studies of renowned fine dining establishments that had successfully integrated nature into their design ethos. The major conclusion drawn from this study was the importance of considering landscape elements as integral components of restaurant design, rather than mere embellishments. It also contributed to advancing the discourse on the intersection of culinary artistry and landscape aesthetics in fine dining. Furthermore, it underscored the potential social implications of creating dining spaces that fostered a deeper connection with nature, promoting environmental consciousness and well-being among patrons. However, further research was needed to delve deeper into the nuanced effects of specific landscape elements on customer preferences and dining behaviors, thereby refining our understanding of the optimal design strategies for different culinary contexts and cultural settings.

Nashrah   Antariksa   Luchman Hakim   and Lambang Basri Said   

Karebosi Field is one of the green open spaces (GOS) in Makassar City which is an important part of the city's structure. Its existence provides value to the quality of city space which tends to be eroded by the interest in other city facilities. Efforts are needed to maintain the existence and sustainability of the Karebosi Field as a preservation area by considering its form and function. This research aims to analyze and discover the influencing factors of urban morphology on the form and function of green open space as a preservation area. The method used to achieve this goal is the descriptive analysis method which explains the condition of the study object based on survey results with observations and interviews. Furthermore, the results of this analysis are used to analyze and find factors influencing urban morphology on the shape of green open space as a preservation area using SmartPLS-SEM 3.0 software. The research results show that the existence of Karebosi Field is influenced by the morphological conditions of the city where the form and function of Karebosi Field have an influence on Karebosi Field as a preservation area. Based on the results of the analysis using SmartPLS-SEM 3.0, it is known the magnitude of the influence of the form and function of GOS on its existence as a preservation area using an urban morphology approach. In this case, it is known that there are positive and significant or negative and insignificant influencing factors between the form and function of the Karebosi Field and its existence as a preservation area.

Heydi Karina Hinostroza Maravi   Andres Ramon Chang Santos   Franco Allen Valdez Centeno   and Niel Ivan Velásquez Montoya   

The objective of the project is to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of the repair mortar incorporated with maguey juice for the repair of structural pathologies in the city of Huancayo. The construction sector has been growing over the years, but natural phenomena such as earthquakes and seismic events also occur daily, causing destruction and structural damage, and their repairs are becoming more and more costly. For this reason, the use of maguey juice as a natural additive in mortar was proposed to find out if it improves or worsens the properties of the mortar. To fulfill the objective of the research, an experimental study was carried out to find the physical and mechanical properties of the mortar. Tests of fluidity, air content, setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, and mortar shrinkage test were carried out at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing with dosages of 0%, 3%, 5% and 7% of maguey juice based on a standard mix design of 260 kg/cm² with the ACI method. It was recommended to apply the 5% percentage of maguey juice, since that dosage was the one that provided the highest compressive strength reaching a value of 280.56 kg/cm², also a higher flexural strength was achieved having a value of 77.49 kg/cm². Additionally, with the dosage of 5% maguey juice, optimal values were obtained in relation to the physical properties of the mortar in its fresh state. Finally, it was concluded that by using dosages higher than 5% maguey juice, the physical and mechanical properties of the mortar tend to worsen.

Nadiyanti Mat Nayan   Suriati Ahmad   David S Jones   Ahmad Zamil Zakaria   Nur Huzeima Mohd Hussain   and Mohd Khedzir Khamis   

The future of heritage buildings is seriously endangered due to rapid development, particularly in urban areas. Hence, identifying a heritage curtilage is essential to protect heritage items from future and uncontrolled development. Curtilage helps to safeguard all elements contributing to the heritage significance, conservation, and interpretation of a heritage item. This paper highlights the crucial importance of preserving the building and its curtilage situated along Leboh Ampang and Jalan Ampang, thereby ensuring the comprehensive conservation of the building and its immediate surroundings. Employing a mixed-methods approach, involving qualitative site observations and a quantitative survey through questionnaires, this study aligns with the New South Wales (NSW) Heritage Curtilages Guidelines to explore the curtilage of nineteen selected heritage buildings as proposed by Kuala Lumpur City Hall (KLCH) along Leboh Ampang and Jalan Ampang. The research findings exemplify the practical application of General Principles to heritage trail buildings, thereby enhancing recognition and emphasis on the paramount significance of conserving the buildings and their associated curtilage.

Messaoudi Farih   Chaalal Omar   Weam S. K. Abudaqqa   and Baazouzi Messaoud   

Recent advancements in concrete technology have led to the development of self-consolidating concrete (SCC), a significant innovation in the field. SCC has gained prominence due to its favorable characteristics, including improved placement efficiency, enhanced prefabrication potential, and the elimination of vibration requirements owing to its inherent fluidity. SCC typically features a high binder content, with its rheological properties playing a crucial role in its workability and performance. The paste component of SCC consists of water, cement, mineral additives, and chemical admixtures. In this study, all mixtures maintained a consistent water-to-cement ratio between 0.40 and 0.45. The research investigated the effects of marble waste on SCC through a comprehensive experimental program involving multiple tests. Two experimental series were conducted on mixtures incorporating marble powder waste as a mineral additive. The first series determined the flow time of the mixture using the Marsh cone test, while the second series evaluated the yield stress and viscosity of the same mixture using a rheometer. The results enabled the analysis of yield stress, viscosity, and Marsh cone flow time evolution as a function of mortar composition.

I. M. Kariyana   T. H. Pamungkas   T. A. Anggraini   and G. Sumarda   

This research aimed to identify the factors influencing transportation mode choice in Bali Province and develop a model using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) method. In this study, the factors observed in the mode choice of motorcycles, light vehicles and public transportation were age (US), income (PD), number of family members (JK), vehicle ownership (KK), travel distance (JR), safety (KS), punctuality (KT), speed (KC), cost (BE), cleanliness (KB), accessibility (AK), comfort (KY), security (KA), frequency of use (FR) and mobility (MB). The analysis results show that various factors influence the transportation mode choice in Bali. Motorcycle selection is influenced by the number of family members, vehicle ownership, travel distance, safety, timeliness, cost, comfort, security, and mobility. Light vehicle mode is selected based on age, income, travel distance, timeliness, speed, cost, comfort, cleanliness, frequency of use, and mobility. Public transport mode is influenced by age, number of family members, travel distance, safety, speed, cost, cleanliness, accessibility, comfort, frequency, and mobility. Balinese prefer motorcycles due to cost efficiency, timeliness, and safety, with preference increasing with the number of family members. The government should pay attention to the dominance of motorcycles to avoid increased congestion and air pollution.

Mufidah Mufidah   Prasasto Satwiko   and Antonius Ardiyanto   

Increased natural physical comfort in row houses is often achieved by increasing the airflow into the room. However, row houses usually have units adjacent to ventilation holes only on the front façade and roof. This study aims to investigate the impact of the stilt floor on the increase in airflow in row houses in humid tropical climates. The experimental methodology was used by comparing the wind simulation results between two row-house models: a Landed Row House (LRH) with the ground floor attached to the ground and a Stilt Row House (SRH) with a ground floor raised 3 meters from the ground. Both models measure 3 x 9 meters and have two floors with a sleeping area at the front and a service area at the back. The position of the stairs and air well void is in the middle, with the roof ventilation as an outlet. The difference is that the SRH has an inlet on the stage floor, which connects the underpass and the air well on the stairs. Simulations using SimScale software show that SRH has higher airflow and more even distribution than LRH. The highest airflow occurs in a continuous void area that stretches from the stage floor to the roof vents. The results showed that the airflow speeds at the void on the first floor for the LRH were 0.00 m/s, and for SRH were 0.40 m/s. The airflow speeds at the void on the second floor for the LRH were 0.01 m/s, and for SRH were 0.37 m/s. This study shows that the design of the stilt floor can improve the physical performance of row house buildings and become a design alternative that is more adaptive to the local climate, enhancing the comfort of residents and the energy efficiency of the building.

Rajiv K. N.   Ramalinga Reddy Y.   G. Shiva Kumar   and H. K. Ramaraju   

Urbanization and rapid improvement in infrastructure have increased the demand for potable water in all metro cities. It is very important to provide potable water to people and to decrease the utilization of potable water for non-potable use. In this regard, concrete production needs a significant amount of water for mixing and curing. This water can otherwise be used by secondary treated wastewater from sewage treatment plants. In this research, the secondary treated recycled wastewater from three secondary-level wastewater processing plants was used to manufacture concrete, and the same wastewater was compared with that of concrete manufactured using potable water. Concrete mixtures prepared using tap water showed greater workability, with slump test values ranging from 80 to 190 mm, compared to mixtures made with secondary treated wastewater, which had a workability range of 80 to 180 mm. These mixtures also incorporated different percentages of fly ash. The addition of 10% to 30% fly ash improved workability across all mixtures, particularly those with secondary treated wastewater. Strength testing revealed that tap water mixtures had compressive strengths ranging from 43.6 to 32.4 MPa, split tensile strengths from 2.76 to 5.82 MPa, and flexural strengths from 3.55 to 2.76 MPa. In contrast, mixtures with secondary treated wastewater showed compressive strengths from 38.5 to 28.4 MPa, split tensile strengths from 2.95 to 2.15 MPa, and flexural strengths from 4.80 to 2.9 MPa. Incorporating fly ash into the secondary treated wastewater mixtures resulted in decreased strength properties, regardless of the dosage. Nevertheless, all mixtures met the M30 grade concrete requirements at 28 days. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was conducted on the concrete specimens to analyze the microstructural composition. The workability, strength, and durability properties of concrete were significantly affected by the fly ash content, while the water type used in the preparation of the concrete mixtures did not have a notable impact. In conclusion, secondary processed wastewater may be considered a feasible substitute for the construction water usage sector, particularly in the context of rapid urbanization. Indian standards should prioritize the development of health-centric, chemical-focused, economically viable, and ecologically conscious guidelines for the purpose of reuse.

Esraa Mashaly   Lamis El-Gizawi   and Nanees Elsayyad   

Urbanization has transformed both climate and urban morphology, with emerging urban open spaces as pivotal ecological components in the efficacy evaluation of urban development initiatives. This research introduces an automated framework aimed at optimizing urban design by reconfiguring urban blocks and Floor Area Ratio (FAR) while concurrently enhancing residents' thermal comfort within open spaces of urban residential communities. The study delineates three primary optimization objectives: (1) minimization of solar exposure hours, (2) reduction of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) to assess urban micro-climate quality within dry and hot climates, and (3) maximization of open spaces areas as a spatial consideration. The study primarily aims to generate a novel Environmental Form-Based Code in different climatic zones especially for the 4^th generation cities in Egypt using a new dedicated parametric script to generate optimized urban morphology. For validation, the study extracted fundamental urban forms out of real urban contexts for comparison against generated urban blocks through a genetic algorithm implemented within the Rhino/Grasshopper toolset and Wallacei X plugin for multi-objective optimization. The study focuses on courtyard blocks due to their recognized efficiency in energy consumption. Optimization efforts were applied to deduce the urban morphology parameters of 77 existing urban blocks in New Mansoura City, Egypt. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework through optimization iterations totaling 100. A series of optimal outcomes were attained across the three objectives, alongside the establishment of selection criteria tailored to diverse urban design strategies. Notably, the UTCI witnessed a reduction ranging from 33.2 to 32.4 on the hottest day in summer, accompanied by a total decrease in solar hours by 1.5 hours. The research outcomes recommended changing building regulations in many morphological aspects like changing the Building Coverage Ratio (BCR) from 30% to 40% and aspect ratio from 1/0.5 to 1/1.1 which decreased the UTCI and solar hours and increased the open spaces by 0.6, 1.3, and 48,999, respectively. Finally, this study introduces a novel automated framework for optimizing urban morphology to enhance thermal comfort, offering significant advancements in urban design strategies for arid and hot climates, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions like Egypt.

Hilma Tamiami Fachrudin   Mohammad Dolok Lubis   Yulesta Putra   Rahmi Karolina   Ahmad Sanusi Hassan   and Shayra Anastasya Shafwani   

Urban streetscape is a part of city space that reflects the quality of streetscape design and visual effects. Sustainable streetscape design considers several aspects, namely environment, architectural, economic and social. One aspect of streetscape design is the ecological aspect. This research aims to analyse user's preferences for implementing ecological aspects in streetscapes' design, thereby increasing ecosystem balance and minimizing negative impacts on the environment. This research uses quantitative methods. The research was carried out in the center of Medan City. Several variables used in the ecological aspect are the availability of open space, facade, vegetation, street furniture, and drainage. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to people in Medan City, and the analysis used is descriptive. The research results show that green open spaces should be easily accessible and connected to sidewalks. The building facade provides an attractive visual impression. Vegetation on pedestrian paths can provide a sense of comfort for pedestrians. The provision of street furniture on the sidewalk should be in an attractive form and provide a feeling of comfort for users. Drainage is needed to handle rainwater runoff so that flooding can be prevented. The streetscape design concept was prepared with the application of ecological aspects that could support a green city. Providing a comfortable and attractive streetscape can increase walkability in a city.

Mohamed Sekkaki   and Ali Chaaba   

Analyzing the failure mechanism of masonry structures is a complex task, given their heterogeneity and anisotropy. In this respect, developing a numerical model (NM) to simulate and analyze the failure process of masonry walls subjected to combined loading is crucial. The present study proposes an efficient numerical model of a 3D and 2D masonry wall using the commercial software ANSYS by two techniques: Simplified Micro-Modeling (SM-M) and Macro-Modeling (M-M). This model is based on the criteria implemented in ANSYS commercial software, namely the Concrete Model (CM), the Drucker-Prager Model (D-PM), and the Cohesive Zone Model (CZM). The Concrete Model simulates the failure of brittle structures in all three spatial directions. In contrast, combining (CM) and (D-PM) provides a better simulation of the failure mode of quasi-fragile structures. However, (CZM) simulates the debonding of interface joints between masonry elements. These approaches are used to predict the failure mechanism, deformation, and displacements of the wall. Numerical tests were performed on a Representative Volume Element (RVE) to determine the mechanical properties of the homogenized masonry wall. The numerical results agree with the experimental ones reported in the literature. The numerical model developed enables the structural behavior, process, and mechanism of a 3D and 2D masonry wall to be predicted accurately and in a reduced calculation time. The results showed that cracks and fractures develop at horizontal and vertical mortar joints. The 3D masonry wall model developed, and a 2D model proposed in this study was compared. It was found that the 3D masonry wall developed enables better localization of weakness zones in the wall under compression and shear loads than the 2D model. The proposed 3D numerical model has higher accuracy than the 2D model. On the other hand, the 2D simulation model considerably minimizes calculation costs.

Syam Surya Harun   Muhammad Yamin Jinca   and Abrar Saleng   

The facts on the ground show that ODOL truck freight transportation violations are still being debated among various stakeholders, including transporters, shippers, law enforcement, and road transportation infrastructure providers. ODOL truck transportation has implications for road damage and costs, transportation safety and its impact on the logistics commodity distribution system and transportation costs, so it is important to research. The aim is to find out the characteristics of ODOL truck transport, types and violations of vehicles and how to control vehicles so as to create zero ODOL on the highway. The research was conducted from November to December 2023, focusing on vehicle traffic at UPPKB Data'e in South Sulawesi Province, using qualitative descriptive methods. It was found that the majority of general cargo is transported by type II Single Axis Double Wheel (SADW, 1.2.) trucks. The common form of violation is overloading, with up to 60% of the total permitted load weight. A joint commitment with stakeholders is needed in law enforcement awareness to minimize the costs and durability of road infrastructure.

R. Vaishnava Kumar   and A. Prabaghar   

Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete type used in industrial and high-rise constructions. Unintentionally or operationally, concrete structures can experience high temperatures. There is a need to develop an SCC mix that can perform better than the conventional SCC mixes at elevated temperature. In this study, six proportions of Dolomite Powder Self Compacting Concrete (DPSCC) mixes having industrial waste fly ash and powdered mineral dolomite were examined to reduce cement use. Mechanical characteristics of DPSCC at four different elevated temperatures 200℃, 400℃, 600℃, and 800℃ were studied. The analysis includes weight loss, residual compressive strength, flexure strength and nondestructive ultrasonic pulse velocity. A reduction in residual strength is observed with increase in temperature in both traditional SCC and DPSCC. Conventional SCC loses its strength more than that of DPSCC at high temperatures. Dolomite powder provides a good contribution to enhance the performance of DPSCC during fire incidents. Mathematical equations are developed to make predictions about the strength of DPSCC subjected to elevated temperature. Three approaches have been used to predict the strength of DPSCC at elevated temperatures. The predicted strength values of DPSCC subjected to elevated temperature are very close to the experimental results.

Nahomi Lynn Castro Barrientos   and Vladimir Simon Montoya Torres   

Thermal comfort is a fundamental aspect of the quality of life of users in homes. The vernacular architecture of the Peruvian jungle, represented by malocas (wooden houses), is characterized by natural ventilation and shading elements that allow greater thermal comfort in these hot and humid climates. However, the preference for confined masonry houses is gradually displacing this valuable construction tradition, leading to the loss of recognition and appreciation of the benefits of the vernacular architecture of the Peruvian jungle. In Villa Rica, wooden housing and confined masonry housing are two common options in housing construction, but their thermal behavior is different. Since the choice of construction material can significantly influence the level of thermal comfort. The present research seeks to evaluate and compare thermal comfort in wooden and confined masonry homes, using direct measurements and analysis, with international standards such as ASHRAE 55 and EN-16798 to analyze the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied indices (PPD) and with simulation tools such as CBE Thermal Comfort Tool and Rayman to model and calculate the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and the standard effective temperature (SET) which are indicators of thermal sensation, in order to determine the revaluation of the vernacular architecture.

Joshua Jordan   Rahadhian P. Herwindo   and Yuswadi Saliya   

Globalization endangers local architectural diversity by favoring international styles over unique local identities. Critical regionalism counters this by emphasizing local context and identity in design. In Indonesia, this phenomenon of globalization has distanced architecture from its cultural roots, making the preservation of cultural heritage essential for reconnecting communities with their environments. This study focuses on transforming Majapahit architecture into long-span structures, blending imagination and fantasy while revitalizing cultural heritage in a modern context. Through qualitative methods such as description, analysis, and interpretation, the research explores the characteristics of Majapahit architecture in temples and other structures in Trowulan to look for their potential transformation as well as the comparison between traditional and contemporary elements. The results indicate that the transformation of Wringin Lawang Gate model and the Surya Majapahit ornamentation are capable to achieve direct Majapahit representations, while indirect representations can be achieved using transformation techniques, such as model repetition and negative space. This research is beneficial for future development of Majapahit architecture transformation and preserving local identity in the globalized world.

Sarieh Zareian   and Khaled Azizzadeh   

The role of the human body in cognitive science approaches has often been overshadowed by the prevailing mindset of mind-body dualism within architectural theory over the course of centuries. Despite the body's crucial significance in cognitive viewpoints within architectural theory, it prompts us to reflect on its historical standing and cognitive function evolution. The inquiry lies in understanding how the body and its cognitive implications have shaped the progression of architectural theory throughout time. Through the lens of logical reasoning and a descriptive-analytical approach, this article endeavors to delve into the nuanced exploration of the body across various architectural epochs. By tracing the evolution of body interpretations from the tangible to the phenomenological realms, it scrutinizes the shifts in architectural ideation concerning the cognitive dimensions of the human body. Furthermore, this study investigates the influence of phenomenological perspectives on discussions surrounding bodily expressions and the adaptive alteration of individuals' perceptions of their corporeal presence in diverse real-world scenarios. Architects, albeit these transformations, persist in retaining a human-centric view, laying emphasis on geometric, formal, and numerical considerations in architectural compositions.

Siti Aisyah Nurjannah   Arie Putra Usman   Saloma   and Ghaitsa Zahira Shafa   

The use of deep beams as structural members is common in building structures such as pile foundations, transfer girders, bridge girder beams, short span beams, parts of vertical walls resisting gravity loads, shear walls, and floor plates. The deep beam must be filled with cast concrete in casting work to create a solid structure without segregation and honeycomb. Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) material can fill gaps between reinforcing steel and produce dense structural members. This research aimed to determine the performance of deep beam SCC with variations in transverse reinforcement space under two monotonic load points. The research results revealed that the performance of SCC deep beams was better than normal concrete (NC) deep beams in terms of capacity to resist shear, stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation, and maximum deflection achieved at failure. All SCC deep beam models were moderately ductile, while the NC deep beams were low ductile. The SCC deep beam BS-1 model achieved the best shear capacity, followed by BS-2 and BS-3 models with increasingly sparse transverse reinforcement spacing. All deep beam NC models achieved 0.858 to 0.911 times the ultimate shear capacity of BS-1. This shows the potential of SCC as a better material than NC for manufacturing deep beam structures.

Filiz Karakuş   and Nazlı Zivrali   

Cultural heritage includes all tangible and intangible values related to a society's history, culture, and identity. Monumental buildings, which constitute an important part of the cultural heritage that has survived from the past to the present, are under many natural (disaster) risks such as earthquakes, fires, floods, tsunamis, and landslides, as well as many human-induced risks such as theft, wars, and vandalism. Disasters have various effects on the environment and society in which they occur, such as loss of life and property, sociological, economic, and psychological problems. Turkey has been home to many civilizations due to its location in the world; so today it hosts many cultural heritages belonging to these civilizations. On 6 February 2023, the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş caused heavy losses in eleven cities. In addition to over 50 thousand casualties, many cultural assets were severely damaged and some of them were destroyed. The subject of this study is Tuz Khan located in the center of Adıyaman Province. The study includes the documentation process of the building, which was heavily damaged after the earthquake, by the 3D laser scanning method. The research carried out in the study region indicates that utilizing orthophotos generated from terrestrial laser scanning data as a base can yield architectural documentation with the requisite level of detail. The orthophotos serve as a precise output that can be imported into a CAD platform and utilized as a reference for redrawing the primary break lines. This approach proves economically advantageous for conducting analytical surveys, presenting a quick solution, particularly crucial in the aftermath of natural disasters where time efficiency is paramount.

Phuong Tuan Nguyen   Luan Nhat Vo   Truong Xuan Dang   Hoa Van Vu Tran   and Tuan Anh Nguyen   

In the context of rapid urbanization, the structural integrity of deep excavations is paramount, especially in geotechnically complex urban environments. This study investigates the stability of barrette walls - a prevalent form of deep foundation used to support large structures in dense urban areas. Employing the Finite Element Method (FEM), this research simulates the interactions of barrette walls during critical excavation phases, focusing on predicting and mitigating potential failures. The study integrates empirical data from multiple urban excavation sites, facilitating a detailed understanding of the forces and deformations that barrette walls withstand during excavation. Notably, the study highlights horizontal (Uy) and vertical (Uz) displacements as primary indicators of potential structural issues. The maximum horizontal displacement observed was 48.4 mm, and the maximum vertical displacement was 23 mm at the deepest excavation stage. The use of ANOVA and Games-Howell post-hoc tests validates the statistical significance of these findings, with p-values consistently reported as zero, reinforcing the reliability of the study predictive models. This research offers practical strategies for safer urban excavations, improving construction practices and reducing disruptions. It establishes a robust framework for future geotechnical studies, significantly contributing to urban infrastructure project efficiency and public safety.

Vedangi V. Deshpande   and Devyani Gangopadhyay   

In recent years, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of heritage assets in urban settings. While tangible heritage sites like historic buildings and monuments receive considerable attention, intangible cultural heritage (ICH) often remains overlooked. This study focuses on the interplay between ICH and urban heritage, emphasizing its role in shaping the unique identity and fostering social cohesion within cities. The 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage has been pivotal in recognizing and protecting these cultural expressions globally. Historic urban landscapes play a crucial role in preserving and promoting ICH, reflecting the tangible manifestations of cultural practices and traditions. This dynamic interplay between tangible and intangible elements creates vibrant cultural landscapes, fostering a sense of identity and belonging among urban populations. Despite growing recognition, scholarly literature reveals gaps in mapping and integrating ICH into urban heritage management. These gaps often arise from binary perspectives, such as culture/ nature and tangible/ intangible, leading to incomplete understandings of urban heritage. This research endeavors to bridge these gaps by investigating the identification and mapping of ICH in urban environments through the use of digital tools. Focusing on Nashik, Maharashtra, India, the study employs a mixed-methods approach, including interviews, surveys, field observations, and cultural mapping. Spatial analysis and visualization using GIS tools are utilized to analyse the distribution and patterns of cultural practices. The research seeks to understand the complex interplay between tangible and intangible heritage, ensuring the continued vitality of Nashik's cultural identity for future generations. One of the key outcomes of this study is the demonstration of the efficacy of digital tools, such as GIS, in mapping and visualizing the distribution of ICH within urban settings. This approach facilitates a deeper understanding of how intangible cultural practices are spatially intertwined with the physical environment, providing a more holistic view of urban heritage. The integration of qualitative data from community stakeholders with spatial analysis has proven to be a powerful method for capturing the dynamic and lived experiences of urban ICH.

Julio Cesar Neyef Jurado Almonacid   Esther Thalia Quispe Cardenas   Jack Eloy Palomino Hinostroza   and Niel Iván Velásquez Montoya   

Storage tanks are critical structures that must remain operational following seismic events to supply water for human consumption and firefighting. However, past events such as the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, the Kocaeli earthquake in 1999, and the Northridge earthquake in 1994 have led to the collapse of these tanks due to the dynamic effects of liquids, especially the convective mass at the top of the tank. To address these challenges, various researchers have proposed adding components to dissipate energy and reduce lateral displacements of elevated tanks. This study focuses on analyzing the structural behavior of these tanks by incorporating viscous fluid dissipators. An analysis was conducted according to relevant regulations, including the Peruvian seismic-resistant design standard E.030 for the city of Huancavelica, Peru, which is located in a soft soil zone. Additionally, guidelines established in the ACI 350.3-20 standard for the design of concrete structures containing liquids were used to obtain parameters for a 100 m³ elevated water tank with a total height of 21.4 m from ground level to the roof. Five configurations of viscous fluid dissipators were considered: diagonal, enhanced chevron, horizontal chevron, horizontal chevron type 2, and toggle brace. These configurations underwent a nonlinear seismic history analysis, following the moderate performance methodology with a target drift of 0.0058, according to the Hazus 2010 standard. The study's results revealed that the horizontal chevron type 2 model exhibited better dynamic behavior, reducing floor drift by 52.72%. Additionally, the enhanced chevron model reduced floor acceleration by between 19% and 23%. Regarding tank walls, a 5% reduction in moment relative to the design envelope was observed. In the total system, an energy dissipation of 61.15% was achieved, with a maximum dissipator displacement of 16 mm along its local axis.

Gati Annisa Hayu   Wahyuniarsih Sutrisno   Kiki Dwi Wulandari   and Priyo Suprobo   

0-3 Cement-based Piezoelectric Composite (CPC) made of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) powder-cement was produced using PZT at 50% by volume. The compacted method produced the composites with a pressure of 80 MPa. Considering several low electric field potentials in the polarization process, such as a more controlled and homogeneous polarization, the polarization process was carried out using a low electrical field with a certain duration: 250 V/mm-40 minutes (C1), 250 V/mm-60 minutes (C2), 375 V/mm-40 minutes (C3), and 375 V/mm-60 minutes (C4). SEM and XRD results show that the Pb, CaCO₃, C-S-H, and C-H were detected in the CPC, making the composites denser. The d₃₃ value increases as the electric field magnitude and polarization duration increase. The d₃₃ values of C1, C2, C3, and C4 on day 30 were 4.63 pC/N, 4.60 pC/N, 4.67 pC/N, and 4.87 pC/N, respectively. C4 and C2 show the most significant values of ε_r, 87.33 and 75.42, respectively. The g₃₃ showed the opposite value of the ε_r. C1 and C3 showed the most significant values of 8.6x10^-3 Vm/N and 7.5x10^-3 Vm/N, respectively. Polarization can be carried out at low electric fields, but the degree of polarization is reasonably low. CPC is predicted to be used as a sensor even with a low level of sensitivity.

Hicham Lamouri   Mouna El Mkhalet   and Nouzha Lamdouar   

The Darwinian Theory serves as the authentic inspiration behind several mathematical techniques known as metaheuristic methods and evolutionary algorithms, which emulate aspects of biological species' development. Among these methods, Genetic Algorithms have emerged at the forefront and have become the most practical technique. Previous studies have highlighted their capabilities in solving complex problems and their wide utilization across numerous disciplines, particularly optimization. This paper focuses on implementing Genetic Algorithms for structural optimization within the context of reliability assessment and safety. The proposed methodology, termed Reliability Genetic Algorithms Optimization (RGAO), combines Genetic Algorithms with reliability constraints. These constraints are defined by the probability of violating safety criteria within the structural problem's limit state function. To convey the idea, the proposed approach is applied to two case studies: The first case involves the reliability optimization of a bridge pier subjected to seismic loading, utilizing response spectrum analysis. Formulating the reliability optimization problem involves considering minimal design requirements, buckling conditions, and allowable stress constraints to determine the optimal and reliable dimensions for the studied structural component. The second case involves the optimization of the height of a prestressed bridge deck slab, while ensuring reliability by considering prestress geometrical conditions according to the French standard BPEL 91 revised 99. This work contributes to enhancing the use of bio-inspired techniques in structural optimization and reliability analysis, offering valuable perspectives for researchers and engineers.

Williams Raúl Garcia Chumacero   Juan Martin Garcia Chumacero   Sócrates Pedro Muñoz Perez   Carlos Ovidio Chávez Cotrina   and Luis Mariano Villegas Granados   

Secondary aluminum slag powder is generated as a by-product in various industrial processes, such as the manufacture and machining of aluminum parts, as well as in the production of aluminum sheets and profiles. It is therefore considered a waste material by the industry. The main objective was to evaluate the influence of secondary aluminum slag powder in the production of lightweight concrete blocks, using traditional curing. A total of 192 non-load-bearing lightweight concrete (LCB) blocks were manufactured by incorporating secondary aluminum slag powder (SASP) as an aerating agent, at 0, 3, 6 and 9% by weight of cement. Properties such as unit weight, air content, density, absorption, suction and compressive strength of the masonry units and LCB prisms were examined. The main results showed that unit weight and air content increased by 12% to 45%, with samples up to 9% SASP. However, mechanical properties, such as compressive strength of the units and prisms, decreased by up to 58.26% and 67.24%; nevertheless, they meet the minimum national regulatory requirements. LCBs with the optimum SASP ratio can be used in various construction applications, such as interior partitions, non-structural enclosures, and decorative elements.

Robert Suclupe   Marlon Cubas   Yheral Correa   and Jose Maza   

Rice husk ash (RHA) is the residue from the burning of rice husks and is mostly disposed of in landfills, causing serious environmental damage. In this sense, the objective of this research was to analyze the influence of RHA as a partial cement substitute on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of concrete, using proportions of 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. To this end, the samples were subjected to various mechanical and microstructural tests, which helped to determine the performance of each of the RHA replacements in relation to the standard concrete. The results obtained show that the optimum percentage of 6% RHA significantly improves the compressive strength, increasing by 10.79%, whereas the modulus of elasticity reached an increase of 5.69%. Likewise, the tensile strength rose by 19.89%, while the flexural strength was higher by 11.46%, all these strengths being comparisons with those of standard concrete. On the other hand, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed mostly silicon oxide (SiO₂) composites and an appreciable percentage of amorphous material. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed characteristic peaks referring to carbonates and silicates, while the thermogravimetric analysis showed that the final test mass at 900℃ is 78.25%. From the presiding information, it is, thus possible to produce a structural concrete with 6% RHA as replacement of cement, which meets the regulatory requirements and also at the microstructural level for a nominal strength of 27.46 MPa.

R. M. Fadel Satria Albimanzura   Anis Saggaff   Mahmood Md Tahir   Kiagus Muhammad Aminuddin   and Muhammad Firdaus   

Indonesia has widely used cold-formed steel (CFS) for construction. It could be used as a purlin, roof truss, deck, or storage rack. CFS has a different behavior with concrete and timber. CFS material could be recycled, less waste, controlled quality, and non-combustible. For steel structures, the connections are designed as pin, partial strength, or full strength based on the configuration of the connections. This paper aims to investigate the structural behavior of composite connections by combining CFS as the beam-column elements cast with slabs designed with lightweight concrete, using both theoretical and numerical analysis methods. Four specimens are presented, comprised of two non-composite specimens and two composite specimens. The configuration of the proposed composite connection with a stiffener plate is added to the column web to prevent the failure of the column element. The theoretical analysis is based on the Eurocode 3 standard, while the numerical analysis is based on Solid-Work program software. The results show that the non-composite specimen failed at the beam bolt hole in the tension zone, and the composite specimen failed at the bottom beam flange in the compression zone. Based on theoretical analysis, the specimen with a stiffener plate has higher stiffness than the specimen without a stiffener plate. Based on numerical analysis, a specimen with an additional stiffener plate has a higher moment resistance. The composite specimen has a higher moment capacity than the non-composite specimen due to the contribution of steel reinforcement at the concrete slab.

Malek Jedidi   

To extend the service life of concrete structures, measures against the damage from carbonation are often sought. However, it becomes progressively difficult to guard the existing concrete as the structures have aged and their porosities may be mixed and varied. This work aims to provide the state of the art concerning the carbonation process of concrete and the methods available for the determination of the carbonation depth, assessing the quality of the concrete, and repairing the damaged concrete. Information is gathered from an extensive literature study and from interviews with experts in the field. Interaction with research students and researchers working in the field of carbonation of concrete has also been of value. The phenolphthalein test and the indicator method were adapted to determine the carbonation front of the concrete. The extent of carbonation was evaluated using concrete core extraction method and a cover meter which can give an indication of the depth of concrete cover over reinforcement and a rough estimation of the diameter of steel present. Since the carbonation process is affected by a myriad of variables, this study focuses solely on the most systematic methods available for determining the carbonation depth and the influence factors on reinforcement corrosion such as water-cement ratio (W/C), composition of the concrete, the temperature, the relative humidity and the resistivity. Test results have shown that the carbonation is the principal cause of reinforcement corrosion in many concrete structures. Indeed, the measure of the depth of carbonation and thus detecting its presence has very important repercussions on the repair method.

Giselle Betzabe Sánchez-Salazar   Esteban Felipe Zalamea-León   and Mateo Astudillo-Flores   

The temperature discrepancy between thermal simulation results and real indoor-real temperature has not been thoroughly studied in Andean climates near the equatorial line. In this region, buildings do not require HVAC systems because of excellent local climate conditions. This research defines an adequate software configuration for providing the most accurate data with reduced error gaps. The three buildings of the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Cuenca were built through the software DesignBuilder and ArchiCAD with the EcoDesigner STAR plug-in, and nine internal classrooms were selected. Both simulation models were configured with equivalent data from a climate file comprising data from on-site weather station measurements. Afterwards, indoor temperature and relative humidity data were collected from nine classrooms via temperature and humidity sensors. The results revealed a 0.81℃ and 5% of mean absolute error (MAE) between the temperature and relative humidity simulated in DesignBuilder and a 0.91 °C and 6.09% (MAE), with the EcoDesigner STAR simulation demonstrating more accuracy with DesignBuilder which achieved the highest calibrated model benchmark with ≤1℃ and ≤5% while EcoDesigner achieved the lower standard with ≤2℃ and ≤10%. The results obtained after infiltration calibration show that for older brick masonry buildings, because of the weak level of airtightness between 20 ACH and 40 ACH, this deficiency means good ventilation rates. Nevertheless, the temperatures are within the comfort zone as long as the areas are fully occupied, and in insulated buildings with better quality windows and lower ventilation infiltration, a rate of 15 ACH was determined, resulting in more stable and comfortable temperatures than those in previous classrooms.

Jackeline Juana Balvin Mateo   Paola Angeli Perez Melgar   and Vladimir Simon Montoya Torres   

In this research, we propose to measure the effectiveness of materials that can represent a suitable acoustic insulation in homes of social groups of low economic stratum, those who have their living spaces with galvanized steel sheets known as "calaminas" in their roofs, considering the sound impact of rainfall and hailstorms of great magnitude in the central Andean area, specifically in the city of Huancayo. The method used to measure the effectiveness was the application of acoustic prototypes, of which the decibel level was recorded through the use of a professional sound level meter (Benetech model GM: 1356) correctly calibrated, analyzing the different responses of industrial and ecological materials as acoustic barriers to mitigate the amount of decibels harmful to health (75 dB); we elaborated comparative tables of the acoustic indexes collected within 5 tests, considering the cost of each material for the accessibility of the population of scarce resources within the peripheral context of the city of Huancayo in the year 2022, involving a social purpose to the research. It was determined that the prototypes of glass wool, wood fiber and egg crate have optimal qualities to mitigate high decibel levels; in turn, greater emphasis is placed on the last two materials mentioned since a key factor of this research is the ecological, social and economically accessible background, reiterating that the incorporation of industrialized materials in the tests is merely for comparison purposes in their acoustic properties. This study constitutes a possibility to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants of a city in constant growth in the face of not very pressing climatological factors, proposing an economical and accessible alternative of a comfortable space in low-income housing, contributing to sustainable development objectives SDG 3 and SDG 11.

Oussama Jarachi   Mohamed Lamrani   Najma Laaroussi   and Khaoula Doughmi   

As a natural building material, clay provides excellent thermal mass, which helps regulate indoor temperature. In addition, hemp fibers are characterized by good mechanical resistance and excellent thermal insulation qualities. To promote these abundant materials in Moroccan rural areas, the impact of hemp fibers on the thermal insulation of clay was studied. Six mortars were made from local clay and varying proportions of Moroccan hemp fibers. Mass fractions of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% clay were systematically replaced by hemp fiber and then, for each fiber content, three samples were prepared to ensure the reproducibility of the results. The thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of the composite materials were then evaluated using the Hot Disk method, along with other derived properties. Experimental findings indicate that a minor reduction in density occurs with the incorporation of hemp fibers, while the thermal insulation capabilities of clay are notably improved, particularly when the fiber mass fraction ranges between 4 and 5%. Hence, with 5% fiber replacement, thermal conductivity is decreased by 53%, and heat capacity is increased by 55%. Additionally, thermal diffusivity and effusivity are decreased by 68% and 17%, respectively. Furthermore, it has been established that for a 20 cm thick wall, the thermal resistance and the diffusivity characteristic time are increased by 67% and 208%, respectively. This highlights the potential for integrating hemp fibers as a partial substitute for clay, thereby enhancing the thermal comfort and energy efficiency of prevalent constructions, particularly in rural regions.

Smita Rashmi   and Ravish Kumar   

Integrated building performance monitoring through sensors and instruments is the current need of building engineering and sciences for retrofitting, optimizing, and future design works. Despite various simulation engines and laboratory test results, the on-site performance of building components is vastly different from the predicted and laboratory performance. Variable climatic conditions, moisture, and time influence it. This paper provides crucial insights into the monitoring methods for integrated performance assessment of buildings as per heat, mass, and light aspects of performance laid out by IEA Annex 32. The paper analyzes the existing methods without a large setup requirement for accuracy in the results of these aspects, considering many input parameters of applicability. It presents a comparative analysis of the three most commonly used measurement techniques of thermal transmittance of heat flux, thermometry, and infrared and recommends applying appropriate techniques for accurate results. The state of knowledge currently resides in the use of in-situ measurements, but without comprehensive understanding of boundary conditions, sensor characteristics, response time, application requirements, pasting requirements, sensitivity analyses, and selection of sensors as per the local context. The paper will help to take up integrated real-time assessment through the knowledge of the techniques, types of equipment required, available, and set-up requirements. Detailed analysis of U value measurements, application per certain wall surface conditions, and prominent factors for accurate results are deduced for heat flux, thermometric, and infrared thermography methods. Future work lies in the potential integration of continuous monitoring approaches and statistical computing with energy modeling and techniques that provide rational solutions for design and optimization and relate to time-weighing functions to increase the scalability to different system levels.

Stephanus Evert Indrawan   Rendy Iswanto   Olivia Gondoputranto   and Mark Ch'ng   

This research aimed to optimize classroom daylighting in Surabaya, Indonesia, using a parametric design approach. This approach incorporated an "iris mechanism" and genetic algorithms to enhance natural lighting while mitigating solar radiation. The primary objective was to address glare, overheating, and thermal discomfort prevalent in tropical climates. We employed a quasi-experimental method, simulating actual classroom conditions with a focus on variables such as window openings (iris model), angles, daylight penetration, and solar intensity. Simulations were conducted in Rhinoceros 3D, enhanced by Grasshopper, Ladybug, and Galapagos plug-ins, to analyze daylighting performance over an academic year. A genetic algorithm iteratively adjusted the iris mechanism parameters, identifying optimal settings that balanced daylight distribution and interior thermal comfort without extensive manual modeling. This methodology resulted in substantial reductions in solar radiation, averaging 1,631 kWh monthly and totaling approximately 12,607 kWh annually. The iris mechanism also significantly improved light distribution, achieving a uniformity range of 90% to 100%, enhancing visual comfort and creating a superior learning environment. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating parametric design with advanced optimization techniques for real-time adaptive control of natural light. This research contributes to sustainable architectural practices by showcasing significant energy savings and improved environmental performance in educational settings, mainly tropical climates. The innovative combination of iris mechanisms and genetic algorithms offers a robust framework for optimizing daylight in diverse climates, promoting energy efficiency, and enhancing the learning environment in educational facilities globally. While this study focused on classrooms in Surabaya, future research could extend the application of this integrated approach to other building types and climatic conditions to validate its versatility and effectiveness. Practical implications include the potential for significant energy cost savings and improved occupant comfort, which can be especially beneficial for educational institutions. Social implications underscore the importance of creating conducive learning environments that support student well-being and academic performance. The findings provide actionable insights for architects and building designers aiming to implement sustainable, energy-efficient solutions in educational facilities.

Nasim Heidari   and Mustafa Erkan Karagüler   

Climate change poses a challenge to urban areas, necessitating a transition towards urban resilience in planning strategies. The growing effects of climate change have elevated urban resilience as a central focus for cities. This research delves into the intricacies of urban resilience through a comprehensive examination of existing literature to scrutinize its various aspects and extensive implications. Despite considerable research endeavors, there remains a noticeable gap in comprehending how urban resilience integrates its fundamental components – infrastructure, social organization, governance, and economic structure – into a cohesive entity. By merging theoretical principles with practical applications, this article formulates a framework that underscores the pivotal role of public-private collaborations, inclusive governance structures, and innovative economic measures in fostering resilient urban settings. The study emphasizes that urban resilience surpasses mere physical infrastructure, encompassing the promotion of social unity and efficient governance mechanisms to address climate change impacts. The primary findings highlight the significance of a holistic approach that incorporates principles of social equity into adaptation efforts, ensuring equitable resilience for all urban residents. This approach advocates for the participation of marginalized communities in decision-making processes, recognizing fair resilience as a cornerstone of sustainable urban advancement. The findings of this study carry implications for urban planning methodologies and policies, emphasizing the urgent need for coordinated, collaborative strategies. It is suggested that policymakers and urban designers establish environments that uphold equity, resilience, and sustainability. This necessitates innovative economic approaches, adaptable infrastructure, and governance frameworks that encourage participation from a diverse array of stakeholders. In conclusion, this research contributes to the dialogue on urban resilience by offering an exhaustive examination of its core constituents, facets, and scopes. It calls for a reconsideration of urban design with a focus on parity, sustainability, and resilience to ensure the flourishing of urban areas amidst climate change.

M. Arlan   Saloma   Arie Putra Usman   Siti Aisyah Nurjannah   Anis Saggaff   Ika Juliantina   and Reini Silvia Ilmiaty   

Steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete is a composite material that combines the properties of self-compacting concrete and steel fibers. Self-compacting concrete has the ability to fill any voids in the intended casting location by leveraging the gravitational force exerted by the concrete (Fethi et al., 2020). The concrete mixture employed in this study comprises cement, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and steel fiber. The steel fiber utilised is 5D hooked-end. This research focuses on the mechanical properties and behavior of interior beam-column joint self-compacting concrete using steel fiber-reinforced 5D (SFRSCC). The modeling was analyzed to determine the main parameters of the connection behavior, including hysteresis curves, ductility values, stiffness values, crack patterns, and stress-strain. By including steel fiber, the properties of self-compacting concrete are intended to enhance the properties of concrete. The results obtained in this research are that the stiffness value for the SCC model is 3.2%, and for the SFRSCC model, it is 4%. The ultimate load for the SCC model is 10.94 KN during the compression phase and 11.2 during the tension phase, while for the SFRSCC model it is 14.769 KN during the compression phase and 15.634 during the tension phase.

Andi Ahmad Fauzan Bachtiar   Baharuddin Hamzah   Idawarni Asmal   and Nurul Jamala   

In humid tropical climates, the air feels hot and uncomfortable, and residents generally don't feel comfortable doing activities during the day inside and outside the house. The aim of this study is to develop the innovation model of determining the thermal comfort areas of fishing settlements on the coast. This was carried out using quantitative descriptive methods, surveys, observations, questionnaires, in-depth direct interviews, hobo data loggers U12-012, solar power meters, and photo cameras. The analysis technique uses expert systems, certainty factors, and geographic information system based spatial analysis. The research results show that the model for determining thermal comfort using an expert system, certainty factors and GIS-based spatial analysis is innovative, realistic, accurate and significant after being validated using thermal measuring instruments. Fisherman residential areas of 1.14 ha (34.34%) have comfortable thermal comfort <27.1℃ and THI <26℃, exactly at 25.19℃, humidity of 96.12%, THI of 24.99℃, with minimum temperature happening in the morning. The area that feels hot and uncomfortable is as large as 2.19 ha (65.66%) with a temperature of 51.93℃, humidity of 31.69%, and THI of 44.84℃ occurring during the day, with maximum temperatures at around 11:00-14:00 am (GMT+08:00) due to high radiation, lack of vegetation and trees.

Truong Xuan Dang   Phuong Tuan Nguyen   Tuan Anh Nguyen   and Hoa Van Vu Tran   

This article explores the optimization of barrette wall depths in deep excavation projects with a focus on enhancing both economic and structural efficiency. Deep excavations in urban environments pose significant geotechnical challenges that necessitate advanced engineering strategies to ensure structural stability and safety. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal depth for barrette walls that balances cost, complexity, and stability. The methodology combines Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations with rigorous statistical analyses, including the Games-Howell post-hoc test, to assess the impacts of different wall depths (20m, 25m, and 30m) on the stability and integrity of deep excavation sites. The principal results indicate that a depth of 25 meters offers the most advantageous balance, showing significantly better performance in terms of stability and stress distribution compared to shallower depths, while further increases to 30 meters that yield diminishing returns. Major conclusions highlight that optimizing barrette wall depths can improve the safety and economic efficiency of urban infrastructure projects. This research contributes valuable knowledge to the field of geotechnical engineering, particularly in urban areas where such excavations are critical. The study emphasizes new aspects by integrating both economic and structural considerations into the optimization process. Research limitations include the specific geological conditions considered, which may affect generalizability. Practical implications suggest that adopting a 25-meter depth can lead to cost savings and enhanced stability, making it a practical guideline for future projects. Social implications involve the potential for safer urban development practices that minimize risk and maximize resource efficiency.

P. Praveen Kumar   Varghese George   Raviraj H. Mulangi   and Akash S. Khandri   

Bus-based public transport systems are considered to provide affordable means of transport to trip-makers in urban and rural areas. Consequently, public transport organizations are prone to losses since these agencies focus on providing mobility to people on commercially viable routes while providing accessibility and mobility to underdeveloped remote regions. The primary objective of this study was to effectively use a parametric approach, such as Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), in the evaluation of the performance of public transport organizations operating in India. The present study employed nine key performance indicators (KPIs) to evaluate 31 State Road Transport Undertakings (SRTUs) in India over a period of seven years (2010-2017). The nine KPIs, such as total cost, staff, fleet, fuel, capacity-km, effective-km, passenger-km, revenue, and passengers carried, were used to develop three performance measurement categories: cost efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and service effectiveness. After developing 29 initial models, the best ones were selected based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), and performance evaluation of SRTUs was carried out with the SFA approach using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study revealed that the top 25 percentile of best-performing SRTUs in terms of cost-efficiency were those serving rural areas with average efficiency scores higher than 0.7668. Similarly, in terms of cost-effectiveness, it was observed that the best-performing SRTUs comprised a mix of both rural and urban SRTUs with average efficiency scores higher than 0.9156. Also, in terms of service-effectiveness, the best-performing SRTUs included buses operated mainly in urban areas in addition to a few serving hilly and rural areas with average efficiency scores higher than 0.6509. The findings of this study provide insights into the performance of SRTUs in India and highlight the importance of using KPIs to evaluate and improve their performance. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of using the SFA in the performance evaluation of public transport organizations, especially when the data related to the KPIs are partially inconsistent. This is due to the facility that permits the formulation of a production function that assists in identifying random errors, allowing the replacement of erroneous data.

Dianita Ratna Kusumastuti   Marsudi   Garup Lambang Goro   Stefanus Santosa   Supriyo   Rifqi Aulia Abdilah   Aiun Hayatu Rabinah   Fikri Praharseno   Sri Wahyuningsih   and Bangun Nur Khaerul   

Over time, buildings undergo damage influenced by various factors. This vulnerability spans the entire lifespan of buildings, starting from the initial planning and implementation stages. A common consequence is damage to architectural components, particularly the formation of cracked walls. PU Ministerial Decree number 16/PRT/M/2010 identifies multiple factors contributing to wall cracks, including plaster layer expansion and shrinkage, vibrations from traffic, seismic events, and structural deformation. This research was carried out by making a wall construction prototype. The prototype will be given pressure as a lateral load so that the wall construction cracks. Test results indicate a deflection of 75 mm at a 498 kg load for a steel structure frame without brick masonry. Conversely, a frame structure with brick masonry showed a deflection of 27 mm. This comparison reveals the potential of brick wall pairs as stiffeners in steel structure frame construction. However, a cautionary note emphasizes that stronger brick walls may expedite the collapse of the structure by exerting pressure on steel columns, originally designed for tensile forces but experiencing bending forces when pressed against the bricks. Analyzing the test results and repairing techniques' efficiency underscores the reinforcement of walls as the most effective approach to addressing structural cracks due to shear collapse. This method withstands a lateral load of 581 kg, with an associated implementation cost of Rp. 293,125.00.

Arken Yessenbayev   Elvir Akhmetshin   Vladimir Kurikov   Hafis Hajiyev   Oxana Chernova   Aleksandr Litvinov   Rustem Shichiyakh   and Nasrudin Alkhanov   

Achieving the principles of sustainable development implies the need to improve architectural, construction, and management practices to create conditions for comfortable living for people experiencing problems with independent movement. However, national traditions, economic resources, and regulatory norms, on the one hand, do not allow performing social and regulatory functions that ensure comfortable living conditions for people with disabilities and do not keep up with social changes despite the demand to meet the needs of reduced mobility groups of the population. The main objective of this study is to explore how an adaptive approach can improve the living conditions of people with reduced mobility. We analyzed relevant documents, published in journals indexed by Scopus and Web of Science, and interviewed 35 experts in the field of accessibility. Based on the conducted research, the possibility of adapting the living environment of a person with reduced mobility to their needs is shown, considering not only physical aspects but also social problems since people with reduced mobility need help in removing obstacles in their environment. The results indicate that installing access ramps and modifying door dimensions are effective solutions for improving accessibility, along with some changes to typical layout of the apartments. These solutions can be incorporated into current building standards to promote more inclusive housing.

Bahiru Bewket Mitikie   Beza Meskele Kefa   and Walied A. Elsaigh   

Concrete is a fundamental construction material, which faces challenges due to its low tensile strength and the sustainability issues of cement which are the most important ingredients for it. This study investigates the combined effect of partial cement replacement with cow dung ash and the addition of enset fiber on the mechanical properties and mineralogical formation of concrete. Enset fiber is introduced as reinforcement to enhance tensile, flexural, and compressive strength, with 0.5% by mass identified as an optimal percentage after conducting a pilot study with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. Meanwhile, cow dung ash from animal waste, known for its pozzolanic properties and lower environmental impact compared to conventional cement production, is explored as a partial replacement material. Results show that a 10% replacement ratio of cement with cow dung ash, coupled with 0.5% enset fiber gives improved compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of 35.88MPa, 4.37MPa, and 3.14MPa, respectively. Mineralogical analysis reveals the formation of calcite, portlandite, calcium silicate hydrate gel, halloysite, and ettringite, indicating enhanced concrete performance at this composition. Overall, this study presents an alternative approach to concrete production, offering both mechanical property enhancement and workability benefits through the integration of cow dung ash and enset fiber.

Roberto Piero Gago Pizarro   Karely Sherly Alcantara Gamboa   Alcides Cruz Ochoa   and Rando Porras Olarte   

In the study carried out by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), construction works generated 41.9% of Peru's GDP. 9% of the GDP in Peru, of which provinces such as Huancayo allocated 50 million to the execution of 172 road infrastructures, but for construction and maintenance, asphalt binders are required which produce high emissions of carbon dioxide. In the fight against pollution and the rise of using sustainable materials in the construction of subgrades, a literature review of the materials used to improve the mechanical and physical properties, which is based on this experimental work was carried out. The research carried out the analysis of the stabilisation of subgrade for flexible pavements using recycled asphalt binder (RAP) and pozzolan in the city of Huancayo, for which 10 soil samples were obtained from Ocopilla Avenue. 3 tests were carried out per sample, Moisture content, dry density, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) that were added to the soil samples, RAP percentages of 0, 10, 30% and pozzolana of 0, 5, 15%. These tests were evaluated according to the manual of the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC). Finally, after carrying out the respective tests, it was obtained that the dosage of 15% pozzolan and 10% RAP optimised the % CBR and the combination of 15% pozzolan and 30% RAP improved the dry density; while the sample with 30% RAP was able to reduce the moisture content. It is concluded that the use of recycled asphalt and pozzolan has a favourable influence on the bearing capacity of the subgrade for flexible pavements, which is why this research provides researchers with sustainable materials that reduce the cost of construction and have a positive impact on the area of asphalt pavements.

Aduwo Egidario Bridgette   Anthony Babatunde Sholanke   and Vincent Onyedikachi Ene   

The construction of high-rise buildings in coastal regions has become increasingly popular, posing significant challenges to structural integrity due to the unique environmental conditions. This review aimed to identify the prevalent structural integrity issues and remedial actions for safer, more durable, and sustainable coastline high-rise structures. A literature review was conducted, revealing that high-rise structures along coastlines are vulnerable to issues such as base design, material corrosion, coastal erosion, seismic forces, wind, and earthquake loads. Corrosion-resistant materials, base isolation systems, and the application of resilient design concepts were found to be viable remedial actions to lessen the impact of these issues. The findings demonstrate the crucial importance of designing, constructing, and maintaining high-rise structures while considering the unique environmental characteristics of coastal areas. The resilience and durability of these structures can be enhanced by implementing resilient design concepts, base isolation systems, and corrosion-resistant materials. The results have significant implications for the design, construction, and maintenance of high-rise buildings in coastal regions, emphasizing the need to account for potential natural hazards.

Dada Opeoluwa R.   and Ikotun Bolanle D.   

Foundry greensand waste is a by-product generated in large quantities from casting operations. In this study, Foundry Sand Wastes (FSW) were collected from three ferrous foundries. The samples were named Sample A, B and C. The samples were examined using an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) to study the mineralogical phase of the FSW and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to determine the chemical composition of the FSW while a particle size distribution analyzer was used to determine the grain size distribution of the FSW. Scanning Electron Microscope was also used to determine the morphology of the samples. The silica sand in the mix was replaced by 50% FSW to produce concrete paver in the ratio of 1:1:2, 1:2:4 and 1:3:6. These ratios represent cement: silica sand + FSW: coarse aggregate. The ratio that produced the maximum compressive strength per concrete paver sample is the ratio 1:1:2 and this is similar to the split tensile strength test. The concrete paver samples were subjected to a compressive strength test and split tensile test. Quartz is the predominant mineral found in the FSW samples as revealed by XRF and XRD while the major constituents found in the three FSW samples are Silicon (Si), Iron (Fe), and Aluminium (Al). The trend of the compressive strength and split tensile strength results is consistent. Sample A compressive strength result at 28 days is 23 MPa which is below the acceptable value. Hence, Sample A was not recommended. However, samples B and C showed acceptable compressive strength results of 26MPa and 50MPa respectively at 28 days. Sample C showed the highest strength results for all the curing ages when compared with other samples. Beneficiation of the FSW that makes paving bricks within acceptable toughness and durability values is recommended.

T. P. Mpontshane   E. A. Burger   J. Snyman   and J. E. Honiball   

This paper explores the operational efficiency of a local passenger railway service, focusing on commuters' perceptions in an informal settlement in the City of Tshwane municipality, located in the Gauteng province in South Africa. Railway transportation is vital to South Africa's primary transportation network; however, the network faces significant challenges, including a decline in traffic volume, ageing rolling stock, outdated technologies, and deteriorating infrastructure. These issues have particularly impacted the local passenger railway service in the research area, leading to reduced operational efficiency and a decline in ridership due to commuter dissatisfaction, especially among rural areas reliant on the railway for transportation. This paper aims to provide insights into a local passenger railway service's operational efficiency by engaging with its commuters to enhance ridership. This research employed an explanatory mixed-method questionnaire to assess commuter satisfaction, perceptions, and needs regarding the local railway's service efficiency. The analysis focused on satisfaction levels with specific service quality attributes and the dispersion of data around the mean. Findings indicated a general dissatisfaction among participants and identified key service attributes affecting operational efficiency that require improvement, including effectiveness, reliability, efficiency, safety, comfort, accessibility, crowding, information provision, and alternative travel modes during service disruptions. However, findings should be contextually validated when applied to different scenarios. In conclusion, it is critical to constantly enhance these aspects to maintain existing riders and draw new ones.

Ahmed Al-Shahat Al-Menshawi   Hussein Al-Shanwany   Hassan Mostafa Hassan Afify   and Ahmed A. El-Shihy   

The construction of the dome is considered one of the most important architectural achievements in the history of architecture, through continuous development in the design of the dome, which led to the design and implementation of large areas without any construction obstacles, making it one of the projects that was built on a large scale. Important architectural styles require recognition of their structural capabilities and artistic expression. Hence, this research highlights the importance of domes, arches, and muqarnas in Islamic architecture. The idea of the research came to draw inspiration from the past in the dome element, in terms of its shape and development, in a structurally defined area, which is the area of transition from the square shape to the circle. This transformation captured the thought and interest of Muslim architects over a long period of time, giving this structural solution aesthetic value. These ideas were used in all types of buildings, and when we wanted to study them, we only found mosques and tombs whose details remained, which gave us a golden opportunity to study them and benefit from them. From here we can understand this development and reach the current dome. The research begins by identifying the most important structural elements in Islamic architecture, including the dome, which we expand into studying its origins, types, different shapes, uses, and development. We see this development by studying the transitional zone of the dome from the inside and outside. From the inside, we find corner curves, spherical triangles, and stalactites, which we explain in detail due to their importance and the variety of their shapes, then using arches. Development from the outside includes keeping pace with the inside in increasing the transformation area, finding simple aesthetic solutions, reaching hierarchical solutions, and others. Then comes the innovative solution, and the maximum stage of Evolution in the Ottoman Dome, and how the development of the dome reached the point of covering the entire building area.

Fatema-Tuz-Zahura   Jahidur Rahman   and Sadia Afrin Anila   

The purpose of progressive collapse analysis is to examine that by eliminating different columns whether a structure remains stable following the guidelines of General Services Administration of US. For this analysis, we have considered a G+10 storied RC frame building consisting of 4X4 bay of 84 ft. in X-axis (Long direction) and 52 ft. in Y-axis (Short direction) designed by the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) 2020. For structural analysis, a numerical model is developed by using finite element-based software and progressive collapse analysis is performed according to GSA guidelines. We are considering three types of column sections (rectangular, circular, rectangular column with shear wall) and these three types of columns have similar cross-sectional area. For each type of building, we have considered removing three columns (corner column, exterior column & interior column). For buildings with shear wall along with rectangular column, the DCR values are well within the safe merging recommended by GSA guideline among all the considered three cases. On the other hand, the beams of the buildings with rectangular and circular column sections are not safe for progressive collapse although the columns of these buildings are safe.

Kreachluck Shenn A. Galamgam   Raphael Julian T. Sahagun   Jedrek Charles A. Videña   and Christ John L. Marcos   

The construction industry is one of the world's leading sectors in terms of large-scale development. Since the early years of the construction industry, it has been responsible for keeping our cities developed and on a level with the current economy. However, due to increasing pollution levels, people are experiencing negative effects caused mostly by the creation of construction materials. This research proposes recommendations for sustainable materials that replace conventional ones like concrete and steel reinforcement. Additionally, this study examines the differences in mechanical properties, environmental benefits, and costs between sustainable and conventional construction materials. Based on numerous sources, concrete and steel reinforcement are the most common materials people use today, which also leads to the rate of carbon emissions. Alternatives such as AshCrete and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) are beneficial in reducing the cost and the negative environmental implications. This study found that using AshCrete and GFRP costs less than concrete and steel reinforcement. Additionally, both environmental and mechanical properties also show a positive effect. The implementation and improvement of these materials show promise as they can revitalize the construction industry for the betterment of the economy and our health.

Abudinen D.   Murillo M.   Gómez W.   Ardila A.   and Espitia E.   

Cellular concrete is a mixture of cement, water, and preformed foam, whose main feature is being a low-density material due to it containing uniformly distributed gas cells. To reach this, the preformed foam is composed of a solution based on a foaming agent and water, resulting in a material with a density between 320 kg⁄m³ and 1920 kg⁄m³, creating an advantage over conventional concrete, which in some cases can be harmful as it normally has densities from 2300 kg⁄m³ to 2500 kg⁄m³. Despite the creation of this concrete type being nothing new, there is still no procedure or standardization of the proportion to be used between water and foaming agent for the preformed foam production for the creation of high-density cellular concrete (classified as a subcategory within cellular concrete category) characterized for having a minimum density of 800kg⁄m³. The purpose of this paper is to study the behavior of the relation between water and foaming agents in the production of preformed foam for the creation of high-density cellular concrete. For it, a total of 84 cylindrical specimens were manufactured using mixtures with two different target densities (880 kg⁄m³ and 1680 kg⁄m³), where each of these densities is divided into three different protein foaming agent proportions (1:30, 1:35, and 1:40). The properties of the mixtures were analyzed in terms of the slump, the density, and the compressive strength. The test results revealed a pattern: as the proportion or amounts of foaming agent within the water-foaming agent ratio increased while keeping the other mixture variables constant, a decrease in compressive strength was observed. This phenomenon was inversely proportional to density, since, as the amount of foaming agent decreased, the density of the specimens increased. Mixtures that remained within the expected limits obtained compressive strength values of 3.01 MPa and 22.55 MPa, corresponding to a target density of 880 and 1680, respectively.

M. Chaithra   A. Krishnamoorthy   and A. R. Avinash   

Seismic analysis of storage containers is quite different from the analysis of general structures such as bridges or buildings. In the general structures, the interaction happens amongst solids only, but in tanks, the contact is between solid and liquid. Usually, a simplified model using the spring and mass system of the tank-fluid system is considered to analyse the storage containers, without including the interaction effect between the storage container wall and fluid. Also, the tank's base is idealized as fixed, even though the soil below the foundation has flexible behavior. For a realistic study of the behavior of the container supported on soil, it is essential to consider the interrelation between the tank and fluid at the fluid-wall interface, as well as the interaction between soil and container at the base. Therefore, the response of the container considering the influence of soil and fluid is investigated in the current study. The container-fluid-soil system is idealized using the Finite element method. The coupling effect between the container and fluid is modeled using the Pressure formulation approach. The container is subjected to six past earthquakes. The effect of ground motion characteristics and the influence of soil conditions are studied on the behavior of the container. Response parameters taken into account for the study are in terms of displacement at the container top, base shear, hydrodynamic pressure on the container wall, and sloshing. In order to investigate the interaction effects between the foundation and soil medium, soils with various flexibility parameters are considered. The study shows that the soil conditions, as well as earthquake characteristics significantly influence the response of the container in terms of displacement at the top, base shear, and hydrodynamic pressure. However, it is observed that the foundation-soil interaction modeling has very little impact on the sloshing displacement of the container.

Ceyda Eldemir Kara   Semra Arslan Selçuk   Aslı Er Akan   and Ali İhsan Ünay   

Digital design technologies and automation systems have ushered in a paradigm shift in the field of architecture, revolutionizing approaches to architectural elements. Designers, empowered by these technologies, have embraced novel methods and tectonics, transcending traditional design paradigms and prompting a reconsideration of conventional materials. Among these, brick, the oldest man-made material, stands out as a substance ripe for rediscovery through the lens of digital technologies. Numerous research efforts have explored integrating brick material with digital tools, delving into its potential through computational methods and unveiling new understandings of masonry. This paper seeks to contribute to this exploration by focusing on the material's role in complex surface formation. Specifically, the structure of Atlántida Church that Eladio Dieste built with the principle of "resistance through form" has been examined. By employing the hypothesis posited by Eladio Dieste, this research examines historical texts and contemporary practices, subjecting them to analysis through digital tools. The underlying objective is to highlight the discernible impact of manipulating geometric parameters on the qualities of brick material. Throughout this research, the progression unfolds through distinct phases, beginning with digital modeling and analysis. Subsequently, this process advances iteratively by generating a new digital model derived from the original. The culmination of each cycle is marked by a reevaluation, forming a continuous and detailed exploration of implications throughout the study. In light of the obtained results, it is clear that the robust tectonic impact of brick has strengthened the interrelation among form, structure, and material throughout the process of digitization. The qualities of brick resonate prominently in contemporary architectural practice, whose enduring significance is underscored by its integral role in the digital processes shaping the realm of contemporary architectural praxis.

Dirk M. Bester   Elizabeth Theron   Philip R. Stott   and Jacques Snyman   

The South African Government is committed to providing affordable and sustainable housing solutions for its underserved population. However, constructing low-cost housing (LCH) on active clay soils, particularly in regions dominated by expansive clay soils such as the Karoo Supergroup geological formation, has presented significant challenges. These LCH, known for their lightweight construction, have faced significant foundation failures due to clay soil heaving. It is, therefore, essential to employ raft foundation designs with enough stiffness. The design of raft foundations requires understanding the moisture-induced heave patterns underneath the foundation. Current methods of designing raft foundations in South Africa rely on assumptions about moisture-induced heave patterns underneath the foundation. These often prove inaccurate, especially with expansive clay soils. The problem comes from past research using ground sheets or foundations without a superstructure, failing to replicate accurate conditions and the cost associated with instrumenting large amounts of LCH foundations to monitor their behaviour. The study aims to bridge the division by evaluating and comparing a real-world scenario LCH instrumented and monitored with a small-scale raft foundation in a laboratory setting. Moisture monitoring instruments were used underneath the LCH in South Africa's Free State region while constructing a small-scale model on expansive clay soils inside a laboratory. The research intends to provide a cost-effective methodology for evaluating raft foundations within a laboratory environment. By doing so, these small-scale models serve as tools to advance the understanding of moisture variations underneath raft foundations in real-life conditions. The research hopes to facilitate more reliable raft foundation characteristics and patterns on expansive clay soils, contributing to the sustainability and durability of LCH projects in South Africa.

Yuliya Onichshenko   and Gulnara Abdrassilova   

The incorporation of seismic and climatic considerations into the modern architecture of Kazakhstan is crucial and pertinent for achieving a harmonious and environmentally sustainable development of the region. The objective of this study is to validate the distinctive engineering strategies required for the construction of large-scale architectural structures while considering the natural and climatic hazards specific to Kazakhstan. During the scientific research, the following general scientific methods were used: system analysis and synthesis, historical method, and abstract-logical method. In particular, in the course of the conducted research, the history of the development of modern seismic technologies in Kazakhstan was analysed, which began in 1977, when the country's first high-rise building - the 26-story Kazakhstan hotel - was built in Almaty. The unique features of the structural and technical adjustments made to the architectural buildings in the major cities of Kazakhstan, namely Astana and Almaty, in response to the natural and climatic circumstances of the nation, were justified. The general concept of architectural solutions in the construction industry of Kazakhstan and the justification of individual changes in connection with the trends and possibilities of scientific and technical progress in the context of preservation of cultural heritage were characterized. The results of a survey of 300 respondents (mainly engineers and architects) were analysed in order to identify the role of engineering solutions in architecture, determined by the seismic and temperature conditions of Kazakhstan. The practical significance of this study is a detailed analysis of the innovativeness of engineering solutions, considering the example of the buildings of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hotel "Kazakhstan", shopping centre "Khan-Shatyr", "Palace of Peace and Harmony", multifunctional complex "Talan Towers"). These results can be used to substantiate decisions on overcoming complex climatic factors and forming unique images in terms of the new identity of the country's modern architecture.

Tian Jie   Nur Huzeima Mohd Hussain   Noriah Othman   and Helmi Hamzah   

Chinese ecological wisdom represents the knowledge accumulation of thousands of years of practical living experience in rural settlements. Contemporary Chinese villages are facing crises in their development during the rapid urbanization process. Thus, the value of ecological wisdom and spatial form is fading. This paper provides an overview of the ecological wisdom and the spatial form of rural settlements in China through a systematic analysis of the literature review. This review focuses on two key issues: first, there is a lack of a rural settlement spatial form framework in public literature on the relationship between ecological wisdom and the spatial form of rural settlements; second, effective spatial reference models are lacking in the development of rural settlement spatial form based on ecological wisdom. This study measures reviews from Web of Science, Scopus, and CNKI. The aim is to identify reference methods for sustainable spatial development of rural settlements based on ecological wisdom through Systematic literature review (COOC) screening. The study defines four main methods according to the research objectives: theoretical research, impact assessment method, observational interview method, and planning strategy. This study found that an integrated approach to spatial development was identified as the best way to promote sustainable development and that spatial patterns, systematic co-governance, and some other spatial research methods were conducive in promoting the sustainable development of rural settlements. Therefore, this review will promote increased dialogue, enhance interdisciplinary collaboration, and advance research in this exciting new field.

Mustafa M. Anas Al-Mendilawi   and Haider Jasim Essa Al-Saaidy   

Human societies are witnessing several transformations due to their growth and urban development; this has led to the shrinkage of urban spaces and the loss of the values and meanings they carry. It has also resulted in a lack of interaction between humans and their urban environment. Although Iraq is witnessing remarkable development in its vertical residential complexes, it lacks a clear vision of the importance of open urban places and their role in achieving the goals and desires of individuals. Therefore, this research studies the positive dimensions of humans' attitudes towards place, including the underlying concepts and vocabulary, such as place attachment. Place attachment manifests a human desire to settle into a place. The study sought to evaluate the effect of the physical, social, and moral dimensions of place on topophilia and place attachment within vertical residential complexes in an urban environment. The research adopted a dual approach by first discussing the existing literature on the topic to build a knowledge base and extract the main concepts of the research problem, and secondly developing a conceptual framework. To test the validity of the hypothesis and measure the extent to which the variables of the theoretical framework were achieved (including their impact values), the framework's concepts were applied to samples of vertical residential complexes within governorates of Iraq: Baghdad, Kut, and Basra. The research adopted a field survey method by distributing a questionnaire form and interviewing residents to collect information. The results were analysed using the statistical program (IBM SPSS Statistics-24), and Cronbach's alpha coefficient test was conducted to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. The arithmetic mean was calculated to compare the results in the selected residential complexes. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated between the characteristics of place, and the study concluded that the following were the most influential variables in such contexts: accessibility from the physical characteristics, social activities and interactions from the social characteristics, and safety and protection from the moral characteristics. Thus, the research verified the validity of the hypothesis and identified the most influential variables in enhancing place attachment.

Ehab Okba   Aya Zareef   and Niveen Sabry   

The climate change (CC) is a global environmental problem; it has crossed all the borders to pose threats to the entire world. The main problem of the research is that infrastructure, especially water and drainage networks, will be affected by the physical outcomes of CC, and they will play an essential role in our ability to adapt to those effects. The research aims to reach, The Climate Change Resilient Infrastructure Planning Framework which enables designers and researchers to identify critical infrastructure, predict risks associated with CC, develop, plan, implement, and assess resilience solutions. The framework helps users understand interconnected infrastructure systems -especially water and drainage systems- and it can be integrated into many types of plans, such as economic development, risk mitigation, and emergency response or recovery. Through an inductive approach, urban resilience has been studied, including the steps to achieve it, its relationship with water and drainage networks, the steps and stages of resilience infrastructure planning, the concept of climate change infrastructure and the impact of CC on water and drainage networks. Then, by applying the analytical approach, a framework consisting of goals, mechanisms and the responsible personals was produced. Hence, the proposed framework was applied to Alexandria city.

Rami Al shawabkeh   Mai Arar   Mwfeq Al Haddad   Mohannad Tarrad   and Raghad Alhammad   

Current policies for the preservation of historic buildings (archaeological or heritage sites) constitute a challenge for local governments in Jordan. Although the main goal of preservation is to build a connection between people and sites, people have lost their connection with historic sites due to current preservation strategies. The present study is the first to investigate how and to what extent outdoor spaces can be used to increase place attachment to heritage buildings for people in Jordan. It evaluates the applicability of using outdoor spaces as a new method for connecting people with historic buildings in Jordan. This will be achieved firstly by determining which aspects of attachment to heritage buildings are being evaluated and which characteristics of outdoor spaces are being investigated to promote that connection. To achieve this goal, this paper adopts a mixed-method approach. The first method is a questionnaire survey using 344 participants for quantitative analysis. The second is observation of human behavior using ArcMap 10.8.1 and Revit 2022 software tools for qualitative analysis. This study concludes with a framework for developing or designing successful outdoor areas around historic buildings. It provides a set of recommendations that lead to a better connection between people and heritage sites, better protection of the sites, and more visitors. It revealed how the presence of outdoor areas surrounding heritage sites including their features and services can improve people's sense of place through increasing community participation in celebrations and important events in these outdoor heritage areas. Additionally, it explored the challenges these spaces are facing that limit their use, such as shade areas and additional space for big events. Therefore, this paper contributes a plan for developing existing outdoor areas surrounding heritage sites. The findings allow decision-makers to develop or design outdoor spaces around historic buildings to create successful places by increasing their effectiveness and reviving their role in preserving historic buildings.

Aaron Anil Chadee   Shree Ram Malani   Ashutosh Pandey   Shashikant Verma   Anurag Sharma   Darshan Mehta   and Tarun Kumar Rajak   

Utilizing sulphur in concrete mixes stands out as an exemplary approach to mitigating environmental impacts. This method capitalizes on sulphur as a waste product from industrial operations, addressing waste disposal concerns and promoting environmental preservation. Sulphur concrete exhibits notable qualities, possessing heightened compressive strength, low hydraulic conductivity, and outstanding resistance to water permeation. It proves highly resilient to corrosion, particularly in acidic and saline conditions. Moreover, sulphur concrete boasts enhanced resistance to corrosion, augmenting its durability. When repeatedly loaded, its waterproofing properties prevent it from wearing out, accelerating the hardening process and enhancing its strength. This makes manufacturing more efficient and ensures durability in harsh environments. The objective of the study is to examine the effect of sulphur-coated aggregate concrete on compressive strength, sulphate resistance, and nitrate resistance. The study also aimed to compare the test results of conventional concrete with sulphur-coated aggregate concrete and to investigate the hardened properties of both normal concrete and sulphur-coated aggregate concrete across various cement percentages, including 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Examining the compressive strength of concrete using different proportions of sulphur-coated aggregate consistently shows a decline in strength as the sulphur content rises to 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. However, the compressive strength fails to reach the target mean strength, unlike normal concrete. As the sulphur percentage increases, the concrete demonstrates improved performance against these ions. Following exposure to sulphate and nitrate attacks, concrete experiences a substantial reduction in strength, while sulphur-coated aggregate concrete maintains higher strength levels. Notably, the strength of concrete with a 10% sulphur content increases by up to 11.30%. Therefore, the findings indicate that sulphur concrete is suitable for applications in environments with high moisture levels and increased acid exposure. In terms of strength, sulphur concrete shows comparable performance to conventional concrete.

Hamza Khalid Alshoha   and Mohammed Salman AL-lami   

The effects of using glass powder as a partial replacement of cement on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams exposed to elevated temperatures were summarized in this experimental study. The replacements of cement by glass powder used were 0% (control specimens), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement. Ten reinforced concrete beams with 150 mm x 180 mm x 1550 mm dimensions were cast and tested under a four-point loading, in addition to thirty cubes tested for the compression strength of the concrete representing the five replacement percentages. The beams and the cubes were divided into two identical groups, where the specimens of one of them were tested after being exposed to an elevated temperature of 600℃ for one hour. The results showed that the beams tested at laboratory temperature with glass powder replacement cement by 5% and 10% exhibited higher bending moment capacity values and lower ones with 15% and 20% replacement compared to the control specimens. The beams with 10%, 15%, and 20% glass exposed to elevated temperature showed increasing bending moment capacity and decreasing values for the beam with 5% compared to the control specimens. The results also showed that the initial cracking moment of beams with 5%, 10%, and 20% replacement decreased, and increased with 15% replacement by 50% compared to the control specimen for beams tested at laboratory temperature. However, the elevated temperature (E.T) had a varying impact on the initial cracking moment. The replacement of cement by 10%, 15%, and 20% W.G.P. increased the strength of the mortar by 9.2%, 15%, and 19%, respectively, at laboratory temperatures.

A. B. M. Saiful Islam   

Current boom in infrastructure development necessitates a substantial quantity of construction material, predominantly concrete. To satisfy the demand for concrete production, huge consumption of natural resources consumed causes environmental problems and depletion of their reserves. Therefore, the substitution of traditional construction materials is of utmost importance to save natural resources. Conventional waste management practices raise numerous environmental, economic, and social concerns, necessitating the development of viable alternatives. Besides, to reduce structural weight, enhanced properties of low-density concrete are required. As a result, the concept of lightweight concrete (LWC) has acquired attraction. In practice, there is an immense potential for utilizing waste residues from various industries in LWC and as a sustainable solution for waste management. The readily accessible volcanic byproduct, scoria possesses the capacity to address the rising demand for lightweight concrete-producing construction materials. Such LWC might replace conventional normal-weight concrete (NWC). Furthermore, the industrial waste silica fume (SF) has the capability to increase concrete strength. Hence, the target of this study is to introduce structural LWC using Scoria aggregate and silica fume pozzolanic material while assessing its impact. Two types of lightweight concrete have been developed where one is scoria lightweight concrete (SLWC). Another concrete incorporates the silica fume by partial replacement of cement together with the scoria, namely silica fume scoria lightweight concrete (SSLWC). Fresh and durability properties of volcanic waste-based concrete are investigated, and the results are assessed. Both the SLWC and SSLWC yielded significant properties showing the potential as structural concrete. The study indicates that Scoria has the potential to serve as a viable substitute to produce structural LWC and silica fume enhances the quality further. The availability of aggregate sources will safeguard natural resources and ensure that future generations inherit an ecological equilibrium. Such sustainable construction material might eliminate cost constraints across all regions and enhance the desirability of utilizing this LWC based on scoria on a global scale.

Agnes Purba   Yusuf Latief   Bernadette Detty Kussumardianadewi   and Bambang Trigunarsyah   

This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive life cycle cost (LCC) analysis of green retrofitting in mosque building to assess the financial feasibility and performance. The analysis included risk assessment of three crucial stages, namely pre-construction, construction, and post-construction. A Likert scale was used for the validation process based on responses from 51 experts included in green building retrofitting projects. The results showed that the highest risk occurred during the construction phase, impacting investment performance. Sensitivity analysis showed the potential longevity of investment, with pre-construction risk affecting the Net Present Value (NPV) in the 18th year, and post-construction risk proving feasible by the 17th year. Furthermore, several benchmarks were introduced such as NPV, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), and Break Even Point (BEP) for investment evaluation. The financial feasibility of green retrofitting items, including solar panels and energy-efficient utilities, was confirmed with an NPV of IDR 140,797,698, IRR of 10.26%, and BCR of 2.21, with feasibility realized in the 17th year. Risk visualization through a Tornado Chart emphasized the significance of each risk stage on NPV values. In conclusion, this study provided valuable insights for informed investment decisions in mosque building green items, emphasizing the importance of risk management for long-term sustainability. Moreover, the recommendation was made for broader case studies, including multiple certified green mosque for more accurate risk identification

Ika Sulianti   Joni Arliansyah   and Edi Kadarsa   

Solid waste is increasing throughout the world due to rapid population growth and the need for infrastructures. Reports have shown that Indonesia contributes 3% to this solid waste due to the demolition of highways constructed using concrete pavement and others. However, the waste can be processed into recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) which has the potential to be reused as an alternative for new pavement materials to reduce the use of natural aggregate (NA) and achieve environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss the application of RCA with concrete grade Fs 4.5 on Asphalt Concrete Binder Course (AC-BC) mixture. RCA with 12.5 mm and 9.5 mm thickness was applied as a 45%, 50%, and 55% substitute for NA in AC-BC mixture. Marshall Immersion and Cantabro Loss tests were later conducted to analyze the residual strength and grain release resistance. The results showed that the application of RCA had a positive effect on AC-BC mixture with the sample containing 55% observed to have a stability of 1909.79 kg. The Marshall Immersion test also showed that the sample with 50% RCA had the largest residual strength of 94.41%. Furthermore, the use of RCA as a substitute for NA in AC-BC mixture led to an increase in Marshall stability in the range of 0.41% to 29.24% compared to the application of 100% NA. Cantabro Loss test results for mixture with RCA replacement were observed to have increased by 6.46% to 7.26% when compared to a mixture with 100% NA. The highest Cantabro Loss value was recorded for 45% RCA at 7.26% while the lowest was for 55% RCA at 6.46%. However, the required Cantabro Loss value was less than or equal to 20% which pointed the ability of the proposed asphalt mixture to resist degradation against wear usually caused by vehicle tire friction. In conclusion, Marshall and Cantabro Loss test results showed that the proposed mix was resistant to wear and could withstand traffic loads effectively by distributing the loads to the underlying layers to support the pavement as a whole.

Shruthi B. K.   Shrikant Charhate   and Sushree Sangita Mishra   

Nanomaterials have proved to be an effective solution to enhance properties of cement composites. The present study exhibits the analysis of an experimental work of the influence of graphene oxide nanosheets (GO) and the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on variation of compressive strength at different age of curing and to find optimum concentration of GO-GGBS modified cement mortar samples. Three varying contents of GGBS, 20%, 30% and 40% and four different contents of GO, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06% and 0.08% by the mass of cement were prepared separately. The impact of incorporation of GO, GGBS and the combined effect of GO-GGBS (0.08% and 30%) on compressive strength gain was studied. Results from the present experimental investigation exhibit remarkable enhancement in the development of compressive strength with GO addition in cement mortars. The early strength gain was also found to be significantly improved by 47.22% with 0.08% of GO. An increment of 32.22% in 28 days compressive strength was observed with GO addition at 0.08% concentration in cement mortars. Also, the combined effect of GO-GGBS exhibited enhanced compressive strength compared to reference samples by 30.76%, 22.7% and 33.94% at 3, 7 and 28 days of curing age respectively. The outcome of this study exhibits that GO nanosheets can serve as a promising reinforcing material in cement concrete for improved hydration, and strength development. In addition, the combined effect of GO-GGBS will serve as a sustainable option for reducing the carbon footprints with enhanced mechanical property in cement-based materials.

Luis Alejandro Velastegui-Cáceres   Byron Guevara-Bonifaz   Julia Velastegui-Cáceres   and Theofilos Toulkeridis   

Currently, tangible heritage has been affected by lack of maintenance, human interventions and deterioration due to natural causes, which is why research aimed at the conservation of heritage assets that preserve the history, tradition and identity of a place is required. The current study is performed in order to apply modern methodologies in a heritage asset, starting from a Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) model of architectural documentation to conduct its structural evaluation in a non-linear finite element analysis software. The proposed workflow begins with collecting information with a 3D laser scanner. The processing, debugging and management of data is realized in the Trimble Real Works software, then the model is exported to the HBIM ArchiCAD 24 software, where the building can be seen in 3D. This is how the detail plans in plan and elevation are generated, of which the model is exported to allow the structural evaluation to a software for finite element analysis DIANA FEA (acronym for Displacement Analyzer). Using a three-dimensional geometric model, a pushover analysis is performed, which allows data to be obtained on the most critical or vulnerable elements that would be affected in the event of a seismic movement. The results of this evaluation are of relevant importance in the case of the Balbanera church, since they constitute a basis, from which an intervention project can be proposed considering the current requirements of the structure. In addition, the HBIM model offers the facility of multipurpose, that is, one is able to work on several topics included in the same 3D model. The proposed methodology could become a standard model for studies in other heritage buildings.

Ida Ayu Made Budiwati   Made Sukrawa   Made Hendra Prayoga   and I Nengah Adiana   

This research was conducted on residential buildings with discontinuous walls from the ground floor to the upper floors due to the ground floor being used as parking areas or lobbies, commonly referred to as piloti buildings. Piloti buildings are susceptible to experiencing soft stories because the ground floor is more flexible than the floors above. The presence of the wall on the upper floor designed as confined masonry could detect a soft story. Many studies have been conducted on confined masonry models, but they still need to provide conclusive results and are still quite challenging to apply to complex buildings. This study used a layered shell SAP2000 model to model confined masonry and validated it with experimental test results. The research findings indicate that considering the presence of walls can detect soft story irregularities. Soft story evaluations suggest that the columns and beams on the ground floor should be enlarged to prevent structural collapse. Pushover analysis indicates that confined masonry construction has better stiffness and strength than open frame construction but has lower ductility. Additionally, confined masonry structures are considered more affordable regarding their reinforcement and concrete requirements. These findings can be a foundation for further development in designing confined masonry constructions in Indonesia.

Ali A. Mahameid   Amjad A. Yasin   and Ahmad B. Malkawi   

Geopolymer concrete is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. This research investigates the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to predict the compressive and tensile strengths of such concrete. A strict materials selection was applied by assessing the use of fly ash class-F and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as geopolymer source materials. The ANN model performed exceptionally well with 75 different concrete mix combinations, generating an extremely low Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 2.9x10^-5, suggesting a scant 2% variation between predictions and targets. The study demonstrates a strong agreement between the ANN predictions and the experimental values across a wide range of concrete strengths (10 to 80 MPa), guaranteeing a complete dataset. Regression analysis demonstrates the model's dependability, with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.993, 0.819, and 0.956 for the training, testing, and validation datasets, respectively. A constant R-value of 0.932 across all datasets adds to the ANN model's accuracy. The model's dependability in predicting geopolymer concrete strengths was confirmed by predicting a new dataset extracted from the literature, which yielded high agreement with a maximum error of 3%.

Wahyuniarsih Sutrisno   Triwulan   Pujo Aji   Faimun   Yuyun Tajunnisa   and Kiki Dwi Wulandari   

Fly ash (FA) and Bottom Ash (BA) are commonly used to substitute cement and fine aggregate in concrete production. This study was performed to evaluate the use of high-volume fly ash and bottom ash on a sustainable housing project. High-volume fly ash (HVFA) is used as supplementary cementitious materials, while high-volume bottom ash (HVBA) is used to partially replace the fine aggregate. The FA used in this research was 40% and 50%, and the BA used in this research was 50% and 75%. The fresh and hardened quality of concrete incorporating HVFA and HVBA was evaluated using slump, compressive, flexure, and tensile test. The fresh properties show that adding FA to the concrete mixture can increase the slump value. However, the BA tends to reduce the slump value in concrete due to its particle characteristics. Furthermore, it was found that concrete incorporating HVFA and HVBA has lower compressive, flexure, and tensile strength, especially at an early age. As the curing age of concrete increases, the differences between concrete incorporating HVFA and HVBA with concrete mixture decrease. In this research, the concrete incorporating 40% FA and 50% BA has the optimum quality. Furthermore, the mixture is later used in the field application as structural elements for the village-owned Enterprise building built in the Sumberejo Village East Java Indonesia. The use of HVFA and HVBA in this pilot project is expected to minimize the cost and experimental problems due to the coal ash waste.

Iin Arianti   Muhammad Rafani   Nurul Fitriani   Ely Nurhidayati   Wetri Febrina   and Andiyan Andiyan   

Particle board is generally made from sawdust and urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. UF is actually a material that is dangerous to health and the environment, and the price is relatively expensive. Likewise, PP and PET waste is very dangerous for health and the environment. It is interesting to know whether polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste can be used as a substitute for UF. In this research, PP plastic waste and PET plastic waste were used as adhesive substitutes for urea formaldehyde in the manufacture of particle board. Particleboard will be made into four combinations, namely sawdust + UF + PP measuring 1 cm x 5 cm; sawdust + UF size + PP pass No.4 sieve; sawdust + PP size passing No.4 sieve; and sawdust + PET in size that passes filter number 4. The mixture proportion for each combination is 70% sawdust: 30% plastic waste; 60% sawdust: 40% plastic waste; and 50% sawdust: 50% plastic waste, each heated for 20 minutes with a temperature set at 180℃ for PP waste and 200℃ for PET waste, with a pressure amount of 25 kg/cm². It is interesting that PP that passes filter No. 4 sieve can be used in making particle board, but further research is needed to determine the optimal mixture proportions and temperature, as well as meeting all standards required by SNI and JIS. This research is useful for particle board manufacturing companies to determine alternative materials to replace UF, so that production costs can be cheaper.

James Honiball   Everardt Andre Burger   and Heinrich Pretorius   

Despite approximately 60% of South Africa's population relying on walking as a primary mode of transport, pedestrian safety remains a critical concern, with one-third of all road fatalities being pedestrians. This alarming statistic underscores the urgent need for governmental interventions to establish safer non-motorised transport systems. However, such developments are often deprioritised in residential areas, leading to pedestrians frequently resorting to using roadways instead of sidewalks. This study investigates the key attributes contributing to the walkability of residential areas, offering insights to inform urban planning design solutions for enhancing pedestrian infrastructure in these regions. Bloemfontein city in South Africa was used as a case study. A Conjoint Analysis technique, a multivariate method for understanding individual preferences, was employed to identify the significance of various sidewalk attributes. The results indicate that the walkable width of a sidewalk, the obstacles number present, the type of surface material, and changes in elevation significantly influence pedestrians' choice to use sidewalks over roadways. By optimising these elements, we can promote sidewalk usage, encouraging a safer transition for pedestrians away from roadways and towards sidewalks.

Axel Anyelo Luque Saico   Marcelo Miguel De La Cruz Calderon   Cesar Elmer Taboada Perez   and Marko Antonio Lengua Fernandez   

The remains of the banana pseudostem, which are left over when the fruit is removed, are typically left on the farms in the central jungle as fertilizer. However, this often produces fungus due to humidity, as it is a material that is not marketed. Some researchers have found commercial uses for these remains in the manufacture of shoes and handbags. In addition, research shows that the use of natural fibre improves the properties of concrete and reduces the impact of the carbon footprint, making it a sustainable material in construction. This research work focuses on analysing the mechanical properties of concrete with banana pseudostem fibre, seeking to optimise costs in rigid pavements at the Plutón Chanchamayo construction site. For this purpose, a 210 kg/cm² concrete was designed according to the guidelines of the Practical Standard for the Selection of Proportions for Normal, Heavy and Mass Concrete (ACI 211.1-91). Different proportions of pseudostem fibre were incorporated and their effects on the concrete were evaluated. The overall results indicate that the addition of banana pseudostem fibre significantly improves the mechanical properties of the concrete. Specifically, a 3% fibre ratio optimises the compressive strength and other critical parameters, while a noticeable reduction in the production cost per cubic metre of concrete is also observed. These improvements not only increase the efficiency of the material, but also contribute to sustainability by reducing the carbon footprint and utilising agricultural waste. In conclusion, the use of banana pseudostem fibre in concrete not only offers economic benefits by reducing production costs, but also improves the mechanical properties of the material, making it stronger and more sustainable. This represents an innovative and ecological solution for the construction industry, promoting the use of natural materials and reducing environmental impact.

Estefany Lorenzo Pastrana   Joshy Nichelson Castillo Curasma   Esthefany Araceli Curo Tovar   and Jimmy Nick Stevens Garcia Joija   

According to the MTC, there were 65,539 M20 speeding offenses in September 2022, increasing the number of traffic accidents by 3312 people killed. This work develops an aerial classification system to alert speeding on flat and curved roads. To obtain the data in the Breña bridge and the pedestrian bridge of the National University of Central Peru (UNCP) in Huancayo, it was subdivided into area 1 and area 2, where the Mavic Air drone was used to implement the vehicle classification system YOLOv7. It was trained with the COCO base and then added to the Python libraries where the programming was performed using the dynamic behavior of a particle at constant speed to track the vehicle to calculate the centroid of the rectangle and the speed that travels on the road. Finally, it was obtained from the 10 samples considered for each scenario in the detection of speeding that 60% of the cars travelling on the Breña bridge exceeded the speed limit, while the vehicles evaluated in area 1 exceeded the speed limit of 30km/h in the school zone 100%, while in area 2 80% of cars exceeded the permitted limit, indicating that the speeding alert is required in the evaluated sites to adequately alert the driver when entering this stretch of road.

Maria Damiana Nestri Kiswari   Nany Yuliastuti   and Budi Sudarwanto   

The provision of open space in urban settings is one indicator of the Sustainable Development Goals. Humans create space as a place to carry out their activities. Urban public open space has impervious areas, namely gray space. The gray space is a place for recreational activities, including fitness activities, social activities, and activities to enjoy visual facilities in public open spaces. Various community activities are carried out simultaneously in the gray space. Community behaviour shows community dynamics and social interactions in a neighbourhood public space. This research aims to understand various community behaviours in gray spaces at Merbau Square. This research uses the qualitative method and descriptive analysis, which describes the condition of the square and the behaviour of the people who are active in it. Data was obtained through interviews and observing the situation and the conditions. The space syntax method that uses the Depth Map application is for the data analysis. The analysis results by Depth Map strengthen the identification of places in gray space that have the potential for various activities because they are easier to see and accessible. People’s activities are tied to their behaviors. The diversity of community activities in the gray space is mapped through behavioural mapping, namely the place-centred map. So that we will gain an understanding of how people behave in the gray space of Merbau Square as a public facility that has been developed, comprehending the community behaviour will illustrate the sustainability of public facilities in a neighbourhood.

Rusul Latteef Naji   Hesham Mahmoud El-Badry   and Ahmed Ezzat Abdel-Rahman   

Poor geometrical design of dam structures may lead to high-risk erosion problems. The unbalanced design of the spillway and flip bucket causes damage in different locations, especially impingement locations. Sustainable solutions should focus on modifying defective geometric dimensions that cause damage, rather than just repairing the damaged area. Numerical simulation of the modified profile is preferred to avoid expensive experimental field adjustments. A damaged existing dam in Africa was considered as a case study. Erosion in the rock steps that support the elevated flip bucket was observed during the ejection of the flood jet. The geometrical parameters of the spillway's slope, flip bucket radius and lip angle were adjusted. Elongating the ejected water stream range away from the supporting area was accomplished. A numerical detached eddy simulation (DES) model was constructed for this desired objective. The high reliability of this model was early detected by the authors. The flow properties on two modified slopes of the chute were simulated numerically without any change in the original flip bucket properties. ANSYS FLUENT software was used in all simulation processes. The optimal modified slope model was determined. Within different operation stages, the performance of the new slope model was analyzed and compared with the optimal pre-determined parameters of the flip bucket's modification. The optimal individual models of chute slope and flip bucket parameters were combined. The combination achieved a more reliable model for stabilizing the abutment. Jet velocity, trajectory length, total pressure and turbulent intensity results were recorded for the assessment stages.

Rachmat Mudiyono   Juny Andry   and Nisa Ul Azizah   

Pavement structures have various problems that can interfere with mobility, such as potholes, and cracks in the road. Given the increase in mobility, there is a need for quality and quantity roads that can meet this. Asphalt concrete wearing course is the top layer that often experiences cracks, wears holes, and other general damage because this layer is in direct contact with loads and weather. Various efforts are made to improve the quality of asphalt concrete pavement, one of which is to substitute materials or add materials to find a good quality pavement with high stability value to ensure that it doesn't easily deform or deteriorate over time. In this study, the authors used two additional materials, namely epoxy resin and steel fiber. The purpose of this research is to determine the quality of the modified AC-WC mixture using Marshall test parameters. This study used experimental methods with core topics discussing the parameter Marshall test and the stability value. The experiment was conducted by creating 48 job mix designs. The results of research that has been carried out for job mix design in Marshall tests with 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% resin composition with variations in the combination of Steel fiber steel fibers 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% meet the Bina Marga 2018 revision 2 specifications. The results of the Marshall test obtained the highest stability parameter in the composition of 2% resin with 4% steel fiber, and the highest stability result is 2159.74 kg.

Bashir Saleh   and Sofian Bashir   

This investigation examines the performance of tension and compression connections in steel beam-column assemblies and concrete slabs, with a particular focus on end-plate joints employing four bolts. By utilising advanced finite element modelling (FEM) and simulation techniques, the study aims to elucidate the behaviour of these joints under both service and extraordinary load conditions. While these connections exhibit favourable flexibility and resilience during typical use, they present challenges in transmitting exceptional loads without incurring joint failure and potential structural collapse, particularly when subjected to unexpected loading scenarios. The research employs a meticulous analytical approach utilising ABAQUS/CAD software. This analysis incorporates a comprehensive evaluation of various parameters, including inherent structural imperfections, material properties, the interplay between steel and concrete, and the influence of non-linear material behaviour. The findings indicate that while these joints perform adequately under standard loading conditions, they may exhibit susceptibility to failure under extreme stresses. This underscores the critical need for the development of adaptable and robust steel beam-column connections to ensure paramount structural safety and stability. Furthermore, the study emphasises the significance of continuous advancements in modelling and simulation techniques, enabling the effective resolution of intricate structural challenges. This investigation offers valuable insights that can be harnessed to develop more efficient and secure composite steel-concrete structures. Furthermore, the study emphasises the significance of continuous advancements in modelling and simulation techniques, which can be employed to mitigate potential structural hazards and enhance building practices, ultimately leading to safer and more resilient structures.

Dessy Angga Afrianti   Sabrina Handayani   Tazkia Amelia   and Ni Kadek Anggun Cahyani   

The importance of integrating environmental considerations into public transportation systems is crucial to achieving sustainable transportation. It is not enough to just advocate for sustainable transportation; concrete actions are required to bring about real change. One of the main challenges in achieving sustainable transportation is the high level of emissions. In this context, electrification emerges as a viable alternative to address these challenges. This study focuses on the electrification of the 2D Corridor of Trans Metro Pasundan through the Retrofit method, highlighting its cost-effectiveness compared to other methods. The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of electrification on reducing emissions, particularly by measuring the reduction in CO₂ emissions before and after the electrification process. Using a quantitative descriptive approach, this research carefully analyzes data to draw conclusions. The findings indicate a significant decrease in CO₂ emissions post-electrification, with a reduction of 88.3%. This study emphasizes the potential of electrification in mitigating emissions in Bandung City and West Bandung Regency, thereby contributing to broader goals in achieving sustainable transportation and moving towards Net Zero Emission (NZE) by 2060.

Maneeth P. D.   and Shreenivas Reddy Shahapur   

By induction of fibers in to the concrete, it expands the potential properties of self-compacting concrete, which has certain technological benefits. Fibers serve like an obstruction that prevents cracks from getting worse in the concrete as well as to enhance a number of its qualities. Concrete's workability can be dramatically impacted by fibers, as is well known. So, using steel and polypropylene fiber, a research was conducted to produce SCC. Cementitious material content was held constant at 450kg/m^³; therefore, consistent water-to- cementitious material amount has been used 0.42, 7.5% by weight of silica fume and 22.5% by weight of GGBS, which were used to replace cement in the self-compacting mixtures. The variables in this study were the volume fraction percentages of fibers (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2). As a way of determining concrete's new qualities, for example, filling ability and passing ability were assessed, as well as concrete's strengthened characteristics were measured. Further, intake of water and demonstration of absorbency are executed in order to determine durability. Therefore, ultimate strength showed a very slight increase. The ductility has improved dramatically as a result of the inclusion of fiber. For superior strength performance, it was discovered that the filling factor as well as aspect proportion of fiber should be 2.0 percent and 39, respectively. Despite a slight improvement in concrete strength due to the use of fibers and high volumes for both fume of silica with GGBS, the results showed that huge volumes for both Silica Fume and GGBS have the ability that creates self-compacting concrete with reinforced fibers.

Husni Mubarak   Azridjal Aziz   Juandi   and Gatot Wijayanto   

Transportation is one of the largest contributors to gas emissions, due to the need for transportation in various aspects of life. Efforts are needed to develop environmentally friendly transportation by implementing the green transportation concept. The idea of "green transportation" refers to using transportation while considering its effects on the environment, particularly gas emissions. This study's objective is to evaluate Pekanbaru City, Riau, Indonesia's current state of sustainable transportation. From three primary perspectives - economic, social, and ecological - this study will assess how sustainable transportation is. The exploratory descriptive methodology of this study involves the collection of primary and secondary data. While secondary data came from previously conducted research, government reports, and statistical data that already existed, primary data was gathered through field surveys and the distribution of questionnaires with total 150 respondents. The study's findings indicate that transportation system generally has a less sustainable state. It was discovered that transportation-related gas emissions are still high and have an adverse effect on the environment in the ecological dimension. It was discovered that transportation costs lacked efficiency in the economic realm. Conversely, in the social realm, detrimental effects on nearby communities were discovered, including disparities in access to transportation. The primary finding of this study is that the government and practitioners need to pay more attention to the sustainable aspects of transportation development. The city government may use the findings as a reference when creating more environmentally friendly transportation regulations. This research, which examines ecological, economic, and social aspects, finds areas where improvements can be made to promote transportation sustainability. It is hoped that this will improve the quality of life for the people living in Pekanbaru City, Riau, Indonesia, by lowering noise and air pollution. Due to the fact that this study's restrictions are restricted to the roads in Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia, it's possible that the municipal administration of Pekanbaru, Indonesia, will be the only entity to use the study's findings to implement green transportation. To make generalizations about this, more study on the social, economic, and environmental components of each Indonesian region's ecology is necessary.

Al-Saraireh Majd Ali   and Md. Habibur Rahman Sobuz   

Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) is a novel kind of construction materials that demonstrates outstanding mechanical and durability characteristics. In recent times, UHPFRC has demonstrated significant advantages in comparison to other kinds of concrete. This investigation presents an in-depth review of the fundamental principles, raw ingredients, production, and manufacturing techniques utilized for the development of UHPFRC. The design of UHPFRC is guided by core principles that include enhancement in structural density, refinement of microstructure, decrease of porosity, and augmentation of toughness. The selection of constituent materials has a substantial influence on the characteristics of UHPFRC, the techniques used in its production, and the complexities of the curing process. The possible reduction of material costs without compromising strength can be achieved through the incorporation of widely accessible supplemental cementitious components, such as rice husk ash (RHA) and nanoparticles, instead of cement, as well as the incorporation of silica fume. The utilization of elevated temperature curing in UHPFRC leads to a more compact concrete matrix and improved performance compared to ambient curing. However, this approach fundamentally limits the potential applications of UHPFRC. As a result, the current trend in the manufacture of UHPFRC is moving towards the use of readily available raw materials, the application of traditional casting methods, and the implementation of curing processes at ambient temperatures. This review attempts to deepen our foundational conception of UHPFRC, encourages additional study and applications, and recommends a comprehensive investigation of the mechanical and durability properties of UHPFRC to maximize its practicality.

Abdulsalam Alshboul   and Dana Turk   

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the embodied environmental loads of locally manufactured hollow concrete brick supply chain, as the most common building material in the Jordanian architecture context, where sustainability has gained mainstream attention in the recent decade as a response to the global quest for an environmentally responsible building sector. Design/methodology/approach - The quantitative framework of a streamlined, process-based LCA based on ISO 14040 series protocols was followed to evaluate, analyze, and interpret the energy consumption, water demand, and greenhouse gas emissions, of the detailed cradle-to-site production cycle of locally manufactured HCB, using two different production methods as real-life case studies. Findings - Formulating a generalized approach to calculate embodied energy in transportation via an obtained mathematical equation with distances and several desired produced brick units as the main variables, as well as estimating the consumed electrical energy values by brick plant machinery for any HCB unit count including their associated GHG emissions footprint. Practical implications - Reducing building's embedded impacts in the same way operational energy has already been reduced, fulfilling the concept of sustainability. Originality - Findings serve as a notable potential to aid Jordanians in establishing a reliable, transparent reference database, and ranking guidelines regarding national construction materials, assisting architects in materials selection decisions at early design stages, and possibly improving the environmental performance of materials supply procedures.

Hasmar Halim   Zubair Saing   Hamzah Yusuf   Hamkah   and Anton Kaharu   

Traffic bottlenecks are a common feature of urban transportation, particularly at signalized junctions. The primary cause is inconsistent roadside parking control (on-street parking), which impacts traffic saturation at signalized junctions. This study attempts to develop an effective model for parked cars at a specific distance from the stop line in the face of congested traffic to establish the appropriate parking ban distance at the junction. This study developed a simulation to position a vehicle at a specific distance, observe traffic movement at the junction, and assess parking boundaries to create an appropriate distance model. All cycles witnessed during traffic saturation circumstances are videotaped. Data collection at the entrance line occurred when there was no parking and at distances of 5, 10, 20, and 30 meters from the stop line; this was collected during one peak hour. The study's findings provide a linear mathematical model for the association between traffic saturation and parking distance. The presence of parking substantially impacts variations in saturation current value at a distance of 35 meters from the stop line. Therefore, the efficacy of enforcing the parking prohibition extends from the stop line to 35 meters, allowing parking at distances more significant than this value. We hope these and other studies can serve as a foundation for creating on-street parking design suggestions.

Rishi   and Vanita Aggarwal   

This study investigates the potential of utilizing biomedical waste ash (BA) and bone china clay (BC) in geopolymer concrete production, especially when combined with optimized NaOH concentrations, to achieve concrete with superior mechanical properties. Study contributes to the ongoing efforts in sustainable construction materials and waste utilization, presenting a promising avenue for enhancing the performance of geopolymer concrete in structural applications. The performance of these novel mixes was compared with conventional 40-grade concrete to assess their suitability for structural applications. The key findings reveal that geopolymer mixing with a 16M NaOH concentration demonstrated superior mechanical properties compared to other molarities, indicating the effectiveness of higher alkaline solution. Particularly, the mix containing 30% BA and 30% BC (SFB30C30) exhibited significantly improved strength characteristics, surpassing the performance of the control mix OPCF0B0C0. Compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), and split tensile strength (STS) tests conducted at various curing periods (7, 28, and 90 days) showcased notable enhancements in SFB30C30 mixes with 16M NaOH. Compared to the control mix, these enhancements ranged from 20% to 41.81% for CS, 25% to 41.81% for FS, and 30% to 38.88% for STS.

Omar Adnan AlShkipi   and Bilal Zahran   

This paper presents the results of a systematic literature review (SLR), aiming to investigate how AI is ever more deeply integrated into the field of interior design, particularly to enhance its sustainability, personalization, and efficiency. The paper is produced through a desktop review of existing literature sourced from ISI Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, and Springer databases that deal with the study of the integration of artificial intelligence in interior design techniques. Inclusion was based on research on AI technologies, their application within the design process, and their contribution to innovative and sustainable solutions. The studies covered the period from 2000 to 2023. A systematically conducted, broad, and comprehensive search found a scrupulously selected pool of 33 publications that were eligible for inclusion. Conclusions point to the fact that AI has a significant capacity to drive changes in the design process, enhance user experience through personalized design options, and cultivate green design solutions. AI technologies can mine and analyze enormous data sets to discover minute human preferences and, through this, develop visually appealing, ecologically viable, and efficient spaces. It is the changing interaction between AI systems and design professionals that holds the key to the future development of the interior design profession through AI technologies and thus underpins the collaborative opportunity available in this context. Moreover, the analysis highlights an increasing focus on integrating AI technologies to enhance design sustainability, suggesting a transition towards more conscientious and inventive design methodologies. Nevertheless, the research acknowledges the difficulties associated with accepting and implementing technology and the need for comprehensive frameworks to guide the ethical use of artificial intelligence in the design field.

Dirk M. Bester   Elizabeth Theron   Philip R. Stott   and Jacques Snyman   

Constructing raft foundations for houses on expansive clay soils has gained popularity. Raft foundations evenly distribute the building's weight over the entire footprint rather than at individual points like a traditional strip foundation. They offer advantages such as enhanced stiffness, moisture control underneath the foundation, and structural integrity. However, they are not without drawbacks. Raft foundations typically have higher initial costs, increased excavation depth, and the potential for heaving underneath the foundation. To address these challenges, some designers have recently proposed and implemented solutions from companies like Geoplast or VoidForms, which involve creating ventilated foundation systems where the foundation slab is suspended with a cavity underneath it. These ventilated foundation systems incorporate large voids that allow the heaving of expansive clay soil inside and air circulation to aid in moisture evaporation. It is proposed that allowing the expansive clay soils to heave inside the foundation system will reduce overall movement and potential structural damage to the house. The study employs scaling laws to compare the performance of a standard raft foundation typically used in South Africa with a ventilated foundation system in a controlled laboratory environment. The study seeks to determine which foundation system performs more effectively under expansive soil conditions. By evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of both foundation types and their behaviour on expansive clay soils, this research aims to contribute to informed decision-making in the context of South African construction practices. The findings of this comparative study hold the potential to guide designers and builders in selecting the most suitable foundation system, taking into consideration local soil conditions and the desire for long-term structural stability.

Mutasime Abdel-jaber   Rob Beale   Nisrine Makhoul   and Ma'en Abdel-jaber   

The ability to withstand compression is an important factor in evaluating the effectiveness of Sprayed Concrete Lining (SCL), but the conventional method for determining this characteristic is both time-consuming and physically demanding. This paper presents a new ensemble deep learning (EDL) model for advanced mixture design-based prediction of the compressive strength of SCL (CS-SCL). The model consists of five phases: data acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction, feature selection, and compressive strength prediction. The collected raw data undergoes pre-processing via data cleaning and transformation. Then, the statistical features such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), central tendency ("mean, median, mode"), dispersion ("range, second quartile range, variance, and standard deviation"), skewness & coefficient of variation are extracted from the pre-processed data. From the extracted features, the optimal features are selected using the new hybrid optimization model- ArchRatFly Optimization Algorithm (ARF), which is the combination of "Archimedes Optimization Algorithm" (AROA) and "Rat Swarm Optimization Algorithm" (RSA). The compressive strength is then predicted using the EDL model that integrates "Self-Organizing Maps" (SOMs), "Deep Belief Networks" (DBNs), and optimized Autoencoders. In EDL, the SOMs and the DBNs are trained with optimal features. The outcome from SOM and DBN is fed as input to the optimized autoencoder. The final output, compressive strength, is obtained from the optimized autoencoder. The hidden layers of the autoencoder are optimized using the hybrid optimization algorithm AROA and RSA, designed to improve the prediction accuracy of the model. Results in MATLAB show that the proposed model outperforms existing models in performance metrics such as MAE (0.3), MAPE (1.4), RMSE (0.3), MSE (0.1), Correlation coefficient (1.00), and R² (0.998).

Estefany Lorenzo Pastrana   Marina Vianella Signori Centty   Mery Herlinda Saavedra Marmanillo   and Jeans Gerson Vila de la Cruz   

According to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) in the technical report N°5 - May 2023, the number of light and heavy vehicles through toll booths grew by 2.4%, resulting in traffic congestion and pavement damage due to the lack of adequate vehicle counting control. This work developed a vehicle classification system to assess damage to the flexible pavement of the Universidad del Centro del Perú (UNCP) roads. For the vehicle classification system programming, the registration area was identified using Google Earth Pro. Subsequently, the vehicle categories to be classified were established: car, pickup truck, bus, and trailer. These vehicles were trained using a neural network over 50 iterations, with Python utilized to develop the vehicle counting and classification algorithm. While to assess the pavement damage, the data obtained from the field of manual counting and simulation was required to obtain the equivalent factor that is a function of the type of axle and weight of each vehicle. Finally, there was a 19% deficiency in the vehicle classification of cars and the damage to the flexible pavement was determined by considering the manual count and the programmed system count, for which in both cases it was found that the vehicle that damages the flexible pavement is the cars, with 23.22% of damage in the one-way lane in the manual count and 49.49% in the system count.

Wong Lai Kee   Muhammad Firzan   and Lamidi-Sarumoh Alaba Ajibola   

Good health and well-being have been established as one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) criterion by the United Nations. Since this designation, the well-being of building occupants has garnered increased attention within the discourse of the built environment. While User-Centered Design (UCD) contributes to the well-being of building occupants, the application of this approach across varying types of facilities remains an area for further investigation. Recognising that juvenile institutions are home to a vulnerable population of adolescents, this study attempts to gauge their satisfaction as building occupants using Building Well-Being Scale (BWBS). A cross-sectional survey was carried out at the entire juvenile institutions in peninsular Malaysia, comprising seven Probation Hostels (Asrama Akhlak - AA) and six Approved Schools (Sekolah Tunas Bakti - STB). It was discovered that a quarter of the respondents reported experiencing negative well-being while residing in Malaysian juvenile institutions. This equates to 26% of the responses suggesting dissatisfaction with the current built environment settings in the affected institutions. This discovery implies that certain aspects of the building design or environment are not conducive to the well-being of Malaysian adolescent occupants residing in the juvenile institutions.

G. E. Xian   A. E. Sumanti   R. T. Hidayat   S. Sudo   and D. Novianto   

Indonesian vernacular architecture is a unique cultural heritage that has been passed down from one generation to another without written science. The Joglo house is one of these vernacular architectural designs, which has been preserved for over 200 years. In this research, we took a case study of Joglo house located in Juwana, Pati, Central Java, Indonesia which has experienced an age adjustment both in terms of the physical environment and its users. This research aims to investigate the physical changes that have occurred in the Joglo house since the time it was built until now. The method of this study employs a contextual approach, examining the Joglo house in terms of its climate, geography, and social environment. Comparisons are made between the past and the present, analysing the modifications made to the house to meet the needs and thermal comfort of modern families while retaining the vernacular architectural concept. The modifications made to the house include the addition of space and modern appliances, such as electricity, plumbing, and furniture, while preserving the original design elements. The research emphasizes the importance of preserving vernacular architecture as cultural heritage while allowing it to adapt to modern user needs. This paper serves as a valuable resource for future research in the field of architectural heritage and vernacular architecture.

Bukola Adejoke Adewale   and Vincent Onyedikachi Ene   

This study evaluates the implementation of green design strategies in selected museums in Abuja, Nigeria to inform sustainable approaches tailored to the local context. The qualitative study utilizes observational assessments of 3 major museums – Discovery Museum, Nike Art Gallery, and Retro Africa Gallery. A comparative analysis investigates the adoption of passive design, alternative energy, and water efficiency strategies based on a structured criterion aligned with global sustainability standards. The findings reveal a moderate integration of fundamental techniques like proper orientation, thermal mass walls, solar PV panels, and native drought-resistant plants across the museums. However, substantial gaps exist in implementing more comprehensive solutions like building insulation, greywater recycling, rain gardens, eco-fixtures, and real-time metering. While initial steps have been taken, holistic opportunities remain to transform the museums into genuinely sustainable, net-zero facilities through extensive daylighting, diverse renewable systems, and total water recycling. The Retro Africa Gallery emerges as a leader, exemplifying an integrated green design approach. Recommendations are provided focused on state-of-the-art passive design, diversified alternative energy generation, and closed-loop water conservation strategies tailored to the contextual needs of Nigerian museums. The study concludes these institutions can become inspiring models of ecological design, leading broad climate action through pioneering sustainable architecture.

Yousra Rashad   and Mai Karram   

Mixed-mode ventilation system (MMVS) is considered one of the building design strategies to reduce the cooling energy consumption of office buildings. In Egypt, as it represents the higher energy consumption rates in comparison to the consumed energy consumption for heating. The main objective of MMVS is to meet the indoor air quality and thermal comfort requirements of building occupants. This study aims to apply MMVS in Egyptian office buildings by merging natural ventilation (NV) with mechanical ventilation (MV) to take advantage of the two systems' features to achieve thermal comfort within the space. The air movement and energy performance simulation were used to study MMVS to achieve thermal comfort and energy savings. Firstly, an office building in Cairo, Egypt was selected as a case study to investigate the energy performance potential of MMVS. Secondly, measurements of air movement, air temperature, and relative humidity within the space were conducted at a specific year period to use the measurement data in the validation process. The validation revealed that the air velocity, air temperature (T), and relative humidity (RH) measurements were agreed satisfactorily with the building simulation results. Thirdly, a simulation for air movement and energy consumption was used to examine the air movement, energy performance, and thermal performance of the scenarios with different alternatives in the ventilation opening ratio (VOR%) and glazing types. The results indicated the possibility of increasing the thermal comfort hours by merging natural ventilation and applying MMVS in office buildings in Egypt. Changing the ventilation opening ratio (VOR%) has an effective impact on reducing cooling energy consumption by 6.47%, increasing NV hours up to 422 h, and decreasing HVAC hours by 893 h by ventilation opening ratio (VOR%) of 30%. Various glazing types were investigated and the findings indicated that the cooling energy savings can be increased to 12.21% by using clear double glass 6mm with a 6mm air gap in VOR% of 30%. Additionally, a noticeable difference in savings occurred by using tinted double glass 6mm with a 6mm air gap which achieved 28.05% in VOR% of 30%.

Yassia Gansonré   Aparupa Pani   and Pierre Breul   

Road traffic flow forecasting has always been of interest for researchers and engineers in fact that it plays a key role in transportation planning and engineering. Even if many traditional as well as advanced methods are in force nowadays in traffic volume forecasting, in many tropical and income countries in Africa, America and Asia, statistical approaches are used for road network and low volume road traffic forecasting. These simple and low cost methods in force now and since many years ago, are mainly focused on the annual average daily traffic (AADT) and the annual traffic growth-rate (AGR) to estimate the volume of heavy traffic that new road projects are intended to support over their lifetime. So their accuracy depends on the AADT collection, the AGR determination and models used for traffic forecasting. This paper addresses a critical need for accurate and reliable traffic forecasting in the context of road project design in Burkina Faso after nearly 40 years of the application of statistical models for road traffic forecasting and in a crisis situation as in the current case of the country where some road sections become inaccessible. The research reviews traffic forecasting methods, the context of road traffic conditions in Burkina Faso and analyses road network traffic data from 1999 to 2013 in order to fix the part of heavy traffic AADT, the trend of traffic growth and the accuracy of traffic forecasting models. In conclusion, the paper provides 34% as part of heavy traffic AADT, 5.05% and 6.20% respectively overall traffic and heavy traffic growth-rates and recommends the geometric growth model as more accurate and the integration of advanced traffic forecasting techniques in road project design.

Duha J. Al-Olaimat   Isra M. al-shdaifat   and Sukinah H. Al-Khazaleh   

Norman Foster's architecture is described by the limitless application of new technologies in building construction and their technological tools [1]. However, this advanced architectural technology in Foster architecture overshadowed important aspects of architecture. This paper aims to answer these questions: To what extent does the advanced appearance of Norman Foster's architecture respect the context? What about location and urban fabric? And what about the artistic aspect? The methodology depends on analyzing the number of Foster's projects and highlighting the critiques that arose about them through addressing four categories of his projects: firstly, transformation or redesigning buildings, including the British Museum's Great Court in London, the Reichstag in Berlin, and the Carré d'Art in France. Secondly, illusionary concepts, by analyzing the project (GLA) and willis faber & Dumas Headquarters in UK. Thirdly, Foster's projects are located within beautiful nature but do not interact with it, including the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts in the United Kingdom, the Sage Gateshead Centre in the UK, and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in the UK. Fourthly, the projects designed to serve political and economic objectives, including Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank in China, and finally, presenting how Foster defends his approach to that project. The method focuses on the exposition and interpretation of all chosen projects in terms of context, urban fabric, and artistic aspect. The results show the evaluation and judgment of the mentioned projects, highlighting how Norman Foster deals with the context of building and how he justifies his bias toward technology rather than aesthetic values in his architecture.

Ketut Tomy Suhari   Asep Yusup Saptari   Hasanuddin Z. Abidin   and Putu Harry Gunawan   

This paper comprehensively investigates applying High Definition Surveying (HDS) techniques and Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodologies for documenting and analyzing cultural heritage in Penglipuran village, Bali, Indonesia. Penglipuran village, renowned for its preservation of traditional Balinese culture and architecture, serves as the focal point for this study. Leveraging HDS technologies such as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), Drone-based imaging, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), accurate spatial data were collected to facilitate the creation of detailed BIM models. The methodology involved data collection using HDS techniques, followed by data processing using software like Agisoft and Cloud Compare. Subsequently, BIM models were developed using Revit software, enabling the visualization and analysis of cultural elements within the village. The study utilized open BIM environments and platforms like BIMServer and BIMVision to query and analyze cultural heritage data within the BIM models. This research integrates HDS techniques and BIM methodologies to demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches in cultural heritage management and tourism promotion. The accuracy and detail of the developed 3D models were assessed against established Level of Detail (LOD) standards to ensure their suitability for heritage conservation and visitor engagement. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for stakeholders involved in heritage preservation, urban planning, tourism management, and academia. By showcasing the potential of advanced technologies in documenting and preserving cultural heritage sites, this research contributes to the sustainable management and promotion of cultural heritage, ensuring its significance for future generations.

Israa Hameed Hantosh   and Amer Shakir Alkinani   

This study meticulously investigates the intricate challenge posed by urban expansion on historic preservation, with a focal analysis on the historic city of Babylon. Amidst growing concerns over the sustainability of urban development and the preservation of cultural heritage, this research provides a comprehensive exploration of the impacts, methodologies, principal results, and significant conclusions concerning the preservation of heritage sites amidst modern urban expansion. Drawing from a mixed-methods approach that includes expert surveys, thematic analysis, and case studies, this study identifies a consensus among scholars and practitioners about the significant risks urban expansion poses to historic preservation. Despite the diversity in opinions regarding current urban development policies, there is robust support for enhancing legislation, community involvement, and the integration of modern architecture with historic sites to foster sustainable urban development and heritage preservation. Key findings suggest that a multifaceted approach, encompassing technological innovation, comprehensive legislation, and financial incentives, is imperative for the sustainable preservation of historic areas. The research underscores the importance of community engagement in preservation efforts and highlights successful strategies for the integration of modernity with heritage, showcasing the potential for a harmonious coexistence between contemporary urban needs and the preservation of historical integrity. Moreover, the study delves into the practical implications of these strategies, presenting a nuanced understanding of their socio-economic and social implications. It articulates the need for policies that balance development goals with the imperative to preserve historical integrity, proposing innovative solutions that respect both contemporary urban demands and the rich tapestry of our cultural heritage. Through its contributions to the field of urban planning and heritage conservation, this research not only enriches the academic discourse but also serves as a guiding framework for policymakers, urban planners, and conservationists, aiming to navigate the complexities of urban expansion while honoring the legacy of historical sites like Babylon.

Veronika Musabayeva   Konstantin Samoilov   Oksana Priemets   Bolat Kuspangaliyev   and Lyazzat Nurkusheva   

Urban construction in flooded and waterlogged areas has a centuries-old history. Of the repeatedly used water treatment systems, the most effective turned out to be a water-channel system that allows groundwater or atmospheric water to be diverted to the water body closest to the development area or located inside it. In most cases, the channels allow solving some of the problems in the field of passenger and freight transport, complementing or duplicating overland transportation by waterways. The best examples from world practice show the possibility of organizing highly comfortable buildings on sites with both road and water-channel communication. The Astana city was historically formed on the right bank of the Yesil' River, where geological and hydrological conditions did not have dominant factors in the form of flooding and waterlogging due to precipitation and groundwater. At the end of the last century, the intensive growth of the city, which became the capital of Kazakhstan, led to the urban development of the left bank of the Yesil' River. In this area (especially in the southwestern part), there are many water bodies and a very high groundwater level, which both independently and in combination with flood waters and precipitation periodically forms flooding of vast areas. Sporadically carried out measures to drain overflowing water bodies, the construction of wells and drainage outlets only partially solved the annually escalating problem. In these circumstances, it seems advisable to use the experience of the United States, where a developed canal system has been formed in the Miami city. These channels eliminated the danger of flooding of the territory, provided convenient water transport links to various areas, formed commercially attractive areas with private access for individual development, as well as comfortable recreational areas. The proposed water-channel system for the city of Astana has a relatively complex spiral-arc configuration. This is proposed due to terrain peculiarities of the landscaped area and the location of existing water bodies. This system is linked to the riverbed of the Yesil' River and ensures the flow of excess water into it downstream of the river outside the city limits. As a result, many sites with convenient street-road and water-channel connections to the existing urban area become available for active urban development.

Mohammed Salman AL-Lami   and Mohammad Waleed AL-Ahmad   

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), is a modern concrete technology that has gained popularity recently. It has very high compressive strength, ranging from 120 MPa to over 180 MPa. Numerous research studies on the mechanical properties of UHPC have been conducted, including compressive and tensile strength, durability, low porosity, and high resistance to abrasion, impact, chemical attack, and exposure to environmental conditions. Many of the UHPC mixtures used have a commercial name, which is delivered as a sold-ready mix package from the manufacturer. In this paper, an experimental program was conducted to investigate the effect of mixture material proportions on producing (UHPC). Fourteen trial mixtures were tested to achieve the maximum possible compressive strength using different types and proportions of constituents that were available locally and comparable to the ready mix. The materials used in this research were: cement, micro silica, crushed quartz, silica sand, calcium carbonate, crushed basalt, steel fiber, and three different types of superplasticizer additives. The maximum compressive strength of UHPC obtained from the trial mixture reached 123.6 MPa at 28 days of age.

Phattaraphong Ponsorn   

Strengthening and retrofitting concrete compressive structures by wrapping them with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite material is currently one of the most effective solutions in civil engineering. The outcome of the solution, increasing compressive capacity, was still found to vary with a number of potential factors, for instance, numbers of wrapped layers, exposure durations and conditions, bonding efficiency of CFRP at concrete surface, shapes, and sizes of the compressive member. Yet, so far, the effect of concrete qualities on the strength increment has to be made known in research, and therefore, it was studied and aimed in this paper. A total of 15 concrete cylinders, grouped into five concrete qualities, were put in order as the first series for the original unwrapped specimens and the second and third for the CFRP-wrapped specimens. An experimental program was set up to measure the compressive strength of concrete cylinders using the rebound hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, and ultimate compression test. The compressive strength of the concrete cylinder was then compared between the original unwrapped and wrapped with CFRP. From the comparison, the compressive strength of the wrapped concrete cylinder was increased by approximately 2.0 to 2.5 times based on the original unwrapped one. Furthermore, it was observed that the compressive strength increment was in the trend of gradual diminution when the original strength of the concrete was higher. The low to high of the compressive strength of concrete cylinders have shown that the averagely increased strength of the two CFRP-wrapped series dwindled from 2.64 to 1.85 times. The strengthening of the concrete cylinder in axial compressive capacity can be improved by wrapping it with CFRP composite material. It was significantly more effective when the qualities of the concrete were poor.

Nasrullah   Muhammad Awaluddin Hamdy   Muhammad Tayeb Mustamin   and Ansarullah Faharuddin   

Energy conservation in air conditioning systems in hotel buildings is to reduce energy consumption and environmental impacts. The purpose of this research is to analyze the energy conservation model applied in the air conditioning system in hotel buildings through energy conservation studies, energy-saving strategies, and management. The research used a quantitative method with a hotel case study approach in Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province - Indonesia. The object of research is the building of Aryaduta Hotel and Aston Hotel Makassar. Field survey is conducted through measurement of internal and external heat load variables. Data analysis is based on energy consumption intensity (IKE), the amount of energy used (REI), building envelope, sun shading, and occupancy level. Data is processed with a parametric statistical approach, and then the building envelope is through the calculation of Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) according to SNI 6390: 2011, cooling load, and thermal comfort assessment Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD). The results showed that the modeling simulation results decreased in both research objects, namely Aryaduta Hotel, with a decrease in cooling load of 10% from the addition of 260 cm (-17.2%) and a percentage of occupancy energy gain of 16.53% at 30% occupancy load. Hotel Aston decreased the cooling load by 9% from the addition of 10 cm (-3.09%) and the percentage of occupancy energy gain was 3.13% at 30% occupancy load. Energy conservation tends to use intelligent automatic control systems, energy-efficient HVAC equipment, variations in building envelope settings, and ventilation. Through this research, the benefits obtained are the development of sustainable solutions that combine environmental aspects, comfort, and energy efficiency and are environmentally friendly in hot and humid tropical regions such as Indonesia.

Mais Rahdi Al-Ruwaishedi   Dema Khraisat   Nooriati Taib   and Esam Azzam   

Background and aims: Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a digital process which empowers architects, engineers and building facilitators, to interactively create three-dimensional, pragmatic, digital representations of buildings and related networks. These models are very detailed and can be used in a design process, as well as to communicate and work together, once a construction project starts, between all different parties involved in it. The worldwide architectural profession is heavily affected by the introduction of BIM authoring tools, as through such, the style in which architects work changes drastically. The influence of technology on the built environment starts here. Thus, the objective of this academic article is to carry out a detailed assessment of how computer-based technologies have been impacting the architectural industry discourse in Jordan. Methods: The research design of this research was based on a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach through a comprehensive literature review in addition to an architectural profession survey and professionals' interviews. Results: The research examines the multitude of ways in which BIM technology has revolutionized the architect's profession in Jordan from the visioning of Projects, the reduction of working hours of the design stage and conjointly, raising efficiency in project cost. On the other side, the study looks at the degree of BIM technology being used by architecture professionals in Jordan, focusing on drivers of its popularity as well as the impediments to its adoption. This investigation concludes that BIM technology has a substantial impact on the professional sphere of architectural work in the Arab Republic of Jordan, and most respondents revealed that their skills had improved the design quality and the project efficacy because of this technology. Conclusion: Even though the use of BIM proved to be very advantageous to the construction industry in Jordan, the number of issues, that hinder the adoption of this technology, is high. These issues include low levels of awareness and skill, the limited access to software and services and finally, the refusal to change practices. The results enhanced the design process with better precision and accuracy, among other aspects including effective communication and collaboration among the architect, engineer, and other professionals that participate in the construction process.

Fadi Moucharrafie   Elias Farah   Rida Nuwayhid   and Bechara Nehme   

The building envelope with its different components (Windows, roofs, walls, slabs on grade) is one of the main building elements that has a significant impact on the building's energy efficiency. To improve the building's energy efficiency and better control the desired interior temperature, in both cold and hot climates, architects and engineers principally act to hinder the undesired heat flow from within the building to the outside and from outside the building to the inside in order to achieve the desired thermal comfort for the building's occupants. Hence, this paper focuses on one of the most constructional passive elements in the building envelope, namely the external wall. For that reason, a series of calculations are executed to numerically assess the thermal resistance values (R-values) and the thermal transmittance values (U-values) of some external wall ensembles used mainly in common residential building construction practices in Lebanon. The improvement of the thermal insulation is made by adding a 4 cm thick extruded polystyrene board mounted with a 2.5 mm thick polypropylene mesh upon which a 12.5 mm thick plaster layer is applied. The thermal transmittance was reduced by 75%.

Yara Hesham    Yasser Mansour   and Doaa K. Hassan   

Outdoor spaces, which are often designed with a focus on visual perception, have their barriers towards certain people with different capabilities, especially the visually impaired, who find it difficult to deal in such visually biased spaces. Addressing the visually impaired at an early age can help them face struggles and spatial barriers to be able to integrate normally into the society. Kindergarten outdoor spaces are important as they provide these children with concrete experiences from which they can learn about the world. They need to go beyond focusing on visual sense by being inclusively designed using the multi-sensory approach, which is used to increase spaces' experiential values, allowing children to use them freely and independently. The study seeks to shed light on the importance of incorporating multi-sensory approach in developing kindergarten outdoor spaces for visually impaired children. The proposed methodology involved analyzing and linking aspects, such as visual bias in architecture, kindergarten outdoor space design, visually impaired children's perceptions and difficulties and multi-sensory approach, to better understand inclusive design concepts. A rubric was then compiled from these theoretical aspects to link outdoor space elements with the five human senses. Hence, exploring the Case Study of "Hazelwood School for the Blind", using the rubric, was made to examine how its elements were utilized to create optimum sensory outdoor spaces experienced through all senses. Results showed that it is extremely important to utilize multi-sensory approach to help architects develop optimal design strategies for inclusive kindergarten outdoor spaces. The resulting holistic spaces, designed specially to address visually impaired children, can act as great means of introducing them to richer experiences. They additionally help them overcome their barriers and difficulties, and enhance their senses, spatial perceptions, navigation and cognitive mapping processes.

Dima Khraisat   Nooriati Taib   Christopher Heng Yii Sern   and Mais Al-Ruwaishedi   

In this study, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted and it was aimed to assess existing literature pertaining to trends of kinetic façade and its impact. For this purpose, the search strategy was initiated by using various databases including Google Scholar, ProQuest and SCOPUS. Non-English articles and non-full text in available articles were excluded. Only papers published between 2010 and 2023 were considered. Using these exclusion criteria, the search was conducted and a sample of 45 papers was selected from different databases. The data were extracted from these papers and were subjected to analysis. The findings of SLR explicitly show that kinetic façade in middle East countries is still in its preliminary phase. It also shows that most kinetic façades are used in office buildings. Simulation is considered the most widespread method used to analyse kinetic façade performance and efficiency. The overall impact of kinetic façade includes: maintaining natural light levels, reducing heat gain, providing an attractive design, conserving energy, diminishing daylight illuminance, reducing sun glare and radiation, lowering internal temperature, improving brightness, filtering beneficial daylight, reducing solar heat gain, preventing visual discomfort, providing high daylight performance, maintaining the equilibrium between daylight, view out, and energy, balancing user satisfaction and permitting natural ventilation.

Eriyanto Lihawa   Muhammad Yamin Jinca   Baharuddin Hamzah   and Edward Syarif   

Transportation infrastructure has an important role in encouraging and improving the economic growth of a region. The performance of transportation infrastructure affects the level of transportation services. Isimu terminal as a transportation network node in carrying out its function has not shown adequate passenger activity. This study aims to evaluate the sustainability performance of the Isimu terminal based on economic, social, and environmental aspects using the IPA, CSI, and Model Integration methods. The results of the Isimu terminal service performance analysis, 25.0% of the economic aspect indicators are in Quadrant III and 75% are in Quadrant IV. For social aspect indicators, 27% are in Quadrant I, 36.36% are in Quadrant II, 9.09% are in Quadrant III and 27.27% are in Quadrant IV. For environmental aspect indicators, 36.36% are in Quadrant I, 27.27% are in Quadrant II, 4.54% in Quadrant III, and 31.8% in Quadrant IV. Customer Satisfaction Index is at 51% - 65.99%. For the sustainable development of Isimu integrated terminal and transportation infrastructure in Gorontalo province, priority actions are needed to formulate policy programs.

Shahad Majid Kadhim   and Ahmed Louay Ahmed   

This rеsеarch еxplorеs thе intеgration of dеsign thinking in spacе habitat dеvеlopmеnt, adopting a usеr-cеntеrеd approach. It aims to invеstigatе thе potеntial bеnеfits and challеngеs of incorporating dеsign thinking mеthodologiеs and principlеs in thе crеation of innovativе, functional, and sustainablе spacе habitats that mееt thе divеrsе nееds of astronauts. Thе rеsеarch mеthodology consists of a comprеhеnsivе litеraturе rеviеw, casе study analysis of thе NASA Lunar Gatеway projеct, and еxploration of kеy dеsign thinking principlеs and mеthods. Thе results have shown the idеntification of еxisting approachеs and practicеs that incorporatе dеsign thinking in spacе habitat dеvеlopmеnt еxamining usеr еngagеmеnt and fееdback procеssеs and еvaluating thе outcomеs and impact of dеsign thinking in thе Lunar Gatеway projеct. Thе findings providе insights into thе importancе of a usеr-cеntеrеd approach, stakеholdеr еngagеmеnt, and thе application of dеsign thinking tools and mеthods in spacе habitat dеvеlopmеnt. The implications of this rеsеarch may contribute to future spacе habitat projects and thе advancеmеnt of thе aеrospacе industry, еnhancing thе dеsign procеss and promoting usеr satisfaction and mission еffеctivеnеss.

Yusroniya Eka Putri Rachman Waliulu   Priyo Suprobo   and Tri Joko Wahyu Adi   

Automatic identification of road damage conditions using available technology is extortionate. High-accuracy detection classification of road damage type and amount can provide more accurate information about detailed damage based on digital imagery. Relevant stakeholders can allocate resources more efficiently and improve the accuracy of costs associated with handling road repairs by increasing the accuracy of the type and volume of road damage detection. This study aims to explore road damage detection models by identifying and qualifying precisely the variety of damage and calculating the volume of damages. This study used a quantitative exploratory approach. The scope of this study is asphalt road pavement, which has seven types of damage. The initial stage in the methodology is the process flow of preparation, labeling, and training datasets, followed by an analysis of performance measurement data, the accuracy of detection, and the classification of pavement damage. Then, it continued with the analysis of performance measurement data and the accuracy of calculating the volume of each significant damage. The resulting hybrid model contributes to ORACE: Originality, Reliability, Accuracy, Completeness, and Efficiency in identifying road damage. The object detection model has achieved excellent precision performance, a high precision value (95.1%), and can detect objects more precisely. As many as 80% of all positive objects are identified, and the model has a good balance between recognizing objects with high precision and capturing most objects that should be detected (high sensitivity). Meanwhile, the quantification of the volume of asphalt road damage (e.g., potholes), where the level of accuracy is determined based on the comparison of the volume of calculated data to reference data, is 97.89%. Accuracy shows that the pothole volume calculation process application model can start an excellent calculation of road damage volume.

Amrita Shukla   Pankaj Chhabra   and Vijaya Bhati   

Neighbourhood parks are vital in enhancing the quality of life in urban settlements. It provides an opportunity for people to interact socially and engage in community activity, along with other economic and social benefits. Public spaces like neighbourhood parks are an indispensable element of urban fabric but are underutilized in developing countries like India due to improper pedestrian facilities and connectivity. Walkability is considered an alternative form of sustainable urban mobility with direct environmental, social, and health benefits. Various researchers have proposed different tools and techniques to calculate the walkability index at the city level. Many studies have been conducted on the benefits of public spaces in terms of the health and wellbeing of citizens, but factors contributing to the increasing utilization of public space need to be explored. The study proposes a neighbourhood walkability approach to understand the impact of distance and pedestrian facilities on walking and the usage of a neighbourhood park. A mixed survey approach is used for data collection, comprising a questionnaire survey and site observations for three different residential neighbourhoods in Jalandhar. The results depict a strong interrelationship between the distance of the residential area from the neighbourhood park and the availability of other pedestrian amenities. The result can help architects and urban planners understand the factors that encourage citizens to walk and provide recommendations for enhancing Walkability within the neighbourhood. Therefore, it will help optimize the usage of a neighbourhood park and enhance the quality of urban life.

Hendra Saputra   Rozy Pratama   Elfrido Elias Tita   and Muhammad Yusa   

Building Information Modeling (BIM) stands as a revolutionary force in the construction industry, delivering advanced tools for project management and design. Despite its widespread adoption, a critical gap persists in the literature regarding the accuracy of Quantity Take-Off (QTO) outcomes produced by BIM software, notably on platforms such as Nemetschek Allplan. This study seeks to fill this void through an in-depth comparative analysis of QTO accuracy, utilizing Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) as the benchmark. The Silam Bridge serves as a singular and comprehensive case study, utilizing the Detail Engineering Design (DED) as the foundational basis for material estimation. Executing 3D modeling and reinforcement detailing through the Nemetschek Allplan software, the research unravels notable disparities in QTO precision. Concrete components exhibit a 7.09% deviation, while reinforcement details show a significant 14.87% discrepancy. These findings underscore the imperative for a nuanced understanding of factors influencing QTO accuracy within BIM applications. Beyond merely identifying discrepancies, the study offers valuable insights that hold the potential to enhance construction project management practices. By emphasizing the need to refine BIM-based approaches, this research contributes to the ongoing evolution of the construction landscape. As the industry continues to transform, addressing these nuances becomes paramount for harnessing the full potential benefits that BIM can bring to modern construction practices. In conclusion, this study not only advances the discourse on BIM's efficacy but also provides practical implications for its application, paving the way for improved efficiency and accuracy in project delivery.

Irvin Franco Gamarra Alarcon   Victor Teodomiro Barzola Trillo   Jesus Angel Huaman Chavez   and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   

The constant challenge of increasing quality in the manufacture of green building components and the lack of standards for the prediction of tensile strength is becoming a relevant challenge. For this reason, this research is focused on the development of a logarithmic function that relates the compressive and tensile strength of compressed earth bricks (CEB). To this purpose, the study examines the influence of different cement dosages (7%, 15% and 20%), drying days (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) and establishes critical correlations between tensile and compressive strengths. Key results indicate a proportional relationship between strength and cement dosage, with an optimal balance identified for maximum performance. A comparison was made between the proposed dosages, where the optimum was 20% cement at 28 days. In addition, a "significant positive" correlation coefficient of 0.77 is observed between the compressive and tensile strengths, which supports the proposal of a polynomial and logarithmic function for the estimation of tensile strength with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 87.62%. This function offers a high predictive capacity. This research provides valuable insight, laying the groundwork for future studies in assay standardization.

Daniel Olatunde Babalola   Anthony Babatunde Sholanke   Bukola Adejoke Adewale   and Vincent Onyedikachi Ene   

This qualitative study addresses the pressing need for a therapeutic and supportive student center at Covenant University, Nigeria, to tackle escalating mental health concerns and the absence of dedicated well-being spaces on campus. Through semi-structured interviews with 100 undergraduate and postgraduate students, it gathers comprehensive insights into their needs, preferences, and perspectives regarding such a center. Employing a combined inductive-deductive approach to thematic analysis, grounded in trustworthiness strategies like prolonged engagement and member checking, key findings underscore the importance of natural lighting, private comfortable rooms, counseling services, art activities, and a welcoming atmosphere. These insights directly shape recommendations for the center's layout, furniture, services, and stigma-reduction campaigns. The study's rigorous methodology, emphasizing trustworthiness, highlights its contribution to capturing authentic student voices and translating them into actionable recommendations. Acknowledging limitations, such as cultural specificity, it calls for future cross-cultural studies and architectural expertise integration. By centering on students' perspectives, this research advances discourse on therapeutic architectural design's mental health impact, offering a model for higher education institutions to co-create supportive, user-centered spaces prioritizing holistic well-being.

Akhmad Suryadi   and Taufiq Rochman   

The utilization of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), also known as lightweight Hebel brick, is increasingly prevalent in diverse construction endeavors. In practical application, the accumulation of unused lightweight bricks can result in substantial quantities of construction solid waste, thereby exerting a notable environmental impact. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of incorporating varying proportions (0%, 15%, 25%, 30%) of lightweight brick waste into fine aggregate materials, specifically silica fume, with cement in conventional concrete mixtures. The present study employs the cast in-situ method utilizing a concrete mixer. The concrete specimen, measuring 15x15x15cm, was in the geometric shape of a cube and underwent a curing process for durations of 7, 14, and 28 days prior to conducting the compressive strength test. A total of 120 cube specimens were utilized for testing purposes, while the concrete mix will adhere to the guidelines outlined in SNI 03-2834-2000. Based on the findings of a specific study, it was observed that the average compressive strength achieved after 28 days varied when incorporating different proportions (0%, 15%, 25%, 30%) of lightweight brick waste, without the inclusion of silica fume. The recorded values were 30.10 MPa, 25.15 MPa, 20.48 MPa, and 17.48 MPa, respectively. The compressive strength of concrete mixtures containing varying percentages (0%, 15%, 25%, 30%) of lightweight brick waste, along with the inclusion of 10% silica fume, was determined. The average compressive strengths obtained were 32.12 MPa, 28.60 MPa, 23.80 MPa, and 23.79 MPa, respectively. The experimental findings indicate that the incorporation of lightweight brick waste in concrete leads to a reduction in compressive strength. However, the addition of silica fume to the concrete mixture resulted in a relatively minor decrease in compressive strength. The percentage range observed at the age of 28 days was between 4.96% and 20.97%.

Timur Ospanov   Natalia Prodanova   Tatyana Sarvut   Aleksander Matytsin   Hafis Hajiyev   Emil Hajiyev   Rustem Shichiyakh   and Elvir Akhmetshin   

As a result of the growth of cities and their significant densification, society's demand for housing is rising. Architectural design solutions aiming at the development of compact apartments take the lead in buyers' interest in housing. This trend is characteristic of large cities in Russia and Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to develop architectural design solutions and interior organization for compact apartments with a comfortable living environment in Russia and Kazakhstan. Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted a comprehensive literature review and analyzed real estate market data. An expert survey was then employed to assess the practicality of each layout based on predefined comfort and functionality criteria. As a result, the study identifies the primary directions in apartment planning organization: hotel-type apartments, studio apartments, and apartments with two rooms. The principal expedient planning schemes of compact apartments are developed. Proceeding from an expert survey, the factors with the greatest influence on forming a comfortable internal environment in compact apartments are established. Furthermore, the study highlights the most preferred of the proposed versions of space planning for compact apartments from the standpoint of the comfort of the living environment. This study contributes to urban planning and architecture by providing evidence-based recommendations that promote sustainable development and improve quality of urban living.

Driss EL HACHMI   Mohammed Ouadi BENSALAH   Raja MOUSSAOUI   Selma EL BERGUI   Aya BEN ZOUBAIR   Hind CHAKCHAK   and Abderrahmane JOUHAR   

Restoring historic monuments remains a scientific and cultural challenge of strategic importance to the public authorities. Several pathologies affect historical monuments in Morocco and major restoration efforts have been deployed, but the results have yet to be verified over time. The most common restoration work concerns the reworking of plaster and traditional mortar. In order to avoid introducing incompatible materials that would adversely affect the original mortar, it is essential to study the latter and design a similar material. This study aims to characterize the existing original mortar of the ramparts of Salé medina. We began this study with a macroscopic examination of the ramparts noting the forms of alteration affecting the mortar and collecting samples. Physico-chemical characterization tests were carried out, including granulometry, porosity, absorption, calcimetry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. This characterization gave us an idea of the materials making up the original mortar. It also revealed the components that influence the effectiveness and quality of the mortar used to restore the ramparts of Salé.

Ikotun B. D.   Senatsi K. B.   Abdulwahab R.   and Nkala M. L.   

Incorporating wastes into concrete as alternative binder is on the increase. The research investigated the influence of milled glass when used to replace cement in the production of concrete. The glass was milled to a particle size finer than 600µm and characterized using X-ray Fluorescence and X-Ray diffraction analysis. Glass powder was used to replace cement at varying level of percentages: 0, 5, 15 and 25%, respectively. Concrete samples were prepared using South Africa mix design method, adopting water-binder ratio of 0.47. The samples were put in water for curing at 7, 28 and 56 days, respectively. Results revealed that the waste glass powder is pozzolanic with a high content of Quartz. Water absorption increases with increasing Waste Glass Powder (WGP) with control samples showing the least water absorption of 6.38% at 56 days followed by 5% replacement with water absorption of 6.86%. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths decreased with increasing content of WGP. However, with 5% WGP content at 7 days of curing, the strengths surpassed the control and attained 99% strength of control sample at 56 days. In conclusion, 5% WGP exhibited the tendency of effective usage as supplementary cementitious material in concrete.

María Zúñiga   Erika Calderón   María Isabel Tello   Alexis Andrade   and Alfonso Arellano   

Drinking water distribution networks are responsible for supplying drinking water from the reservoir to each of the users of the system. The increase in population density, culture, customs and economic capacity of the population directly affects the consumption of drinking water and therefore the design of the supply networks. The objective of this research is to establish a methodology for the generation of residential hourly consumption curves and the relationship between these curves and the socioeconomic strata. A field data collection methodology has been proposed similar to the Average Daily Annual Transit (AADT), where water consumption data is collected at micro-meters in homes during 7 days, 24 hours a day. The current national standard CPE INEN 5, in its section 4.1.5 states that the maximum hourly consumption coefficients should be established based on existing studies, otherwise the values of 2.0 to 2.30 will be used. The standard has not been updated since the nineties, which is why it is necessary to implement a useful methodology to verify whether the maximum hourly coefficients are within the proposed range and are implemented in mathematical models to evaluate the dynamic behavior of a distribution network. For the urban and socioeconomic characterization, the method of Arellano, González & Gavilanes is used, which is limited to populations of less than 150,000 inhabitants. For the determination of the study sample, a simple random probability sampling is considered. Applying this methodology to two small Andean towns (less than 5000 inhabitants) within the urban area in Ecuador, residential hourly modulation coefficients outside the range were obtained (Colta 2.72 and Penipe 2.96).

Mustafa M. Anas Al-Mendilawi   and Haider Jasim Essa Al-Saaidy   

The place serves as a haven for people and their interactions and activities. Through their interactions and attachments, humans imbue a location with significance and worth. Place attachment, which is the most tangible and important aspect of the mutual interaction between people and place, is something that urban designers must take into account. The general problem of the research was the loss of value and importance of urban places due to urban expansion and housing problems, particularly in vertical residential complexes. Thus, the aim of the research work was to evaluate the effect of the social and physical features of open places in vertical residential complexes on enhancing place attachment. The research used a common methodology by discussing previous literature and extracting the main vocabulary to build the conceptual framework for each. First, social activities and relationships, along with psychological and demographic characteristics, form the social aspects. Second, formal and functional features characterize the material aspects. And then, the research hypothesis was tested on the chosen case study site (Bismayah Residential Complex), where questionnaires were distributed to 180 people; the information was collected and analyzed using a statistical program (IBM SPSS Statistics), and the final results and conclusions were reached, identifying variables and indicators of the physical and social dimensions of urban places that contribute to enhancing place attachment.

Balqees Akram Mohd Akram   Islam Hamdi Elghonaimy   and Dalia H. Eldardiry   

In Bahrain, renewing urban projects is a common practice. Unfortunately, some projects miss the proper collaborative practice from stakeholders. Therefore, the researchers of this study found such a problem is valid for studying in order to improve the professional practice for renewing urban projects, and decided that this study would examine the importance of a collaborative stakeholder approach and its significance in professional practice. With this approach, architects may communicate their job in a manner that helps others unfamiliar with the field understand the significance of their difficult choices and their work. Moreover, this research elaborates on the importance of stakeholder collaboration with sustainable urban development projects. Furthermore, it includes the sectional inclusion of architectural ethics in the scope of professional activity, as guided by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in this branch, which is essential to inspire this method of stakeholder approach. AIA standards for equitable communities emphasize on the importance of stakeholder collaboration, participation, and focus group identification. The study showed that Bahrain's urban planning authority also provides guidelines and stakeholder importance in urban projects but the appropriate implementation is needed. This study operated the case study method and performed a case study on two sites of Manama urban planning for expanding high-rise buildings. The research used semi-structured interviews to collect experts' views on the current situation. The sample was selected with a non-probability sampling technique using a snowballing sampling technique. The case study, though it dealt with varying urban planning and management contexts, shared significant similarities, most notably, the degree to which stakeholders collaborated differed depending on the nature of the actors involved, the setting, and the stage of the planning process. Although the results were based on a limited sample of projects, they provide insights on the problem, causes, and procedures that might aid in shifting from informative consultative practices to collaborative governance models in urban planning.

Omrane Benjeddou   and M. A. Abdelzaher   

The best practical sustainable development solutions for protecting the local environment include reducing the use of raw materials and ensuring proper reuse of key solids. Worldwide, huge quantities of waste marble sludge are produced as a byproduct in the marble industry when marble is cut, shaped, and polished. These wastes pose a significant environmental issue because it is not feasible to stockpile them. The aim of this study is to enhance the value of marble sludge through its reuse as a construction material. The current experimental and theoretical research aims to study the rheological properties of marble sludge grout in relation to the quantity of water applied. For this, eight proposed grout pastes were tested and evaluated using varied ratios of water to sludge (0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.6%, 1.8%, and 2.0%). Grout paste chemical and physical features are carried out in order to indicate the rheology and stability properties. Density, grain dispersion, viscosity, volume concentration of the solid, and particle size distribution are the main measured parameters of the proposed marble grout composites. Eventually, the test results for the prepared grout composites show that the best practice water/sludge (W/S) ratio to make an average dispersion of marble grains is about 1.2%. In addition, this ratio makes it possible to acquire grouts with a sufficient viscosity to improve the grout's penetration into the granular matrix. The enhanced workability and flowability characteristics of marble grout with a suitable W/S% demonstrate their advantages in terms of economy and ecology, potentially lowering construction costs and extending the life of the mix's raw materials.

Mohammed M. Gomaa   Ubaid Ullah   Mehr Afroz   and Zobia   

The role of parks at the community and city level is vital to improve the inhabitants' social, physical, and psychological health. These spaces serve the purpose of recreation and leisure for the residents and are used for organizing various public functions. Public spaces are either shrinking or less accessible at an alarming rate in today's era of rapid urbanization. The lack of such spaces is destructive to urban life. It has been observed that in Peshawar, various large and small-scaled parks are dispersed within the city fabric. These spaces are not used to the fullest, due to many reasons, including location and accessibility. The physical location and spatial configuration majorly measure the frequency of use. Therefore, in different phases of urban planning and design, 'presence of' and 'accessibility to' urban parks are highly recommended. This paper aims to study accessibility measures to public parks, analyze them with space syntax, and cross-validate the results through users' responses. "Space Syntax Analysis" helps provide information about the suitable routes or streets in the city to approach the urban parks in terms of accessibility.

B. G. Kavyashree   Shantharam Patil   and Vidya S. Rao   

The human being shelters themselves in the man-made construction, which is temporary for all the natural hazards, as they damage the construction completely. Tall buildings are one such type, which has to be designed to overcome all the threats of nature. In tall buildings, outrigger structures belong to interior structural forms, which are designed to resist the lateral loads. The deep, stiff beam known as an outrigger connects the structure's inner core to its outermost column. The main advantage of the outrigger is that they reduce the horizontal structural moment, in turn; the core overturning moment is mitigated that reduces the uplift of the core. The conventional outrigger is surpassed by the damped outrigger, which is connected to the core rigidly and damper connections are provided in between the column and outrigger. The outrigger structure's performance also depends on the outrigger positioning in reducing the vibration of the structure. An analysis of the damped outrigger structure presented in this paper against the wind load is carried out. Therefore, the goal of this study is to use MATLAB to simulate and determine the best outrigger positioning to minimize the structure's displacement.

Beny OY Marpaung   Futry Amanda Pane   and Richardo Sitompul   

This research examines the historical and contemporary significance of Dong Khoi Street in the development of Ho Chi Minh City. The background to this research begins with Dong Khoi Street, which, in its historical development, has functioned as the commercial and cultural heart of Ho Chi Minh City. However, the role of road corridors in influencing the socio-economic development of cities over time remains unexplored. This research aims to analyze the critical role of the Dong Khoi Road corridor through historical, economic, tourism, and land use perspectives to provide insight into effective management towards sustainable development of Ho Chi Minh City. The implementation of this research used qualitative and quantitative methods. Researchers utilized historical documents and maps for analysis to understand the evolution of the growth and development process of the Dong Khoi Street corridor. Field observations and surveys of 150 residents and visitors were carried out to understand community use and perceptions of land in the corridor. Researchers also use secondary data regarding population, infrastructure, and economic activities in the analysis process. Through this research, researchers found that Dong Khoi Street has shaped the identity and prosperity of Ho Chi Minh City since the French colonial era. The Dong Khoi Street corridor remains a commercial heart and tourism attraction due to the preservation of historical buildings. Land use is currently dominated by offices, retail, and food and beverage (F&B). However, traffic jams are a challenge because of the various modes of transportation. In conclusion, the Dong Khoi Street corridor has had a significant influence on the socio-economic development and cultural identity of Ho Chi Minh City for two centuries. This is supported by the strategic location and function of the corridor, thereby strengthening its vital role, which requires sustainable management. This study provides insight into more effective planning and regulations to optimize land use and transportation to support sustainable urban growth and preserve cultural heritage.

Nurul Hidayati   Sri Sunarjono   Alfia Magfirona   Probo Hardini   Gotot Slamet Mulyono   Taufiq Muhammad   Agung Erwanda   Helmi Dhia Al Ghalib   Mochammad Maulana Rosyidi Risqy   and Dimas Bayu Endrayana Dharmowijoyo   

Implementing public transportation is one of the five pillars of transportation policy. However, the existence of public transit was met with a poor preference among passengers who declined to use it. This study will evaluate the status of public transportation facilities in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, including terminals, bus stops, and buses. The assessment begins by comparing actual conditions to the Ministry of Transportation's Minimum Service Standards, and it also takes into account user perceptions. The study was conducted by collecting data using a questionnaire to obtain passenger perception data. The data was then processed using Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) Method. The analysis results indicate that public transit systems require improvement. The sorts of features in terminals that require upgrading are related to safety, ability, and equality, whereas on buses all types except safety. Similarly, bus stops, particularly the main ones, must have facilities. According to facility users, there is still a lack of safety and equality at the terminal, which needs to be addressed. In contrast to the foregoing, practically all facilities at stations and aboard buses require improvement or provision. According to the findings, the IPA technique identifies an average LCP value (Level of Conformity Performance) of 80.78% for terminal facilities, 87.98% for bus stations, and 84.26% for buses. There is a correlation between respondents' satisfaction with the facility's performance and their expectations. On the other hand, the CSI technique indicates that respondents were satisfied with the facilities at bus stations and buses, but only somewhat satisfied with the terminal. Therefore, to raise the degree of satisfaction, it is important to improve service to the six groups whose values vary from 62.451% to 63.968%.

Syafi’i   Dewi Handayani   AMH Mahmudah   Tuti Agustin   Widi Hartono   and Venesa Mega Emilia   

High car ownership growth that is not accompanied by transportation management and infrastructure development will encourage transportation problems, especially congestion. Building a toll road may be one solution to overcome such problems. This research aims to analyze the impact of toll road development on road network performance and emissions. The case study of the research is Sragen Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Matrix estimation by the traffic count method is used to find the origin‒destination (OD) matrix. The gravity model approach is implemented to forecast the future OD, whereas the maximum entropy method is used to calibrate the parameter β in the gravity model. Two scenarios are proposed, i.e., with the toll and without the toll, in 2022, 2025, 2030, and 2035. EMME/4 software was used in the route choice (trip assignment) process with the user equilibrium approach. The results showed that, in the current year (2022), toll road construction in Sragen Regency has not significantly reduced congestion due to the fact that most of the external‒external movement is still using arterial routes (the national highway). However, it is expected to have a significant impact in 2035. Toll roads can reduce emission levels by 20 % to 34,549.44 metric tons per year.

Churniawan Sulistyo   Yulvi Zaika   and As’ad Munawir   

The most used slope stability method for design is the limit equilibrium method. This approach, however, is unable to detect changes in ground behavior or the history of stress. The slope formation process and other ground features can be taken into account in a slope stability study using the finite element approach, although it takes more time to complete the analysis. The advantages of combining slope stability analysis utilizing the finite element approach and the limit equilibrium method have been the subject of extensive investigation. Recently, the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for earthquake load calculation of embankment dams does not recommend the pseudo-static method. However, it is still accepted with modified pseudo-static analysis. Implementation of the modified pseudo-static analysis method for earthquake loads will be a little difficult if using the finite element method with the strength reduction factor approach. Calculating the modified Pseudo-static earthquake load using the finite element method can be approached with a stress analysis method. This method computes the safety factor for multiple assumed virtual sliding surfaces using the stress results of finite element analysis, and the minimum safety factor and corresponding critical section is computed. This paper discusses the comparison of stability analysis for static loading conditions and loading by modified pseudo-static earthquake conditions utilizing both the finite element method and the limit equilibrium method. The comparing outcomes between these two approaches provide different safety factors that were not significant.

Mohamed Ibrahim El-belkasy   and Ahmed M Shehata   

Heritage management compromises several processes: authentication, preservation, conservation, and promotion. Researchers have argued that emerging digital technologies would help heritage sustainability by supporting virtual tourism. Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Digital Twin (DT), Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Deep Learning (DL), and Metaverse are samples of digital technologies tools of the Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0) management and decision-making systems in several industries including construction. A literature review on Heritage Management Processes (HPM) revealed a gap in relating digital technologies to heritage management processes and identifying implementation challenges and prospects. This was the motive for this study, which investigated the potential and challenges of applications adopting these emerging technologies in maintaining sustainable heritage management activities. Digital application technologies, tools, and benefits were investigated to achieve its objective. The possible utilization of these tools and technologies in dealing with heritage was reviewed. The benefits of utilizing these technologies on heritage sustainability were analyzed and discussed. The research concluded with a framework defining the utilization of digital tools in sustainably managing tangible and intangible heritage assets.

Julius Rodni F. Ahorro   and Gilford B. Estores   

In mass concrete, heat generated from cement hydration process produces high temperatures and due to its large volume and poor thermal conductivity, the heat evolved may not dissipate properly which can lead to cracking. Despite careful design, numerous failures have been recently reported in the construction industry which affects the structural integrity and design of concrete structures. To study the effect of high temperature in mass concrete, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was utilized to predict the temperature distribution which will quantify the thermal stress in concrete. To validate the results obtained in the FEA Model, two different concrete mixes were produced, and each design mix was used to create three concrete cubes and cast with dimensions of 0.5m x 0.5m x 0.5m (0.125m³). K-type thermocouples measured the temperature distribution in the concrete cubes and based on the results, the FEA simulation and experimental results matched well and showed good agreement in terms of temperature prediction. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was also used to determine the cracking probability by the stress-strength ratio. Utilization of FEA and MCS helps this engineering approach solve a wide range of complex problems, which can help engineers take special measures in design and construction.

Jumardi   Shirly Wunas   M. Yamin Jinca   and Venny Veronica Natalia   

The development of sustainable transportation systems has emerged as a major concern for urban communities today. Various challenges that encourage the acceleration of the implementation of sustainable transportation in cities include traffic congestion, high travel costs, energy limitations, air pollution, and ineffective environmental management. The solution is the development of sustainable transportation nodes through infrastructure integration and increasing accessibility for pedestrians. It is also believed that this strategy can contribute to increasing mass public transport passengers. The objective of this article is to explain the concept of sustainable mass transportation node planning by enhancing inclusive pedestrian facility improvement programs. The research approach utilizes the Walkability Index measurement method to assess the quality and level of environmental friendliness for pedestrians, the Customer Service Index to determine public perceptions of the availability and performance of pedestrian facilities, and Importance Performance Analysis to identify and evaluate pedestrian facilities located in mass transportation node areas. The result is that the distinct service attributes exhibit gaps both positive and negative between the importance level and current service facility performance value. Furthermore, the development strategy of pedestrian facilities in LRT stations needs to consider (1) the strategy for enhancing connectivity involves integrating LRT stations, bus stops, and nearby economic centers within the TOD, (2) the planning of pedestrian pathways should give top priority to ensuring safety, security, and efficiency, enabling smooth and safe travels to planned destinations and (3) the involvement of stakeholders to deliver cost-effective pedestrian facilities.

I Gede Mahardika Susila   Riza Suwondo   and Tri Cahyo Adi Saputra   

To address the challenges posed by weak subsoil conditions in infrastructure development, this study systematically compared the efficacy of two prominent soil improvement methodologies, Pile Raft and Pile Bent, within the context of a highway project. With settlements, stability, and structural integrity at the forefront, this study pursues insights into the short-term and long-term performance, construction timelines, and environmental considerations associated with each method. Employing a robust methodology, soil characterization based on borehole results informs finite element modelling using the Plaxis 2D software. Pile Raft, utilizing a 12-meter mini pile length, demonstrates commendable short-term and long-term safety factors of 1.94 and 1.91, respectively, with associated settlements. Pile Bent, featuring a longer 30-meter pile length, boasts a notably shorter construction time of 60 days, presenting a time-saving advantage. Despite a lower short-term safety factor of 1.32, the pile bent exhibits controlled settlements in both the short and long terms. Environmental constraints such as landslides and tool stability underscore the unique challenges associated with each method. These findings provide crucial insights for geotechnical engineers, enabling informed decision making based on project-specific priorities and constraints. This research contributes to the continuous refinement of soil improvement practices in highway projects, advocating further exploration and field validation.

Hicham Lamouri   Mouna El Mkhalet   and Nouzha Lamdouar   

This paper presents an approach utilizing neural networks for structural engineering and reliability assessment, with a focus on demonstrating their efficacy in predicting stresses and failure probabilities of prestressed concrete bridge beams within the concept of limit state design. Previous studies have highlighted the robust capabilities of neural networks in solving complex problems and their wide utilization across a range of applications in civil engineering. The study aims to assess the applicability of neural networks to predict flexural stress for a prestressed bridge beam. Subsequently, evaluate their reliability for the bending failure criterion, specified in the French code of prestressed concrete design, BPEL 91 revised 99. Furthermore, the paper outlines a methodology that combines neural networks for prediction and the First Order Reliability Method for reliability evaluation. To illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach, the predicted stress is compared with the resulting values through finite element analysis and the response surface method. The neural network learning process is based on a collected design dataset of multiple prestressed bridges sourced from technical studies offices, construction companies, and the Ministry of Equipment and Water in Morocco.

Fabrizio del Carpio Delgado   Bertha Silvana Vera Barrios   Elizabeth Catheline Mejía Narro   and Rafael Romero-Carazas   

The research was carried out in the city of Moquegua, intending to determine the type of seismic vulnerability for masonry houses and its registration in risk scenarios of the area. The starting point was the physical and structural information, the type and characteristics of the construction material, as well as the number of floors of each building. The methodology was based on a non-experimental observational design. The population and the sample consisted of 23,025 dwellings in the city. In addition, the format of seismic vulnerability in buildings provided by Lazares (1994), and its adaptation based on the guidelines of Del Carpio (2016) was applied as an instrument. The results indicate that according to the type of predominant material in the dwellings, on average 85.40% of these have a medium vulnerability and a high level of seismic hazard. This is associated with the proximity of active seismic faults, such as P40: Pampa Trapiche, P41: Chololo, and P44: Purgatorio, located in the region. This information is understood as a great contribution for the authorities of the region in charge of risk management since it allows taking preventive actions in a perilous seismic scenario.

Bao Tran Quoc   Thi Nguyen Dinh   and Khai Mai Quang   

Traditional housing is a place to preserve the culture, identity, and unique characteristics of each nation. Given the rapid economic growth and social transformation occurring in the Northwest, it is imperative that traditional homes belonging to ethnic minorities be preserved and developed. Retaining the architectural, cultural, social, technical, aesthetic, building material, landscape, and ecological qualities of traditional houses is the aim of conservation. To preserve and promote house values during the process of sustainable local development, it is essential that thorough research and evaluation be conducted. This article proposes a method to evaluate the values of traditional houses of the Thai ethnic group, one of the ethnic groups which have a large population in the Northwestern mountainous region of Vietnam. This method is based on a classification system using criteria to evaluate the basic values of traditional housing. Determining the values of each house leads to classifying houses into four different groups according to levels A, B, C, and D. Grouping is very useful for making decisions about managing, preserving, and promoting house values. Vang Pheo village in Muong So commune, Phong Tho district, Lai Chau province was chosen as a test location to apply this method. The method can be applied to Thai villages in Northwest Vietnam.

İsmail Hocaoğlu   

This study aimed to lower the hydration temperatures of the cement-based mortars by replacing the cement with glass fiber (FG) at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% ratios. The effects of nano zinc oxide (ZnO-0.25%) and FG (1%) were also investigated when used together. The temperatures of the mortar samples were monitored at one-minute intervals using temperature sensors positioned at the midpoint of each sample. It was concluded that both ZnO and FG delayed the setting time by reducing the mortar's internal temperature. It was evaluated that FG was more effective than ZnO in reducing the hydration temperature. In the specific test series, an alternating current (AC) was applied to the fresh mortars for one day, utilizing an AC power source to accelerate the hydration reactions. The co-addition of FG-ZnO to the mortars and application of AC resulted in 12 ℃ increases in internal temperatures. Increasing the FG ratio in the mortar resulted in a higher mechanical strength. Another result obtained from the research was that applying AC to mortar (containing FG-ZnO) resulted in an approximate 60.95% increase in compressive strength.

Camilo Verbel Almario   Otto Mora   Adriana Mattos-Rodríguez   Miguel Figueroa Loaiza   Diego Borrero Restrepo   Randy Suarez Maldonado   Cesar Alejandro Fresneda Saldarriaga   Slyder Gaitán Millán   Selene Vargas Urueta   and Tulio Naranjo   

The use of recyclable materials in construction has become a key factor for cost reduction, the improvement of some mechanical conditions in materials, and, at the same time, has represented a major contribution to the solution of environmental problems related to pollution generated by solid waste. Polypropylene plastic has undoubtedly been one of the most studied materials to be used as a substitute for the aggregates of concrete mixtures. The main objective of this study is to analyze in a general way the impact of the addition of this material on the compression and flexion resistance of manufactured concrete samples, and in turn, to be able to verify the feasibility of adding this residue and to be used in the construction of non-structural concrete elements. To verify the hypothesis raised, mixtures with partial PP substitution were formulated in coarse and fine aggregates in a range between 20% and 70%, and these samples were subjected to compressive and flexural strength tests to assess the behavior of concrete according to the degree of substitution of the aggregate. After finishing the study, it was found that the addition of PP significantly affects the compressive strength of concrete, reducing it up to 70% in some cases, which generates a great limitation for the use of this material as a substitute in concrete mixtures used to perform structural functions. However, the flexion strength of these specimens with PP replacement shows a rather favorable behavior where it is appreciated that the resistance remains at the same level as a normal concrete sample, which would favor the application of PP replacement in the construction of non-structural elements subjected to bending stress such as pedestrian trails, urban furniture and flooring.

A Didik Setyo Purwantoro   Pratikso   and R Mudiyono   

Bridge approach linking the road trajectory and bridge construction usually utilizes embankment material. At the post-construction stage, there are many cases of embankment settlement, especially at the position under the approach slab behind the abutment, posing a potential risk of differential decline. To address this issue, evaluation study and planning analysis were conducted to improve stability and overcome differential settlement. Therefore, a model of Precast Concrete-cell Box (PCcB) structure was developed as a substitute for the mass of earth embankment, considering the maximum repetition load and staged plan load. This study employed the prototype model method, conducted by loading and settlement experiments on the bridge approach, especially on the approach slab. Model validation was analyzed using the Plaxis method based on the Finite Element Method. Furthermore, analysis and simulation were undertaken under maximum reaction force and loading conditions. The results of the analysis of the prototype model, obtained from the loading tests of 26.6447 kN, 27.0762 kN, and 29.1650 kN, indicated the displacement at LVDT (no.1-2-3), with a recorded value of 0.00 mm. However, during the loading tests of 38.7951 kN and 38.1185 kN, there was a displacement observed at LVDT (no.1 and no.3) of 0.00 mm, while LVDT (no.2) exhibited a displacement of -0.01 mm. This displacement suggests deformation or deflection in the approach slab structure. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the structure remains within acceptable safety margins despite this deformation, and no structural failure has been observed.

Pelin Saricioglu   İdil Aycam   and Gulsu Ulukavak Harputlugil   

The effects of climate change can be seen in many areas. Although there are many causes of climate change (changes in solar radiation, differences in the Earth's orbit, continental shifts and changes in the atmosphere), one of the most noticeable causes in the 21st century is anthropogenic effects. One area where these impacts can be seen is the construction sector in buildings and building façades. Climate change will change assumptions about façade design in the coming decades. For this reason, it is important to develop climate change projections for existing and new buildings. For this purpose, the literature has three basic climate models. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the condensation risk for a wall section in a city with a humid-temperate climate (Zonguldak, Turkey) using HadGEM, MPI and GFDL climate models according to RCP8.5 scenario data for the historical period 2015 and the future year 2081. Within the scope of the study, the average temperatures and relative humidity values were obtained from GDM (General Directorate of Meteorology) by choosing 2081 and 2015, which are frequently used in climate change studies based on the literature. In the method, the projection results for the historical and future periods were compared and became the basis for the next stage. In the next step, based on the literature, the condensation control in the wall section was compared for the past and future using the Glaser method, which is frequently used in condensation control in wall sections and included in the TS 825 standard created for Turkey, which corresponds to EN ISO 13788 and DIN 4108 standards. According to the results, the humidity and temperature fluctuations in the future period and increase in averages are important problems that need to be addressed in detail in façade design and the impact of condensation risk. Therefore, according to the condensation control calculations made in the wall section detail, condensation risk occurs in the future period. Consequently, assumptions in façade design will need to change for existing and future buildings to accommodate condensation risk.

Gunawan   Roselina Petty   Mustika Sari   and Mohammed Ali Berawi   

Automation technology has significantly impacted several industries in the modern period, driven by improvements in information technology that provide numerous benefits to enhance human activities. The smart home is a key design concept that utilizes technological advancements to incorporate connected devices that can communicate seamlessly within the home and with its residents, creating an environment of enhanced interaction and connectivity. The adoption of the smart home concept, particularly in developing Indonesia, is still limited despite its potential benefits. There is a widespread perception that homes with smart technology are generally more costly than conventional ones. Therefore, this study aims to close the gap by proposing transforming conventional homes into smart homes using the Value Engineering (VE) approach. The objective is to go beyond just integrating technology and instead enhance the domestic area with added value in comfort, convenience, security, efficiency, and innovation while carefully considering the added value. This study seeks to clarify the multiple benefits of smart home technology by conducting a comprehensive literature study and detailed VE analysis. The findings highlight the capability of smart technology to improve energy efficiency, safety, and user convenience, as well as transform residential spaces with flexible and multipurpose designs.

N. T. Hirwo   Pratikso   and R. Karlinasari   

The presence of expansive clay often causes damage to infrastructure built on it. Expansive clay with great compressibility and swelling potential requires improvement or stabilization of the soil. It can be successfully done by mechanical and chemical compressibility effect of adding Polyamide (PA) fibre as the material for mechanical stabilization and nano SiO₂ as the material for chemical stabilization. Nano SiO₂ can be produced from waste from geothermal power plants. In the future, this material is very suitable for use in order to reduce waste that pollutes the natural environment. The expansive clay used in this study deployed a sample of clay containing mineral montmorillonite with the USCS classification in the high plasticity (CH) category. The mixed materials used include PA fibre with variations of 0%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% by dry soil weight and nano SiO₂ with variations of 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% by dry soil weight. To prove the effectiveness of using nano SiO₂, this study compares the treatment with the use of micro SiO₂ materials under the same comparison variations. With inclusion of the polyamide fiber at the above ratio, the compression index decreased slightly of around 11%. But this is still better in comparison with inclusion of nano SiO₂ at the above ratio with the result of compression index of around 3%. With inclusion of the polyamide fiber at the best above ratio, the potential swelling decreased quite good of around 31%. Nano SiO₂ inclusions have achieved even better results at the best above ratio with the result of potential swelling of around 64%. The combination of these two materials results in a reduction in swelling potential of around 79%. The results of this test show that expansive clay which has been stabilized using PA fibers and nano SiO₂ is able to prevent potential swelling and reduce its compressibility.

Lila Khamelda   Ludfi Djakfar   and Wisnumurti   

The use of Lawele Granular Asphalt (LGA) in Cold Paving Hot Mix Asbuton (CPHMA) as an alternative to oil asphalt has been attracting the interest of researchers and practitioners. However, it still has some weaknesses, one of which is finding a suitable modifier for LGA. LGA requires other materials as modifiers that release bitumen from the LGA minerals. The function of the modifier is not only to dissolve the bitumen of LGA but also to modify the LGA compounds to produce better pavement. Several studies have examined alternative modifiers, one of which uses candlenut oil. Research on the performance of candlenut oil applied to CPHMA has been conducted. The testing is still limited to mechanical tests, where the results depend on many factors, one of which is the process of extracting LGA bitumen. The results obtained prove that candlenut oil has the potential to be a modifier for CPHMA, not only capable of dissolving LGA bitumen but also increasing the quantity of dissolved bitumen with the increase in the storage duration of the mixture, up to 137.8% based on the Marshall test results.

Ratna Dewi   Anis Saggaff   Wiwik Rahayu   and Hanafiah   

Vacuum preloading is observed to have been widely applied as a soil improvement technique in marine clay piles for coastal reclamation purposes. This is required because most of the problematic soil types in Indonesia are soft clay and peat. Meanwhile, soft soils, especially peat, are different from marine clay piles and this necessitates further research on the effectiveness of vacuum preloading methods for peat compared to soft clay. This research was conducted to present a laboratory-scale model of vacuum preloading application to both clay and peat with a focus on their physical properties. The results showed a significant change in water content for peat while the soft clay experienced only a slight change. Furthermore, the migration of fine particles toward the Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD) led to localized densification and this restricted the effectiveness of water drainage. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images also showed that both clay and peat near the PVD appeared denser compared to farther samples. In the case of peat, SEM images showed clearly visible pores and high permeability even after the vacuum process, suggesting a tendency for water to fill the pores once the vacuum pressure was released. Moreover, the application of vacuum preloading led to anisotropic conditions in both clay and peat with an increase in the horizontal-to-vertical permeability ratio (kh/kv).

Romel Moises Olivera Perez   Thalia Leticia Julcarima Coca   Lovell Wilder Torpoco Lopez   and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   

In the year 2022 according to the United Nations, the world population is three times larger than the twentieth century, which affects the demand for land and consequently the cost per m² increases. Likewise, it requires occupants to choose to build high-rise buildings to maximize the area acquired, consequently most structures require huge shear walls that increase the cost in steel, and in turn reduce the profitability of real estate for lack of aesthetic spaces on the floors. Now, recent architectural models do not allow regular structures, consequently, different irregularities occur. The present work develops the influence of vertical geometric irregularity in high-rise buildings with base isolation system, by which the researchers, modellers and designers, carried out the analysis of a regular pattern model (MPAT) based on shear walls, columns and beams against 12 different models, presented in their structural configuration different vertical geometric irregularities, consisting of 20 floors. It was analyzed by means of the seismic properties established in the Peruvian regulation of buildings norm E.030 and E0.31, providing with rigidity, resistance, ductility to the structure, likewise the elements of isolation of base of the type Elastomeric LRB and Slider were placed, which were developed with a nonlinear analysis time history with a total of 7 pairs of seismic registrations. Finally, it was observed in the displacement analysis that the irregular structures compared to the regular structure do not present a variation greater than 3.14%. Similarly, drifts between floors were analysed in which the models M1T3, M2T3, M3T3, and M4T3 presented greater drifts compared to the regular model, obtaining in the model M4T3 an increase in the drift of 56. 74%. On the other hand, in the accelerations per level, the M2T3 model obtained an increase of 60.63% compared to the standard model. Finally in the analysis of energy dissipation with seismic isolators, the M4T3 model dissipates 92.84% of energy generated in the structure, consequently the seismic effect is dissipated directly by the base isolators.

Mohamed Elsharawy   

Large differential settlement beneath buildings results in severe damages that can compromise building integrity. Many factors affect building settlement including soil characteristics, ground water table, seismic activities, exitance of sinkholes, poorly compacted soil and out-engineered adjacent excavation activities. This paper examines the effect of building height, soil characteristics, tie beams and interference among the shallow foundation on total and differential settlements. Furthermore, it examines the effect of excessive differential settlement on building structure. Three buildings with 3-, 6- and 9-stories having the same square plan with a side of 24 m are initially designed under gravitational loads without considering any settlement. Four different soil profiles are considered under each building, namely strong soil, strong over weak soil, weak soil and weak over strong soil. Two different types of shallow foundations were designed for each building; the first as isolated footings connected with tie beams and the other case without tie beams. The buildings have been modeled using ETABS for conducting the structural design of different buildings' components. Then soil settlements were determined using Plaxis 3D finite element analyses. The analysis reveals that the interference among building footings has a significant impact on total and differential settlements.

A. B. M. Saiful Islam   and Md. Nazmul Huda   

During the recent decades, the deployment of agricultural wastes obtained from palm oil industry, including oil palm shell (OPS) and palm oil clinker (POC), has been observed progressively to develop lightweight concrete (LWC). Concrete comprising exclusively POC demonstrates reduced ductility and increased compressive strength, in contrast to concrete comprising solely OPS, which displays enhanced ductility. It appears that the combination of OPS and POC can increase the ductility and compressive strength of concrete. The feasibility of substituting conventional aggregate with OPS and POC aggregates is examined in this study. Based on such aggregate mixture, experiments are performed to determine the ideal mix ratio. Additionally, the ductility and strain characteristics of palm shell and clinker concrete (PSCC) as well as the PSCC beams are investigated. Seven formulations of PSCC are assessed. The range of OPS to POC ratios observed in the concrete mixtures is 30% to 70%. The PSCC beams are fabricated utilizing the ideal concrete mixture design. Eight PSCC beams measuring 150 mm x 250 mm are manufactured, each with a unique reinforcement ratio ranging from 0.50 to 2.11 percent. The specimens are subjected to four-point bending until failure. The findings of this research ascertain that the ideal concrete mixture possesses an approximate ductility index of 3.56 and a compressive strength of 46 MPa. By offering sufficient forewarning prior to failure, the PSCC beams demonstrate ductile failure and expose typical flexural behavior. At its maximum force, the PSCC demonstrates strain values ranging from 0.0028 to 0.0040, which indicates a high degree of satisfaction. The PSCC samples exhibited a remarkable level of ductility. The ductility index exhibits a negative correlation with the percentage of porous POC aggregate incorporated into the concrete formulations. The steel and concrete of the PSCC beam experience maximal strains of 4268 x 10^-6 and 4299 x 10^-6, respectively, at the site of failure. These results support the claim that a PSCC beam is capable of achieving complete strain when subjected to flexural force. The PSCC beams comprising reinforcement levels of up to 1.09% exhibit a ductility index ranging from 3.16 to 4.67, which signifies reasonable accomplishment.

Eric   Saloma   Ari Putra Usman   Anis Saggaff   Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim   and Fathoni Usman   

Many studies have shown that the ductility of joints can be increased by transverse reinforcement, whereas the increase in ductility can also be done by the constituent material. The use of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) began to develop, and SFRC became one of the material developments to overcome the weaknesses of conventional concrete. However, fiber concrete has the disadvantage of reducing workability and setting time. In this research, SFRC is combined with self-compacting concrete (SCC) to become Steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC). SCC is expected to improve the workability of SFRC. This research focuses on the behavior of beam-column connections using steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC). The modeling was analyzed to determine the main parameters of the connection behavior including hysteretic curves, ductility values, stiffness values, crack patters and stress-strain. Modeling was performed using SFRSCC characteristic data, and then validated with secondary data obtained from the literature. Structural modeling refers to research conducted by Alkhatib (2015) and Abusafaga (2022). The structural form analyzed is the exterior column beam connection. The results of the analysis are used to confirm the comparison of the ability and performance of SFRSCC and SCC beam-column connections to see the optimum strength required. Substitution of SCC concrete into SFRSCC was shown to improve ductility and stiffness degradation. The ultimate load on the SCC model during the push phase was 151.29 kN with a displacement of 9.96 mm and in the pull phase the ultimate load was 145.73 kN with a displacement of 9.79 mm. While the ultimate load on the SFRSCC model during the push phase was 221.27 kN with a displacement of 14.79 mm and in the pull phase the ultimate load was 213.8 kN with a displacement of 9.79 mm.

Amjad A. Yasin   

The primary objective of this research is to thoroughly assess and analyze the susceptibility of fragile existing buildings in the residential region of Jabal Al-Taj, Amman, Jordan, to seismic hazards. To achieve this task, it was required to identify and classify the typologies of vulnerable buildings prevalent in the study area, evaluate the structural vulnerabilities of these buildings to seismic forces, and implement a risk assessment methodology to estimate potential damage and losses associated with seismic events. This was accomplished by conducting field surveys, data collection, structural analysis of selected representative buildings, and evaluating the performance under seismic loads. Design response spectra curves were created for soil profiles rock (SB), soft rock and stiff soil (SC) for different return durations of 2475, 975, and 475 years. The results obtained from these curves show that both the Uniform Building Code (UBC) and the Jordan National Building Code (JBC) underestimate the seismic hazard in this region. The structural investigations of an existing four-storey building revealed its columns and frames are insufficiently resistant to earthquake loads, with a drift-to-height ratio of 0.024 surpassing the limiting value of 0.02 as specified by the UBC and (JBC) codes. The results confirm the need to take the necessary action to protect these old buildings by performing suitable strengthening, retrofitting, or rehabilitating techniques to increase their earthquake resistance.

Ba-Quang-Vinh Nguyen   Le-Huy-Phuc Ho   and Yun-Tae Kim   

This research employed a combination of commonly used machine learning (ML) models to improve the accuracy of predicting landslide spatial probability. The study areas were Phuoc Son, Quang Nam, Vietnam, and Mt. Umyeon, Seoul, Korea. Four ML models, namely logistic regression (LR), Bernoulli Naïve Bayes (BNB), Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB), and Adaboost (AD), were initially utilized to assess the spatial probability of landslides. Subsequently, an ensemble learning model was employed, using the results from the four ML models as input data, to produce the final landslide spatial probability. Evaluation metrics, including the areas under curve (AUC), were employed to evaluate the success of all ML models in predicting the spatial probability of landslides. The classified landslide susceptibility maps were generated based on the landslide spatial probability maps, employing different classifiers. The statistical significance of these maps was confirmed through the application of appropriate statistical tests, such as the Chi-square test. Comparative analysis between the individual ML models and the combination model revealed that the proposed combination model exhibited greater accuracy in predicting landslide spatial probability than the individual ML models.

Anjar Primasetra   Dewi Larasati   and Surjamanto Wonorahardjo   

Studies on the quality of building design involving the embodied and operational energies, and carbon emissions, are in high demand from stakeholders in the construction industry. This article discusses the vertical housing design-profile as viewed through passive design factors to reveal the relationship it holds with building energy-use and performance aspects in Indonesia. Building energy consumption was assessed with respect to two aspects: 1) the embodied energy and carbon emissions were calculated using the input-output method; 2) the building operational energy value was obtained through simulations using OpenStudio and Energy-plus. Anova and correlation analysis showed that embodied and operational energies held a quadratic relationship with the lowest optimum value at 0.06 GJ/m² for embodied energy, and 0.44 GJ/m² for operational energy. The most significant factors affecting operational energy and carbon emissions were orientation, window-to-wall ratio and specifications of the façade shapes and shading devices. Material type was the main factor affecting building embodied energy and carbon emissions. Based on the findings reported herein, vertical housing designs were categorized into the following three types: low-embodied-high operational design, optimum energy design, and high-embodied-high operational design. Building design optimization can ensure accountable carbon emissions and low operational energy expenditure.

Ansam Qsymah   Isra Al Shdaifat   Mo'men Ayasrah   Dana Qi'dan   and Abdel-Qader Al-Housan   

Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) is one of the most powerful multidisciplinary process that has been increasingly employed worldwide for managing and documenting heritage buildings. The aim of this study is to put forth a methodology for adoption of HBIM process to propose a hypothetical digital model for a damaged monument by using the available historical archives and the existed remains of the monument. Also, comparison with other archeological structures that were built in the same era and located in the vicinity of the monument was made to hypothesize its architectural details and the structural system. To achieve this aim, the Al-Faddain Umayyad Mosque located in the Jordanian city of Mafraq has been selected as a case study. Using the collected data, the 3D model of the mosque was implemented in Revit software following parametric modelling procedures. The improvements added by this paper are the inclusion of empirical evidence that sheds light on both advantages and challenges associated with the use of HBIM for damaged historical buildings. The results show that the capability of the proposed methodology in establishing a collaborative space for supporting revitalization and documentation of damaged cultural heritage buildings by creating a comprehended and sustained database for them.

Firas M. Sharaf   

This study explores the characteristics of the urban corridor of the historical Hejaz Railway route HHRR in Amman city. It suggests a plan to investigate the urban environment of the Hejaz Railway, how it affects the localities it passes through and what development options it can offer to local communities and the railway urban environment. The methodology uses descriptive and analytical approaches to survey and analyze data to identify and evaluate urban conditions. A visual survey and maps are prepared to study the urban corridor of the railway line. The maps include land use, solid and void, road drainage, and railroad crossing maps, in addition to a survey of social and economic conditions. The results reveal negative effects coming from the neighborhood, such as violations and transgressions on the railway line, lack of oversight, and weak awareness of the developmental role that the railway can play in improving the railway environment. This study seeks to direct the awareness of the problem before local and national government institutions responsible for HHRR. Locations in the rail corridor with positive visual and historical qualities and development opportunities are investigated using Space Syntax and UCL Depth Map Software. One of the challenges of studying the urban corridor of the Hejaz Railway in the city of Amman is the different administrative districts of the city through which the railway passes, as each district has its own land use plan and is not linked to neighboring land use plans. Therefore, it was necessary to prepare a land use map that combines maps of all districts along the urban railway line from Amman Station to Al Qasr Station. According to analysis using Space Syntax Software and UCL Depth Maps, there are significant sites along the study railway route for development and investment to be part of the tourism infrastructure and to create employment opportunities for local communities in order to help bring about sustainable and resilient changes to boost the local economy and improve the urban railway environment.

Naveen Kumar   and Sandeep Nasier   

Carbon dioxide emission has become one of the most serious issues that cause environmental pollution and global warming. Cement is a crucial part of the production of concrete, which is used extensively in construction. In the manufacturing of 1000kg of cement, 900kg of carbon dioxide is produced. In this manufacturing process, the approx. 5% to 7% of total carbon dioxide released on earth is produced from this. Researchers face a significant challenge in reducing the amount of cement used in concrete mixing by substituting waste or environmentally friendly materials. The primary goals of this research are to minimize the cement content of concrete and explore the utilization of waste resources for high strength concrete. Our ecology has been favourably impacted by the production of concrete using green ingredients in place of cement. In this paper, FA (fly ash) and ES (eggshell) powder are used as waste components, and cement is used to partially substitute them in the concrete mix. Up to 40% fly ash and ESP substitution, the compressive and flexural strength of FA and ESP concrete showed higher strength compared to standard concrete. The mechanical characteristics of concrete containing FA and eggshell powder have been studied.

Diego R. Cajachagua Guerreros   Sario A. Chamorro Quijano   Fredy Gutiérrez Martínez   and Mohamed M. Hadi Mohamed   

The research proposal analyzed different types of soils using geotechnical tests to evaluate the influence of changes in the dimensions of retaining walls, to evaluate the differences in cantilever retaining walls with an analysis of the 25 departments of Peru. The evaluation was carried out through the design of 25 cantilever retaining walls with 25 geotechnical tests in each department of Peru, complying with the pre-dimensioning and the minimum safety factors, to avoid failures in the execution of the retaining walls. The proposed investigation provides a more detailed analysis of the geology associated with the infrastructure fulfilling the necessary analysis details, safety factors and an economic evaluation. The study found that all these factors were related to the structural dimensions, detailing that in the jungle departments the increase in the dimensions of the containment structure is due to the large presence of clayey and silty soils, and the departments of the coastal region. The reduction in size was due to the presence of more stable soils such as gravels. It is also detailed that the soils of the sierra region are of greater diversity, but with properties that are larger than those of the coastal region.

Beni Kizolli   Nol Dedaj   Hazir S. Çadraku   and Bekim Selimi   

Demographic expansion, urbanization, industrial development, occupation of fertile lands, uncontrolled construction, air, water, soil pollution, health problems, narrowing of areas, recreation, sports, etc. affect the quality of life. Based on these indicators, research was conducted on the analysis of railway infrastructure as a component that will affect the minimization of some problems related to the quality of life in our country in the 2021-2022 period. Based on data, authentic information, and achievable results with this paper, we aim to provide knowledge about the railway infrastructure, its condition, potential and the benefits it would have if it were transformed, operated, developed, and managed based on the concept of integrated and sustainable management of the traffic sector. As a result, based on the practices of developed countries, the statistics referred to in the official reports, the factors that have de-functionalized the property located within the urban areas as a result of the urban transformation and the possibilities of urban-suburban transport development prove that: with the regeneration of the railway on two lines examined in our study, properties will be integrated into the urban development. On the one hand, alternative financial resources are provided to the railway company, by operating the facilities for various services, paid parking spaces, commercial advertising, and recreational spaces. On the other hand, alternative transport is provided according to the conditions; transport can be developed with special bus lanes, with Metrobus (Bus Rapid Transit) and along the line within the urban area with bicycle paths.

Desy Setyowulan   Eva Arifi   Indra Waluyohadi   Nugroho Adi Sucipto   and Fika Assyofia Faida   

The present research focuses on investigating the behavior of cold-formed steel canal sections with back-to-back built-up members subjected to flexure, including the capacity, maximum load, load-deflection curve, and buckling failure. In accordance with analytical studies outlined in SNI 7971:2013, which is referenced in AS/NZS 4600:2005, the final result will be evaluated compared to a single canal section through numerical analysis with ABAQUS. This member made from double canal type C80x30x0,75 was tested in strong axes. The analysis stated that the flexural capacity from both numerical and analytical studies had similar results. In addition, the maximum stress is located at the lip section for all models. Applied double canal back-to-back built-up section members increased the maximum load capacity by decreasing the number of deflection, with the local buckling occurring at the middle span of the beam.

Tri Sudibyo   Heriansyah Putra   and Sutoyo   

Stable sub-grade and reliable structural layers are required in road pavements to ensure long serviceability. One of the road distresses associated with the sub-grade (unbound soil) or top (bituminous) structural layer failure is rutting in flexible pavement. This is the reason why better rutting resistance is highly desirable in bitumen to prevent potential damage as well as to ensure higher durability for the pavement. Studies on surface material identified the concept of contact angle by testing liquids on solid surface. This concept can also be applied to bitumen to determine its ability to repel or attract a particular liquid such as water in line with the modification rate. Therefore, this study was conducted in an effort to improve rutting and fatigue through low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polymer-based modified bitumen. The focus was to determine the ability of measuring water contact angle (WCA) to differentiate several types of modified bitumen. Polymer-modified bitumen was produced through high shear mixing using virgin and recycled LDPE to improve its rutting resistance. Moreover, standard tests such as ring and ball softening points were conducted to determine the penetration number and softening point to confirm the modification results. WCA tests were applied to both the unmodified and the modified bitumen, and some differences were observed in the results.

Nataliia Pinchuk   Volodymyr Byba   Aguinaldo Fraddosio   Anna Castellano   and Mario Daniele Piccioni   

The brick is one of the most common construction materials used for vertical masonry structures such as walls and pillars. These structural elements are subjected to local compression due to the beams and the lintels. It is possible to increase the strength of brick structures by using structural reinforcement systems. Among these, "indirect reinforcements" – which are applied in the horizontal joints of the masonry – require a more thorough study as they have been poorly discussed in standards and literature. To this aim, the Authors have conducted experimental studies on masonry walls with different positions and number of indirect reinforced meshes identifying the main factors affecting the strength of reinforced brickwork under local compression load. The experimental results are discussed and compared with the results obtained on unreinforced masonry walls. Moreover, the Authors have developed a numerical model calibrated on the basis of experimental results in order to numerically reproduce the mechanical behavior of the reinforced masonry walls and the failure mechanisms. As a result of investigation was established that in the case of local compressive loading applied on the edge of the wall, the most effective is reinforcement with three meshes located in each row of masonry directly under load applying zone.

Devi Nuralinah   Alwafi Pujiraharjo   Roland Martin Simatupang   and Maria Veronica   

Current research aims to examine the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with knitted bamboo. Bamboo can replace steel reinforcement because it has high tensile strength, as has already been examined by researchers. The behavior of bamboo-concrete composites has long been a major concern. Thus, surface treatments and mechanical interlocking can improve the interaction between bamboo and concrete. In this research, bamboo was treated with 1% NaOH and coated with a Structural epoxy bonding agent (Sikadur 32) and sand to increase the bonding slip with concrete. The bond strength between bamboo reinforcement and concrete has already been examined by a pull-out test to obtain the bamboo bar that had good bonding. Plain bamboo was used to control three patterns of knitted bamboo. The pull-out test result shows that the twisted bamboo bar-like hair (pattern 1) with outer skin had a maximum pull-out load and a tensile failure. Therefore, this type of reinforcement, with variations in bar ratio, end ties, and outer skin types, was used for testing the flexural beam. A concrete beam size of 180x250 with a length of 1600 mm was reinforced with knitted bamboo, subjected to a two-point load, and tested on the flexural testing frame. The flexural load capacity of a concrete beam reinforced by knitted bamboo-like hair (pattern 1) with outer skin increases significantly compared to bamboo without outer skin and does not change much concerning end tie variation. It has been noticed that great bonding between concrete and bamboo bars with the outer skin, a high reinforcement ratio, and surface treatment affect how much flexural load capacity and serviceability can increase. Based on research results, bamboo-reinforced concrete beams with a higher reinforcement ratio can replace steel-reinforced concrete beams with a slightly lower reinforcement ratio because they have advantages in terms of capacity and serviceability, including their ability to carry large bending loads, high ductility, high stiffness, low deflection, and worth depth cracking. This research contributes to the development of sustainable construction concerning the usage of bamboo bars as a local material in a structural concrete beam.

Ana Sofia Huaylinos Molleda   and Jorge Luis Poma Garcia   

The present research focuses on investigating the behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) canal sections with back-to-back built-up members subjected to flexure, including the capacity, maximum load, load-deflection curve, and buckling failure. In the analytical studies outlined in Indonesian Standard SNI 7971:2013, which is referenced in AS/NZS 4600:2005, the final result will be evaluated compared to a single canal section through numerical analysis with ABAQUS. This member, made from double canal type C80x30x0.75, was tested on strong axes. A shell element with G550 characteristics formed the beam. It was characterized as utilizing the S4R shell element, which provides a node with six degrees of freedom. The CFS profile was measured at 80 mm height, 30 mm width, and 9 mm lip depth, with a three-point bending load applied to a 240 mm long beam and 150 mm space between bolt- connections. The analysis stated that the flexural capacity from both numerical and analytical studies had similar results. It reveals that the lip section experiences the highest stress. Applied double-canal back-to-back built-up section members increased the maximum load capacity by decreasing the number of deflections. The beam experiences local buckling failure in the middle span below the external load, possibly due to the profile's too thin thickness. Despite the inconsistencies in the ABAQUS analysis due to local buckling in the supports, stiffeners are necessary to increase load retention and minimize local buckling. We need more research to investigate how screw spacing affects beam structure capacity and how to apply stiffeners to cold-formed steel beam elements.

Tan Hui Ping   Roshida Abdul Majid   and Madhumathi A   

This study addresses the crucial issue of visual comfort in Malaysian shop offices, particularly those characterized by windowless intermediate layouts. The significance of this research is underscored by the recognized impact of inadequate artificial lighting on consistent illumination and glare, ultimately influencing employee satisfaction within workplace environments. The objectives of this study encompass the identification of key factors influencing visual comfort, an assessment of satisfaction levels, preferences regarding lighting configurations, and the proposition of a model tailored to address these concerns. Conducting a case study involving three shop offices in Johor Bahru, the approach integrates Revit simulations and a comprehensive questionnaire distributed among 100 office occupants. The analysis reveals compelling correlations between factors such as glare, illuminance, and layout. Notably, the findings underscore widespread dissatisfaction among office occupants with the current lighting conditions, emphasizing the critical need for optimized artificial lighting configurations. Such optimizations are posited to significantly enhance visual comfort and overall well-being in Malaysian shop office settings. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the intricacies of visual comfort in specific workplace environments. Through a meticulous examination of influential factors and the proposal of a model attuned to the unique challenges faced by Malaysian shop offices, this research offers valuable insights for both academia and practitioners. The implications of the findings extend beyond mere academic interest, as they advocate for tangible improvements in lighting configurations to foster a more comfortable and satisfying work environment.

Yunita Syafitri Rambe   Aulia Muflih Nasution   Muhathir   M. Ragil Tri Wahyu   and Sakina Selfira   

The rapid population growth and societal changes in Indonesia have led to an increased demand for energy. Consequently, it has become necessary to adopt building planning strategies that prioritize comfort in order to minimize the reliance on artificial energy and thereby alleviate the escalating impacts of global warming. Buildings are significant contributors to both greenhouse gas emissions and the consumption of raw materials, which are factors in global warming. Educational facility buildings are characterized by notably high energy consumption due to the requirement that students possess adequate visual understanding to comprehend the material presented in the classroom. As an object of study, this research determines which variables influence the daylight factor and luminosity meters in order to establish the most comfortable conditions possible in the classroom. The research methodology employs quantitative data collecting, involving the processing of 60 plans using AutoCAD and Dialux software. In order to identify the most optimal results, this investigation is further supported by computer calculations employing linear regression equation methods and genetic algorithms. The objective of the study was to develop a benchmark space by establishing optimal variables and layout in order to maximize the quantity of natural light and artificial lighting, thereby promoting energy efficiency. By determining the optimal number of lux meters for artificial illumination and a standard room with variable magnitudes and quantities, this study determines the optimal location to generate the highest daylight factor. For the purpose of achieving a harmonious equilibrium between natural and artificial lighting, the application of linear regression equations and genetic algorithms can be of great assistance in determining the most highly effective combination of visual analysis. It is essential to conduct a visual optimization study since it has the potential to influence the amount of energy that is consumed by buildings.

Jebli Taoufik   Aalil Issam   and Radouani Mohammed   

The objective of this study is to determine factors that contribute to the appearance of damage in school buildings, particularly those associated with soil nature. Based on a case study of a school with structural flaws, the analysis includes a preliminary investigation, a structural control, and a geotechnical examination. Concrete strength and quality were determined by Non-destructive testing (NDT) using uniparametric methods (Ultrasonic pulse velocity or Rebound hammer) and biparametric or combined methods. As results, the compressive strength of concrete in building elements (beams, columns) exceeds 25MPa which complies with standards. Because clay minerals are present in the soil, geotechnical laboratory experiments such as consolidation tests, Atterberg limits, and particle size distribution show potential for expansion and compressibility. Evaluation of general and differential settlements of the studied footings showed excessive values exceeding the limiting threshold. The soil composition in the chosen area is believed to cause differential settlement to the buildings' foundations, resulting in structural distress manifesting as cracks in the building. The phenomena are explained by variations in soil moisture brought on by a number of variables, such as seasonal variations in rainfall, inadequate drainage, the existence of gardens close to buildings, broken sewage and water lines, and an uneven distribution of stresses across supports. Regular and timely maintenance, along with increased owner awareness, can aid in the prevention of some of the flaws brought on by expansive soils.

Rajiv Gandhi. R   and Saritha. B   

Ultra High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a high-strength, new-age concrete shaped from a unique blend of constituent materials. The organization of HPC incorporates concrete (normal Portland concrete), fine sand, silica smolder, quartz powder, and steel strands. This sort of cement has upgraded mechanical and strength properties. Carbon black (CB) is a kind of essential carbon material that is gotten as colloid particles through controlled inadequate ignition or warm disintegration of fluid or vaporous hydrocarbons. Carbon black contains over 95% formless and obscure carbon and a modest quantity of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and others, which focus on the outer layer of the particles. By utilizing carbon dark as filler in concrete, we can diminish soil contamination and pollution generally. The presence of pores in concrete has shown to be a significant issue since it was found. Because of the minuscule size of CB, they can fill the pores, which help in expanding the thickness of the substantial, which works on its solidarity and protection from environmental assault and diminishes its penetrability. The expansion of carbon dark might work on the electrical conductivity, the durability of the total connection point in the substantial lattice, and lower the expense. CB likewise shows the fine filler impact, which can upgrade the thickness of the substantial network. A review is made to limit the pores present while utilizing carbon dark as filler and recommend the ideal level of CB to be included cement for its improved exhibition. Steel strands recuperated from the reusing of tire squander can possibly be utilized as a material to get ready fiber-built up concrete. Carbon black and steel filaments extricated from elastic tires are utilized in this review to work on the exhibition of HPC. The physico-mechanical, toughness of HPC in mix with both carbon dark and reused steel fiber are analyzed in this review.

Rhita Bennouna   Latifa Ouadif   Ahmed Akhssas   Youssef Zerradi   and Anas Bahi   

Ensuring the safety of a high frequented mountain road is one of the priorities to be achieved, especially since it is exposed to many external conditions. For this, it is very important to study any factor that could compromise the safety of the adjacent embankments for whom we will make a stability analysis. A large number of researchers have been interested in the stability of slopes and the methods of support suitable for each case of rock slopes. In our study, we will be particularly interested in the rock slopes of schist formation in two zones at the Tichka pass. Over the years, much research has been carried out to develop modes of classifying rocks and evaluating the stability of slopes using different methods: empirical methods, kinematic analysis, numerical methods such as finite elements, finite differences, discrete elements, and limit equilibrium analysis. Comparisons were made between these methods for different case studies. We studied slope stability by approaching the empirical SMR and Q-slope methods and comparing them to the results of kinematic analysis, each of which is different in the way of processing for the study. Kinematic analysis is particularly interested in the orientations of discontinuities which is an essential factor for the stability analysis given that ruptures can only occur through discontinuities. The other methods involve the rock strength and the surrounding environment characteristics in addition to the discontinuity's orientations (SMR method) and the influence of these orientations on the stability (Q-slope method). We observed a significant convergence of the results of the SMR method with the kinematic analysis. On the other hand, certain differences were noted between the Q-slope method and the kinematic analysis, particularly on one of the slopes studied.

Mikael Kivekäs   Hüseyin Emre Ilgın   and Sami Pajunen   

Currently, there is a scarcity of studies in the literature that offer a comprehensive insight into the non-seismic design of post-tensioned timber structures. This research focused on investigating the structural non-seismic design of post-tensioned cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls using the Winkler Spring Analogy (WSA) method and the Material Based Model (MBM). The study aimed to explore the impact of various factors, such as placement, number, material, and post-tension forces, on the structural behavior and fabrication of the wall. Key findings of the study included: (1) challenges in calibrating and verifying numerical models due to limited experimental data; (2) the significant influence of CLT's orthotropy and fabrication defects on wall deformation, particularly at the bottom of the wall; (3) the utility of WSA in pre-designing structures and validating numerical models; and (4) the effectiveness of post-tensioning configuration when including at least two bars located at opposite ends of the cross-section. This research is expected to enhance awareness and understanding of post-tensioned CLT wall structures and encourage full-scale load testing.

Chethan Kumar S   N S Kumar   Adithya Tantri   Bhandary R P   and Rao A U   

Present investigation examines the effects of concrete and steel tube diameter, thickness, and L/D ratio (Length to Diameter ratio) on the strength of the interfacial connection in Concrete-Filled Galvanized Steel Tubes (CFGST). By using three levels and variables to conduct the experiments, Taguchi's technique is used in the study to shorten the experimentation procedure. In the beginning, the Taguchi technique was used to frame the L9 array, and nine circular CFGSTs were tested to gauge the bonding strength. A total of 81 samples were evaluated to determine the correctness of a linear regression model, which had been built. The experimental data were further analyzed using analysis of variance in order to determine the factors that may have an impact on bonding strength. When the experimental findings were compared to a model of finite element analysis and a soft computing tool of artificial neural networks, the inaccuracies were found to be a maximum of 18% thereby confirming accuracy up to 82%. Overall, the results present that the L/D ratio followed by thickness and diameter of the steel tubes are significant factors which have the greatest negative impact on decremental bond strength characteristics. Further prediction is carried out by, Ansys Mechanical finite element analysis software (ANSYS), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which showed that ANN produces more significant outcomes as compared to ANSYS, and hence is suggested for real time practice.

Mohab N. Moustafa   Shaimaa S. Ashour   and Ramy A. Bakir   

Usually when we visit new unfamiliar spaces we employ our cognitive abilities to situate ourselves with the spatial surroundings. Our cognitive perception is the process in which we acquire knowledge about space forming mental images, and then we use this knowledge to orient and successfully navigate through space. However, our affective perception, the emotional responses towards space, also plays an important role in spatial memory. Previous literature has provided evidence that navigational aids developed over time have an impact on how we feel in urban space but have mostly caused degradation to our spatial memory. This study investigates how advanced navigational techniques would affect our cognitive and affective perceptions in urban space. In doing so, 42 participants were asked to walk along a chosen route in Maadi, Cairo. Half of these participants used PinnAR, which is an Augmented Reality Navigation (ARN) application, and the other half used 2D digital maps. The results indicated that ARN significantly affected our cognitive perception in terms of knowledge acquisition compared to digital map users, who did not recognize the landmarks in the walked route. In addition, the cognitive mapping for the ARN group showed less route knowledge, resulting in a higher error rate in drawing the taken route compared to the digital map group. The study also showed that the ARN group emotionally perceived the environment differently in terms of personal satisfaction and sense of security than the 2D digital map user. The ARN group showed less satisfaction with the friendliness of the streets to walk and a greater sense of insecurity with the traffic around compared to the digital map group.

Amira Fawzy Almaz   Elsayed Abd El-azim El-Agouz   Mohab Taher Abdelfatah   and Islam Rafaat Mohamed   

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in architecture is transforming the design process, making it faster, more efficient, and more sustainable. AI serves as a starting point for conversation, allowing architects to interact with data scientists and engineers. The study recommends merging AI into architecture education to improve designers' comprehension of design-related concepts. The future role of architects in AI design and its application raises questions about how AI design will reflect their creativity and architectural touch. AI is revolutionizing the design process by integrating Building Information Modelling (BIM) techniques and enabling real-time analysis and optimization. It also revolutionizes architectural design education by generating initial project forms and improving interaction with architects. AI applications can revolutionize the way students learn and create, allowing them to explore innovative designs they may not have considered otherwise. As AI applications continue to advance, they have the potential to evolve and provide even more sophisticated design solutions. AI-powered design tools have the potential to revolutionize the way architects approach and create architectural projects. The study explores the potential of artificial intelligence in architectural design. It highlights the integration of AI through generative design algorithms, virtual reality tools, and machine learning algorithms. These tools help architects explore design options, optimize projects for energy efficiency and structural integrity, and analyze large amounts of data for informed decisions. AI-powered design tools can understand aesthetics, architecture schools, and project requirements, enhancing the initial design stage. Integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) techniques can enable real-time analysis and optimization of designs, saving time and resources. AI applications can also revolutionize architectural design education by generating initial project forms and allowing students to develop innovative designs.

Aisyah   Erizal   and Heriansyah Putra   

The primary constituents of concrete comprise cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, and additives. Water is pivotal for determining the quality of concrete, thereby influencing the water–cement ratio. In certain coastal regions of Indonesia, the scarcity of freshwater necessitates the use of seawater in concrete mixtures. However, seawater contains corrosive ions that can potentially damage concrete structures. Zeolites are effective in desalinating seawater through salt absorption and vary in size and concentration. This study examines the impact of variations in zeolite size and weight, as well as the effect of seawater salinity on the compressive strength of concrete. The samples were 10 × 20 cm cylindrical concrete, mixed with fresh water and seawater at salinities of 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppt. The tests for compressive strength were conducted at 7 and 28 days. The 7-day samples of seawater concrete exhibited higher compressive strength than 65% of the 28-day standard, attributed to the reaction of Tricalcium Aluminate (C₃A) with NaCl, which enhances the early-age compressive strength. Zeolites were tested at three average sizes—0.45 mm, 0.89 mm, and 1.77 mm—and at concentrations of 51.91 g/L, 103.82 g/L, and 155.73 g/L. The zeolite of 0.89 mm size and 155.73 g/L concentration was notably utilised. An increase in zeolite content for desalinating seawater correlates with reduced salinity, thereby enhancing the compressive strength of the concrete.

Adedotun O. Akinola   Eziyi O. Ibem   Akunnaya P. Opoko   Adedapo A. Oluwatayo   Egidario B. Aduwo   and Uzodinma K. Ugah   

Housing design features satisfaction in nine public-sector employee housing estates was explored by means of data generated from household assessments comprising 500 key participants in Lagos state, Nigeria. The survey was carried out between September, 2020 and March, 2021; and the information was gotten through well-thought-out questionnaire and subjected to descriptive statistics as well as principal component analysis. The results specifically showed that the top three housing unit design features that the residents were most satisfied with were location of bedrooms, location of entrance and exit doors and ceiling heights (headroom), while they were least satisfied with size of study area in your housing unit, size of kitchen and store in your housing unit and size of store in your housing unit. The seven main dimensions of housing design features satisfaction were quantity of natural lighting and ventilation of interior spaces; number, design and location of staircases; sizes and location of corridors, wardrobes and location of bedrooms, sizes of store, kitchen and dining and location of terraces; privacy, general design of housing units, number of toilets and location of housing units in the estates; size and type of housing unit, number and size of bedrooms; size of study, children's play area and terraces and natural ventilation of bedrooms and kitchen; headroom, location of entrances and exits and size of living area. Therefore, to improve housing design features satisfaction residents in public sector employee housing schemes, the key professionals (architects, town planners and estate managers) involved in conceptualizing, development and maintenance of the housing estates must engage in state-of-the-art planning, design and management approaches and also give priority attention to the key features that ensure residents' satisfaction.

Abdelmajid Morabit   and Abdelouafi El Ghoulbzouri   

This research investigates the dynamic stability of rubble mound breakwater under varying foundation soil conditions, including rocks, vibro-compacted fill, sand reinforced with stone columns, and sand. The study also explores different mesh sizes (medium, fine, and very fine) using the Plaxis 2D software based on the finite element method. The study aims to assess the response of the models of the rubble mound breakwater under different combinations of frequency and amplitude of dynamic loading. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to explore the impact of these factors on breakwater stability. The findings reveal that the choice of foundation soil has a significant influence on the response of the rubble mound breakwaters during dynamic loading. Rigid soil provides higher stability, while reinforced sand columns and vibro-compacted fill enhance load-bearing capacity. Additionally, the mesh size employed in the numerical simulations affects the accuracy of the results, with finer mesh sizes offering more precise predictions of breakwater behavior. The study provides valuable insights into the assessment of rubble mound breakwaters for seismic conditions. This research contributes to the field of geotechnical engineering by improving our understanding of the interplay between foundation soil characteristics, mesh size, and dynamic loading effects on rubble mound breakwater stability. The outcomes will aid in the development of more resilient coastal and seismic protection structures, ultimately enhancing disaster mitigation and infrastructure resilience.

Sherly De Yong   Murni Rachmawati   and Ima Defiana   

"Changes of social distancing in post-pandemic architecture in the context of security design" refers to the changes in spatial distancing and protocols in a building for preventing future pandemics in the context of security design. In 2019, the rapid spread of COVID-19 has caused changes in architecture, especially in social distancing. The built environment needs different strategies to help prevent the spread of disease in the future. This study will review and discuss changes in social distancing within post-pandemic architecture in the context of security design. A systematic literature search and review defines previous research systematically, relates concepts, and critically reanalyses data. The first step is systematically clear selection, the second is coding, and the third is synthesis. The selection considered 109 papers (of which 39 were reviewed). The findings are five strategies for future social distancing in architecture post-pandemic revealed using prevention strategies: standards for integrating a healthy environment; relationships and interactions in users' pattern activity; environment design related to nature; spatial relationships (proxemics); and place attachment. Each strategy demonstrates the connection between social distancing in post-pandemic architecture and security-pandemic variables for built environments that can prevent future disease spread. These findings will support future research in defining and understanding the need for holistic analysis of changes in social distancing within post-pandemic architecture.

Falah Almosawi   Ihsan Sabah Hadi   Ammar Khalil Ebraheem   and Amer Shakir Alkinani   

This research explores the intricate relationship between environmental sustainability and urban design in Al-Jumhuriya Neighborhood, Baghdad, reflecting urban development challenges and opportunities. It highlights the need to balance growth, functionality, and quality of life with environmental responsibility in urban areas worldwide. The research includes a literature review on environmental sustainability in urban design and the utilization of multifunctional land in contemporary cities. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Survey results show a diverse range of perspectives, indicating concerns about air quality and local regulations but also positive views on community engagement, energy consumption practices, and the impact of sustainable infrastructure. The recommendations emphasize the need to improve air and water quality, enhance community involvement, adapt local regulations, maintain balanced land use patterns, employ sustainable urban planning methods, and develop sustainable infrastructure. These recommendations aim to address the specific concerns and insights of Al-Jumhuriya Neighborhood's residents and promote a holistic approach to environmental sustainability and community engagement, ultimately leading to a more sustainable and livable neighborhood.

Hendrik Jimmyanto   Joni Arliansyah   and Edi Kadarsa   

Roads are a necessary component of infrastructure for human life, particularly for mobility and meeting needs. The majority of roads in many locations are made of flexible pavement, which mainly consists of gravel and asphalt. Although this pavement is designed to support vehicle weight and is not immediately absorbed by the sub-grade layer, damage may occur over time. The two main causes of road deterioration are variations in temperature and heavy loads. One approach to addressing this issue is through the use of modified asphalt binders. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of using waste tires and solid natural rubber (KACR) as materials for modifying asphalt binders. Asphalt rheology testing using a dynamic shear rheometer, characterisation testing with the Marshall method on asphalt mixtures, and stiffness modulus testing with the Universal Testing Machine were conducted to assess their behaviour. KACR was used as a replacement for up to 7%–10% of the asphalt binder's weight. Test results showed that utilising KACR as an asphalt binder modification material can reduce the phase angle and increase complex modulus values at high temperatures. Furthermore, based on Marshall test results, it was observed that incorporating KACR into asphalt mixtures increased stability by 26.16%–27.29% while reducing flow values by 10%. Stiffness modulus test results also indicated an increase ranging from 32.30%–88.99% at a temperature of 25℃, with even higher increases of 67.14%–105.69% possible at a temperature of 40℃.

Hoa Cao Van   

Deep excavation in soft soil has many potential risks due to overall instability, basal heave instability, failures due to piping, boiling, large buckling of struts, yielding of a wall, excessive wall deflection, excessive ground settlement, and adverse effects on adjacent structures. In fact, incidents or collapses during the construction of deep excavations have been observed around the world, but only a few cases are reported due to contractual or other reasons. Those that are reported are usually of such a large scale and severity that they receive public attention, and even then, there is generally limited information available. Chan N. F. (2012) has documented 58 severe collapses or incidents during deep excavations in Hong Kong and worldwide. As the desired excavation depth increases, the above risks at all stages of excavation may occur individually or in combination. Therefore, this article analyzes the construction process and incidents that happened in Pond B, Phu My 1 Thermal Power Plant, Vietnam, to find the causes and draw lessons learned. For many different reasons, this item encountered many problems. However, this item was still completed. The article uses the Plaxis 2D ultimate to evaluate incidents and follow countermeasures. Analysis results show that the Pond B excavation process encountered problems due to the base heave instability, unsafe strut-wall system structure, excessive ground settlement, excessive lateral displacement of the ground, and poor weld quality. The contractor has successfully implemented countermeasures that have proven to be effective.

Tengku Azirudin   Dyah Titisari Widyastuti   and Achmad Djunaedi   

Shared space can be a solution for limited space in daily activities. The use of shared spaces is found in urban areas, villages, and riverside settlements such as in Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. This settlement before 2009 was an area that was not connected to the land transportation network. The intervention of road construction by the government caused this village to be connected to the road network, which led to many changes in the use of shared space over time. This research aims to describe the transformation of shared space in riverside rural settlements in various aspects. Data collection methods included interviews, documentation, archival recordings, and direct observation. The data analysis method used is explaining change and explaining causation to describe changes over time and the factors that influence them. The findings of this research show that the transformation of shared space in riverside rural settlements occurs in four aspects: (1) human aspects, that is, forms of interaction, access control system, circulation access, ownership of riverside street, ownership of kampong street, and ownership of undeveloped inter-house space; (2) space aspects, that is: function (kampong street, riverside street, building, front of house/streetside space, undeveloped inter-house space, river mouth), place of interaction, street dimension, building form, physical control system, and building orientation; (3) human and space aspects, that is: the function of river bank space and the dimension of undeveloped inter-house space; and (4) means of transportation.

I Gede Gegiranang Wiryadi   I Ketut Diartama Kubon Tubuh   I Putu Agus Putra Wirawan   I Kadek Aditya Setyawan   and I Made Laksana Wira Saputra   

The infilled frame structure has advantages compared to the open frame structure which provides stiffness and strength to withstand lateral forces. The infill-walls that are installed between the beam and column contribute to the lateral stiffness. Infill-walls placed between beam and column provide lateral stiffness and better behavioral resistance and performance. Based on numerical analysis, the infill-walls are usually modeled using shell elements or strut elements. Modeling with a strut is simpler than shells for the linear or nonlinear analysis. However, an equation is needed to determine the strut width that is used for each wall panel opening condition (wall with and without openings). The method of determining the strut width equation is to approach the experimental results with element shell models. Certain number of the strut width is determined to get the same deformation value as the shell models. Research on infill-wall structures is mostly carried out on reinforced concrete (RC) frames but rarely carried out on steel frame structures. This study shows how strut width equation obtained from RC-infilled frame affects steel-infilled frame. RC structures and steel structures have different characteristics so there will be also differences in behavior due to the addition of infill walls. The strut width equation for modeling infill-walls in RC frames cannot be fully applied to steel frame structures, especially for walls with openings. Modifications are needed to the strut width equation of RC-infilled frame by multiplying with coefficient 0.4 so that the results can be suitable for steel-infilled frame structures. Comparison of behavior and performance are also presented in this paper.

Hamkah   Hasmar Halim   Dady Mairuhu   Hasriana   Aisyah   and Zubair Saing   

Cold Paving Hot Mix Asbuton (CPHMA) is used not only for routine maintenance work on road pavements with a relatively small volume of work but has expanded its use on national roads, often used by heavy vehicles and heavy traffic. This condition requires efforts to increase the durability of CPHMA by increasing the marshall stability value by adding filler material. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of marshall CPHMA after adding 1%, 2%, and 3% composite portland cement (PCC), compared with standard CPHMA products without fillers. The Marshall characteristics of 4 types of CPHMA were tested using 16 sample brickets with 2×75 impacts in 2 stages, which were differentiated according to the soaking time, namely 30 minutes and 24 hours. The test results show that the marshall stability values of CPHMA with 1%, 2%, and 3% PCC levels are 880.5 kg, 1,036.4 kg, and 1,096.6 kg respectively, an increase compared to the marshall stability of 704.6 kg for standard CPHMA (0% filler). The 25 kg sack packaging CPHMA tested had an average asphalt content of 6.6% and used aggregates according to the specifications determined by Bina Marga. The research results showed that the addition of PCC up to 2.67% caused the flow characteristics not to exceed the minimum limit of 3 mm and fulfilled the 6 CPHMA marshall characteristics as a whole, namely VMA, VIM, VFB, flow, marshall stability and retained marshall stability after 24 hours of immersion. PCC in 50 kg sack packaging products can be used as an additional filler to obtain marshall characteristics that meet CPHMA specifications. The use of PCC at an optimum level of 1.33% is recommended for routine road maintenance work to increase CPHMA's resistance to vehicle traffic loads.

Deyvid Froilán Matamoros Paitán   Efraín Junior Dolorier Flores   Faifer Alanya Almonacid   and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   

Nowadays, several computer programs are used for the design of buildings and other structures, each of them with its sequence of design algorithms. However, the competent professional uses conventional design criteria without analyzing the demanding considerations in the modeling of a structure. That is why in this research the objective was to determine the influence of the variation of the structural properties in the analysis of buildings. To this purpose, a 10-story building was used with a mezzanine height of 3.25m and a total height of 33.7m composed of a structural system of walls with different area elements, rigid arms, discretization of walls and diaphragms, which were modeled in the ETABS V19 software. The M0.5MF-M3 model was the one that showed average values for displacement, stiffness of the structure, shear force, bending moment and interstory drifts. Finally, the membrane type elements performed better in the modeling of the structure compared to the shell type elements. The flexible and rigid diaphragms should be considered according to their in-plane deflection, as well as the assignment of the rigid arm with a factor of 0.5 and a controlled meshing in the walls helps to represent the structure in its more adequate modeling.

Jachrizal Sumabrata   and Nurul Lathifah   

Buton natural asphalt with crumb rubber (BNA-R) represents an innovative approach to enhancing the performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures. However, previous studies have primarily focused on incorporating BNA-R at a single, optimum dosage level. This study explores the impact of varied dosages of Buton natural asphalt with crumb rubber (BNA-R) on asphalt mixture performance using the factorial design analysis. The factorial design method is a statistical method to test the influence of several factors with different levels. With this method, all possible combinations of each level from the elements can be analyzed for their effects on the asphalt mixture without lethal or freeze other factors. Based on the analysis of two-level full-factorial designed experiments revealed on the Marshall test, it's shown that: the bitumen content has a significant correlation with the flow, MQ, VIM and VFA, while BNA-R has a substantial relationship with stability, flow, VIM and VFA. Results show enhanced stability, increased Marshall Quotient (MQ), and improved workability with lowered production temperatures. While the correlation between asphalt levels and BNA-R content is not significant for mechanical properties, such as stability, flow, MQ, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and VFA, the presence of BNA-R alone exhibits influential relationships with these parameters and BNA-R alone influences these parameters. The results from the study suggest that the optimal combination identified is 5.6% asphalt with 20% BNA-R, 5.7% asphalt with 25% BNA-R, and 5.8% asphalt with 30% BNA-R.

Praveen Kumar P.   Kiran Kumar B. V.   Manjunatha S.   and Subramanya K. G.   

Flexible pavement is complex in nature, as it consists of multiple layers made up of different materials. A common type of distress, "Rutting" is formed on the surface of pavement due to heavy and repeated loading. In addition, the pavements undergo rutting due to poor quality control during construction. However, laboratory investigations have very limited effectiveness in predicting rut depth. The present research employs a finite element analysis using ABAQUS software to study the performance of the pavement against rutting. The pavement system is assumed to have a multilayer component, with each layer being homogeneous and isotropic. Two different thicknesses of pavement structures, as per Indian Road Congress (IRC) 37-2018, are modeled and analyzed by considering 10 million standard axles (msa) and 50 msa of design life, corresponding to 5% California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value. The findings of the research show that the maximum rut depth occurred nearly at the center of the model, i.e., at 137.594 mm, and the rut depth for the 50 msa design life was marginally lesser, to the extent of 8.64% compared to 10 msa. The maximum stresses occurred at the surface layer and decreased towards the base and sub base layers by 5.86%, 11.10%, and 12.60%, respectively, at the surface, base, and sub base layers for 50 msa compared to a 10 msa design life. The finite element modeling by ABAQUS proved highly effective in simulating the responses of flexible pavement under the influence of external loads and facilitated a comprehensive assessment of deformation and stress throughout the pavement layers.

Cleder Cristhian Riveros Llacua   Daniel Job Valdiviezo Valentin   Deybis Cardenas Osores   Tito Mallma Capcha   and Iralmy Yipsy Platero Morejón   

Asphalt is a material composed of a mixture of various hydrocarbons of natural origin. In Peru, almost all of the paved roads are made of hot asphalt mixtures, some of which are constructed at altitudes exceeding 3000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.). However, maintaining the mixture temperature at the optimal level for placement and compaction is challenging. The difficulty in temperature control arises from the location of the asphalt plant, often due to a lack of aggregates that are situated far from the area where the asphalt mixture is to be placed. This study underscores the significance of improving the mechanical properties and extending the temperature sustainability of hot asphalt mixtures by incorporating glass powder-modified asphalt bitumen—a topic with limited literature in Peru. Tests were conducted on 93 Marshall specimens and 5 viscosity control points, divided into two groups: one for conventional asphalt mix and another for glass powder-modified mix. The results revealed substantial enhancements in stability, flow, and Lottman tensile strength when 3% of glass was added to the asphalt bitumen, along with a reduction in mixture temperature when 2% of glass was incorporated, resulting in a cooling effect during the addition of glass. In conclusion, glass-modified asphalt mix demonstrated a positive influence on its mechanical properties and the cooling process, making it a more effective choice for field applications.

Abhilash P. P.   Vadim Potapov   Rajesh Kumar   Veerendra Kumar   and Urwashi Gupta   

The study examined the effect of substituting cement with metakaolin and nano-silica in binary and ternary blended cement mortars, with replacement levels of 10, 15, and 20% for metakaolin and 1.5, 3, and 4.5% for nano-silica, on their compressive strength. No superplasticizers were added to eliminate any influence on the mechanisms being studied. The relative strength of different combinations of metakaolin and nano-silica was compared. Each composition's pozzolanic efficiency, k-factor, was evaluated based on compressive strength. The possible saving of the clinker was evaluated as a function of the k-factor. The findings indicate that the ternary mortar blends containing 10% metakaolin and 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% nano-silica attained the highest strength, reaching 47.1 MPa, 50.3 MPa, and 51.2 MPa at 28 days, and 48.5 MPa, 51.4 MPa, and 51.8 MPa at 56 days, respectively. TGA, XRD and SEM analyses were conducted for microstructural and morphological studies. The study highlights that incorporating metakaolin and nano-silica into mortar mixtures led to enhanced compressive strength due to the improved pozzolanic action of metakaolin in the presence of high surface area nano-silica particles. The ternary blended mortar exhibited higher mass losses in thermal analysis than the reference mortar, indicating increased decomposition of CSH and CAH. Conversely, the reference mortar showed more significant CH decomposition at 400-500 ºC and 600-900 ºC, suggesting a higher CH concentration. XRD patterns aligned with TG analysis, revealing the presence of important crystalline minerals and affirming the impact of pozzolanic activity from metakaolin, nano-silica and their combination in reducing CH content in the mortars. The study also revealed that integrating ternary compositions with 10% metakaolin and nano-silica up to 4.5% in mortar substantially decreased clinker usage, promoting environmental sustainability. The findings from this investigation in the mortar will be extrapolated to forthcoming studies in concrete, focusing on enhancing both eco-efficiency and economic efficiency of the concrete.

Thatikonda Naresh   Mainak Mallik   Venkateswara Rao S.   Sri Ram Chand Madduru   and Sunil Nandipati   

Self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGPC) being an innovative material synergizes the added advantage of self-compacting concrete and geopolymer concrete. While the field of self-compacting geopolymer is still evolving and the study explores the effect of standard consistency, setting time, rheological characteristics, and compressive strength. This research study involves two grades of single activator solutions (Ms 1.99 and Ms 2.92) and diverse binders, viz: fly ash, rice husk ash (RHA), and ground granulated blast furnace (GGBFS). This study examined the performance characteristics of SCGPC, particularly focusing on ternary blended binders with single activator alkaline solutions. The research study delves into both fresh and hardened states to assess flowability, passing ability, segregation resistance and compressive strength. The fresh properties of SCGPC are evaluated adhering to EFNARC guidelines for tests J-Ring, V-Funnel, V-T_5minutes, slump flow, and T50cm to evaluate fresh properties of SCGPC. Compressive strength characteristics of SCGPC at the hardened state are scrutinized at 3, 7 and 28 days using single activator solutions (Ms 1.99 and Ms 2.92). The findings portrayed that replacement of GGBFS with RHA has noticeable effects on workability properties, and an optimum RHA replacement level of 5% is identified, considering the suitable physical and mechanical characteristics of SCGPC. This research study emphasizes the complex interplay between binders, activator solutions and the resulting properties of SCGPC. This extensive research on SCGPC makes a significant contribution by elucidating the performance of this novel concrete under varied conditions.

Cici Jennifer Raj J.   Venu Malagavelli   Srinivas Angadi   and Selvaprakash S.   

The topic of the study looks at the performance of a steel frame under cyclic loads with a fixed base and a STRP base. Because of its effectiveness in resisting seismic shocks, seismic base isolation technology is thriving in industrialised countries. Scrap Tyre Rubber Pad (STRP) bearings will be a low-cost alternative to traditional seismic base isolation procedures for underdeveloped countries. The qualities of STRPs are nearly identical to those of traditional rubber bearings. Researchers conducted numerical analytical research on STRP bearing for buildings and proposed that it be employed for low-rise regular buildings, yielding superior results. In an effort to better understand how the STRPs operate in a scaled-down steel frame structure, an investigation has been made based on the findings of analytical investigations. The purpose of the experiment was to compare the steel frame's performance with and without STRP bearings. Examining the sliding ability of the STRPs positioned in the frame is the primary goal of this work. The deflections of the frame at the top, middle, and bottom stories have been evaluated for this aspect, for the lateral seismic force applied. From the investigation, it is observed that maximum deflections are observed at the roof storey than other stories tested for the investigation. Significantly, it is observed that an ultimate degradation of stiffness of the frame of about 23% to 40% is attained and subsequently, a superior increase in energy dissipation capacity of about 40% is attained which is a prominent factor required for a base isolation material.

Youssef Zerradi   Amine Soufi   Mohamed Souissi   Rhita Bennouna   Abdeslam Aannaque   and Anas Bahi   

The slope angle is one of the key parameters conditioning the stability of rock cuts such as roads, rails and surface mines. In open pit mine projects, the choice of the maximum safe slope angle (MSSA) is an essential step for the calculation of ore-to-waste ratios, for preliminary layout and excavation of stable and safe pit slopes. This step requires a lot of geotechnical information on the rock mass properties mainly on discontinuities and intact rocks. Since the geotechnical data are generally so limited at this stage, it is difficult to use conventional methods such as limit equilibrium analysis or numerical methods. In this paper, the slope mass rating (SMR), Q-Slope method and kinematic analysis, were employed to evaluate the maximum safe slope angle of four benches at different zones of an open pit mine in Morocco. At first, the available data on the intact rock and discontinuities of each rock mass were determined and used to assess the quality of the rock mass of each studied bench. Then, these data were employed as inputs of SMR, Q-Slope and kinematic analysis to obtain the MSSA of each bench. The results show that SMR, KBT and kinematic analysis provide stable slope angles that seem very closer to the real slope face angles reported by the mine than those obtained by Q-slope method. This study demonstrates clearly that block theory and kinematic analysis provide helpful tools and an advance procedure to estimate the suitable rock slope angles for either mining or civil engineering projects.

Panjehpour   

The theory of truss analogy has undergone significant changes over time and eventually turned to the strut-and-tie model (STM) method. The elements of STM, which are strut, tie, and node, play a significant role in the design and analysis of Discontinuity-region (D-region). Each element requires assigning particular dimensions in STM to yield accurate analysis results. STM has been modified in many aspects in prior research, but the determination of the width of the strut has yet to be further explored and researched. This research aims to evaluate the determination of the width of the strut in RC deep beams by going through effective compressive stress of the strut produced by statics point load. In other words, the effect of the width of the strut on the failure load of RC deep beams is the main objective. Hence, the failure of the elements of STM, which are strut, tie, and node, is considered, and particularly, a comparison is drawn between the tie and the strut to detect which one fails earlier and controls the failure of RC deep beam when changing the width of the strut. The width of the strut varies within a range according to the prior experimental investigations, and this range is used in this research with six width increments. The research is confined to analyzing D-regions in RC deep beams of ordinary concrete subjected to a three-point bending test configuration. The control of failure of RC beams is seen to swing from the strut to the tie when the width of the strut is at the fourth width incremental. This indicates that the sequence of failure of elements of STM swings from one to another, depending on the width of the strut. It is recommended to use both STM and Finite Element Method (FEM) verified with prior experimental results to identify a correct load trajectory and strut dimensions. Classifying deep beams into four groups according to their shear span-to-effective depth ratio in the range of zero to two is crucial for the identification of the width of the strut, as the spread of compressive stresses over the length of the strut significantly changes depending on this ratio.

Fatima Ezzahraa Latifi   and Khadija Baba   

Liquefaction is one of the most important and complex phenomena in soil dynamics, threatening the stability of infrastructures, structures, foundations, and even causing serious human and economic damage. This phenomenon can be the induced effect of seismic shocks, where the increase in interstitial pressure reduces shear strength. As a result, saturated soil strength decreases and its capacity to support loads is reduced, leading to liquefaction susceptibility and deformations. This brutal and temporary phenomenon has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world in the wake of the deadly earthquakes in Alaska and Niigata (1964). The aim of this article is twofold. Firstly, it examines two techniques for accurate assessment of liquefaction potential, identifying the most appropriate approach for our study area. This approach involves the use of semi-empirical methods based on the cyclic stress approach and the application of the UBC3D-PLM constitutive model in Plaxis 2D software. In parallel, the article seeks to highlight the vulnerability of northeastern Morocco to liquefaction, a geotechnical region renowned for its instability and intense seismic activity. The present research is based on data from geotechnical investigation results, including both laboratory experiments and in-situ tests, in particular the dynamic penetrometer test (SPT), focusing on a specific area situated in Saidia town, located in the northeastern region of Morocco. Moreover, it demonstrates the assessment of liquefaction potential using Youd et al. (2001) method, and Idriss et al. (2004) method, which show and identify layers with a high susceptibility to liquefaction, as the layers constituted by clean to moderately compact silty and sand from depths 8.00 to 8.90m and layers consisting of loose silty sands to sandy silts at depths 9.50 to 9.70m. In addition, we have been able to produce a numerical analysis for the same study area, using the constitutive UBC3D-PLM model, to confirm the liquefaction susceptibility and to compare it with earlier results from semi-empirical methods. Lastly, the results of this analysis showed that the UBC3D-PLM model has a relatively higher liquefaction potential than the other methods, such as for the soil layer above 12m.

Jefrey I. Kindangen   

The quantity of paper and cardboard waste in Indonesia ranks fourth among all waste types, constituting around 11% of the total waste volume. The practise of reutilizing substantial quantities of garbage holds significant importance in mitigating the potential harmful consequences associated with its disposal in landfills, such as increased deforestation, heightened greenhouse gas emissions, and various other concerns. This article investigates the feasibility of utilising recycled cardboard to insulate roofs as well as the potential effectiveness of the material in lowering interior and attic ambient air temperatures. To accomplish the desired goal, identical components were utilised to construct two test cells: a multiplex ceiling, unpainted multiplex walls, and an unpainted corrugated zinc roof. One of the models, referred to as the reference model, did not incorporate any roof insulation, while the other model utilised cardboard insulation. In the context of zinc roofs, which have the capacity to function as heat radiators, it is imperative to develop roof insulation that effectively hinders both conduction heat and radiation. Consequently, the utilisation of aluminium foil involves its attachment to the upper surface of cardboard insulation, serving as a radiative barrier. The evaluation of the efficacy of utilising cardboard insulation to mitigate indoor and attic air temperature is conducted through the comparison of three sets of models: single-layer, double-layer, and double-layer cardboard, in combination with roof ventilation systems. The research conducted revealed that the implementation of recycled cardboard insulation resulted in a significant decrease in temperature. The most notable reduction in temperature was observed when employing a double layer of cardboard insulation. This shows that using recycled cardboard can lower the temperature in both the attic and the living area, especially in buildings with zinc roofs. Using cardboard waste has a number of effects on society, the economy, and the environment. Certain changes have happened, such as more people knowing how to reuse cardboard, less cardboard being thrown away, more money for people who collect used cardboard, and easier access to building materials for people with lower to middle incomes.

Hussein Serag   Mai Mahmoud   Tarek Kamel   and Amgad Fahmy   

Energy simulation is essential for building designers and energy analytics to anticipate energy usage and increase energy efficiency. This research aims to investigate and compare the energy consumption predictions produced by two distinct software programs, Design Builder (DB) and Ladybug and Honeybee (LB&HB), within the realm of Building Energy Simulation (BES). Comprehending the capabilities of these tools aids building designers and energy analysts in making informed decisions, and fostering sustainable building practices. Through a thorough evaluation of these programs, the study provides a comprehensive view of their strengths and weaknesses, offering guidance to users for efficient energy utilization in building design and analysis. Standardized input data, such as building construction materials, orientation, HVAC system, occupancy schedules, and weather data, enable a fair comparison. Despite identical inputs for both software, variations in energy consumption predictions arise from simulation models. While both programs usually produce accurate results, significant discrepancies occur in specific cases. DB surpasses LB&HB in accuracy for EUI in kwh/ m² results compared to Attia's benchmark. This benchmark serves as a reference for typical residential buildings in Cairo. The building survey is grounded in a thorough evaluation of 1500 apartments located in three distinct regions in Egypt. By comparing the average Energy Use Intensity (EUI) in kwh/m² for both software to Attia's benchmark and determining which software is more acceptable, the following results were obtained. The average values along the year for benchmark, DB, and LB&HB are 24.69 kWh/m², 25.59 kWh/m², and 22.26 kWh/m², respectively. When DB is compared to the benchmark over the year, the average percentage difference is approximately +3.51%, while for LB&HB, it is approximately -9.84%. This indicates that, on average, DB had higher accuracy in building energy consumption compared to the benchmark than LB&HB. The analysis emphasizes the importance of understanding the impact of simulation models and input parameters on results. The study offers valuable insights for designers and analysts, aiding software program selection and highlighting the broader role of building energy simulation in retrofit analysis and optimization.

Kavyashree   Anup Wilfred Sebastian   and Bhagyashree   

All across the world, housing is a challenging problem, but in developing nations like India particularly, designing and building shelters have become a challenge for the civil engineers. Glass bottles of beer and other beverages, which are a waste but have sufficient strength and ideal dimensions, can be used to build eco-friendly shelters at a low cost that provide adequate light, thermal insulation, and a healthy atmosphere. In this study, an effective design method for energy-efficient, eco-friendly, economic bottle shelter for a small family has been modelled and constructed, which utilises the waste beer bottles for construction purposes to offer shelter for all. Educating the community about the eco-friendly construction will solve the local area housing problem using locally available materials and waste material. The bottles used in this study are tested for various engineering properties such as compression test, impact and prism tests for load bearing capacity in various directions were tested on empty beer bottles. A bottle-concrete prism of 60cm height and 25cm diameter and brick of 30cm height and 15cm width is constructed to know the various engineering properties, which are utilised in construction. To determine the difference in cost of construction of bottle house, it is compared to the normal housing system in this research.

Aakash Rajeshkumar Suthar   and Yogeshkumar Shankarlal Patel   

The Diaphragm wall is a reinforced concrete wall that will isolate the structure from the adjacent structure and will also provide the basement for the accommodation of the residents. Unnecessary provision of anchors in diaphragm walls will increase the construction cost of diaphragm walls. In the research, one basement diaphragm of 0.5-meter thickness is taken into consideration along with 0.45-meter diameter pile. The pile was spaced at a distance of 3, 5, and 6 meters in cohesive soil. The numerical, analytical, and experimental methods were adopted to analyze and understand the behavior of the diaphragm wall. The embedment depth of 8.85 meters was obtained by analyzing using an analytical method. The numerical analysis was done using Plaxis 3D software. The experimental work was done for a model of a diaphragm wall and pile with a scale of 1:30. The bending moment available from numerical work and from analytical work was 51.11 kNm and 57.521 kNm. Experimental work found that the diaphragm wall had an average deflection of 25.41 millimeters and analytical analysis found an average deflection of 25.66 millimeters. All three methods concluded that the deflecting was within the permissible limit and that an 8.85-meter embedment depth was the most suitable embedment depth. It was also concluded that parameters like cohesion, density of soil, excavation depth, and angle of internal friction affect the stability of the Diaphragm wall. Research also found that excavation depth should be more than a ratio of 4 times cohesion to bulk density of soil. It was also concluded that the deflection of the diaphragm wall is independent of loading on the pile as deflection is only because of the soil pressure.

Yusran Syam   Muhammad Yamin Jinca   and Windra Priatna Humang   

The zero over-dimension overload (ODOL) policy must be achieved and pursued by all parties, Government, Industry, Entrepreneurs and society. The realization is still a problem today. In current developments, the business world is still having difficulty achieving Zero ODOL status by 2023. In Enrekang Regency, the issue of Over Dimension Over Load violations in goods transportation has become a significant problem, prompting research to analyze the technical condition of roads affected by these vehicles. Vehicle weight data was obtained from a direct survey at Motor Vehicle Weighing Implementation Unit Datae Sidrap Regency by aligning data on the volume of vehicles crossing the National Road in Enrekang Regency which is divided into 6 (six) segments. The analysis results show that the Cumulative Equivalent Standard Axle Load (CESAL) value for pavement with a design life of 10 years and bearing the final load under normal conditions is 1761904.7231 ESAL. If calculated using the overload condition in segment 1 with a CESAL value of 1999990.7130 ESAL, then the technical life of the road can only last for 8.81 years or there is a decrease in the life of the road pavement by 1.19 years. Meanwhile, if calculated using excessive load conditions in other segments (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) with a CESAL value of 3199438.6973 ESAL, then the pavement life can only last for 5.51 years or there is a decrease in the pavement life of 4. 49 years old. So a treatment program is needed in the form of periodic maintenance (rehabilitation) or road pavement reconstruction. Apart from that, the addition of axles for vehicles that have not yet reached the normal Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) value is very influential in reducing the level of road damage.

Eliane Estefany Ramirez Pihui   Sofia Alexandra Rivera Chumbes   Jose Manuel Vila Carbajal   and Alexandra Mercedes Fabian Rojas   

According to the Peruvian Chamber of Construction, 80% of the houses are informal constructions built with cheap materials and located in risk areas such as riverbanks, endangering the physical integrity of their occupants due to the constant erosion of the material subject to possible damage over time. This work develops the analysis of the settlement patterns of dwellings on the banks of the Chilca River. For the work, 265 houses were analyzed by the method of visual observation based on a card, and the sample was reduced to 234 houses due to the lack of access at some points, including 120 houses from Real Avenue to Jose Olaya Avenue, 58 houses from Jose Olaya Avenue to Inclan Street, and 56 houses from Inclan Street to the intersection of ocopilla, which was obtained in the field by the authors. Finally, 3 characteristic patterns were observed in the GBP (49.14%), PV (33.77%) and HRP (17.09%) dwellings, with the GBP-2 typology representing 25.64% of the dwellings, while the RP-1 represented 24.36%. The settlement patterns have a distribution in the territory that is associated by blocks. For example, in sectors 1 and 3, there is a greater presence of RP, while in sector 2 HRP predominates, and the presence of GBP is distributed in the 3 sectors analyzed.

Sabrina Handayani   Dessy Angga Afrianti   and Ni Kadek Anggun Cahyani   

The increase in the number of tourists in the Ubud area has an impact on traffic density. The government has attempted to meet the need for transportation services with the Trans Metro Dewata Bus route K4B Terminal Ubung-Sentral Parking Monkey Forest with the Buy The Service (BTS) scheme. This service has not yet reached the Ubud area as a whole, causing the public and tourists to still predominantly use private vehicles. This is because there is no feeder transport that can accommodate the movement of people and tourists after using the Trans Metro Dewata Bus. This research aims to analyze passenger characteristics, vehicle types and Trans Metro Dewata feeder transport routes in the Ubud area. The method used in this research is field data collection and quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. After going through the data processing process, the results of this research are the characteristics of respondents regarding feeder transport planning, the planned routes are 1) Monkey Forest Parking Center-Blanco Museum-Singakerta Street- Pengosekan Street -Monkey Forest Parking Center, and 2) Monkey Forest Parking Center-Ubud Art Market- Hanoman Street-Sentral Parking Monkey Forest, and the type of vehicle used is a small bus with a capacity of 19 people.

Untoro Nugroho   Sri Prabandiyani Retno Wardani   and Bagus Hario Setiadji   

Identification of highway performance along with service life is very important. The complexity of highway pavement process design requires a better understanding related to physical parameter of the velocity-acceleration process of material caused by the traffic. Vibration monitoring was conducted by using an accelerometer sensor-based equipment. An accelerometer application as a vibration monitoring sensor is non-destructive testing of structural health monitoring system (SHMS). The purpose of this paper is to study the actual acceleration-velocity pavement dynamic behavior triggered by traffic load on the rigid pavement type. The testing was conducted by using a set of acceleration sensors installed on the pavement. All types of vehicle passes were recorded to find the understanding of the acceleration-velocity pavement dynamic behavior in real time. In this paper, the properties of acceleration-velocity were established and the important parameters including vehicle speed of vehicle and axle load, were defined. The results have shown that the acceleration-velocity pavement dynamic behavior was most affected by vehicle speed and the type of vehicle which related to axle load. Motorcycle with velocity 33.80 km/h has frequency 17.57 Hz and heavy vehicle has frequency 205.07 Hz with velocity 16.14 km/h. The results depicted that parameter dynamics of pavement have a positive correlation to the speed and axle loads. The acceleration magnitude for motorcycle, car and heavy vehicle are 30 cm/s², 500 cm/s², and 700 cm/s² respectively. The factors of weight and speed of vehicles contribute to pavement vibration behavior.

Riza Suwondo   Owen Franklin   and Made Suangga   

This research addresses the seismic resilience of long-span steel warehouses, specifically focusing on the application of a moment-resisting frame system (MRFS). The main objective of this study is to comprehensively examine and compare the seismic performance of long-span warehouses using two distinct MRFS configurations: the ordinary moment-resisting frame system (OMRFS) and the intermediate moment-resisting frame system (IMRFS). The investigation strictly adhered to the Indonesian Building Code (SNI) guidelines. Notably, the results demonstrate striking similarities in the distribution of internal forces within the beams and columns for both the OMRFS and IMRFS systems in regions characterized by low to moderate seismic activity. This observation was primarily attributed to the predominant influence of gravitational loads under such conditions. This study reaffirms the appropriateness of the selected beam and column profiles for both systems, underlining the structural robustness of the designs. A key highlight of this investigation is the revelation of a substantial cost advantage associated with OMRFS endplate connections across a range of span configurations. These cost savings, when compared to IMRFS, indicate that the position of OMRFS is a cost-efficient choice, especially in regions with low to moderate seismic risk. These findings provide valuable guidance for stakeholders involved in the design and construction of long-span structures and offer a unique perspective that combines seismic resilience and cost-effectiveness.

Mahmoud Shakarna   Ahmed Khattab   Ahmad Abudayyah   and Ahmad Al-Jabareen   

The research presents a study on the possibility of using natural stone saw powder in the West Bank, which is considered an environmental problem and brings agricultural land pollution. This study examines the possibility of using the powder waste in the Portland lime cement industry to reduce the cost as well as the environmental damage resulting from the cement industry, where different proportions of powder were added on clinker and the effect on the physical and mechanical properties was studied. The results demonstrate that the compressive strength of different mixtures after 28 days slightly decreased upon the addition of 5 wt %, 10 wt. % and 15 wt. % limestone powder in comparison with reference sample without powder, though strength of mixtures complies with standard (EN-197-1-2011) limits for the limestone cement, the percentage of consistency of the prepared samples decreased from 29.5% to 29.0% upon the addition of limestone powder, while both of the initial and final setting times of the prepared samples decreased with the addition of limestone powder, the initial setting time decreased around 35 minutes while the final setting time decreased 30 minutes the addition of limestone powders up to 15 wt. %. The adding powder did not affect negatively on the expansion value of the cement samples, and it had a value of 1.0 mm for all tested samples, which is an acceptable value according to EN-197-1-2011, and the results obtained mean the possibility of using stone saw powder in a positive way in the manufacture of Portland lime cement, thus solving the environmental problem resulting from the stone industry, as well as reducing the cost of cement and the damage of its manufacture on the environment resulting from the stone industry, as well as reducing the cost of cement and the damage of its manufacture on the environment (global warming ).

Erza Rahma Hajaty   Antony Sihombing   and Evawani Ellisa   

Architecture created without a rigid social order can provide opportunities for change, especially in the use of space. The spaces in the home basically function as private spaces, but when it becomes the primary destination for a group of people to gather, it will cause changes in the function of space. The study aims to discover the causes of the home's private spaces transformation into gathering spaces for teenage girls. The study used a qualitative method combined with percentage calculations based on rating scales. The results show that the main gathering space characteristics consist of multifunction, limited range of motion, closed, free with privacy, and indirect access, while the support gathering space characteristics are multifunction, limited range of motion, semi-open, limited freedom without privacy, and direct-indirect access. The reasons for the presence of teenage girls consist of responsibility, preferred activities, gathering activities, freedom to consume space and time, and freedom of activity and expression together. The transformation of private spaces into gathering spaces is due to the strong relationship between the characteristics of the spaces and the reasons for the presence of teenage girls. The characteristics of the space that are the leading causes of the private space transformation into the main gathering space are closed and free with privacy, while the transformation of the private space into the support gathering space is mainly caused by the characteristic of direct-indirect access. The research results are useful for designing homes that support face-to-face social interaction.

Bimo Brata Adhitya   Anis Saggaff   Saloma   and Hanafiah   

Scholars around the world are concerned with the continuous reduction of aggregates-related natural resources globally. This led to recent studies on the importance of reusing and recycling waste generated from biological materials and industry by-products. The interest in the exploration of waste was due to the increase in the demand for aggregates normally used as a major component in producing concrete. With the continuous development of technology, the stock of natural aggregates on Earth is declining, hence, an alternative is required to replace natural aggregates. Geopolymer artificial aggregates are aggregates made by several methods such as sintering, autoclaving, and cold bonding with alumino-silicate precursors obtained from waste materials such as metakaolin, slag, red mud, fly ash, and calcined kaolin sludge which are activated using an activator. The activated precursor using this activator causes a polycondensation process called geopolymerization. Geopolymers system was discovered to have remarkable attributes such as exceptional force, enhanced endurance, and heightened fire tolerance, which can be a compelling substitute for aggregates in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. Therefore, this study explores and collects various studies related to the methods used to produce geopolymer-based aggregates and their characterization. The focus is on the production of these produced aggregates, and appropriate approaches are established to improve the quality of the aggregates produced, accompanied by insightful suggestions for future investigations.

Yasin Widodo   Samira A. Kamaruddin   Ramli Nazir   Idrus M. Alatas   Agus Himawan   and Reguel Mikhail   

Recently, construction on shores, flood plains, swamps, and similar areas with soft soil deposits cannot be avoided. Soft soil has low bearing capacity and high compressibility. Peats are soft soil that was formed by the weathering of plants. Consequently, the organic content found in peats was 75% or higher. High organic content causes many uncertainties in the construction of peat. Padang Pariaman Toll Road Project is constructed on top of a soil embankment. The height of the embankment was 3 m to 6 m above the existing ground. Peat and soft soil were found in the area up to 11 m depth. Selected soil improvement was rigid inclusion and high-strength geotextile. Inclusions utilized are concrete mortar columns with a diameter of 420 mm. The spacing between each column was 1.6 m. Load Transfer Platform (LTP) was placed above the columns. High-strength geotextile was inserted inside the LTP. A settlement profiler was installed to monitor the settlement of embankment. Finite Element Models (FEM) were developed with several scenarios of LTP thickness and geotextile tensile strength. This paper presents the results of full-scale monitoring on construction sites compared with finite element analysis. Slope stability of the reinforced embankment complies with the minimum criteria in Indonesia. Total vertical settlement observed on field was only 2% relative to the total thickness of peat and soft soil. Results are confirmed on both finite element model and field monitoring. The addition of high tensile geotextile reinforcement above rigid inclusion columns to support embankment on peat in the Padang Pariaman Toll Road Project has been proven to be feasible and successful.

Aranda-Jiménez Yolanda   Zuñiga-Leal Carlos   Moreno-Chimely Laura   and Robles-Aranda María Emilia   

The stabilizers used in construction with raw earth are very varied, especially in masonry. The construction with earth implies sustainability, therefore under this principle the stabilizers must be chosen. The poured earth, like the rammed earth, are monolithic walls that require formwork or falsework. The objective of this work is to demonstrate if the mineral wool used in the mixture of the poured earth improves the characteristics of the monolithic wall. For this purpose, different percentages of fiber added to the soil used for the dumped earth were analyzed, soil extracted from the bank of material called Champayan, which has clay, silt, sand and stone aggregates, doing tests of resistance to compression, water absorption and thermal transmittance. The purpose of this research was to answer the question: Does the poured earth mix improve its physicochemical properties when mineral wool is added as a stabilizer? The methodology of the experimental part, the soil from the Champayan bank was characterized; Subsequently, three batches of three samples each were made, containing different percentages of mineral fiber. The specimens were subjected to compression, water absorption and thermal transmittance tests. The samples were subjected to three different types of actions, namely compression test, moisture absorption and thermal conduction. In the compression tests, the results of the three samples ranged from 0.678 to 0.923 MPa. In the absorption test, the moisture percentages by weight varied in a range from 12.04 to 13.51%. In the tests carried out to measure its thermal behavior, the range of the thermal conductivity factor was from 0.7407 to 0.8725 W/m*K.

Hawa Wongpongkham   

The article aimed to study the reconstruction of the Arogayasala in Khon Kaen Province to the creation of a documentary through a qualitative research method. The research tools consisted of surveys and interviews. This research compiled the data from documents and field studies. The data were analyzed and compared with the architecture built in a similar period to complete the missing parts. The data analysis was conducted according to the concept of creating reconstructions and presented using descriptive analysis. The study result showed that the architecture of the Arogayasala in Khon Kaen consisted of Ku Kaew and Ku Prapachai which have an architectural form with a clear and standardized layout, which can be assumed to be influenced by the central region. The architectural components consisted of the central sanctuary, library, gopura, wall, and pond. Archeological evidence showed that Ku Kaew and Ku Prapachai are kinds of the Arogayasala recorded on the stone inscription at Ta Prohm Temple in Cambodia. The inscription mentioned that King Jayavarman VII constructed 102 Arogayasala within his kingdom. The creation of a documentary from the reconstruction of Ku Prapachai and Ku Kaew, Khon Kaen Province, used three-dimensional technology, or virtual technology, to help present and disseminate this cultural heritage to allow the audience to easily understand the content and appreciate the beauty hidden with the architecture, along with the historical data, which help record past events. This documentary can be used as a model for future documentary creation from reconstructions.

Christopher Ileawna Abdul   Roshida Binti Abdul Majid   Adejoh Andrew Ekule   Usman Abdulazeez Adeiza   and Isah Obenege Suleiman   

The building's facades, which mediate between the internal part of the building and the external environment, play a significant role in the comfort conditions of interior spaces. Studies exist on the thermal performance of offices, but those on high-rise offices are limited. Abuja, Nigeria, uses low-performance glazing and does not have substantial electricity for the cooling needs of the offices. The study aims to assess the thermal performance of curtain walls on an existing office building in Abuja, Nigeria. Hobo data loggers were installed on a typical office space on the fifth floor as a representation of the office spaces, and measurements of temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity were carried out in March 2023, representing the hottest period of the year to determine the performance during the most critical season in the study location. For this article, records on 3/1/2023 to 10/3/2023 from 8 AM to 5 PM were used. The current envelope and office parameters were inputted for simulation. The simulation showed the thermal distribution of data and associativity, which establishes a significant correlation between the field measurements. It was found that the indoor temperature of the offices was above international indoor standards for indoor working spaces from both field and simulation results. The study concluded that the curtain wall contributes to high-rise office thermal discomfort in Abuja and, therefore, requires optimisation. From the study, the simulation results validate the field measurement, which differs from most research using only simulation to reach conclusions. The assessment was not given to all office spaces, implying that the typical space used might vary in some parameters. It is recommended that the application of curtain walls as building envelopes should be carried out according to Abuja's climatic and environmental conditions rather than aesthetic considerations.

Praveen Kumar P   Kiran Kumar B V   Manjunatha S   and Gnanamurthy P B   

Flexible pavements are the most common type of pavement constructed in India and around the world using bitumen or asphalt. The pavement surface undergoes early distress or failure due to the high intensity of traffic, the overloading of vehicles, and significant changes in climatic conditions. The performance of conventional bituminous mixes can be improved by modifying the bitumen with the addition of additives, chemicals, waste materials, polymers, rubber, etc. The present investigation is carried out to assess the performance of the bituminous mixes prepared with conventional bitumen and elastomeric thermoplastic-based polymers, namely, Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS), a type of Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB), by subjecting them to Marshall and rutting tests. The pavement crust is built as per guidelines and specifications of the Indian Road Congress (IRC) 37, 2018. The rutting tests at different temperatures were carried out by indigenously developed equipment, namely the Roller Compactor cum Rut Analyzer (RCRA). The results show that the bituminous mixes prepared with polymer modified bitumen have a higher strength in the range of 16% to 21% than mixes prepared with conventional bitumen. Also, modified bituminous mixes showed higher density and a lower flow value, making the pavement surface less susceptible to temperature. Similarly, the results of rutting tests show the polymer modified bituminous mixes exhibited 11.8%, 20.5%, and 28.4% higher resistance to rutting than the mixes prepared with conventional bituminous mixes at 30℃, 50℃, and 70℃ respectively. The findings of the research help to reduce the use of natural resources, reduce the cost of construction, and simultaneously enhance the performance of pavement.

N. Vinky Rahman   Nurlisa Ginting   Amy Marisa   and Johannes Tarigan   

The fire protection system is divided into two, active and passive. Passive fire protection systems are more reliable than active fire protection systems. In passive fire protection, site design is an important aspect. The site design has several indicators, namely the presence of water sources, the distance between buildings, the arrangement of mass blocks, the availability of open space, and the presence of flammable objects. Almost all settlements of the traditional houses in Indonesia, including Batak Toba houses, are very vulnerable to fire hazards. This research aims to find site design elements as passive fire protection variables and assess the reliability of site design as a passive protection system in the Kampung Ulos Hutaraja-Pardamean. The Interviews and observations data were collected through direct observation of researchers on-site involving safety experts, primarily passive protection, Residential and Batak Toba traditional house-building experts, Indigenous Peoples, and the Fire Department. The data analysis method uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The AHP method shows the magnitude of the role of each indicator in achieving the level of site design reliability in passive protection systems. After finding the hierarchical order, the next step is to assess the reliability of the site design as a passive protection system. The reliability of the passive protection system in the site design is 67.085%, which means that the reliability condition is quite good but still needs to be optimized. Among the five Site Design variables, building distance is the most influential variable on the passive fire protection system of Toba Batak Traditional House. It has a hierarchy value of 51.04%, which means a significant impact will occur if optimization efforts are carried out on the distance variable between buildings compared to other variables.

Ahmad Younis   and Muhieddin Tawalbeh   

This paper describes the dynamic simulation approach that has been conducted to assess energy efficiency of retrofitting the Guest House of Al-Karak Greater Municipality in Jordan, which was constructed since more than 100 years ago. A virtual model of the house was developed using the Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) process as a mean of integrating Information Communication Technology (ICT) multidisciplinary tool to enhance energy efficiency in the historic building. Three retrofitting scenarios were designed to define the input parameters for the scenario dynamic energy simulation of the pilot building in question. The scenarios were informed by passive, active and renewable energy sources strategies. Simulation results showed that annual end use energy consumption after retrofitting the building ranged from (~9-81%) achieved by each of the retrofitted building elements and equipment. The latter figure was achieved by employing PV panels on the building's roof. The three scenarios generally proofed good reductions on energy consumption and procured savings reached ~100% with minimum of ~32% on annual end use energy. Moreover, U-value of the retrofitted building elements also secured considerable compatibility with the local code thanks to the excellently less U-values achieved compared to the minimum ones required by the code in question.

Mohamed Elsharawy   and A. B. M. Saiful Islam   

The design of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings is always considered a challenge to satisfy all code life-safety requirements, to achieve sustainable performance and to economize the cost using available natural and artificial lightweight material. Using three different types of concrete materials (Normal concrete, Lightweight Scoria concrete, and Lightweight Polystyrene concrete), a 5-stories building, has been designed three times to allow comparing these three different materials. The building is located in the coastal area of Khobar city, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia. The coastal area has mostly reclaimed sites that have layers of backfill with fluctuating salty-ground water tables. The construction sites in this region are generally recognized as weak soil locations with low bearing capacity. Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate the potential of using lightweight concrete as an effective design option to minimize the bearing loads on the weak soil. The design is carried out using Saudi Building Code. The structure was designed to resist gravitational loads as Khobar city is a low-seismic zone. The impact of using different concrete materials on the required steel reinforcement and the total weight of the building is examined. Finally, cost analysis and SWOT analysis for superstructure and substructure have been performed to estimate the total cost of different types of concrete components of the project. The steel and concrete volume LWC for the multi-story building could be substantially reduced. It is conjectured that the environmentally favorable and economical LWC will encourage the use of scoria, particularly as a viable alternative for superstructure construction.

Ahmed M. Ashteyat   Rawan Al-Tarawneh   and Nasim Shatarat   

The bond strength behavior between steel and concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and/or recycled asphalt pavement aggregates (RAP) was experimentally investigated by testing 90 concrete cubes of cross section 150 mm x 150 mm using pull-out tests. In this paper, two steel bars (10 mm, 12 mm) and fifteen aggregate combinations were adopted. In each combination, five aggregate replacement ratios were considered: 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The test results indicated a decrease in the tensile load capacity as the content of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) increased. The combination of RCA and RAP showed a reduction in bond stress for specimens with 10-mm steel bar about 6% to 15% compared to natural-aggregate (NA) samples, whereas for specimens included 12-mm steel bar, the reduction in bond stress was about 6% to 45% compared to NA samples. Furthermore, the design bond strength values calculated according to ACI were lower than the experimental bond strength values. Hence, ACI equations could be reasonably used to predict the proposed strength. Similarly, EC equations could be employed for bond strength except for 100% RAP specimens.

I Made Sastra Wibawa   and Shinta Enggar Maharani   

Concrete is used as a construction material causing the excavation of concrete mixture materials available in nature so that its existence becomes depleted. It takes effort to find substitute materials but still maintain the quality of concrete. Lava stone waste that disturbs environmental sustainability, can be used to replace cement in concrete. The purpose of this study is to determine the percentage of lava stone waste as a substitute for cement so that compressive strength is obtained in accordance with the plan and to determine its effect on environmental sustainability after lava stone waste is used as a concrete mixture. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, by making cylindrical test objects measuring 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm high. The replacement of lava waste is made in 6 categories P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 with each category of 8 test objects, where compressive strength tests are carried out at the age of 28 Days and 90 Days with category P0 as a control without being replaced with lava waste. The results showed an increase in the compressive strength of concrete in the P1 and P2 categories, a decrease that still ranged from the compressive strength of the plan in the P3 category, and a decrease below the compressive strength of the plan in the P4 and P5 categories. The conclusion of this study is that lava stone waste extract can be used as a substitute for some cement.

Hongcheng Ma   and Boi-Yee Liao   

In order to obtain the site effects and sedimentary layer distribution in Nanning urban area, background noise observation was carried out in Nanning urban area from mid-2022 to early 2023. Using the ground pulsation observation records of 561 points with a distance of 500m in Nanning urban area, the distribution results of resonance frequency and magnification of site effects were obtained by HVSR method, and the sedimentary layer distribution in Nanning urban area was obtained by using the resonance frequency-sedimentary layer thickness conversion formula. In this work, the resonance frequency and amplification factor are comprehensively considered, and the K value distribution characterizing the damage degree of the site in Nanning Urban Area is obtained. The results show that the resonance frequency of Nanning urban area is 1~10Hz, and most areas are mainly concentrated in 1Hz; the thickness of Sedimentary Layer is smaller as a whole, mostly 10 ~ 40m, and some local areas are thicker, up to 40 ~ 100m; its overall damage degree is low, and very few areas exceed the safe value (K > 20), indicating that it is safe in earthquake disasters. The results are consistent with the surface topography and public borehole data, and can provide a basic reference for the expansion of the whole urban project and disaster prevention and reduction.

Mithesh Kumar   and Shreelaxmi Prashant   

SSA is a residue after incineration of sewage sludge, obtained from wastewater treatment plants. The efficacy of cementitious ternary blends, containing sewage sludge ash as a cementitious binder along with large volumes of flyash is studied experimentally and reported in this paper. Proportion of Portland cement in all the binder composition is limited to 50%. The properties of ternary blends containing Portland cement-flyash-Sewage sludge ash, such as fluidity, mechanical strength and durability are investigated. Present study reports the properties of M50 concrete, which is the most common concrete grade for various infrastructure projects. The binder mix consists of a blend of Portland cement, flyash and SSA. For all the mixes, the SSA proportion varied between 5% to 15% of the total binder content. Carbon emissions and ecological assessments have shown that effective use of SSA reduces environmental impact and improves sustainability. However, the proportion of SSA is to be restricted to 10% of the total binder content in order to achieve strength levels of 50 MPa or above. Binder composition of Portland cement flyash and sewage sludge ash induced sufficient workability for pumpable concrete and exhibited good mechanical strength. It has also contributed to considerable improvement in ecological parameters.

Aml Saad Elgohary   Medhat Samra   and Ahmed El-Tantawy El-Madawy   

The pursuit of urban living that promotes health and well-being has led to a growing interest in mixed land uses. Encouraging a mix of land uses can foster active transportation, reduce car dependency, and contribute to a healthier society. However, it is important to note that not all interventions have positive outcomes, as external factors associated with industrial use can lead to air pollution and negative consequences. In response, urban planning principles emphasize the importance of using land with compatible overlapping uses while avoiding incompatible combinations. The expansion of industrial activities has resulted in the coexistence of residential and industrial land uses, causing environmental degradation and prompting research into measures of mixed land uses. Various methods have been developed to assess the overlaps between residential, industrial, commercial, and other mixed uses. While planners often criticize the combination of residential and industrial land use, there is a lack of a systematic approach to evaluating the degree of mixing and its environmental implications. Therefore, there is a need to develop methods for quantifying the degree of mixture and identifying the criteria and factors that influence the coexistence of residential and industrial uses. This research proposes several measures to assess the mixing of industrial and residential land use, and demonstrates their application in Egypt. Furthermore, the study examines how these indicators can track changes in spatial patterns and identifies the key factors that contribute to the success or failure of mixed land use.

Luis Villegas   Noe Marín   Cesar Idrogo   Robert Suclupe   Atilio López   and Guillermo Arriola   

The recycling of both worn-out asphalt layers and the entire pavement has led to the development of innovative materials that can be incorporated into conventional asphalt mixtures. Within this type of compounds, foamed asphalt and foamed bitumen stand out, not only from the functional aspect, but also from the environmental aspect, since they allow controlling and significantly reducing the placement temperature of the asphalt mix. In this context, this article develops an exhaustive review of the main aspects of the use of foamed asphalt and foamed bitumen for recycled asphalt mix, taking into account the selection of 86 articles referring to the topic, available in the Scopus, Science Direct, Scielo and Google Scholar databases corresponding to the period 1900 to 2022. It was possible to learn about the application of foamed asphalt and foamed bitumen, its characteristics and properties, its incorporation processes in the mixture, its advantages and disadvantages, its reactions with the different aggregates and their performances in the recovered asphalt mix. Finally, it is concluded that both foamed asphalt and foamed bitumen are highly advantageous due to their properties in recycled asphalt mix, since in addition to greatly reducing the temperature of a conventional mixture, it allows maintaining the same mechanical properties compared to a hot mix asphalt.

Ahmad Afara   Mustafa Aziz Amen   Maysan El Ayoubi   Dana Ramadhan   and Jalal Alani   

Applying interior planting became a challenge yet a visual trend, which is often employed to promote the Biophilia concept as a style in interior design. However, the field's continuous expansion, driven by the aspiration to enhance the quality of life in interior spaces, underscores a persistent knowledge gap. This study investigates the impact of using actual/natural versus faux/artificial interior plants on individuals' psychological comfort and well-being, surveying 120 seated customers across six restaurants and coffee shops in Duhok City in Iraq as an example on regular weekdays. Three establishments feature natural interior planting, while the others use only artificial planting. The study employs a developed measuring tool from the MIND features of the WELL Building Standard, incorporating two key features, Beauty and Design I and II, and Biophilia I and II. The results indicate that participants exposed to natural interior plants report significantly higher levels of psychological comfort and well-being compared to those exposed to artificial planting. These findings underscore the significance of integrating natural elements in interior design, discouraging the use of artificial interior plants. This contribution enriches scholarly discourse, emphasizing the pivotal role of natural biophilic elements in advancing individuals' well-being within interior environments.

Attar Abdelghani   Saraoui Selma   Mohdeb Rachid   Sara Zineddine   and Khadraoui Mohamed Amine   

Architectural space is a concept that draws various interpretations from researchers worldwide, each interpretation framing the researcher's epistemological stance from the inception of their investigation. This study identifies three distinct categories of space: cognitive space, experiential space, and perceptual space - occasionally converging into a singular configuration. Algeria's Ottoman architecture boasts a rich tapestry of heritage structures, encompassing residences, administrative edifices, places of worship, and cultural landmarks. Within this diverse landscape, endeavors are underway to rejuvenate select buildings deemed emblematic of local Ottoman heritage, yielding mixed outcomes. The objective of our research is to furnish a comprehensive analysis of this architectural typology, scrutinizing the efficacy of repurposing in infusing vitality into the architecture versus inadvertently expediting its decline. To accomplish this, we delineate clear research goals and inquiries, elucidate the methodologies employed, including data collection modalities and analytical tools, and unveil specific findings that offer readers a lucid comprehension of the study's conclusions.

Andius D. Putra   

Differential settlements, a geotechnical concern, have been documented in earth fills constructed from weathered rock materials. The primary factor contributing to the problem is often seen as the progressive deterioration of the material because of weathering. Weathered rocks undergo a process of fragmentation into smaller particles as a result of repeated cycles of wetting and drying. The observed behaviour can be classified as a mechanical-hydraulic weathering process commonly referred to as "slaking". This study examines the phenomenon of rock deformation caused by slaking in weathered conditions. A sequence of unidimensional slaking experiments was conducted. During the experiment, a one-dimensional compression test was conducted on a desiccated sample. The compression was applied vertically in incremental steps, first at 9.8 kPa and thereafter increasing to 19.6, 39.2, 78.5, 157.0, 314.0, 628.0, and 1256.0 kPa. The wetting and drying processes were iterated while maintaining a compression level of either 314.0 or 1,256 kilopascals (kPa). The duration of each loading cycle was decided to be 30 minutes, based on the observation that the compression of the specimen occurred promptly and that there were no remarkable volumetric changes throughout the compression phase. The analysis of the test findings indicated that the sample's particle size distribution was widened as a result of repetitive wetting and drying cycles, and it was seen that notable irreversible compression occurred. Additionally, this study investigates potential strategies to mitigate the distortion caused by slaking in embankments composed of crushed weak rock. The research revealed that the application of high compression pressure initially, followed by a controlled release to a certain pressure prior to the initiation of the slaking cycle, resulted in the reduction of mudstone.

Hera Widyastuti   and Wahyu Satyaning Budhi   

Determining railway service quality is crucial due to its potential impact on train schedules, leading to delays. Service quality is evaluated through its utilization, which is equivalent to the infrastructure's ability to handle the current traffic volume. By understanding utilization levels, it is anticipated that operational quality can be effectively implemented. This is because utilization serves as an indicator of the relationship between traffic flow and available capacity. Furthermore, railway capacity is analyzed using the UIC code 405 method. The construction of a double-track on the Surabaya-Madiun segment is progressing, with 50% of the project operational by the end of 2019. A simplified simulation phase is conducted under the reference condition of 50% double-track operation, and the results are analyzed to determine railway capacity. The analysis findings in this study reveal that the construction of a double-track on the Surabaya-Madiun segment has resulted in a 27% increase in utilization.

Christin Remayanti Nainggolan   Indradi Wijatmiko   Ari Wibowo   Siti Nurlina   and Ruth Diana Simanjuntak   

Fiber concrete is one of the innovative materials that is still developing and evolving. One of the fiber materials that is currently being studied is PET fiber from plastic bottle waste materials. The effect of fiber on concrete is influenced by the characteristics of the fiber material. One of the characteristics of PET fiber is the weak bonding between the fiber and the concrete which can be overcome by the geometries and dimensions of the fiber. Therefore, this paper focuses on the use of PET fiber from bottle waste with different dimensions: continuous fiber like a layer that was placed in the tensile area of the concrete and short strip fibers that were spread on the concrete, and their effects on the flexural behavior were investigated. Test results showed that the fiber started to be more effective at yield, maximum and ultimate condition, especially for the reinforced concrete beam with continuous fiber. The strip fiber worked earlier in the reinforced concrete beam and then followed by the continuous fiber when the load was continuously applied to the yield point. The continuous fiber improved deflection at the maximum and ultimate load and improved the stiffness better than short strip fiber. In addition, continuous fiber provided better ductility performance than strip fiber where the average ductility of continuous fiber was 20.5 while the strip fiber was 17.1.

Abdultawab M. Qahtan   

Effective lighting in educational buildings is crucial for occupant comfort, especially in hot arid climates where balancing daylighting with solar radiation control is challenging. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of using solar control glazing and indoor roller blinds in maintaining adequate daylight illumination under dynamic solar radiation. The investigation focused on a lecture hall at Najran University (NU) in Saudi Arabia, characterized by its large windows oriented towards the south-west and north-west, situated within the region's hot arid climate. The study assesses daylight illuminance penetration for heavily tinted glazing integrated with three roller-blind configurations: fully closed, 50% closed, and no roller blinds. The study shows that during the morning, none of the workplane areas meet the minimum illuminance requirement, but in the afternoon, approximately 30% of the workplane exceeds 2000 lux, necessitating the use of electrical lighting as a result of roller-blind closure. Hourly monitoring revealed that under the Blinds-50% setting, daylight levels failed to meet recommended classroom lighting standards, while in the Blinds-100% configuration, the lecture hall remained completely dark. This study highlights the challenges and solutions for achieving optimal lighting in educational buildings within hot arid climates, emphasizing the significance of avoiding static shading systems, such as heavily tinted glass.

Jenan Abu Qadourah   

Today, carbon and energy conservation are widely recognized as pressing issues on a worldwide scale. Passive systems provide a viable solution to this problem by reducing energy use while simultaneously improving indoor air quality. The traditional windcatcher is one such sustainable passive strategy that has historical relevance in Egypt. It was used in single- and double-story structures to allow for cross-ventilation and to keep interior areas cooler during the summer. This study investigates the practicality of windcatchers as an effective passive cooling and natural ventilation approach for multi-story structures in Egypt, with a special focus on the summer months, using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique. Using the simulation software DesignBuilder, a 3D CFD study is carried out to undertake an extensive assessment. The aim is to analyze and compare the airflow and the indoor thermal comfort between three possible configurations, one without a windcatcher, one with a windcatcher oriented toward the wind, and one with two windcatchers, one oriented toward the wind and one away from it. The windcatcher models have been effectively incorporated into a scaled-down representation of a test room. The evaluation of the thermal comfort study is conducted by the ASHRAE standard 55. The findings derived from the CFD simulations suggest that windcatchers possess the capacity to significantly augment the natural ventilation within high-rise structures situated in hot and arid regions. Moreover, it has been suggested that the utilization of multiple windcatchers as both intake and exhaust systems could potentially improve thermal comfort and ventilation in the specified space. This study provides significant insights into the possibility of windcatchers as a viable passive cooling strategy for multi-story structures in Egypt. As a result, it contributes to the ongoing discussion on sustainable construction practices in this particular location.

Amjad A. Yasin   Ahmad B. Malkawi   Muhmmad I. M. Rjoub   Hani Qadan   Faroq Maraqa   and Jamal Aladwan   

Steel columns are structural compression members used in various civil engineering fields. One of the basic design criteria for these members is determining their buckling load. This study investigates the axial compression load capacity of tubular steel columns with hollow thin-walled polygon cross-sections, considering the effects of local buckling and nonlinear variation. Parameters such as the number of sides, side length, wall thickness, length, and steel yield strength were studied. Equations to calculate the axial load capacity of these columns were proposed, both derived and empirical. Results showed that generally, the axial load capacity increases as the number of sides, side lengths, and wall thickness increases. Within the investigated variables range, the variations of the geometric efficiency index were significant when increasing the number of sides up to 12, after which the variations were insignificant, and the number of sides had minimal effect on the slenderness ratio after increasing the number of sides beyond 14. Compared to the buckling resistance determined using AISC-LRFD code equations, the proposed equations can provide good predictions and offer a simple formulation for predicting the axial load capacity of columns with high slenderness ratios while taking into account local buckling and nonlinear effects.

Niraj Kumar   and Ramakar Jha   

Flood peak estimation provides assistance in water resources management by offering sufficient information regarding possible flood risk. In the present analysis, flood peaks are estimated for various return periods using the probabilistic model. Six statistical methods namely Normal, Gumbel, log Normal, General Extreme Value (GEV), Pearson III and log Pearson III are used to forecast the flood discharge of Kosi river which is responsible for inundating a large area of North Bihar plain despite various flood management activities. The annual flow data for a period of 33 years (1981 to 2013) at Birpur gauge station are used in the study. The flood peak magnitudes are computed for the return period of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years. The Generalised extreme value method provided the higher values of predicted flood magnitude. The Goodness of fit test for six distributions is assessed using Kolmogorov Smirnov (KS), Chi-Squared (CS) and Anderson Darling (AD) tests. The tests of Goodness of fit show that Normal distribution followed by Generalised extreme value distribution provides the best results for Kosi river basin. The predicted flood peak for different return periods is of greater importance and may be utilised in designing important hydraulic structures along the river, constructing bridges, developing flood inundation zones and flood management activities.

Ling Zhang   Velu Perumal   Ahmad Rizal Abdul Rahman   Mohd Faiz Yahaya   and Abdul Rohim Tualeka   

In the post-pandemic context, public seating furniture, an essential part of urban community parks, is vital in meeting people's needs for a comfortable resting space. The current design and layout of public seating in community parks in the post-pandemic period do not meet the needs of different groups of people in many aspects. This study aims to develop a comprehensive design framework that covers the user characteristics, use patterns, space features, location, and activity characteristics of public seating in community parks. This framework will provide valuable reference information for industrial designers and urban planners to optimise the layout and design of park seating to further meet the needs and expectations for improved public seating in the post-pandemic period. This research used an on-site observation method and statistical analysis of data using Excel. Research shows that users of community park seating furniture cover all age groups, including special groups (pregnant women and people with disabilities). Although individual use is predominant, users have expectations of social interaction. Preferred seating locations are close to children's play areas, beautifully landscaped, and shaded tree areas. The type of activity is statistically diverse and includes accompanying children, socialising, watching dynamic activities, and using mobile phones. Based on the findings, however, there are limitations to this study, such as the limited sample size and the choice of observation periods and locations. In conclusion, the design framework is valuable to improve the attractiveness and promote the sustainable development of urban community parks.

Linda W. Fanggidae   

The constrained availability of space is an issue compounded by the surging global populace, particularly in urban areas. Consequently, space in urban areas has become more expensive and unaffordable. Some city dwellers, such as several street vendors in Kupang City, can only have confined spaces. Therefore, they made several adjustments in order to meet their space requirements. Their adjustment strategy is the focus of this qualitative study. This research uses the case study method, and the analysis uses a descriptive exploratory technique. Data gathering relies on a combination of observation and interviews. This study found two types of adjustment: indoor and outdoor. The indoor space adjustment is conducted by optimising the three-dimensional features of the space and arranging the spatial layout based on the zoning function. Meanwhile, the adjustment in the outdoor space is managed based on some levels, starting from the most lenient by creating a physical sign of ownership up to the most aggressive one, which is the occupation and transformation of the outdoor space into the indoor space. These findings, in turn, can be used as a guide for formulating an adjustment strategy required in coping with the space deficiency problem, as in urban areas.

Unnam Anil   H. S. Prasanna   Chandan K. S.   and Rachana B. Gowda   

The soils that make up approximately 1/5^th of the Indian sub-continent are expansive soils, which are the most difficult to work with. These soils swell and shrink, causing problems in the foundation structures. These problems can be resolved by several modification techniques. The present experimental study is to reduce foundation failures by reinforcing the fibres to the expansive soils. Two soils having extreme liquid limits of 58% and 85% in the range were selected and reinforced with Recron 3S fibres. The 1-D consolidation test was conducted for different energy levels with seating pressure of 6.25 kPa to 1600 kPa, which were compacted at MDD and OMC for both natural and reinforced soils. The findings of Cv were estimated for various pressure ranges of plain and fibre-reinforced soils. The magnitude of Cv increased with the addition of fibres and with an increase in pressure when compared with plain soils. The increase in Cv value for the fibre Blended expansive soils induces a significant change in the magnitude of elastic and plastic settlement of soils (the time rate of the settlement gets reduced), thereby achieving economy in terms of time and controlled engineering behaviour.

Riza Suwondo   Christopher   and Made Suangga   

Concrete mix design is a critical facet of construction, determining the composition of concrete for optimal performance and durability. This research paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of concrete mix designs based on two prominent Indonesian standards: SNI 03-2834-2000 and SNI 7656:2012. The study evaluates these standards in terms of technical accuracy and economic viability, shedding light on their effectiveness in producing efficient and sustainable concrete mixtures. The analysis encompasses various parameters, including slump value, aggregate sizes, water-cement ratio, and aggregate content. Notably, the research delves into the weight-based method and the absolute volume method as specified in the standards. Detailed calculations and considerations are undertaken to explore the differences and convergences in mix designs under the two standards. The study's findings reveal intriguing insights. The alignment of concrete masses obtained from both standards underscores their reliability and compatibility. Similarly, the agreement in water-cement ratios emphasizes the fundamental principles shared by these standards. However, the research unveils nuanced variations in the aggregate content between the weight-based and absolute volume methods, opening discussions on their distinct abilities to capture aggregate intricacies. Incorporating an economic analysis based on standard unit prices, the research highlights the financial implications of the different mix designs. The cost-effectiveness of SNI 7656:2012, which entails reduced cement usage while producing heavier concrete, introduces a sustainable perspective by minimizing material consumption. The synthesis of technical precision and economic feasibility forms the crux of this study's insights. As the construction industry seeks optimal mix designs that balance performance, durability, and sustainability, this research offers guidance to engineers and practitioners. In an era of evolving construction practices, where resource efficiency is paramount, this study contributes to the discourse on concrete mix design, enriching decision-making for resilient and cost-effective construction practices.

Alok Kumar Maurya   Ravish Kumar   and Ajay Kumar   

Natural light has always been a crucial component of classroom design, providing essential lighting for activities like reading and writing. In addition to improving students' circadian, physiological, and psychological well-being, natural light boosts their reading and writing skills, human comfort, and visual perception. It is crucial to keep the classroom well-lit so that students' eyes can focus on their work. The main aim of this study is to evaluate daylight performance in classrooms (architectural studios) through retrofitting at the National Institute of Technology Patna (NITP) campus in Patna, situated within the composite climate zone. The primary objective is to suggest strategies that improve daylighting and visual comfort using spontaneous and climate-based metrics like Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI), Spatial Daylight Autonomy (SDA), and in-classroom illuminance while keeping desk lighting at 300-500 lux. The study evaluates the effectiveness of clerestory windows, light shelves, solar light tubes, and their combinations in a south-facing studio (classroom). The CIE Standard Sky model is used to replicate India's multifaceted weather. This model includes scenarios with clear, moderate, and cloudy skies. The spatial daylight autonomy (SDA) is increased by 73.68% and 64.42%, respectively, when solar tubes with clerestory windows and solar tubes with lightshelf are used. These methods result in a UDI of 100 and 2000 lux throughout the studio for well over half of the occupied time. In conclusion, these retrofit solutions show potential for increasing natural light and occupants' sense of well-being in design offices in Patna and other parts of India with analogous composite climatic features and architectural styles.

Cut Nuraini   

Mandailing Natal, located in North Sumatra, possesses a number of traditional architectural treasures in the form of 'bagas godang' and 'sopo godang'. Currently, both of these buildings are in quite poor condition. They exhibit a unique tectonic character typical of Mandailing. This paper aims to explore various structural and construction details of 'bagas godang' and 'sopo godang', the main buildings in one of the villages in Mandailing Julu, namely Hutagodang village. This is essential to be carried out in order to serve as a reference for the local government if these two buildings require reconstruction. Research findings indicate that both structures have highly flexible tectonics against lateral forces. The construction structure of 'bagas godang' and 'sopo godang' consists of three parts, namely the bottom part (base), the middle part (walls), and the upper part (roof). Each part has its own construction and forms a cohesive homogeneous structural unit. The building materials for both structures are predominantly wood, and some parts, especially the foundation, use stones. The entirety of the building materials is sourced directly from the surrounding environment and shaped through simple material processing. The connections between the structural elements are in the form of pegs, notches, joints, and ties, which provide high flexibility against lateral forces.

Zubair Saing   Wawan A. K. Conoras   and Julhija Rasai   

The demand for groundwater in Ternate is increasing, which is correlated with the increase in population and well-built areas, resulting in increased groundwater exploitation, which, of course, impacts the potential threat of a groundwater crisis with seawater intrusion. Catchment areas on the body and top of the volcano are not optimal for groundwater recharging due to substantial runoff when it rains. Land conversion activities from forest regions to plantation land, agricultural land, and conversion to built-up areas near the Gamalama volcano's body and peak influence groundwater recharge. The relevance of exploratory research on hydrogeological surveys to search for new sources of groundwater in volcanic foot basins and bodies as a promising location for groundwater aquifers in the most astonishing quantity as the Ternate city's water consumption demand Hydrogeological research on rock lithology was carried out utilizing geophysical methods and geoelectric equipment, with an emphasis on placer or alluvial deposit formations. A 3D model with an estimated volume and tonnage of the aquifer is created to determine the potential and quality of groundwater aquifers. A 3D model was used to assess groundwater potential, which comprised direct geophysical test analysis findings in the field and the finite element technique using software. Survey techniques or measurements employing Schlumberger or Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) impact the outputs of measurements in subsurface settings that may be interpreted as models. The findings of a groundwater hydrogeological study in North Maluku's volcanic area, notably Ternate, are used as proposals for groundwater drilling data for the government to fulfill the community's basic needs.

Myakala Vamshikrishna   and Ilango Sivakumar   

The imperative to reduce Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, a principal driver of global warming and climate change, has prompted a paradigm shift in construction materials research. In this context, the utilization of mineral compounds as an innovative alternative to traditional cement is gaining increasing significance. This study introduces a novel approach to concrete production, emphasizing the environmental and sustainability advantages of replacing conventional constituents with diverse industrial by-products. Recent years have witnessed substantial interest in the integration of Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCMs) and alternative fine aggregates in concrete formulation. The core objective of this research is to investigate the compressive behaviour of ternary blended concrete incorporating nano-silica, M-sand, and fly ash as partial substitutes for cement and fine aggregate. The experimental methodology involves the development of multiple concrete compositions, wherein the nano-silica content varies while maintaining a consistent 30% fly ash and 100% M-sand ratio. The test specimens undergo a comprehensive evaluation of their compressive strength. The findings of this study reveal a significant breakthrough in enhancing the properties of ternary blended concrete through the incorporation of nano-silica. This innovative approach, blending nano-silica with other SCMs, holds the potential to revolutionize the development of high-performance, high-strength concrete. As the research suggests, further exploration is crucial to optimize ingredient proportions, curing conditions, and the long-term performance of ternary blended concrete enhanced with nano-silica. Notably, the results indicate that the addition of nano-silica substantially accelerates early-age strength development in concrete. This phenomenon can be attributed to its pozzolanic reactivity and its capacity to facilitate cement hydration. Additionally, the substitution of natural river sand with M-sand demonstrates favourable outcomes, particularly in terms of workability and strength characteristics. In sum, this study underscores a pioneering approach to sustainable concrete design, presenting the potential for substantial reductions in CO₂ emissions, while simultaneously achieving superior material performance.

Heba Mohamed Hafez Alsaied   Ahmed El Tantawy El Madawy   and Nanees Abd El Hamid El Sayyad   

Egypt is implementing various strategies to lower energy consumption in the building sector, which significantly contributes to negative environmental impacts and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. The development of buildings envelope retrofits has been a focus of policy and research agendas for the past decade as part of efforts to decarbonize the building sector. Despite being the most practical and widely adopted renewable energy source, photovoltaic systems (PVs) may face a severe risk to their stability and potentially harm the environment. In this sense, life cycle impact assessment (LCA) is a recognized approach that reduces negative environmental impacts, and effects of the construction industry, and avoids resource depletion. Thus, to assess the integration of photovoltaic systems with building envelope materials with considerable environmental impacts, this research provides a novel methodology combining (LCA) with building information modeling (BIM). The methodology was authenticated by applying it to a campus office building, considering seven building envelope alternatives integrated with different photovoltaic systems. Using One Click LCA^TM software, results have compared the impacts of each alternative on the environment based on photovoltaic systems specifications and quantities factors. Finally, the results showed that the proposed approach could help with the retrofitting of buildings' envelopes integrated photovoltaic systems with low environmental impacts in Egypt.

Sandeep G. S.   Jagadisha H. M.   and Sindhu V. N.   

Seismic activities have proven to be devastating and cause immense loss of life and property. To minimize the impact of such activities, earthquake-resistant design of structures plays a major role. Analysis and design of earthquake-resistant structures need a better understanding of the building's response to seismic forces through static or dynamic analysis. The fundamental time period is one of the important parameters for understanding the seismic response of any building. Construction of buildings with irregularities has become common and inevitable in the present urban scenario. The Indian standard code recommends linear dynamic analysis of analytical models to obtain design lateral forces for all types of buildings. As per the code, the fundamental time period used in the calculation of base shear is mainly dependent on the height and base dimension of a building irrespective of building irregularities. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the effect of vertical geometric irregularities for different bay widths and building heights on the fundamental time period of a building through Eigenvalue analysis. Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems (ETABS) software has been used to model 198 buildings with different vertical irregularities to determine the variation in the time period values in comparison with regular buildings. The effect of various parameters like number of storeys, bay widths and vertical geometric irregularities has been studied. It has been observed that the time period of the buildings is significantly influenced by the specific type of vertical geometric irregularity. Higher dependency on the number of building storeys and lesser dependency on bay widths for all types of vertical irregularities have been observed.

Aristotle L. Medina   and Gilford B. Estores   

Researchers worldwide have conducted studies to investigate the strength of concrete corbels, either through experimental tests or finite element simulations. The primary objective of these studies has been to determine how concrete corbels behave under different conditions. However, there has been a lack of research focused on identifying the most efficient shape of two-sided concrete corbels for supporting structural elements like beams and slabs using finite element modeling. Thus, this study aimed to determine the optimal corbel shape for supporting structural elements under different loading conditions. Three double-sided concrete corbels with varying structural forms were analyzed using finite element analysis and a parametric study was conducted to evaluate the corbel's structural response for different shapes. The parameters considered included concrete strength, modeling type, loading condition and shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d). Based on the findings, an increase in concrete strength led to an improvement in the load-carrying capacity of the corbel. Nonetheless, it was observed that with an increase in a/d, the corbel's load-carrying capacity decreased, indicating that the distance between the point of load application and the nearest support has an impact on the ability to support loads. This is due to the fact that a low a/d ratio in a corbel leads to uniform distribution of shear stresses across its depth, enhancing effective resistance. In contrast, a high a/d ratio concentrates shear stresses near the face closer to the load, reducing the effective resisting area and capacity. Ultimately, a rectangular shape was found to be the most efficient for double-sided corbels. Therefore, the cross-section of the corbel should be rectangular to achieve the maximum load-carrying capacity and minimum deformation. Furthermore, a regression model was proposed based on the finite element simulation results to predict the maximum load capacity and deformation of the three corbel cases.

Yober Ostherlen Mantari Ramos   Karla Esther Huamancayo Lizarraga   Yerson Percy Amancay Huiza   and Niel Iván Velasquez Montoya   

The purpose of the project is to experimentally evaluate the properties of concrete in a hardened state when the coarse aggregate is replaced in dosages by over-burnt crushed bricks obtained from the artisanal brick kilns in the city of Huancayo. This material was chosen due to the abundance of artisanal brick kilns in the area, which generates waste in its preparation polluting the environment, so this material was used in order to give it an added value and improve the properties of concrete. To fulfill the objective of the research, the mechanical properties of the concrete were determined in the laboratory, compressive strength tests, tensile strength tests and flexural strength tests at 28 days were carried out in dosages of 5%, 10% and 15% of over-burnt crushed brick using a mix design of 210 kg/cm² with the ACI method. It was determined that the percentage of 10% was the one that provided the highest compressive strength with a value of 323.54 kg/cm², likewise a tensile strength of 24.89 kg/cm² was achieved with the same percentage; with respect to flexural strength, a maximum of 65.39 kg/cm² was achieved with a 5% replacement. It was recommended to use 10% of over-burnt crushed bricks since this was the optimum percentage to improve the mechanical properties of the hardened concrete based on the standard sample.

Soumaya El janous   Mohamed Amine Abid   Abderrachid Afras   and Abdelouafi El Ghoulbzouri   

Several factors may contribute to improving or reducing the capacity of the structural system against hazardous events, such as earthquake or wind excitation. Among these factors, this present work investigates the effect of soil type, anchorage depth of foundation and the number of stories of a reinforced concrete structure on its stability and integrity. The structures, subjected to seismic forces and the equivalent lateral forces due to earthquake, were evaluated based on EUROCODE 8. The nonlinear static analysis was performed. The response of the examined structure on a fixed base was also presented for comparison. The HAZUS methodology afforded by FEMA was applied to evaluate the fragility curves of various structures with different story numbers. The spectral displacements at the performance point and the probability of damage were evaluated for each level. For comparison, the methodology (HAZUS) was applied to calculate the reinforced concrete building's failure risk without taking the relationship between the soil and the structure into account. This was accomplished using the finite elements program SAP2000. From the results computed, the effect of including the (SSI) in the analysis was clearly observed. The impact of the examined parameters was also clear on varying the seismic behavior of the structure.

Bimo Brata Adhitya   Rosidawani   Budi Nayobi   M. Hadziq Huda   and Defiria Afifah   

Over the last decade, there has been significant growth in the world in infrastructure developments, leading to an increase in the consumption of materials. One of the most commonly used materials in the construction industry is concrete which is made up of several constituent elements including coarse aggregates. The availability of these aggregates in nature was observed to have been reduced significantly, thus leading to the search for alternative sources. The production of artificial aggregates through the geopolymerization process is an example of this alternative source. The process involves reacting materials containing high content of silica and alumina such as fly ash with an alkaline activator. Therefore, this study is aimed at analyzing the effect of fly ash-based artificial aggregates produced using crushing and pelletization methods on the mechanical properties of concrete. The ratio of the mass of fly ash to the mass of alkali activator in the geopolymer artificial aggregate composition is 3:1. The mass ratio of Na₂SiO₃ to NaOH was 2.5:1, the concentration of NaOH was 15 M, and the addition of sand was 15% of the fly ash mass. The concrete composition for the three types of aggregate, namely natural aggregate, crushing aggregate, and pelletization aggregate, uses constituent materials with the same volume with adjustments, type, and uses the same manufacturing method. Natural aggregate concrete has the highest compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete, followed by pelletization of aggregate concrete, then crushing of aggregate concrete. The compressive strength values of the 28-day-old concrete for the three aggregates were respectively 28,976 MPa, 25,582 MPa, and 23,418 MPa and the tensile strength values for the 28-day-old concrete for the three aggregates were respectively 2,917 MPa, 2,641 MPa, and 2,323 MPa. Since the design compressive strength value of pelletized aggregate concrete is achieved, geopolymer aggregate using the pelletization method can be used as an alternative to natural aggregate.

C. Indra   and Kumudhavalli Sasidhar   

This research paper would explore the continuum and changes in the cultural identity of Vaniga Vysya community which migrated from Tamil Nadu to Balaramapuram of yesteryears Travancore now in Kerala. The cultural identity comprises tangible and intangible attributes. The scope was limited to three tangible attributes which included 12 variables as listed below. a) Settlement level with variables, type of settlement and public spaces of the community. b) House level - spaces with seven variables namely seating in the front portion of the house, multi-purpose room, puja space, rooms, kitchen, cattle shed and open well. c) House level - house components with three variables namely doors, windows and columns. The other tangible attributes and all the intangible attributes formed part of the limitations of this research. Literature study on culture and migrant community resulted in four processes of acculturation. They were assimilation, separation, integration and marginalization. Three more possibilities apart from the above processes like changes in assimilation, changes in separation and changes in integration were identified. Samples were chosen based on the sampling and selection criteria. Secondary data on the considered tangible attributes of home and host culture were identified, collected and synthesised to form a base template which was used for comparing and categorizing the primary documentation on the considered tangible attributes. This categorization was further checked with processes of acculturation and analysed. The results of the three attributes were as follow: i) settlement level - maximum separation; ii) house level: a) spaces - maximum marginalization; b) house components - maximum integration and changes in separation. The process of acculturation for all the three tangible attributes put together marginalization was most closely followed by separation and the third was changes in separation. This showed that even though there were changes, there was a strong need to maintain their cultural identity. Methodology formulated would be a prototype model for researching on the continuum and changes in the cultural identity of any migrant community. The base template formed would be secondary data for research on tangible attributes of Tamil Nadu and Travancore.

Bernadette Detty Kussumardianadewi   Yusuf Latief   Bambang Trigunarsyah   Ayomi Dita Rarasati   and Winny Widiani   

Buildings built before the 2000s are still vulnerable to exposure to the importance of energy efficiency, so renovations are needed on this existing building through renovation (green retrofitting) for sustainability goals that reduce energy expenditure. Modification is an effort to adjust the performance of built buildings to obtain a certificate as a green building. Both government and non-government agencies certify customization with different benchmarks/ parameters. In Indonesia, there are two regulations and benchmarks in the assessment of BGH performance, namely the Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI) and PUPR Regulation Number 21 of 2021. The portion of existing high-rise office buildings is 98% of the total number of office buildings, which is very significant in achieving the government's target. The obstacle to implementing Green Retrofitting in High-Rise Office Buildings is the high cost. To be able to make green retrofitting costs efficient, researchers conducted a statistical analysis using the Relative Important Index (RII). The results of this study showed that the most influential factors at the planning stage were the energy-saving SOP document with an index of 0,996, the construction stage was Document on the implementation of ideas and innovations in construction methods with an index of 0,992, and the post-construction stage was Certificate of Expert Building Management Manager with an index of 0,998. The implementation of customization can be through the development of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), to detail the resources needed in project planning, monitoring, and control. The results of the study are proof that the WBS structure of customization work based on GBCI and PUPR Regulation Number 21 of 2021 affects improving the quality of resource planning using survey methods and literature studies.

Sanaa Abdelghany Eldyasty Ahmed Eid   Asmaa Nasr Eldin Elbadrawy   and Alaa Mohamed Shams Eldein Eleashy   

Choosing the appropriate acoustic design element for open office spaces depends on many influences such as the user's needs according to the type of activity practiced (public or private space). Also, the values of the acoustic parameters represent a factor and an indicator of the expression of open-plan office spaces acoustic performance. The research discussed the two design elements, the addition of absorbent ceiling materials and the addition of acoustic barriers, and their effects on activity type and therefore the distances required between workstations, according to the method of measurement used in the research. The research studied the internal space measurements of "Engineering Studies, Research, and Consultation Center" in the Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt, to find out the classifications of the sources surrounding the workstations and the sound pressure levels, then simulated three case studies, case (1) indicates the original space, case (2) for adding absorbent ceiling materials, and case (3) for adding sound barriers. The research concluded that the acoustic parameters are affected differently according to each design case. The research result was that the lowest value of the sound level was reached in the case of Absorbent ceilings. As for the distraction and privacy distances, the values were the lowest for the case of using acoustic barriers and then lower distances between workstations. Therefore, the choice here is according to the activity practiced within the office space and its requirements (activity for private work requires Speech Intelligibility and thus reduces the clarity of speech index - an activity for group work that requires clarity of speech between workers) and therefore this can be translated into a framework for the user's needs.

Kishor Shrestha   Pramen P. Shrestha   and Jacimaria Batista   

In the United States sewer networks, cement concrete (CC) manholes are widely utilized. However, due to their great susceptibility to chemical corrosion, these manholes have shorter lifespan. In comparison to CC manholes, polymer concrete (PC) manholes in sewer networks are shown to have greater resistance to chemical corrosion and longer lifespans. Despite this advantage, use of PC manholes in public works has been limited by their higher initial installation cost. There are very limited studies conducted in this subject; therefore, the key objective of this study is to compare CC and PC manholes and identify the most cost-effective option based on life-cycle costs (LCC). This study collected 60-inch and 48-inch diameter manhole data from the Clark County Water Reclamation District, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Since the data were not normally distributed, non-parametric tests were carried out to determine the group differences. The findings showed that the LCC costs of CC manholes, considering both installation and replacement costs, are significantly less than those of PC manholes. However, the differences were not significant for both sizes of pipes when the LCC costs were computed considering the installation costs only. The practical application of this study is that public agencies can employ the CC manholes as the cost-effective option for 60-inch and 48-inch sizes. The results of this study may assist public agencies in choosing cost-effective manhole options in future manhole projects. This study has a limitation in that the findings are directly applicable to 60-inch and 48-inch manholes; public agency engineers should take caution to implement the findings to other sizes.

A. R. Avinash   A. Krishnamoorthy   Kiran Kamath   and M. Chaithra   

The failure of many structures during past seismic events has demonstrated that multistorey buildings are prone to earthquakes. Therefore, researchers have shown a lot of interest in understanding the seismic behaviour of buildings. Masonry infills are an integral part of framed buildings. In a typical structural analysis, the mass of these infills is considered, but the stiffness is ignored when buildings are subjected to earthquakes. However, it is known that infills contribute to the stiffness of the structure. Despite this fact, the stiffness of infills is not accounted for in the conventional analysis owing to the complexities in realistically modelling the infills. Therefore, many researchers have suggested different techniques for incorporating the stiffness of infills in the analysis. Depending on the level of details required, some suggested macro-level modelling, and others have proposed more detailed micro-modelling. Few researchers have even proposed modelling techniques which are in between the level of macro and micro models. This article proposes a finite element-based meso-modelling technique to analyze an infilled frame building subjected to earthquakes. The proposed model is capable of simulating the contact and separation effects at the infill and frame interface, which cannot be represented using macro-modelling techniques. For the study, different earthquake records are chosen based on key characteristics such as frequency contents and pulse-like features. Along with the proposed model, an equivalent strut macro-model is also used for comparison purposes. The study shows that the proposed meso-model can represent the seismic behaviour of the building, which is comparable to the behaviour of the building with macro-model idealization. Also, the base shear response of the proposed model is generally slightly more conservative than the responses of frames with infills represented using macro-models.

Batchu Ramanjaneyulu   and Nandyala Darga Kumar   

Waste minimization by its utilization in various engineering constructions is the thought of every field engineer. Clay soil stabilization using lime along with fly ash has been in practice since good olden days. Marble dust is one amongst the waste being generated huge quantities in the recent past. Improved living standards and infrastructure development caused use of polished marbles and in the process of it, huge marble waste is getting generated. In this research, the combination of marble dust and gypsum is introduced into the clay soil to investigate its geotechnical properties, aiming to determine optimal values for Atterberg limits, Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Unconfined Compression Stress (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). Also, on the soil and admixed soil samples, the XRD and SEM analysis is carried out to identify the mineralogical composition. The results revealed that with the addition of marble dust to the 6% gypsum stabilized clay resulted in liquid limit and the plasticity index have decreased. The CBR and UCS of mixes especially at 15% marble dust showed better performance. Further, the curing of mixes for 14 days and 28 days resulted in improvement in UCS. Overall, the marble dust of 15% yielded better performance of clay stabilized with 6% gypsum.

Marisol Arroyo Inga   Helio Sebastian Balvin Huanuco   Jorge Luis Poma Garcia   and Claudia Rossana Poma Garcia   

At present, there are numerous studies of methods that evaluate indoor thermal comfort of buildings incorporating energy efficiency criteria in the design and architecture. All bioclimatic planning in buildings is to grant comfort conditions to the occupants, because a negative impact could be generated if sustainable tourism is not planned. This paper presents the results of a design proposal of the Tourist Hotel inserted in the area of regional conservation of Huaytapallana. Therefore, the use of thermal comfort indices suitable for the study of climatic conditions in tourist places is analyzed, in addition to the study of representative cases of places with the greatest influx of tourism, also because they have similar climates and cultural contexts. The methodology to be used is experimental for the proposal, of a descriptive and applicative type, for having contributions of information, applying tools and techniques of design for the proposal. Three tools are used: Mahoney Tables, Psychometric Abacus and the Bioclimatic Chart, which are executed and then contrast the results with each other, to later discuss them and determine if the tourist hotel responds to the thermal comfort needs of tourists in Huaytapallana snow mountain.

Güneş Mutlu Avinç   and Semra Arslan Selçuk   

The experiences of nature that have been present for billions of years guide scientists and designers in their research, covering different topics such as form, function, aesthetic, production of durable materials, light and practical structures, variety, optimization, conservation of natural systems, bio-diversity, reduction of energy losses, etc. From that perspective, nature offers ideas to produce adaptive, highly durable, and smart materials and serves as a raw material source for researchers who learn from nature. This study questioned how bio-inspired designing could be used as an instrument for interdisciplinary research in the triangle of architecture, materials science, and biology, and it discussed the outputs of a workshop held with the students undergoing postgraduate education in architecture. Utilizing "the problem-based process", which is one of the bio-inspired designing processes, this study reviewed the material-related thoughts of architects in line with architects' limited biology knowledge. Furthermore, it examined the gains of the bio-inspired design approach through the pre-post-test and problem-based designing of the self-assessment questionnaire. In conclusion, it is safe to state that nature, as a role model, can present significant information in the search for solutions within interdisciplinary studies in this century when the importance of sustainability is more apparent than ever.

Fahed A. Khasawneh   

Creating healthier learning environments should be the goal of all higher education institutions in the post-COVID-19 era. A well-designed campus outdoor space with abundant greenery can promote attention restoration and reduce students' stress, enhancing their well-being. This study evaluates the perceived restoration of Bani Hashim Square at Al al-Bayt University in Jordan. It also aims to understand the patterns of outdoor space use. The research was primarily quantitative, using a questionnaire. To a lesser degree, qualitative methods, including literature review and unstructured observation, were also used. The Perceived Restoration Scale (PRS) was used to evaluate the restorativeness of the square. The results showed that Bani Hashim Square promotes attention restoration. The square was popular among students, especially females. Meeting and talking with friends was the most favorite activity. Using a Kruskal-Wallis test, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in overall perceived restoration across the students' faculty and grade level. Finally, creating restorative learning environments can be promoted by adopting design decisions that induce a sense of being away, increase the amount of fascination, create a well-structured and coherent space, and consider students' needs and desires to produce highly compatible spaces.

Kavyashree   Anup Wilfred Sebastian   and Bhagyashree   

In India, laterite soil is one of the soil types that is most frequently used for foundation work. Construction of structures uses laterite soil not only for the foundations but also for structures constructed beneath the soil and by incorporating soil as a material for blockwork during the execution phase. It is hence important to carry out the extensive cost risk index of this construction-rich region to estimate the least risky areas and extremely dangerous regions that would yield a beneficial analysis. Firstly 30 study regions have been identified on the coastal Karnataka belt that has lateritic soils. For the soil from different study regions, extensive geotechnical unconfined compressive test procedures were done, followed by implementing risk analysis to get the risk zones. In addition, a structural analysis using the ETABS software is also undertaken to get isolated footing dimensions for these study regions. Earthquake loads, punching, and one-way shear have been considered while designing the footings. Finally, a cost-based risk index is produced considering the present industry labour rates and concreting rates of the region. This risk analysis based on cost and soil-bearing capacity gives a bird-eye view of the risk levels throughout the coastal belt of the Karnataka area. Risk mitigation measures such as ground improvement techniques, consolidation, etc. can now be effectively taken based on the results of the analysis. The results indicated that around 17% of the regions come under extremely risky zones and all regions with respective risk levels were identified. Hence, it can be concluded that for the extremely risk zones, it is better to ignore those land portions or go for ground improvement before construction.

Teshale Teshome Alemu   and Mohindra Singh Thakur   

The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model that helps to determine the quantity and heights of vertical eucalyptus posts used for formwork preparation in the construction of Orthodox Church domes. To achieve this, three steps are followed. In the first step, the shapes of the domes and the past experience were used to determine the quantity and heights of the vertical eucalyptus posts identified through structured interview conducted on experienced professionals selected based on purposive sampling technique. As a result, it has been realized that semi-spherical and parabolic shapes are common in Orthodox Church domes in the study areas and AutoCAD application is common to determine the quantity and heights of the vertical eucalyptus posts. In the second step, mathematical model is developed to determine the quantity and heights of vertical eucalyptus posts based on the results obtained from interview questions. In the third step, comparisons are conducted between the developed model and past experience to verify the effectiveness of the developed model. The result revels that there is almost no difference between the newly developed mathematical model and the past experience, and realized that the newly developed model is helpful in determining the quantity and heights of the vertical eucalyptus posts within short period of time and greater accuracy. It is advised that stakeholders engaged on projects including dome construction can use this newly developed model to improve their efficiency and accuracy.

Yenny Nurchasanah   Bambang Suhendro   Iman Satyarno   Nasir Shafiq   and Andhika Mahendra   

The hybrid viscoelastic damper (HVD) described in this paper is primarily composed of rubber, steel bars, and steel plates. Due to the hyperelasticity of rubber, the HVD can be utilized after an earthquake, and it is simple to replace steel bar components that have yielded as a result of exposure to earthquake loads. Prototypes of the HVD were put through a number of laboratory tests applying dynamic loading in order to validate and analyze its mechanical behaviors, particularly the impact of displacement amplitude and loading frequency. The experiments showed that the functioning mechanism and configuration of the components were feasible and reasonable. At a frequency of 0.89 Hz (or, 1/(1.5(T₁))) with a loading displacement of 16.6mm (or, 0.33 MCE_R), the force can reach 79.37kN with a damping ratio of 26.19%, and at a loading displacement of 33.5mm (or, 0.67 MCE_R), the force can reach 143.9kN with a damping ratio of 21.57%. At a natural frequency of 1.335 Hz (or, 1/T₁), the force and damping ratio can reach 81.42 kN and 25.23%, respectively. The deformation capacity and force capacity of the HVD prototype can be predicted accurately using the ABAQUS software and reached regulations for producing damper devices.

Kulsum Fatima   

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the need for architects to prioritize sustainability and resilience in building design, especially in the face of an increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters caused by climate change. Sustainable, climate-adapted, and resilient architecture can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote resource efficiency, and improve people's quality of life. This paper explores the design aspects of the top ten COTE projects for 2023 recognized by the American Institute of Architects. These projects emphasize sustainable performance, stormwater and energy reduction strategies, and design-for-change principles. The main objective is to identify how sustainable project design adapts to climate change and supports resilient recovery from disasters. The methodology involves identifying and reviewing design criteria for sustainable performance. It also involves analysing stormwater runoff and energy reduction strategies. It investigates the futuristic vision for design for change, and highlights design innovations accomplished through the selected projects. This paper provides valuable insights into how projects approach adaptive and resilient design through sustainability. Architects can benefit from this holistic approach to designing spaces that adapt to the ever-changing climate and promote sustainable design innovation.

Geeja K George   Subha Vishnudas   and Abdu Rahiman K U   

Attempting to identify potential groundwater zones is a milestone towards the sustainable development of water resources. Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station (AMPRS), Kerala, India faces water resource scarcity during the summer for crop research activities. This study aims to identify the possible zones with potential for groundwater near AMPRS, applying Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing by Influencing Factor (IF) Method, Frequency Ratio (FR) Model, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by considering the most influencing seven parameters and evaluate the efficacy of these three approaches. The weightage of each parameter is derived by the multicriteria decision-making method for IF and AHP. FR model is more realistic as it establishes the probabilistic relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results are analyzed for efficacy and validation, performed by Area Under the Curve (AUC) and Ground Truth Method. The prediction accuracies by AUC are 76.6%, 66.07%, and 58.85% for FR, AHP, and IF respectively. The output map was also validated with the prospective wells in the high and very high potential regions and shows 92% accuracy in the FR method. Hence, the observation confirms that the methodology adopted for delineating GWPZ holds good, reliable results. FR model is proven to be more accurate and reliable and can be preferred for further studies on integrated water management projects. Thus, proper extraction and management will help to manage the study area's current water shortage.

Eva Elviana   and Diyan Lesmana   

Kampong Lawas Maspati Surabaya is one of the localities located in the city's central region. It is referred to as the old village as a result of its ability to maintain its status as an ancient village, the preservation of the ancient buildings of houses that are marked by Dutch East Indies Architecture, as well as local architecture, and the preservation of the community's local traditions and culture. Several communities in the village of Lawas Maspati launched businesses in their homes in an effort to increase family income as time passed, adapted to the dimensions and spatial configuration of the house, as well as capitalizing on the visual aesthetics of the appearance of ancient house structures. The purpose of this research is to examine the concept of business space adaptation carried out in the home space by utilizing the structure of ancient houses so that the building's exterior has resale value. It can be one of the perks of a commercial space. Utilizing qualitative decryption, the researcher observes the business space within an ancient home and conducts interviews with the owner of the ancient building and the entrepreneur. The results of the study indicate that it is important to select the type of enterprise that is compatible with the spaces in the building of ancient dwellings and to utilize the visual aesthetics of the ancient building as a tourist attraction.

Chau Ngoc Quynh Truong   An Vinh Le   and Nuanlak Watsantachad   

This paper aims to investigate the Hue Imperial Architecture (hereafter "HIA") located inside Hue Imperial City (hereafter "HIC") belonging to the Complex of Hue Monuments – which became the first UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site in Vietnam in December 1993. The paper mentions the modifications of the master site plan of HIA during the 143 years of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945), thereby re-determining the original period of HIA. This is an important base to draw out the principles of spatial thinking and architectural layout characteristics on the master site plan of HIA of the Nguyen Dynasty. Along with the above-mentioned study results and based on historical documents, site surveys, dimensional analysis, constructional studies, and architectural inventory, the paper systematizes the architectural typology and shape-diagramming of HIC according to specific criteria such as function, building hierarchy, location of buildings, relationship between plan and section, establishing the database and providing knowledge about HIA, contributing to the study field of architectural history, architect training and heritage conservation of the Complex of Hue Monuments, as well.

Christian Raúl Unocc Ospina   and Vladimir Simon Montoya Torres   

In this research, we propose to see the incidence of sensory architecture in public spaces in the Peruvian high Andean zone of the district of Pucara, an environment where the ancestral dance known as Huaylarsh is practiced, which has a background with agriculture and pastoral love. From a diagnosis, we will detect the considerations of the relations of the sensorial characters in the urban environment, opening a set of questions in relation to the cultural development in the towns that need diffusion and support in the expression of their most representative customs. The information on local public spaces was collected by means of an observation sheet, in which several general characteristics were recorded, such as typology, state of conservation and use of equipment, in addition to focusing on sensory criteria such as accessibility, visual language, fluidity in the environment, harmony of materials and comfortable acoustics. This information is complemented by surveys of residents who use public spaces to understand and contextualize their perception of urban space. It was determined that the level of influence of sensory architecture in various public spaces of the Huaylarsh event is moderately favorable, due to multiple deficiencies in the areas analyzed that prevent the spectator and dancer from fully enjoying the event.

Boi Yee Liao   and Sen Xie   

This study aims to assess the structural damages caused by the potential Changhua earthquake (M_L 7.0). The hybrid broadband waveform is employed to simulate the strong motions in Changhua County at first, and the modal analysis method is then used to estimate two significant parameters, the roof story drift ratio (RDR) and maximum inter-story drift ratio (MIDR), to correlate the damages of the buildings with 4-story frames. To validate the corrects of the relationship between the parameters and injuries of the structures, we use the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake (M_L 7.3), which is the largest earthquake that occurred in central Taiwan, and the 2016 Meinong earthquake (M_L 6.6) as two real examples in the theoretical tests. According to the results of the tests, 90 percent of the damaged buildings with 1~4 floors are located in places with RDR values greater than 0.035 and MIDR values greater than 0.04, respectively. The results represent the thresholds of RDR and MIDR, which are 0.035 and 0.04, consistent with the tables in Hazus (2001). Based on the theoretical tests, the assessment of the buildings damaged by a potential Changhua earthquake (M_L 7.0), which occurred on Feb. 12, 1848, due to the Changhua fault's movement, is evaluated. The hybrid simulation method and modal analysis are employed to calculate the distributions of RDR and MIDR caused by the potential Changhua earthquake in Changhua County. Results of the research indicate that most of the buildings with 1~4 floors in Changhua County may be destroyed seriously, especially for the buildings in the populated areas such as Changhua and Yuanlin cities and Xianxi, Lukang townships which can cause considerable damage over large areas. Establishing rescue and relief joint coordination mechanisms is the most crucial work to reduce the destructiveness of the potential earthquake disaster.

Ahmed Ahmed Fikery   Reham El-dessuky Hamed   and Nourhan Ahmed Ali   

Nowadays, daylighting plays an important role in improving visual comfort in office spaces and could decrease energy consumption. Using a window wall ratio of 90% in Egypt may cause excessive heat gains and thereby increase cooling loads. This paper investigates using different types of kinetic shade and integrating a single light shelf inside an office room for the east and west façades. This system will be evaluated on special daylight autonomy (Sda 300/50%), annual sunlight exposure (Ase 250/1000 of space area), daylight availability, and total energy consumption. This study uses parametric analysis Diva for Rhino as a simulation tool in a hypothetical office room in Cairo. The result shows that the performance after using different kinds of reflective materials for each shade and light shelf daylight has improved much more in different kinds of shade than sheet metal materials for each east and west façade. The study outcome proved that kinetic shade can be an effective daylighting system to improve lighting environments without any negative effect on energy consumption, especially when using that kind of combined kinetic shade and internal light shelf. The results show that the performance of daylighting, increasing daylight availability, Sda and Ase using suitable materials, and room height have a remarkable effect on both east and west façade daylighting. Therefore, on this basis, this search recommends developing a parametric design for kinetic shade and light shelf and suggesting criteria for optimum visual comfort.

Mohamed Salah Ezz   and Abd Al-Kader A. Al Sayed   

The main goal of the research paper is to elucidate and examine the specific technical principles and guidelines governing the design of parametric ceilings, with a particular focus on their acoustic and fire performance. Additionally, the paper seeks to address a crucial question: What are the fundamental factors that influence architects in the creation of suspended ceilings with parametric features? Moreover, the research aims to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the performance characteristics exhibited by suspended ceilings, while also developing a sophisticated and detailed analytical framework that takes into account various factors, including loads and design considerations specific to parametric suspended ceilings and in accordance with ASTM standards. The findings of this research are presented in four distinct thematic sections. The initial section explores the factors influencing architects' preference for parametric ceiling design. Subsequently, the paper delves into an examination of various types of parametric ceilings. The third section scrutinizes the existing standards outlined by international bodies for the design of modular ceilings. Lastly, the research assesses the feasibility of applying the technical attributes associated with modular ceilings to the design of parametric ceilings. The results indicate that the concept of parametric design presents an alternative and innovative approach to architectural design. It empowers designers to automate modifications to ceilings, thereby reducing the time and effort conventionally required for manual implementation. Through the utilization of parametric design, designers can eradicate human error and minimize repetitive manual tasks. The modeling and pre-planning phase offer architects and designers the opportunity to experiment with the digital representation of the structure, enabling them to simulate the construction process.

Karima Mohammed Al Shomely   Nadia Ahmed   Iman Ibrahim   and Roaa Harb   

Islamic geometric patterns (IGPs) represent one of the most substantial design elements in the Islamic heritage. The last few decades have witnessed a great appeal in social sustainability, so, several endeavors have been made to preserve Islamic heritage through contemporary art and building design. This paper attempts to answer the debate on how the IGPs are defined in contemporary applications, and how far they evolved thanks to advanced technology. Therefore, the paper's purpose is to build an assessment tool to create contemporary IGPs applications in art and design adhering to sustainable strategies. Where the assessment tool should be utilized as a guideline to protect the IGP's originality. The paper follows a qualitative methodology and case study to analyze worldwide-recognized cases of art and design applications implementing IGPs in the last decade. The methodology was built on four phases with a focus on the criteria of selection that were determined based on recent Art and Design works from national and international artists and designers. The key results of the analysis study demonstrated the transforming power of Islamic geometric patterns (IGPs) in the domains of contemporary art and architecture, showcasing their capacity to infuse cultural significance into contemporary designs. The paper's significance is embodied in providing architects and artists with a clear assessment tool to consider in applying IGPs in contemporary applications with respect to the characteristics and types of IGPs. The research has objectives, including exploring interpretations of contemporary Islamic applications and identifying emerging directions and trends, in preserving Islamic heritage through modern design and art. The validation of the assessment tool enhances its value for designers and artists who want to apply IGPs.

Mustafa Aziz Amen   Ahmad Afara   and Salar Salah Muhy-Al-Din   

The assessment of accuracy of thermal comfort is critical for designing thermally comfortable and energy-efficient buildings. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index is widely recognized by national and international specifications to predict thermal comfort. The main purpose of this work is to evaluate PMV inside row houses in semi-arid climates using lower-cost equipment rather than high-cost and difficult-to-access instruments while maintaining acceptable accuracy. This is accomplished by using a smaller black globe thermometer than standard ones. The effects of airspeed as a critical factor on PMV were considered. Therefore, case study methodology has been applied in this study, and two sets of six-row residences with a similar typology oriented to the south and north were chosen and explored in summer. CBE Thermal Comfort Tool as a computer program has been applied to obtain the easiest accessible measurement for investigating thermal comfort inside buildings. The outcome demonstrated that the difference in the size between the black globe thermometer and standard ones becomes considerable when the air velocity inside the building increases above 0.12 m/s. Therefore, the limitations were introduced in the current study for applying the small globe thermometer in the prediction of thermal comfort inside buildings in the study area and some recommendations have been suggested for future studies. The outcomes shared significant facts to increase our understanding regarding the use of low-cost methods in evaluating thermal comfort.

Suzan Girginkaya Akdağ   and Birgül Begen   

In the face of disaster risks, this paper aims to emphasize the importance of incorporating resilient design principles into disaster preparedness. Additionally, it questions the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of rating tools employed in assessing building resilience. The case study involves an analysis of the resilient design guidelines that have been established for a recently constructed archive building of a Turkish bank. As a smart building incorporating sustainable and low-consumption solutions, the nature and confidentiality of documents in the archive require preparedness for disasters, both natural and man-made. The building's resiliency is evaluated utilizing two distinct assessment tools. Based on the results, the design decisions are made align with all aspects of CBRI as outlined by Burroughs in 2017. However, the building scores as non-resilient according to the BRI developed by the World Bank Group in 2023. This inconsistency underscores the need for consistency across different rating tools, comprehensiveness to incorporate both sustainability and resilience principles, and long-term projection to anticipate increasingly prevalent disasters. Moreover, the enhanced accessibility, transparency, and accountability facilitated by online rating tools became obvious. These tools serve to promote communication among diverse stakeholders and motivate them to embrace resilient and sustainable policies and practices within the realm of disaster management.

Ichsan Rauf   Abdul Gaus   Mufti Amir Sultan   and Heryanto Heryanto   

The expanding global appetite for nickel has precipitated a surge in nickel production within the Indonesian archipelago. In the realm of nickel processing, not only does it engender the production of nickel ore, but it also yields by-products in the form of fly ash, bottom ash, sludge, and slag. The substantial quantity of this particular by-product presents considerable prospects for the advancement of materials engineering within the realm of the construction industry. The primary objective of this research endeavor is to carefully examine and delineate the residual substances derived from the nickel sector, employing rigorous structural mineral assessments. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative measurements, utilizing the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescent (XRF) tests. In this study, the classification of pozzolanic materials is based on ASTM standard C618-91. Based on the findings derived from the analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, it is evident that the various by-products of nickel possess inherent pozzolanic properties. These pozzolans hold the potential to serve as viable alternatives to conventional binding agents in the realm of construction materials. The findings derived from the measurement and subsequent analysis of the crystal phase of the material indicate that sample N1, which comprises nickel slag, exhibits the presence of type C pozzolan. Similarly, samples N2 and N3, composed of fly ash and bottom ash respectively, can be categorized as type F pozzolan. On the other hand, sample N4, consisting of mud, falls under the classification of type N pozzolan. Based on the present categorization, it is conceivable to modify the utilization of nickel waste in order to facilitate its integration within the realm of construction material innovation.

Deepa Das   Avijit Paul   and Dibyendu Pal   

Cracking is considered one of the main reasons for the degradation of Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) slab. The joints are provided along the PQC slab to restrict the formation of cracking in the PQC slab. In this study, a PQC slab with longitudinal, and transverse joints was modeled using a three-dimensional finite element-based software EverFE2.26. A multi-slab PQC (tandem axle dual wheel conditions) was modeled to take into account the practical conditions of the real pavement. An attempt has been made to consider the effect of varying surface temperatures on maximum tensile stress along with the other factors affecting the performance of the concrete pavement. The dowel group action was studied along with the dowel shear and vertical deflection with and without concrete shoulder. The critical stress was analyzed for a three-slab system with a tied concrete shoulder. It was observed that varying surface temperature does not affect the maximum tensile stress for a multi-slab system. A regression model was developed to estimate the maximum tensile stress for varying temperature differentials, slabs, axles, and dowel parameters. The R² value of the regression model was obtained as 0.863. The validation of the regression model showed that the differences between predicted and actual stresses obtained from EverFE2.26 were less than 10%. This model may be used directly to estimate the maximum tensile stress in the concrete pavement with varying parameters. However, further refinement of the model may be carried out for multi-slab systems with or without reinforcement and tie bars.

Precious M. Hernandez   and Gilford B. Estores   

In the past decade, there has been an increase in attention towards studying the thermal performance of buildings due to environmental changes that can cause discomfort for occupants. Researchers have been exploring ways to reduce heat exchange between a building's internal and external sides, with precast sandwich wall panels being one of the most effective techniques for improving thermal performance. However, adding insulation inside the precast element can sometimes compromise the structural integrity of the panel. To address this issue, some designers choose to connect the panel's internal and external wythes to form a solid region. Unfortunately, these designers may not be aware that solid regions can result in thermal bridging, as they may not have the experience with the thermal performance of sandwich wall panels. This paper studied five cases of panels, one of which was the control case without any bridging and the others with various concrete bridging arrangements. The objective of this study is to validate the model's performance in simulating the physical behavior of the panels for different parameter values such as insulation material, insulation thickness, the thickness of the wythes, and geometric ratio of the wall. The parametric study was conducted using finite element analysis to assess the magnitude of the effect of concrete bridging on sandwich wall panels. The results indicate that concrete bridging has a considerable impact on the thermal resistance of the sandwich wall panels. The presence of concrete bridging significantly decreases the thermal resistance (R-value) of the panels.

Idrus M. Alatas   and Pintor Tua Simatupang   

The slope instability on clay shale soil is generally triggered by the formation of an interface between the weathered and fresh clay shale layers. This type of soil causes many slope failures in Indonesia. The weathered clay shale can be considered as an overburden layer (OBL) to the interface plane. The slope instability is supposed to be governed by the interface shear strength between weathered and fresh clay shales. The progressive interface shear strength is meant as a decrease in shear strength due to increased water content in the OBL. The behavior of weathered clay shale to change moisture content will be investigated by defining weathered clay shale as compacted weathered clay shale (CWCS). Through laboratory studies, the progressive interface shear strength between weathered clay shale and fresh clay shales was obtained using the Multistage Reversal Progressive Shear Test (MRPST) method. The density of OBL varied between 100% and 85% of the maximum density from standard Proctor tests in the laboratory. At each OBL density, the interface shear strength was determined with variations in water content until the OBL reached the degree of saturation Sr = 100%. In the CWCS at the optimum moisture content with a density of 100% of maximum dry density , the ratio of maximum interface shear strength is 1.89. The interface shear strength ratio will decrease until it reaches 0.56 or the remaining 29% due to the increase in moisture content until the CWCS becomes saturated (Sr=100%). If the CWCS density decreases to 85% of , then the interface shear strength ratio will decrease until the remaining 10% due to an increase in water content reaches fully saturated.

Saya Sakenova   Usama Konbr   Tatyana Kisselyova   Zaure Aimagambetova   Gulnar Mugzhanova   and Dina Amandykova   

This article examines microclimate formation in low-rise urban dwellings and courtyard spaces, focusing on bioclimatic building design in southern Kazakhstan. The article considers various factors, including climate, natural conditions, social and economic considerations, and energy and environmental factors. The use of local resources and "folk architecture" principles are also explored, drawing on experiences from other world regions. The article recognizes the impact of climatic characteristics on building design. It proposes an architectural and planning structure for bioclimatic residential buildings based on factors such as building height, degree of openness, and green space placement. Bioclimatic buildings are designed based on the climatic features of the region and are classified into "northern," "southern," and "moderate types." In southern Kazakhstan, which has a sharply continental climate, "moderate types" of bioclimatic buildings are used. These buildings have a mixed bio-environment to protect against high and low summer temperatures in winter. Both overheating and cooling of the building are given equal attention. Carefully planning yard areas and facade orientation can achieve optimal microclimates in mixed-structure dwellings. This can be achieved through kinetic openings, rotating modules, energy-efficient materials, and renewable energy sources such as solar systems, heat pumps, and wind turbines. The building envelope can respond to external climatic changes, regulate the indoor microclimate, and offer opportunities for the transportability of ceilings, facades, and buildings. It is recommended to install different building operation modes depending on changing settings, such as open, half-open, and closed.

Nada Naeem   Ahmed Abdin   and Ahmed Saleh   

This paper presents a study focused on reducing cooling loads and enhancing shading efficiency in office spaces using kinetic façades with shape-memory materials. The research addresses the limitations of mechanical methods commonly employed in kinetic façades by exploring the application of Nitinol, a shape-memory alloy that serves as both an actuator and sensor without requiring external power or complex mechanical components. The study consists of four stages: preparation, material test, design, and model test. In the preparation stage, suitable materials are carefully selected based on factors such as durability, strength, maintenance, corrosion resistance, and flexibility. Nitinol is chosen for its silent operation and reduced susceptibility to malfunctions, while polycarbonate is selected as the sunscreen material due to its lightweight nature and transparency. The specific characteristics of the office space, including orientation and building specifications, are taken into consideration. The material testing stage involves evaluating the effectiveness of Nitinol in moving loads under different temperatures and loads. The weights of the polycarbonate sunscreen are determined to assess their compatibility with the movement capabilities of the smart material. In the design stage, a 1:1 scale kinetic sunscreen unit is implemented, revolving around a horizontal axis at variable angles through thermal stimulation of Nitinol using a parabolic trough solar collector. In the model test stage, the behavior of the kinetic façade is monitored, and opening angles are measured under various climatic conditions. Simulation programs are utilized in the monitoring stage to predict the thermal performance of the kinetic façade. Cooling load measurements are conducted, and the results are compared to those of traditional unshaded glass façades, determining the percentage reduction achieved during summer months. The principal findings demonstrate that implementing kinetic façades with Nitinol can significantly reduce cooling loads in office buildings, with up to a 55% decrease in cooling consumption. While the study acknowledges its limitations regarding scale and specific environmental conditions, it contributes valuable insights to the field. Moreover, the research promotes energy conservation, and improved thermal comfort in office spaces, with potential social implications for creating greener built environments.

Sana Simou   Khadija Baba   and Abderrahman Nounah   

Recent efforts to protect and enhance cultural heritage have been driven by the COVID-19 public health emergency. Notably, these initiatives include the establishment of the Culture Fund and a fund dedicated to restoring and conserving historically and artistically significant buildings. Moroccan cities boast a vast collection of historic centers, each with its own unique construction styles, materials, execution techniques rooted in local traditions, and diverse composite and aggregate systems. Addressing this diversity requires not only examining the distinct characteristics of each site but also developing a comprehensive methodology that enables the proper recognition, evaluation, and preservation of cultural value, along with the identification of coherent conservation and intervention methods. This paper outlines a scientific initiative aimed at formulating a conservation methodology specifically for the artifacts found at the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat, Morocco. The methodology involves analyzing the site's historic buildings and exploring the potential of traditional materials and construction techniques employed. The historical knowledge is systematically organized through traditional and technological surveys, as well as cognitive investigations. Thus, in this research, we present a comprehensive methodology that combines data from various disciplines with the creation of thematic maps using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. We have applied this methodology to the historic building of the Marinid Madrasa at the Chellah archaeological site and obtained representative results. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and utility of our proposed methodology in the context of preserving and studying cultural heritage. Additionally, this approach facilitates the planning and implementation of compatible conservation interventions.

Saloma   Siti Aisyah Nurjannah   Arie Putra Usman   Kiagus Muhammad Aminuddin   Maulid M. Iqbal   and Rifkah   

Deep beams provide a high load support capacity based on the building function. Although deep beams perform better than ordinary beams, shears due to overstress cause failure before moment capacity achievement. The behavior of geopolymer concrete as a material with a compressive strength equal to or higher than conventional concrete shows its potential as a material for structural members. Studies about structural members using geopolymer concrete as materials are still needed to explain the deep beam performance adequately. The purpose of this study was to analyze the shear capacity of geopolymer concrete deep beams, which has a ratio variation of transverse reinforcement ratio to monotonic loads. The analysis was performed using software based on the finite element method. The objectives of the analysis were to determine the performance of deep beams from load-deflection curves, ductility ratio, stress contours, deflection contours, stiffness, dissipation energy, and shear. The geopolymer concrete deep beam with a transverse reinforcement ratio of 0.25% could withstand the highest loads. The beam also experienced the lowest deflection compared to other beams with less shear reinforcement ratios under the same load. It also achieved better dissipation energy, ductility ratio, and shear capacity than the normal concrete counterparts.

Anne A. Soliman   Yasser M. Moustafa   and Amgad Aly Fahmy   

The objective of this study is to investigate, in the Egyptian context, the relationships between the design characteristics of university campus outdoor spaces and students' perception of their stress-reducing qualities. The study relied on the rating of 25 photographs of university campus outdoor spaces by engineering students and professors of architecture from a different university. Professors (N=8) rated the photographs for the six more objective physical design characteristics: (1) Amount of vegetation, (2) Complexity, (3) Order, (4) Focality, (5) Variety of ground surface textures, and (6) Use of natural materials. A first sample of students (N=84) rated the photographs for six more subjective, emotional design characteristics: 1) Sense of spaciousness, (2) Sense of security, (3) Sense of mystery, (4) Sense of being away, (5) Attractiveness, and (6) Compatibility. Finally, a second sample of students (N=49) rated the spaces represented in the photographs in terms of stress-reducing quality. The results showed significant correlations between perceived stress-reducing quality and all the design characteristics investigated except Order and Focality. The study's results suggest different models for the relationship between the design characteristics of university campus outdoor spaces and the stress-reducing quality of these spaces as perceived by students. Future research will need to test these models.

Samy Abdelfattah Mahmoud El-Eila   Mohamed Eweida   and Sherif El-Fiki   

The applications of Building Information Modelling BIM can benefit different phases of a project's life cycle. It contributes to design, construction, operation and maintenance of a building. Despite the expanding use of BIM worldwide, the problem is that its application in Egyptian Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) firms is still at a relatively early stage. The present study first analyses the relevant literature to identify the major challenges facing BIM applications worldwide. It then examines empirically the extent, to which these challenges influence the Egyptian context, to prioritise their significance for future improvement in the field. Towards this objective, the study undertakes quantitative analyses to a purpose-designed questionnaire survey, which was answered by 123 participants in the construction industry in Egypt, to provide diverse perspectives on what may challenge the expansion of using BIM applications in the local market. Descriptive analyses (frequencies, mean values and standard deviations) were applied to the answers. The findings showed that 'institutional challenges' came on the top of the list, while 'economic challenges' showed to be the least influential to participants. It is hoped that these findings may help all stakeholders in the Egyptian construction industry to take more enlightened decisions towards wider utilisation of BIM applications in the local context.

Astrid Austranti Yuwono   Purnama Salura   and Karyadi Kusliansjah   

Children's point of view about places is different from adults', thus there is a need to examine their preferences of place according to their activities as the foundation to reveal the architectural spatial image of their school. Unfortunately, the research on architecture spatial image as the relation between preferred places and activities children have in their mind is scarcely being done, especially in the school environment. This research aims to reveal the spatial architecture image of the students about their school environment as the place for their learning activities. Therefore, the benefit of the research is the findings that have the potential to be developed into open design criteria of each learning activities category, as a concern to all stakeholders related to primary level education, namely school administrators, school building designers, and school building standard decision makers. This research discusses using visual language to read drawings of 9-11-year-old students from two primary schools to identify significant spatial qualities. The architectural properties and compositions of the significant elements will be read to reveal their spatial quality as the base for the interpretation of participants' architectural spatial image of the school concerning the activities. Participants respond to some instructions about preferred places by visualizing them freely through drawings, followed by semi-structured interviews as a confirmation and clarification process. The school's teachers are also being asked for the same instructions based on their observations of students' daily activities. The research analysis revealed that participants' preferred places based on learning activities have significant spatial qualities named insideness and centricity. Each of the learning activities types has different architectural spatial images, such as a place that has a definite space with specific arrangement, orientation, and closure; a place that has enough space to gather, and that has details as the identity of the place; a place that has the vocal point according to the activities; and a place that has a spacious area that allows one to move freely. The implications of these findings are open for the development of the standardization of primary school buildings.

Noor Al Huda Mohammad Abu Ghunmi   

The children are no longer regarded as passive users of their educational places; rather, they are viewed as active contributors to spatial design of these spaces. Kindergartens have profound contribution to children's psychological and cognitive development as children perceive the environmental elements and aspects through their sensory activities. One of the major contemporary challenges to kindergartens is the gap between children's needs and kindergarten design. This study aimed ‎at developing new paradigm of ‎kindergarten architectural ‎‎design that ‎considers child's psychology to improve ‎design of child-oriented ‎‎spaces, and‏ consequently, ‎children's sense‎, ‎awareness‎, ‎and experience of space‎‎. The study ‎‎followed mixed-method ‎approach‎‎, which consisted of ‏‎(‎i‎) ‎qualitative part that was ‎based on survey of ‎kindergartens in two ‎‎Jordanian cities and observation of ‎architectural design elements and ‏‎children's behaviors in four of them and (ii) ‎‎quantitative part ‎that involved the use of ‏‎questionnaire for collection of data from kindergarten residents. The‎‎‎ results revealed that ‎‎atmospheres of the four study kindergartens do not reflect innovative ‎construction craft. With respect to environmental scale, it was found that ‎architectural ‎designs ‎‎of those kindergartens ‎do not meet children's ergonomic ‎requirements‎, ‎‎especially the public ‎spaces. ‎‎As to ‎esthetic character, this study found that the cartoon images in the kindergartens ‎‎have poor symbolism. This ‎results in low level of empathic expression that ‎‎causes ‎esthetic ‎‎inconvenience‏. Regarding ‎recognizability, it was found that architectural ‎‎designs of the ‎kindergartens ‎are inclusive; respondents' ‎‎feedback supports that their designs ‎almost addressed ‎all ‎‎parts‏, ‎components, and elements ‎of kindergarten buildings, ‎teaching rooms‎, ‎corridors‎, ‎entrance ‎spaces, and ‎‎playgrounds. However, levels of ‎integration of architectural ‎designs with the ‎‎surroundings are not ‎‎optimal or ‎satisfactory. The study results lead the researcher to the conclusion that there is limited interaction of the children in the study kindergartens with their environment due to shortcomings in the architectural ‎design and the associated space experience. ‎In consequence, the researcher proposes a new paradigm of ‎kindergarten architectural ‎‎design that stresses the spatial values of the architecture. It ‎takes ‎child's psychology into account and provides (i) insights for design of child-friendly kindergarten and (ii) highlights for an efficient design of the classroom and playground areas.

S. J. S. Hakim   A. M. Mhaya   M. H. W. Ibrahim   M. Mohammadhasani   S. N. Mokhatar   M. Paknahad   and A. F. Kamarudin   

Shear failures exhibit a brittle nature, often resulting in catastrophic collapse without sufficient advance warning or the capacity to redistribute internal stresses. Consequently, shear failures pose a greater risk and require more attention from structural engineers. It is crucial to incorporate preventive measures in structural design to avoid abrupt shear failures. The work presented in this article attempts to predict the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams as a complex structural engineering problem without the need for extra computational resources by employing the capabilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. In recent decades, significant amounts of research have been done on the AI methods such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms to predict the shear strength of RC beams. In this research, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and ANNs are developed to predict the shear capacity of RC beams. The required data in the form of major factors affecting the shear capacity of RC beams lacking stirrups are compressive strength of concrete, beam depth, effective width, shear span-to-depth ratio, proportion of longitudinal steel and the yield strength of the reinforced longitudinal steel have been considered in this study. Also, in the context of this investigation, a comparison was conducted between the techniques of ANNs and ANFIS. The outcomes demonstrated that both methods exhibited favourable predictive capabilities. Nevertheless, the ANFIS architecture proposed, which incorporates a hybrid learning algorithm, outperformed the multilayer feedforward ANN that utilizes the backpropagation algorithm. The findings indicated that ANFIS is a suitable technique for predicting intricate relationships between input and output parameters, thus making it a valuable tool in predicting the shear strength of RC beams.

Yerassyl Aidar   Konstantin Samoilov   Bolat Kuspangaliyev   Darkhan Assylbekov   and Oksana Priemets   

The problem of long-term construction exists in many countries. There are numerous examples of multi-stage construction over several centuries. Very often, ongoing construction does not go according to the original project. But there are also examples of preserving the original idea. Such examples are most typical when restoring destroyed buildings. However, in some cases, the construction of a building has not been completed. One of these is the mausoleum-khanaka of Akhmed Yassawi in Turkestan city. The active phase of the construction of this building ended at the beginning of the 15^th century. Partial completion was made at the end of the 16^th century. Since then, the building has been in an unfinished state. This stimulates its gradual destruction, despite the complex of repair and restoration works. This problem requires an urgent solution, as the building is in a state of disrepair. In this context, the proposed project of completing the construction of the mausoleum-khanaka in accordance with the original design plan is of interest. The use of lightweight structures based on a steel frame, which is based on independent reinforced concrete foundations, reduces the load on the existing part of the building. This building has great historical and cultural significance. The completion of this building will eliminate the existing danger of its destruction and will have a significant social and economic effect.

Kevin Tanady   and Bambang Suryoatmono   

The use of castellated beam as structural members in buildings is increasing nowadays due to its higher moment of inertia compared to its original wide-flange beam. However, the presence of holes in castellated beams causes high stress concentration around the holes and may cause failure, especially in the beam-to-column joint under cyclic load. This study aims to determine the behavior of castellated beams when loaded with cyclic loads and compare it with the behavior of the original wide-flange beam. Nonlinear finite element method is utilized to perform the analysis. Both geometric and material nonlinearity are considered in the analysis. The structural system analyzed in this study is an isolated column-and-beam system from the moment resisting structural system. The cyclic loading pattern applied follows the guidelines given by ATC-24 1992, with controlled displacement as disturbance to the structure. This research shows that castellated beams failed locally in the vicinity of the hole. Local failure in the castellated beam causes the castellated beam to fail before reaching its full (plastic) moment capacity under cyclic load. On the other hand, the failure of the origin wide-flange beam under the same cyclic load is bending failure. These two failure modes are shown in the von Mises stress distribution of both castellated and wide-flange beams. These results support previous experimental studies that under cyclic load the stress concentration at the nearest hole to the column causes the castellated beam to fail much below its moment capacity. Therefore, based on this study, castellated beam is less recommended compared to the original wide-flange beam to be used to withstand dynamic load such as earthquake load due to its lower ductility and local failure behavior.

Shubham Singh   Tejwant Singh Brar   Ritu Agrawal   Rajeev Garg   and Mohammad Arif Kamal   

Crack formation in concrete is a problem that can hardly be totally prevented because of shrinkage responses of setting concrete and tensile stresses that arise in built-up structures. The integrity of a building may be compromised by larger cracks, necessitating repair work, while tiny cracks, frequently with a crack diameter of less than 0.2 mm, are typically seen as unproblematic. Even tiny, sub-millimeter-sized cracks may cause durability issues because connected cracks specifically increase matrix permeability, which erodes structural integrity similarly to bigger fissures. This is due to the fact that routine manual maintenance and repair of concrete structures are costly and occasionally even impracticable, making an autonomous self-healing repair mechanism particularly beneficial. This may result in less maintenance and longer material lifespan. The paper presents a comprehensive examination of the natural, chemical, and biological processes involved in self-healing concrete technology. The literature review has been explored through internet and secondary data from relevant published academic literature from journals articles and research papers. This paper enables an understanding of the fundamental mechanism and operation of self-healing concrete in repairing the cracks in the buildings. The paper also examines the advantages and disadvantages of self-healing concrete, which formulates the comparison criteria using this concrete technology in the building industry. Finally, a comparative cost analysis of conventional concrete and self healing concrete has been done.

Antonius Setiawan   Samira A. Kamaruddin   Ramli Nazir   Idrus M. Alatas   and Yuamar I. Basarah   

Embankment construction in a very soft clay layer for transportation projects is common in many areas in Indonesia. One of them is the construction of a new double-track connecting Purwekerto and Kroya in Central Java. However, the challenge of this project was the existing track that must continue to operate while the new embankment was constructed. The project requirement was to limit the impact of the new tracks during construction on the stability and settlement of the existing railway embankment. Therefore, deep soil mixing (DSM) ground improvement technique with grid spacing was selected to increase the bearing capacity of the existing soil and reduce the settlement of the embankment. Numerical simulations using a 2D finite element program were performed to evaluate the performance of the deep soil mixing method in terms of factor of safety and settlements. The results showed that the stability of the embankment during static and seismic conditions satisfies the requirements. The settlements caused by the construction of the new embankment were remained within the allowable settlement during the construction and operational conditions. The deep soil mixing has successfully improved the stability of the embankment and limited the deformation of the existing railway track constructed on soft ground conditions; hence the train continued to operate during the construction.

A. Thiruppathi   G. Selvi   K. Ruthisabels   and C. K. Kirubhashankar   

This Study Describes Technique for Selecting Good Quality Cement-Bricks. Brick is an essential material in the construction industry. Cement-Bricks are created locally, therefore it is essential to determine which ones are of the highest quality cement-bricks. Cement bricks have almost the same rigidity as Red Bricks. They are also made locally so it needs to identify which ones are the best quality ones. Poor quality bricks can be broken easily or even cause cracks during construction. Under stresses, they are often stronger than ordinary bricks. However, this is highly dependent on the quality of their manufacturing and individual elements. To aggregate individual decision maker's opinions into a collective opinion, the intuitionistic fuzzy averaging operator is utilized. Six criteria are used for the screening process, and they are based on expert opinions. The categories are as follows: hardness, pigment, shape, brick strength, cost and carrying cost. The majority of significant choices in industries are made by a group of specialists. Preferences and other human judgments are frequently ambiguous and cannot be quantified in precise numerical values. This research provides a fuzzy technique inside a linguistic framework to find the best answer for Multi Criteria Decision Making issues. An apex angle technique based on fuzzy trapezoidal numbers is presented to accomplish this.

Fahed A. Khasawneh   and Ebtesam M. Khassawneh   

The Royal Academy for Nature Conservation in Ajloun, designed by Khammash architects, is considered an impressive manifestation of the Neo-vernacular trend in Jordan. Therefore, an investigative Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) study was conducted to gain insight into its pros and cons. Furthermore, this research aims to rate the quality of this building design as a whole, its spaces, and its materials based on employees' experience. A multimethod approach was used, mixing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. Also, multiple linear regression was used to find if there is a significant relationship between demographics and the quality of building design. The results showed that the quality of the building design as a whole was excellent. Also, the overall quality of the building spaces was rated as good. However, odor and wayfinding signage systems were major problems. Employees ranked the environmental qualities (temperature) as the most important design aspect. Many employees suggested adding a children's daycare center and playing area and using water features indoors and outdoors. POE is an essential tool that must be integrated into the building practices in Jordan. This study provides important feedback to enhance the performance of educational and ecotourism centers.

Llazar Kumaraku   and Jonila Prifti   

This research investigates the relationship between settlement and infrastructure, focusing on the case study of Albanian settlements. The main problem met is the disconnection of the formal relationship between infrastructure and urban form. In the 20^th century and the beginning of the 21^st, the relationship between the urban form and the infrastructure has been detached for an extended period, thus creating settlements lacking architectural identity. The article aims to emphasize how urban and rural areas are built and how the new ones are being designed in Albania. The main goal is to highlight the dynamic relationship existing between the settlement form and the infrastructure and propose a series of formal instructions on how to deal with the lack of architectural identity in settlements. As a result of the analysis process, the settlements are divided into two main archetypes: linear and nucleated. Based on preliminary investigations, we suppose that, in the case of nucleated settlements, the method of building cities in Albania was influenced by cultural conditions, according to the tradition consolidated over time, while where there was an uncontrolled development dominated by informality, the settlement took the form of a linear settlement. This research is based on a graphic analysis of urban layouts focusing on the relationship between types of settlements, transport, and distribution infrastructure systems. It investigates the correlations between interurban roads and residential centers during the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. It begins with analyzing the two main archetypes of settlements - the linear and the nucleated - and verifies their condition in Albania. The results show a transformation in the relationship between infrastructure and urban form over time. This transformation has influenced the loss of the formal identity of settlements with a linear character and the strengthening of the nucleated ones. This research contributes to the complex relationship between infrastructure and urban form by defining the dynamics of its development over time and the new types that have been formed in the last thirty years in Albania.

Ziyoda Mukhamedova   

The management of intermodal transportation is a complex and responsible process. Rail transport is traditionally used in the implementation of international and intercontinental piggyback transportation. The task of rail transport is to provide transportation over the so-called "land bridges" - land sections, on which the route begins and ends, or through which it transits. Despite a significant level of computerization and informatization, the level of delays in the delivery of goods in the field of piggyback intermodal transportation is not decreasing. The unsatisfactory speed of piggyback trains is a significant factor in these delays. This problem is of common nature, and not faced by intermodal operators operating only in the Siberian and Eurasian continental land bridges, which pass through the territory of Russia and Kazakhstan, respectively, and deliver goods from Japan. It also applies to the American and Canadian land bridges, through which Japanese goods reach consumers in the United States and Canada, and through the ports of Germany and the Netherlands - to consumers in Western Europe. This situation has developed due to the lack of effective approaches to building management systems that would demonstrate a high level of efficiency in the face of uncertainty, which is a natural component of the transportation process. The article is devoted to the correlation analysis of factors affecting the cargo turnover of piggyback transportation in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main factors affecting the cargo turnover of piggyback transportation were identified; the degree of the effect was established by statistical methods. Based on data obtained for the last ten years, a correlation matrix and a regression model of cargo turnover were built. The results obtained make it possible to build forecasts for the cargo turnover of piggyback transportation from two to four years with a 95% confidence interval.

Asma Massara   Bulgis   and Aldi Reza Setiawan   

Asphalt Concrete–Wearing Course (AC-WC) is a pavement layer located at the top. Asphalt has characteristics that affect the performance of asphalt mixtures. Therefore, it is necessary to have the best quality asphalt so that later it can produce asphalt mixtures with good performance and be able to provide a strong enough bonding power. This study aimed to see the effect of variations in the added ingredients of Kudo gum on the Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course mixture. This research was conducted in 3 (three) stages. The first stage was testing the properties of the material in the aggregate and asphalt. The second stage of the Marshall Test was to determine the optimum asphalt content at variations of 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%. The third stage was analyzing the discussion and conclusions from the results of the tests carried out. The results show the value of variation with the addition of Kudo gum with Marshall testing obtained the optimum value of kudo 0.3% with a stability value of 1093.055 kg, Flow 2.67 mm, Marshall Quotient 410.522 %, VMA 15.442 %, VIM 3.708%, VFA 76.185% and Density 2.282 kg/mm³.

Edson Huaman Quispe   Cristhian Gustavo Rojas Salvador   Jhoser Juan Meza Aranda   and Niel Iván Velasquez Montoya   

The project improves the bearing capacity with brick waste, cement grout and limewater in soft soils for foundation purposes in a 10,110.00 m² area located in Jr. Humboldt in the district of Chilca due to the large presence of fine soils in that locality. The population builds informally on these poor soils without knowing the dangers that this can cause on their homes. In order to reach the objective of the investigation, the physical and mechanical properties of the soil of the district of Chilca were determined by means of tests of granulometry, specific weight, consistency limits and direct shear, then the admissible bearing capacity was found through Terzaghi's method. It was found that the soil had more than 50% of fines, being a clayey and silty soil with an average low bearing capacity of 0.75 kg/cm². When the soil was treated with 15% of brick waste, the bearing capacity improved with a value of 0.82 kg/cm², with 15% of limewater a value of 0.85 kg/cm² was obtained and finally with 15% of cement grout a value of 0.90 kg/cm² was obtained, gaining up to 23.29% compared to the standard sample. Finally, 15% of cement grout was the recommended treatment to be used because that percentage was the best option to obtain the highest bearing capacity compared to brick waste and limewater, but to achieve better results, it is recommended to use cement grout from 15% onwards.

Rami Mahmoud Bakr   

The properties of topsoil may be significantly improved to make it a suitable subgrade for paving or construction. Due to its compressibility, soft clay soil is a well-known example of a problematic soil. Deep soil mixing (DSM) is one example of practical and effective practice for soil improvement that increases the soil strength and decreases the soil compressibility. The properties of the improved soil column may, therefore, be affected by the original soil's characteristics, the mixing procedure, and the binder. In addition, in the presence of salty water, the effectiveness of these mixes, which are often utilized effectively in the soil improvement process under normal conditions, may be reduced. The literature on DSM in the presence of saline water is limited. This study assesses the use of lime or cement in DSM in the presence of salt water with a mixture of specific proportions depending on the grain size distribution and plasticity of the soft clay soil, permeability, modulus of elasticity, void ratio, and mineral and chemical compositions. The influence of water salts, such as SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, and Mg²⁺ salts, on the undrained shear strength (C_u) of the soft-clay-lime/cement-stabilized soil was investigated in the laboratory. Test samples were made by combining clay soil with different lime/cement ratios and allowing them to solidify for 7, 28, and 56 d. Using unconfined and triaxial compression tests, the improvements in the compressive strengths of the test samples were evaluated.

Fitriani Hayati   Mohammad Yanuar Jarwadi Purwanto   Hidayat Pawitan   Suria Darma Tarigan   and Latief Mahir Rachman   

The role of floodplains in storing excess of water from floods can be strengthened by planting bamboos in order to increase the hydraulic roughness of the land. This research tried to make a model of bamboo planting in the Barabai River floodplain with the aim of controlling floods. The research method being used was an experiment on the physical model of the Barabai River cross-section and its floodplain at the laboratory with a scale of 1:110, in which clumps of bamboo with the spacing of 1.82 cm x 1.82 cm were planted. The model was placed in a flume of 6 m long, 0.4 m wide and 0.6 m high. The experiment was done by releasing discharge until the floodplain was inundated and the height of inundation was measured. The experiment aimed to find out the hydraulic roughness value of the Barabai River floodplain. Research results showed that the hydraulic roughness of the Barabai River floodplain (n) was 0.104; for the sandy channel, the value of n was added with 0.022 so that the total n being used was 0.126. With the value of total n, the length of bamboo planting was adjusted. When the length of bamboo planting was 503 m from location A, there was a 13.18% decrease in the amount of flood discharge at location D. When the length of the floodplain being planted was increased 8.5 times, there was a 91% decrease in the amount of flood discharge at location D.

Mohammad Kamal Zoubi   Ali Rashidi   Wedad Ali AL-Alawneh   Mustafa Mohammad Issa   and Salem Alqamaz   

The purpose of this research study was to examine how lighting conditions impact the perceived spatial quality, comfort, collaboration, motivation, distraction, and fatigue in a classroom studio. A survey was conducted with 124 students, and their responses were analyzed based on the overall spaciousness of the studio, the amount of natural light, and the brightness level. The results indicated that most respondents felt the studio was somewhat spacious in daylight with high colour temperatures, but cramped in low temperatures. Additionally, the majority of respondents preferred a very bright level of illumination. In terms of comfort and collaboration, students generally felt somewhat comfortable and collaborative, especially in the high colour temperature condition. The majority of respondents rarely felt distracted by external factors, particularly in the high colour temperature conditions. As for motivation and efficiency, most students felt somewhat motivated and efficient with high-colour temperature lighting, while the lowest number of respondents felt very motivated and efficient in the low colour temperature condition. Furthermore, the highest number of respondents reported feeling rarely fatigued in the high colour temperature condition. The findings suggest that lighting conditions significantly affect students' perceived comfort, collaboration, motivation, distraction, and fatigue. Therefore, educators and designers should take lighting conditions into consideration when creating a conducive and comfortable learning environment.

Julissa Raquel Espinoza Carrion   and Edith Gabriela Manchego Huaquipaco   

The increase in informal settlements has aroused the concern of many professionals and governments seeking to understand the emergence and expansion of these dwellings, as they currently coexist and form an integral part of our cities, especially in less developed countries, where high rates of urban expansion are often associated with the emergence of informal settlements. As a consequence, the resistance and proliferation of these settlements have become a phenomenon, in which state intervention has failed to curb their growth. This article seeks to identify those recurrent patterns that allow the conformation, evolution and consolidation of informal settlements based on evidence from the Pomachaca human settlement in the Andean city of Tarma. The methodology developed is based on a structured visual survey analyzing 224 lots, 128 informal and 96 formal. As a result, in the first place, the spatial logic to build their houses in the territory is recognized, taking into account the urban circumstances. Secondly, the orders that adapt informal dwellings in relation to their direct formal environment or to the informal user's own spatial conceptions are identified and finally 3 adaptations are determined: (i) the combination of natural environment and building, (ii) the north-south location along the street and (iii) the blend of construction materials according to the user's economy. Therefore, the research concludes that informal settlements prove to be a valuable form of urban development as they employ spatial practices and improvements that contribute to the informal settlement becoming a dynamic and discrete entity, in a state of continuous change with its own spatial characteristics.

Ehab M. Lotfy   Mennatalla Einar   and Erfan Abdel Latif Erfan Heneidy   

This paper studied the reinforced concrete (RC) slender columns with rectangular sections behavior when strengthened by carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) and exposed to eccentric loads. Nine specimens with a rectangular slender cross-section (210x150mm) were tested with lengths of 3000mm (λ= 70), 2500mm (λ= 58), and 2000mm (λ= 46). Samples were fabricated as slender columns using two strategies. The first strategy is CFRP strengthening with near-surface mounted longitudinally (L-NSM) CFRP strips. The second strategy is composed of a new method where longitudinal near surface mounted (L-NSM) CFRP strips is retrofitted with transverse CFRP sheet wrapping. And the results were used to explore the impact of CFRP retrofitting techniques on the columns. A numerical investigation was performed to examine further key variables' effects on RC columns, demonstrating acceptable outcome with the experimental findings. For all tests, specimens were loaded under compressive axial static. The compression force was applied at an initial eccentricity of 35 mm. Moreover, based on the experimental results of the current investigation, the validated models were used in a comprehensive parametric study comprising fifteen new analytical models to check the effects of key variables expected to impact the behavior of NSM and CFRP-confined RC columns. The key conclusions the study provided are that CFRP retrofitting techniques can enhance axial and flexural rigidity and improve the RC columns performance. Additionally, the study revealed that different retrofitting techniques had different impacts on the RC columns behavior, depending on the slender.

G. N. Ari Widiana Putra   Tavio   and Data Iranata   

Indonesia is a country that has a high potential for earthquakes. Many have highlighted that even though earthquakes are a global phenomenon, their impact on deaths is disproportionate, with the majority of fatalities happening in single- and double-story residential buildings. Indonesians need a sturdy building structure that can resist earthquake effects in light of these circumstances, especially those constructed for public housing. One of the most well-liked methods for protecting residential buildings from the effects of progressively stronger earthquakes uses a base isolation system. However, the cost of existing base isolation systems for residential buildings is relatively high. Therefore, this research focuses on fiber-reinforced elastomeric insulators (FREI) with economical fabrication and residential applicability. The flax fiber utilized in this isolator takes the place of the typical steel shim found in the majority of base isolators. This base isolator is analyzed by a finite element approach using the ABAQUS software to ascertain its mechanical behavior. In contrast, the base isolator's mechanical properties include damping, vertical stiffness, and effective horizontal stiffness. It also discussed how the performance of fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators (FREI) differs depending on shape variation. The outcomes of this study include the impact of form alterations on the analyses of horizontal stiffness, vertical stiffness, damping, and effective horizontal stiffness in fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators (FREI).

Sigit Pranowo Hadiwardoyo   R Jachrizal Sumabrata   Riana Herlina Lumingkewas   Tommy Iduwin   Hermon Frederik Tambunan   Silvanus Nohan Rudrokasworo   Primetta Tatiana   Aditya Fadhel   and Zahran Athalla   

Friction between vehicle wheels and the road surface is influenced by the performance of the asphalt mixture that forms the road surface. New road construction and maintenance programs require pavement materials that come from natural sources. Efficiency in using materials to preserve the environment can be achieved by recycling. The road surface layer can be recycled 50-60% so that old material can still be utilized by adding new aggregate at a certain gradation size. This research shows the performance of recycled Hot-mix Asphalt (HMA), which consists of a mixture of 50% recycled asphalt and a mixture of 50% recycled asphalt + 27% recycled cement concrete aggregate, compared to the new material HMA mixture. The aggregate recycled asphalt mixture of 77% and WEO utilization of 15% still show skid resistance performance close to that of the new aggregate asphalt mixture. This research shows that using large amounts of waste aggregate and waste engine oil can reduce the use of new materials on road pavement.

Guy Oyéniran ADEOTI   Peace Sèna HOUNKPE   Ernesto Cabral HOUEHANOU   Omar Farouk DJIBRIL   and Éric Adéchina ALAMOU   

This research introduces an innovative methodology to accurately determine the compressive strength of reticulated dome members constructed from 6082-T6 aluminum alloys prone to buckling. Our approach employs a customized mathematical model represented as a Perry-type curve, specifically tailored to capture the unique behavior of these structural components. To validate the effectiveness and precision of our proposed technique, we conducted comprehensive geometric and material nonlinear analyses (GMNA) on two distinct configurations of single-layered reticulated domes. These domes were interconnected in both rigid and semi-rigid manners, with the incorporation of aluminum connection bending stiffness meticulously integrated into a rigorously validated computational framework. The resultant load data facilitated the precise calculation of column strength for the reticulated dome members. To provide context and benchmark our findings, we compared the strength coefficient derived from our methodology against stability coefficients obtained from established industry standards. These standards encompass the American specification for aluminum structures, Eurocode 9 for aluminum structure design in Europe, GB50017-2003 for steel structure design in China, and GB50429-2007 for aluminum structure design in China. Subsequently, we developed a dedicated column strength curve specific to these domes and conducted a thorough comparison with column curves outlined in various industry codes. Finally, we present a meticulous comparative analysis between the outcomes of our study and the results reported by Adeoti et al. [2] and Rasmussen and Rondal [1]. By introducing this novel column curve expression and providing extensive comparative insights, this research significantly advances our understanding of the stability and strength characteristics of 6082-T6 aluminum-alloy reticulated domes when subjected to compressive loads. This contribution enhances the design and assessment of such structures in engineering practice.

Agbe Orva Stephen   

Mobility as a Service is an innovative mobility solution that is arguably a suitable solution for promoting sustainable travel behaviors in our societies. However, its widespread acceptance as a one-stop solution is still unclear. This paper seeks to examine the level of acceptance of MaaS whether it should be introduced especially making comparisons between rural or urban settings. Using the Biwako Valley area in Shiga and Kyoto city of Japan as case studies, data was collected via an online stated preference survey and analyzed. A censored regression model-Tobit Type II model was used for the analysis and the results reveal that there is a subtle distinction between MaaS adoption in Shiga and Kyoto respectively. The inclusion of trains and buses positively impacts MaaS adoption. However, the willingness to adopt MaaS in the suburbs and give up the use of private cars is weak. MaaS is still at its budding stage in Japan. Therefore, these insights will be useful for the implementation of MaaS in suburbs/rural areas and for the development of a sustainable community for all.

Yeni Sesti Ariningsih   Devi Nuralinah   and Eva Arifi   

Research on recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) to replace natural coarse aggregate (NCA) is increasing recently, to reduce natural resource exploitation and environmental pollution caused by concrete waste. In order to develop the utilization of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) in the marine environment, it is necessary to investigate its strength due to the penetration of chloride ions into the concrete. The aim of this study is to observe the effect of chloride diffusion in submerged conditions on compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete using NCA and RCA. The 24 pieces of cylindrical specimens and 6 pieces of prism-shape specimen were made and wet cured for 28 days. The compressive strength test and modulus of elasticity test of concrete cylinders were carried out at the age of 28 days and then being immersed in 4% NaCl solution for 1, 3, and 5 months. In addition, the chloride concentration tests of concrete prism-shaped were carried out with the same concrete cylinders treatments. The result shows that the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of RAC were lower than those of natural aggregate concrete (NAC). Furthermore, the chloride diffusion into the concrete for exposure up to 5 months, does not significantly affect the deterioration of the mechanical properties of RAC and NAC.

Nur Rahmawati Syamsiyah   Rini Hidayati   Dhani Mutiari   Wisnu Setiawan   and Afizah Ayob   

South beach sand, particularly in Central Java, Indonesia, has a smooth texture that distinguishes it from other types of beach sand. The purpose of this study is to identify the properties and sound absorption coefficients of beach sand. Previous studies have found that beach sand in the yard of the Great Mosque of Surakarta is a component of the courtyard that absorbs the high sound. Subsequently, sand performance measurements were performed in the laboratory to assess the material's ability to absorb sound using the metrics of reverberation time (T30), Sound Transmission Class (STC), Outdoor-indoor Transmission Class (OITC), Noise Reduction Criteria (NRC) and sound absorption coefficient. According to the test results, south beach sand has an absorption value of 63%, which is comparable to that of other natural materials, such as wood. The findings of this study can be followed by simulating the use of south beach sand in other mosques to create a calm and quiet atmosphere.

Andri Irfan Rifai   Surya Kencana Bhakti   and Susanty Handayani   

The potential for landslides on mountain roads in Indonesia is relatively high and poses a challenge for engineers. Generally, landslides are initiated by rain infiltration, earthquake or vehicle vibrations, and human activities resulting in load changes or land use on the slopes. This study aims to determine the stability value of mountain road slopes after a landslide occurs and calculate the value and the required reinforcement method. The research case study was conducted on the mountain road Toraja-Indonesia. The analysis method uses manual and Geoslope Software. The integrated Geoslope Software combines multiple analyses using different products into a single modeling project. The results of planning using geotextile reinforcement on the slopes by slightly changing the geometry of the initial slope after the landslide obtained safety factor (SF) variations in vertical loads 1 and 2, groundwater level variations 1 and 2, and earthquake loads. The SF for pre-landslide conditions is unstable (≤ 1.07), and conditions after the landslide are primarily critical, with SF dominant at 1.07-1.25. Meanwhile, after using geotextile, the condition was stable (≥ 1.25). The results of this study prove that embankments built on soft soil tend to spread laterally due to horizontal earth pressure acting inside the embankment. Although the properly planned installation of high-strength geotextile or geogrid will reinforce stability and prevent collapse, geotextile or geogrid will also reduce horizontal and vertical displacement of the soil beneath it, thereby reducing differential settlement. Therefore, reinforcing mountain roads with geotextiles is optimal enough to be implemented.

A. B. Sholanke   and F. J. Oyeyipo   

Lighting in the display areas of art museums and galleries is a key facilitator of an effective design. However, this brings to the fore the issue of environmental sustainability. This study investigated the use of lighting strategies in three selected art museums and galleries in Nigeria to ascertain how effective they are in achieving energy conservation, towards attaining environmental sustainability in developing the built environment. The study adopted a qualitative research method that obtained primary data with the aid of an observation guide developed for the research. Results were content analysed and presented descriptively with plates and tables. The results indicated that both daylighting and artificial lighting strategies of several types were utilized. However, the daylighting strategies were used in the display areas as supportive measures and the use of artificial lighting techniques was found to be prominent. Using both strategies helped to effectively light the display areas and encouraged energy conservation, thereby encouraging environmental sustainability. The study underscored the importance of appreciably integrating daylighting strategies with artificial lighting techniques in the development of display areas of museums and galleries right from the design stage. It suggested the use of the combined lighting system so that the daylighting strategies are optimised to the level that can cause a significant reduction in the use of artificial lighting techniques to meaningfully conserve energy. This will in turn stimulate environmental sustainability, especially where artworks not affected by direct rays from the sun are exhibited.

I. C. Ezema   P. A. Ajanaku   O. A. Fulani   O. P. Johnson   and M. U. Eyo   

Typically, church buildings are large spaces characterized by infrequent usage at given intervals. Quite often, modern churches rely on air conditioning for the indoor comfort of occupants, which presents challenges for environmental sustainability. However, church buildings, especially in tropical regions, have also adopted passive cooling strategies both as an alternative to air conditioning and as a complement to it, where it helps to reduce air conditioning load and promote environmental sustainability. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of the passive cooling strategies for achieving environmental sustainability in selected mega-churches in Lagos-Ogun megacity, Nigeria. Qualitative research method was used in this study and primary data was obtained using an observation guide in order to document the passive cooling strategies used in the selected four churches. The results were analyzed using descriptive analysis and presented in texts, plates and tables. From the result, the study found that some of the passive cooling strategies found in literature were employed in the four selected mega-churches although they were not adequate to meet the cooling needs of the large congregation. This resulted in the selected mega-churches relying fully on air-conditioning. The results also showed that passive cooling strategies can be very relevant even in large spaces where they mitigate the air conditioning load. It also indicates that passive strategies can be relied upon when the buildings are used outside the conventional periods, especially for smaller groups of church members. Based on the findings, the study recommends that proper attention should be paid to integrating passive cooling strategies at the initial stage of the design. Additionally, thermal simulations can be carried out to examine the effectiveness of the passive cooling strategies utilized.

Salma Al Maghawri   Osama Ragab Ibrahim   Yara Gamil   and Ruqaya Al Sheikh   

Current flexible pavements experience different types of failure due to insufficient thickness. This is a result of the variability of the available design methods for flexible pavements along with the limitation of each method due to it being suitable for the country in which it was developed. As a result, there is a need to conduct a comparative study between the various design methods to achieve the most suitable design that combines being economic and durable during the intended lifetime of the pavement. In this study, a comparative study between three design methods was conducted: Group Index (GI), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHTO) to achieve the best design of a roadway. Input data was collected manually for each design method. After the design, the performance of each pavement was analysed using mechanistic empirical methods done by 3D move analysis software to predict failures like rutting and cracking. This research aims to compare various design methods in terms of cost-effectiveness and durability, then provide modification of the output designs as per project requirements to overcome the limitations of each method. Results show that the GI method provided the most economical section but experienced more failure, while the AASHTO method provided the least economical section with the highest durability. Pavement performance analysis showed that modification is required to the subgrade layer to prevent subgrade rutting.

Empung   I Gusti Bagus Sila Dharma   Mawiti Infantri Yekti   and I Gusti Agung Adnyana Putera   

The Saguling, Cirata, and Jatiluhur reservoirs in Indonesia form a crucial Series Cascade Reservoir System (SCRS) that provides numerous benefits, including energy production, irrigation support, and a reliable clean water supply to diverse regions. However, the presence of these reservoirs also poses the risk of flooding, underscoring the necessity of maintaining their long-term functionality while considering environmental perspectives. In this study, an analysis of daily inflow data from 2000-2015 was conducted to investigate the water loss aspect of each reservoir, compare distribution characteristics, and assess the potential for unit hydrological analysis and probable maximum flood (PMF). Utilizing four distribution approaches, the study aimed to determine the maximum flood discharge with return periods ranging from 25 to 1000 years. Results revealed that the maximum peak discharge was measured at 37.4 m³/s for the Saguling reservoir, 52 m³/s for the Cirata reservoir, and 43.4 m³/s for the Jatiluhur reservoir. Additionally, the PMF analysis identified sequential delays of 4 hours for each reservoir, with confirmed PMFs occurring at the 10th, 14th, and 18th hour for Saguling, Cirata, and Jatiluhur reservoirs, respectively. The corresponding maximum capacities for these events were determined as 18510.5 m³/s, 44316.2 m³/s, and 66418.2 m³/s.

Kunwar Dipendraditya   and B.K Singh   

In practice, concrete as a part of the structure is exposed to various adverse atmospheric conditions, including temperature variation, acid and alkaline environments, varied humidity etc. Hence, its versatility in performance needs to be studied for all such conditions. Conventional materials form bacterial concrete with microbes, which lead to additional cementation by producing insoluble organic and inorganic compounds. This process of Microbe Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) leads to the formation of dense microstructure of concrete, forming a resultant concrete with higher compressive strength and lower permeability. However, the performance of microbial concrete under an aggressive environment needs to be studied as the bacterial population is significantly affected by it. In this study, the compressive strength of hardened concrete added with Bacillus Subtilis has been taken under consideration. The concrete specimens were prepared by adding Bacillus Subtilis microbes during the casting phase. All specimens were cured for 28 days under normal curing condition. Afterwards, these samples were kept inside the acidic solution of H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ in a molar ratio of 2:1, having pH value of 3. The solution was prepared to keep simulation in view with the usual acidic environment around the concerned industries. Six cubes for each sample (with and without bacteria) were prepared and tested for compressive strength and water absorption after 28 days normal curing. Further, these specimens were cured by said acid solution for 45, 90 and 135 days and their compressive strength and mass loss tests were conducted. Results reveal that the compressive strength of bacteria treated concrete is better than that of corresponding control concrete. Also, it was observed that the specimens contain highest bacteria cell concentration when exposed to acid environment undergo minimum loss in compressive strength but the rate of loss increases with increasing exposure days. In addition, the mass loss study indicates higher resistance of microbial concrete against the acid environment.

Lalu Mulyadi   and Lalu Achmad Juniarta   

A crossroad only functions as a traffic road in most Indonesian cities and possibly in other countries too. Yet this assumption will be functioning differently for crossroads found in the city of Cakranegara Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia. These crossroads not only function as a crossing but also function as a medium for cultural activities and religious rituals. Many crossroads in the city of Cakranegara have specific meanings and concepts. A considerable amount of crossroads are connected to become a road system in a form of the grid system. The method applied in determining the meaning and concept of the crossroad and grid system in the city of Cakranegara was semiotic analysis by Peirce. In the semiotic analysis, the crossroad and the grid system are treated as a sign. The result found that crossroads in Cakranegara city is a form of natural energy knots which at certain times are used as a medium for cultural activities and religious rituals to request spiritual protection from God. The finding from these crossroads serves as an invicible fortress to protect the city of Cakranegara, by providing supernatural powers known as niskala for making the city safeguarded and be comfortable to live in.

Ari Widyati Purwantiasning   Saeful Bahri   Zainal Mustapha   and Raihan Nur Said   

Parakan City, a sub-district in Kabupaten Temanggung, Central Java, has been designated as a Heritage City since 2015. Parakan Heritage City, in its development, will become a tourist attraction and educational city, considering that the assets of the town of Parakan include Parakan history, Parakan nature, Parakan cultural arts, and historical buildings. Moreover, accessibility to the Parakan city area will be considered by people who want to visit. The purpose of this study is to describe the physical condition of Parakan Wetan by examining and revealing the permeability in Parakan Wetan using Kevin Lynch's permeability theory. The research method used in this study is a quasi-qualitative or descriptive qualitative approach, with direct mapping and exploration in the Parakan Wetan Area. The Parakan Wetan area was chosen as a case study for its permeability using Kevin Lynch's theory because it is one of the Historical Areas in Parakan with its unique architectural characters. The principles of permeability in question are building blocks, lane widths, and linkage of circulation pathway to find out and identify the application of the concept of permeability in the Parakan Wetan area so that it can interpret and conclude the level of permeability of the Parakan Wetan area, Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia.

Charles Norez S. Martir   and Gilford B. Estores   

Cold-formed Steel (CFS) is a high-quality material known for several construction advantages. Still, its complex non-linear stress and strain behavior made it difficult to establish its full-strength capacity. Due to the lack of comprehensive studies on CFS, especially its joint connections, most of the specifications on current structural codes utilize experimental results from hot-rolled steel. The present study conducted an experiment on a bolted lap joint specimen using CFS members and developed a design model using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to analyze and predict the bearing failure of the connection. The results of the study showed that the parameters, including CFS thickness, bolt size, bolt spacing, and bolt configuration, have a significant influence on the connection’s bearing capacity. The most influential parameter is bolt size, with a relative importance of 43.67%, followed by bolt spacing, bolt configuration, and CFS member thickness, with 22.03%, 18.22%, and 16.08%, respectively. The existing CFS bearing equations provided by NSCP 2015 failed to consider parameters like bolt spacing and bolt configuration, and the calculated bearing capacity values underestimated the actual connection’s bearing strength. The 4-5-1 neural network model emerged as the most suitable ANN model with regression values of 0.9813, 0.9632, 0.9084, and 0.96736 for training, validation, testing, and overall regression value of the model. The generated ANN prediction values have successfully modeled the behavior of the CFS bearing strength.

Aliaa A. yassin   Nanees El-Sayyad   and Lamis ElGizawi   

Knowing and providing for the needs of employees is vital for an organization's productivity, performance, and achievement. The main purpose of an office design environment is to support its users in performing their jobs with maximum satisfaction and comfort. Poorly designed workplaces cause low productivity and quality. In a modern workplace, furniture plays an essential role in workplace design, giving all employees a functional, relaxing, safe, and comfortable environment. Lately, with the technological evolution of the office environment, workspace furniture is changing at a rapid pace. Generally, the main aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of taking the employee's functional and work-related needs into account in the workspace design process. This paper particularly sheds light on how we can better design interactive, comfortable, and safe workspace furniture that supports employees' functional needs depending on smart furniture technologies. These approaches have been investigated in an applied case study of a public office workplace in Egypt. Depending on the observation and interview methodology in the selected case, the employees' needs and the nature of the work were identified. Based on the results, design ideas for smart furniture were proposed to support the needs of employees in their work environment. The proposed methodology in the research can be applied to existing office buildings to identify problems and develop appropriate solutions.

Mennatallah Hassan   Khaled Dewidar   Mostafa Ismail   Ashraf Nessim   and Aly Abdelalim   

Designing a net Zero Energy Building nZEB envelope with high thermal comfort and low energy consumption is vital nowadays. There is some established specialized software for building optimization design, but these programs are time-consuming, expensive, and demand many data input of building parameters. Therefore, it is difficult to follow the optimization procedure. The aim of this research is to present a novel study to optimize the use of Phase Change Material PCM on opaque building envelope using a multi-objective optimization tool. Python (3) is employed to implement EnergyPlus to minimize the initial cost of PCM in commercial buildings, running cost and Thermal Comfort. Phase change material is a self-interactive material that respond exceptionally in different context; therefore, it is required to simulate and optimize the PCM behavior in building envelopes to determine the most effective way to use it. This research suggests a novel multi-objective optimization based on greedy algorithm, for the usage of PCM in opaque building envelopes. The objective of the proposed methodology is to identify the best Thermal comfort and optimal energy consumption by the selection of the efficient type of PCM (melting point and thickness) and the corresponding allocation of PCM material on the opaque building envelope, taking into consideration the initial and running cost. The tested model showed the best 2 locations for using PCM in Cairo is the innermost layer and inner side of airgap. The model also showed good results using PCM and Thermal comfort is enhanced using thicker layer of PCM, while conventional building materials was not able to reach minimum thermal comfort levels. After utilizing the PCM on the opaque building envelope to achieve net Zero Energy Building, a MatLab code is created to optimize the use of a photovoltaic (PV) system for renewable energy on a commercial building. It optimizes the PV efficiency of energy.

Andalucia Andalucia   Nurlisa Ginting   Dwira N. Aulia   and Dwi Lindarto H.   

Spirit of place is important in reflecting the uniqueness of a place. The existence of the spirit of place gives meaning to a place, creates uniqueness, and differentiates a place from other places. The uniqueness of a place is what can increase the tourist attraction in a place. Tourists come to see the uniqueness that exists. One type of tourism that is growing and increasing in demand by tourists is heritage tourism. Maimun Palace is one of the heritage tourist destinations in Medan City. Established in 1888, Maimun Palace has a strong spirit of place and is still maintained today. In addition, the Maimun Palace is the only palace of the Malay Sultanate which is still standing and open to the public. Apart from the spirit of place, which has always existed at the Maimun Palace and still exists today, Maimun Palace also has a new spirit of place which is an addition to the existing spirit of place. So the old spirit of place is still there and still surviving, but there is an addition in the form of a new spirit of place at Maimun Palace, which makes this place more and more visited by tourists. This study uses phenomenology to investigate the influence of the spirit of place on tourist attraction at Maimun Palace. This research aims to determine the effect of the spirit of place on tourist attraction at Maimun Palace.

Mirza Fuady   Rizal Munadi   and M. Andrian Kevin   

Several mosques in Banda Aceh city have developed an artificial air conditioning system employing a cooling unit in the form of an air conditioner in order to create thermal comfort conditions for worshipers. The mosque's initial plan called for it to be open, but its closure was brought about by the adoption of this artificial air conditioning system. This reveals a flaw in the building's original design. Ideally, a climate-responsive bioclimatic architectural design strategy can be used to ameliorate this problem. One of the large mosques in Banda Aceh city that still use a natural cooling system is Baitul Musyahadah mosque. This study was done to find out suitability of the bioclimatic architectural design concept and the achievement of thermal comfort in the interior area Baitul Musyahadah Mosque. Data for this study were gathered through observation and interviews, using qualitative methodologies. The findings indicated that the majority of attendees believed the mosque's interior area to be warm and expected more air conditioning amenities. The results of the questionnaire on thermal comfort perception are generally consistent with the measurement results, which were based on the air temperature conditions in the mosque at the time it was not deemed to be at its most comfortable, but fell into the warm or hot comfortable category.

Lekshmy Raghavan P.   and Nalanth N.   

Due to its superior performance in terms of strength, durability, affordability, flexibility to mould into any shape and size, etc., and to fulfil the increasing needs in the building sectors, concrete is utilized fairly in various construction projects. Concrete that self-compacts (SCC) can be laid down and compacted by itself without vibration or segregation. SCC provides improved compaction and, by adequately covering reinforcement, lowers the cost of formwork and machinery. Additionally, it significantly reduces noise pollution. The most practical strategies for sustainable productivity and a healthier ecology are to limit the use of renewable resources and ensure proper removal of industrial wastes. Industries in India are releasing a lot of waste into the environment as they produce different products. It requires more land area for the safe disposal of these waste materials from the industries and the environment is being impacted at the same time. This type of waste materials from the industries can be effectively used for the making of concrete. This work proposed importance of clay roofing tiles and clay roofing tiles as a replacement of natural aggregates in the production of Eco-Friendly Self-Compacting Concrete. Recycled clay roof tiles are used in self-compacting concrete in an effort to produce environmentally friendly building materials that reuse waste from modern development. This high strength SCC is a booming technology in the building sector, particularly in precast construction. The experimental investigation was carried out to understand the fresh and hardened state properties of SCC prepared with different proportions of recycled clay roofing tile aggregates in coarse aggregate part with water cement ratios 0.475. The slump flow test was carried out to find the fresh state properties of SCC and tests were carried out to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete were also studied on the hardened concrete of 28 days.

Raammnath Ramanathan   and Jayanthi Dhakshinamoorthi   

The present study evaluates the granulometric and chemical properties of the geogenic raw materials used in handmade vernacular Athangudi tile making, which is a hundred-year-old craft still practiced in the Athangudi village in southern India. These comprehensive analyses allowed to generate the baseline data for further studies. The analyses of soil, groundwater, and tile samples were performed using a Sieve shaker, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Riverine sand particles dominate the grain size, followed by silt and clay. Quartz is a major mineral associated with 45 other minerals found in the soil samples. The chemical composition of the soil is mainly made of silicate, which is about 80% of the total confirmed through the XRF study, and ions found as dominant trace metal revealed by the AAS analysis. Evaluation of groundwater physio-chemical properties shows that water quality meets industrial standards and is less corrosive. SEM analysis of the sample tile shows a smooth internal structure with well-packed grains and less distinct pore spaces that define the well-sorted nature of coarse grains within the fine particles by cement mixture. The geochemical approaches give an understanding of the raw material's source, origin, and quality. This generated the baseline data that supports further studies to improve the durability of the tile.

Mu'tasime Abdel-Jaber   Nasim Shatarat   and Rola El-Nimri   

This paper aims to study the possibility of obtaining lightweight concrete by using Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) beads instead of the natural aggregates (NA) in concrete mixes. Different replacement percentages of both coarse and fine aggregates were considered in three trials. Trial one consisted of seven replacement percentages: (1) 25% of coarse aggregates; (2) 50% of coarse aggregates; (3) 25% of fine aggregates; (4) 50% of fine aggregates; (5) 12.5% of both coarse and fine aggregates; (6) 25% of both coarse and fine aggregates; and (7) 50% of both coarse and fine aggregates. Trial two consisted of three replacement percentages: (1) 25% of coarse aggregates; (2) 50% of fine aggregates; and (3) 12.5% coarse + 25% fine aggregates. For trial three, seven concrete mixes were considered as follows: (1) Control mix; (2) 5% Silica Fume; (3) 10% Silica Fume; (4) 12.5% Coarse +25% Fine; (5) 12.5% Coarse +25% Fine + 5% Silica Fume; (6) 12.5% Coarse +25% Fine + 10% Silica Fume; and (7) 12.5% Coarse +25% Fine + 250ml Master Glenium 51 superplasticizer. A control mix for each trial was prepared for comparison purposes. Standard cubes and cylinders were tested at 7- and 28-days of casting to obtain the density and compressive strength of the concrete mixes. The results showed that the density and compressive strength of the concrete decreased when the EPS replacement levels increased, and the higher replacement levels of coarse aggregate had a very negative effect on the compressive strength. Thus, the certain levels of replacements of fine aggregate with coarse aggregate obtained better results. The optimum results were obtained for 12.5% Coarse +25% Fine + 250ml Master Glenium 51 superplasticizer mix where the density and compressive strength were reduced by 11.3% and 7.8%, respectively. The experimental results showed clearly that using EPS in concrete mixes is a promising approach to reduce the weight of concrete and provide compressive strength of concrete almost the same as NA concrete mixes.

Emmanuel Liombo   Fortunatus Bahendwa   and Livin Mosha   

This paper analyses the informal processes of production of dwelling spaces, specifically the process of acquiring and developing a piece of land. It aims to capture inherent dynamics governing the rationality of the process by drawing on a case study of Mamboleo "B" informal residential urban neighbourhood in the rapidly urbanizing city of Dar es Salaam. The process by which the landowners transform the dwelling spaces informally transcends socio-economic, cultural, and legal factors that demand inherent spatial dynamics to be explained from an urban transformation perspective. This leads to an inquiry into spatial dynamics, which results from unpredictability and mutation of the process and its impact on space. Further, the actors, the innovative informal practices and the urban form resulting from dwelling transformation commensurate with the prevailing socio-cultural condition are sought to inform conventional planning discourse adequately. A mixed-method was employed where the data collection tools included questionnaires, interviews, document analysis, map-reading and physical observations. This study involved snowball and purposive sampling techniques in selecting the respondents, with the first being used to determine the individual dwelling owners and the private sector practitioners while the latter choosing the public sector urban planning officials. Cultural - Historical Activity Theory was used to guide the analysis of the activities to gain their significance in the production of urban dwelling spaces. The study established that the dynamic structures are crucial to the survival of the informal dwellers as they were observed to provide a fertile ground for the survival of the informal processes of production of space together with their associated spaces. The dynamic structures characterized by negotiations, sharing, variations, incrementalism, spontaneity, and adaptability have contributed to affordable land within city boundaries, collective living and shared spaces, use of land as economic assets, and incremental constructions adaptable to users' changing needs. The flexibility and adaptability of resulting spaces and dwellings were observed to support the socio-economic realities facing most urban dwellers, particularly people experiencing poverty, and hence their survival in urban areas. This study concludes that understanding the dynamics and rules governing spatial changes in informal urban spaces is critical to achieving complex urban spaces and successful spatial interventions in informal urban areas.

Salem Mohammed Salem Aljariri   Abdullah Omar Abdullah Baqadeem   Lee Pei Moon   Mazlan Abu Seman   and Khairil Azman Masri   

The high traffic load often appears for its resilient module and dynamic creep to affect the efficiency of the asphalt mixture. A typical way to resolve these problems is to change the properties of the asphalt binder by incorporating iron ore (IO) and stone mastic asphalt (SMA). Given that we use Iron ore to boost the asphalt properties in this research, this study aims to promote IO as an asphalt binder to strengthen asphalt mixture properties. This study aims to evaluate the mechanical performance of stone mastic asphalt 20 incorporating iron ore and to access the optimum iron ore content in the SMA. Iron ore is utilised to increase asphalt binding characteristics and ground paving performance. High freight weights, which increase road use owing to a variety of issues, including fatigue cracking and other deformations caused by stress on roadways, are one of the primary problems affecting thick-grade asphalted surfaces and quality performance. In this study, six different percentages of IO content were employed, which are as follows: (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% from the total weight of aggregate). Furthermore, in this study, a 60/70 asphalt penetration grade was selected. The study compares modified and conventional bitumen specimens using the Marshall stability, resilient modular testing, dynamic creep, and LA abrasion tests. According to the results of this study, using a ranking of performance tests, the Optimum Iron Ores Content was determined to be 5 % iron ore. Therefore, we may conclude that there is improvement in incorporating additive IO into SMA.

Marwa Mohamed Abbas   and Doaa Abd El Latif Mohammed   

Water is vital to our survival and plays a significant role in our lives. Egypt has an annual water deficit up to 54 billion m³, which is inadequate to meet its needs. Therefore, natural rainwater that reaches (51 billion m³ of rainwater annually) as a natural resource has garnered the attention of numerous researchers. Approximately 2.7% of the water is utilized, while the remaining 97% is lost. The research aims at Evaluating the Effectiveness of this sustainable Low-cost rainwater harvesting system (The Aflaj system) in Egypt and how it accomplishes its goal of collecting an enormous amount of rainwater. This research handles the topic in terms of three themes. The first theme handles the types of rainwater harvesting systems, whereas the second theme deals with rainwater in Egypt in terms of its importance, the challenges facing water resources, and how to achieve sustainability in the usage of rainwater in Egypt and the third theme deals with analyzing the proposed system in Oman and its role in the life of this city which suffers the lack of water resources. The research has proved that the Aflaj system can be a successful low-cost sustainable system that can be used to harvest rainwater and reuse this water by developing a combined strategy to harvest the most rainwater possible.

Dareen Qashmar   Dema Khraisat   and Hadeel Tariq Obeidat   

The increase in overall building energy consumption can be attributed to both socioeconomic advancement and increased urbanization. Forecasting energy consumption in buildings is critical for improving energy efficiency and sustainable development, ultimately resulting in lower energy prices and a negative environmental impact. Sustainable solutions in residential buildings aim to improve thermal comfort while lowering energy consumption. The difficulties and issues associated with residential structures may be resolved by using consumer behavior models and incorporating their inference into residential problem solutions. This article employs machine learning models that have been developed, tested, and trained to simulate energy usage in the building. Several appliances' energy data are used to evaluate the proposed predictive optimization technique. The proposed technique's results are compared to modules for prediction and optimization. To evaluate performance, regression performance measures are used. Furthermore, the results of the calculations demonstrated that the trained Random Forest Regressor model proposed in this work can accurately forecast the building's energy usage. Finally, the proposed model can be used to predict and optimize energy use in buildings that are similar to one another.

Subramanya K. G.   L Govindaraju   and R. Ramesh Babu   

The configuration of the structure plays an important role in its seismic behaviour. Irregularities in either the building's plan or elevation have been identified as significant contributors to failure during seismic events, making irregular structures, particularly those in seismic zones, a major concern. In traditional seismic analysis, structures are usually assessed with fixed base, neglecting the dynamic interaction between soil, foundation, and the structure itself. The objective of the study is to analyse the impact of dynamic SSI on the response of a 10-storey model, designed to represent a prototype with both regular and stiffness irregular configurations and to find relation between the lateral deflection of fixed and flexible base through numerical investigations for regular building frames. To achieve this, laboratory experiments were conducted utilizing a shake table and FE analyses were carried out. The behaviour of the model structures was examined under two scenarios: fixed base condition and flexible base condition, considering pile foundation. The experimental findings revealed that the soil-pile-structure system leads to amplified lateral deflections and storey drifts of the superstructure compared to the fixed base condition. Moreover, the model with stiffness irregularity exhibited higher response levels than the regular model under both base conditions. Furthermore, the irregular structure displayed an increased response amplification in the presence of soil-structure interaction, which has the potential to alter the overall performance of the structure. Numerical analysis was carried out considering varied height of the building frames under fixed and SSI condition and an attempt has also been made to relate the response of SSI condition to fixed base condition, which helps the designer to carry out conventional fixed base analysis and estimate the response under SSI for regular buildings.

Greg Blasiak   Yureana Wijayanti   and Martin Anda   

The construction industry is placing significant emphasis on finding alternative binders to completely replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) due to its environmental consequences. In this study, an experiment for the geopolymer concrete (GPC) made with fly ash and reinforced with glass fibers was conducted. GPC, in contrast to OPC which utilizes water for its binding effect, relies on an alkaline activator. This activator comprises solutions of sodium silicate (SS) and sodium hydroxide (SH) to achieve the binding process. The experiment investigated the specific combination of alkali activator liquid to fly ash ratio and, SS to SH ratio to produce the highest compressive strength result as well as the best workability performance. The aggregates used in the concrete are subject to grading and classification as per Australian standards and fly ash used in the production of concrete using Collie coal power stations, Western Australia, derived fly ash (Class F) activated by Sodium Silicate (SS) and Sodium Hydrate (SH) as the alkaline solution at 14 M. Glass fibers were added in a proportion of 2% by weight of concrete. The design mixes were applied by altering the SS to SH ratio of 1.25, 1.5, and 2.6, the alkaline activator liquid (AA) to fly ash (FA) ratio of 0.4, 0.5, 0.57, and 0.58. Also, the percentage of water to alkaline solution of 11%, 18%, and 20%. Concrete samples were cured in an oven at 60℃ for 24 h and at room temperature. The result indicated alkali activators liquid with SS to SH ratio of 1.5 and 2.6 achieved a maximum compressive strength after 28 days of 35 MPa and 40 MPa, respectively. Compressive strength decreases as the alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio is increasing. The workability for AA to FA of all ratios and for all percentages of water to AA shows good workability specified by Australian Standard.

Neethu Elizabeth John   and Kiran Kamath   

In this study, a hybrid outrigger system for lateral load resistance, consisting of a conventional outrigger and a virtual outrigger at two distinct floors, has been considered. The behavioural response of hybrid outrigger system varies with outrigger arm length variation, thickness of core and outrigger thickness. Frequency content of ground motions is a significant parameter that influences the dynamic behaviour of the structure and is used to express the damage caused in the structure due to earthquake. This study analyses the effect of high, intermediate, and low frequency content of earthquakes on the behavioural response of hybrid outrigger system assessed using the dependent parameters namely roof displacement, absolute maximum inter-storey drift and base shear for variations in thickness of core, outrigger arm length and outrigger thickness. Analytical models of heights 140m, 210m, and 280m having 40, 60 and 80 storeys respectively, are considered for the current study and the dynamic behaviour of the models are assessed using non-linear time history analysis. From the results, it is analysed that with increase in frequency content, there is a substantial change in the response values of the dependent parameters and, the sensitivity of the structure to frequency content enhances with an increase in the height of the building.

Jordan Peter Romero Huaman   Flores Rojas David Anderson   Jose Luis Nizama Mallqui   Albert Jorddy Valenzuela Inga   Juan Gabriel Benito Zuñiga   and Franz Emmanuel Estrada Porras   

The Mantaro Valley in Peru has experienced a seismic silence lasting 54 years, indicating a significant likelihood of a major seismic event occurring. Moreover, the rapid increase in the problematic practice of self-construction, mainly using clay frame structures with infill masonry walls materials, has rendered the area highly susceptible to a seismic disaster, raising concerns specifically for the Huancán district. Thus, the main aim of this study was to assess the seismic vulnerability of 30 houses in the Huancán district by employing a questionnaire based on the INDECI methodology. The structural program (ETABS) was employed. Additionally, the seismic behavior of each house was evaluated through analytical analysis using structural calculation software. The findings revealed that 40% of the houses exhibited a very high vulnerability, 50% demonstrated an increased exposure, and 10% displayed a moderate vulnerability. The most influential factors contributing to this vulnerability were irregularities in the floor plan, height, and mass distribution of the houses. Furthermore, it was observed that the homes suffered from inadequate wall density in the X direction, negatively impacting compliance with standards related to wall density, maximum axial stress, crack control, and inter-story drift. Ultimately, the Huancán district exhibits a 90% vulnerability level classified as "high" and "very high", highlighting significant structural deficiencies such as house wall flexibility. It underscores the urgent need for authorities to implement preventive measures, including structural reinforcements and enhanced control in risk management practices.

Felix Nkapheeyan Isa   Megat Azmi Megat Johari   Iorwuese Anum   Solomon Maxwell Soji   Changlia Hassan Salihu   and Julius Lananzakan Agabus   

Global infrastructural development is one of the causes of environmental degradation resulting from the high usage of cement and other nonrenewable materials. These activities have led to a shift in research in the building industry towards the employment of abundant natural raw materials. Locust bean pod (LBP) is a waste product gotten from the harvest of African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa). Existing literatures have shown the immense potentials of using locust bean pod ash (LBPA) as a substitute for cement in cement-based products, thus drawing research attention on the subject. This paper presents a conspectus of previous researches on the use of LBPA for concrete and mortar production. Consequently, the effects of LBPA on slump, compressive, flexural, tensile strength as well as some durability properties are discussed. It was concluded that LBPA is pozzolanic and can be satisfactorily utilized as a supplementary cementing material (SCM) to enhance concrete properties with an optimum replacement range of 5 to 15%. The study highlights areas of further research and recommends the adoption of this emerging innovation as a result of its established performance and its potentials for sustainable concrete manufacture.

Mohamed Abohelal   Walaa Nour   Ingy Eldarwish   and Hosny Dewer   

In many countries, buildings are the main consumers of energy, and with the development of the construction process, the demand for energy increases. The majority of the energy needed for construction goes towards the production of building materials and achieving thermal comfort. Building energy consumption can be saved through the selection of building materials and the preparation of an exterior design suitable for the surrounding nature of the building. The thermophysical properties of the building materials that make up a building's exterior determine how well it responds to the effects of climate change. This paper describes the utility, the cost, and the effect of using recycled bricks made from a mixture of broken red bricks and plastic waste in the walls of buildings on the consumption of energy used in cooling. Therefore, comparing these results with those of using red bricks, which are the most widely used in Egypt, the results show that recycled bricks achieved a lower manufacturing cost by 60% and reduced energy consumption by 33.5 % compared to red bricks.

Mohamed Lamrani   Ahmed Lkouen   Najma Laaroussi   and Mohamed Ouakarrouch   

This study focuses on the valorization of peanut shell waste. The crushed peanut shells are used in this study to reinforce the composite construction materials based on local clay. Grain size tests and methylene blue tests were carried out on the soil studied to verify the recommended Craterre's limits. The results show that the soil satisfies these conditions for adobe construction. A series of 10×10×2.6 cm³ samples of this new composite was developed using different mass fractions of peanut shells. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity of studied samples were determined using the hot plate method and flash method, respectively. The obtained results show that the addition of 9% of the peanut shells can decrease the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of clay material from 0.623 W.m^-1.K^-1 to 0.323 W.m^-1.K^-1 and 4.8 m².s^-1 to 3.5 m².s^-1, respectively, which confers to this eco-friendly construction material the thermal insulation quality. In addition, a thermal dynamic simulation was performed on the thermal behavior of a traditional building located in the high Atlas Mountains in South Eastern Morocco demonstrating how traditional architecture and composite clay materials affect thermal comfort and building energy use in response to outside temperature and humidity variations.

Yassine Razzouk   Mohamed Ahatri   Khadija Baba   and Ahlam El Majid   

The design of earthquake-resistant buildings has always been a critical aspect of structural engineering, especially in regions prone to seismic activity. The use of reinforced concrete (RC) structures as a seismic-resistant system has been widely adopted due to their strength, stiffness, and ductility. One of the critical components in RC buildings is the bracing system, which plays a vital role in resisting the lateral loads generated during an earthquake. In this article, we will discuss the importance of using different types of bracing in RC buildings, their response to seismic loads, and the limitations imposed by building codes and standards. We will also present a study, in which we modeled various RC building structures with different types of bracing using finite element software. Our objective was to evaluate the best bracing option for a given structure based on the seismic zone and the number of stories. We analyzed and compared the global displacements of the stories and the additional mass of materials required to stabilize the structure for buildings with 3, 6, 9, and 12 stories. After a detailed analysis, we concluded that RC buildings using a shear wall bracing system are more suitable for structures taller than 21 meters. On the other hand, buildings using a moment-resisting frame bracing system are more effective for structures with no more than six stories. The detailed results presented in this article can facilitate the work of architects and designers who must perform complex calculations to arrive at the right bracing system, saving them valuable time. Moreover, our study may influence building codes and standards to evolve and include more tailored guidelines for bracing types based on the seismic zone and building height.

Ahmad Malik Abdul Aziz   Ibnu Aziz   and Zuber Angkasa   

Palembang City is the oldest city in Indonesia which has various architectural heritages from various nations that have participated in trade and cultural exchanges in the Malacca Straits. One of the nations that settled in Palembang almost 400 years ago was the Chinese. Kapitan village is an architectural heritage of the Chinese nation which is still in use until now and it has now reached the 13th generation. This paper investigates all the traditional Chinese houses in Kapitan village regarding eclecticism in architectural design components and how the typology that is formed relates to the multicultural identity of the Chinese people who live in the area. The methodological approach used in collecting data is the observation of the seven remaining houses in Kapitan village. It was found that the houses in Kapitan village placed Dutch architecture as a functional component for the first-floor structure and adding terraces. Chinese architecture is indicated by the presence of a courtyard in the middle of the house. Meanwhile, Palembang's local architecture becomes the main template which is reflected in the left-right symmetrical facade, roof and internal layout. Cultural awareness seems to be an important factor that makes the houses in this village survive until now. This paper is limited to present data to estimate past events. Further research needs to be more thorough by tracing the collective history of the community as well as the individual history of each house. It is suggested that there is a reconstruction and revitalization of the houses that have been lost in the Kapitan village complex to ensure the preservation of this historic architectural value. In addition, it is necessary to socialize the house owners and village heads in Kapitan village about the importance of maintaining these houses and not selling them immediately so that the loss of the diversity of traditional Kapitan village houses does not happen again.

Dhini Dewiyanti   Andiyan Andiyan   Dianna Astrid Hertoety   and Tri Widianti Natalia   

The city of Bandung in Indonesia is facing challenges due to the decreasing availability and high prices of land. This has resulted in settlements that do not meet the basic housing requirements, including providing open spaces or communal areas for residents. As part of the community, children are particularly affected by spatial injustice caused by the lack of space, specifically for playing. Furthermore, children in Bandung often visit play areas in other communities. Preliminary research are indicating some interesting phenomena, including 1) the existence of spaces in settlements that are only used by children from the specific community and 2) the existence of spaces that are shared and used by children from various surrounding settlement areas. These shared spaces, where children from different areas come together to play, are called "mingling spaces". Therefore, this research aims to identify and understand the mingling spaces that emerge from children's activities during their collective play. It was conducted in three settlement areas in North Bandung with shared play spaces. Data were collected by observing the play behaviour of children aged 4-12. Spatial analysis using social constructivism methods provides an understanding of the mingling spaces between two different communities. Mingling spaces in this research are manifested as a "third space" referred to as the 'Dynamic Third Space'. Mingling space is dynamic because it is temporal, tends to disappear at any time, and can be permanent and also mobile. Mingling spaces exist due to shared goals, time, and access. These findings indicate a tendency towards spatial injustice, specifically for children, in obtaining their rights to suitable play spaces.

Muzamil Ahmad Rafiqui   M. A. Lone   and M. A. Tantray   

Owing to scour failure of well-designed hydraulic structures, the present study was attempted for a failproof model for evaluation of scour depth below bed level (D) as a function of unit discharge (q), bed slope (S), and mean particle size (d_m) for complex steep boulder river beds in the form of D=Kq^xS^yd_m^z. The independent parameters q, S, and d_m have their usual significance and x, y, z are its indices, besides a coefficient K. A desired data sheet was achieved for all the four parameters and analysis done through logarithm and matrix method for establishing the model. The model developed was validated on other streams and further validated on a model developed through response surface method (RSM) of Minitab software. The nonlinear multiple regression through IBM-SPSS software demonstrated the strong relationship with (R²=0.985). Previous research considered bed material size up to 12 mm only which contradicts the field condition when large size material moves with furious flowing steep slopes. Therefore, bed material up to 100 mm size has been considered for study. It cannot be claimed that the model is absolute, but is one of the first studies in this field, opening a window for elaborate studies to fine tune the equation; yet it is evident that parameters involved are the real parameters for any equation whatever method is adopted. The present study is a new work and the model through RSM from Minitab used for validation was found matching. In addition to more rigorous field studies, artificial channels can also be used for study of scour reaching up to 100 mm or more bed material size, steep slopes to fine tune the model for its global use. No absolute scour estimation formula is available for steep boulder beds and complex topography. Thus, the model may serve for precise scour estimation, in the interest of the safety and economy of hydraulic structures. The study addressed scour failure even in well-designed hydraulic structures, bridging a research gap. Otherwise, due to scour failures especially bridges, the communication routes get affected making all especially the general public suffer.

Ramadhani   Joni Arliansyah   and Edi Kadarsa   

The road system is the primary area for managing global assets. Around 95% of the world's roads are built with flexible pavements, and bitumen is the traditional binder for road materials. As a result, several road improvement strategies have been developed such as binder modification. In order to extend the useful lifetimes of previously used road pavement materials under increased traffic loads and frequency, these solutions generally rely on improving their engineering attributes. Over the past few decades, numerous studies on polymer-modified bitumen (PMBs) with much greater benefits have been conducted in relation to the functionality and service life of a road. Due to its heating and binding properties, natural rubber, one of the most widely used polymers, has been used to modify asphalt binders to increase the useful life of pavements. Pre-vulcanized latex with percentages of 7% and 9% was the type of natural rubber utilized in this investigation. Under unaged and aged conditions, tests were conducted in the laboratory using a dynamic shear rheometer with a temperature sweep. In accordance with the results of the Black Diagram for each situation, pre-vulcanized latex can be used to strengthen the asphalt binder's resistance to aging. This is demonstrated by an increase in stiffness modulus value and a decrease in phase angle. The results of the dynamic shear rheometer test showed that the addition of pre-vulcanized latex was able to increase the Complex Modulus (G*) value, decrease the phase angle, and increase resistance to rutting parameters. Pre-vulcanized latex can increase asphalt binder behavior under high temperatures, which could improve the resulting asphalt mixtures in areas with extreme climatic conditions, according to the behavior found.

Irina Gladilina   Svetlana Sergeeva   Nataly Deputatova   Marina Skvortsova   Vladimir Bereznyakovskiy   Anna Silaeva   Gani Karabayev   and Seimur Mamedov   

Many university campuses in Russia and Kazakhstan were built around 50-100 years ago. At present, educational campuses face a lack of opportunities for the expansion of existing buildings and the erection of new ones without harm to the urban planning of the city, which has a negative impact on the prospects of their development. In this light, the problems of the prospective development of university campuses integrated into the urban environment gain special importance. The study aims to identify effective techniques of urban planning development for existing university campuses integrated into the city environment. To achieve the goal of the study, the authors utilize the qualitative-quantitative approach. As a result, the study identifies techniques of urban development of university campuses both within the structure of the city and within the campus area. The possible techniques include 1) reconstruction and renovation of areas adjacent to the university complex; 2) cooperation or co-leasing of several universities and research centers in an autonomous educational and research center to extend the area of the university; 3) rational use of campus areas. The paper also describes the basic requirements for the development of university campuses in the formation of the urban environment: socio-economic, architectural and urban planning, and environmental.

Bhagyashree   H. N. Udayashankar   Purushotham Sarvade   and Kavyashree   

Laterites are the main underlying soil structure in coastal Karnataka, and its detailed study of mineralogy and engineering properties is of utmost importance since any engineering structure like buildings, pavements, railways, dams, etc. need to be stable and durable through all the seasons. Civil engineering gains importance here, as there is huge scope for constructional activities. There is a requisite for understanding the laterites in a much more detailed manner so that the constructed entities remain intact, durable, and also easily maintained. Even the existing structures like roadways are damaged due to the water-absorbing properties of underlying lateritic soil. In this study, the coastal region of Karnataka consists of 3 districts- Uttara Kannada, Udupi, and Dakshina Kannada. The disturbed soil samples have been collected from a depth of 2.5 m from the ground level of the soil stratum for X-Ray Diffraction analysis. It has been sieved through 75 microns sieve size before the sample was given for X-Ray Diffraction testing. These testing results were analyzed in Origin software. Corundum, Anatase, Magnetite, Quartz, and Hematite were the major minerals. Later the quantity of mineral contents obtained from the analysis was correlated with the geotechnical properties like specific gravity, Atterberg limits, etc. using Microsoft Excel, and graphs were plotted. It's observed that specific gravity increases with all the mineral contents. Soaked California Bearing Ratio values decrease with all the mineral contents, and Unsoaked California Bearing Ratio values increase with all the minerals except Corundum. This result shows that the laterite soil possesses lesser fine grains, which implies its higher frictional angle and lesser cohesion values. Shear parameters appear to be generally higher for undisturbed fine-grained laterite soils and are found to depend to a large extent on the type of parent rock, degree of saturation, and degree of weathering. Hence, this research will help in understanding the laterites more comprehensively and suggesting solutions will be possible from the obtained results.

Ida Bagus Wirahaji   Putu Alit Suthanaya   Dewa Made Priyantha Wedagama   and Anak Agung Gde Agung Yana   

Transport is a fundamental sector of the tourism industry. Transport provides access to tourist attractions and is itself a tourism activity. Tourism plays a key role in stimulating economic growth and attracting more workers, thereby promoting the urbanization of the population. Due to rapid population growth and lack of adequate public transport, private vehicle (cars and motorcycles) ownership is on the rise. In developing countries, private vehicles severely impede urban transport systems. Low-income people are more likely to buy motorcycles, and high-income people are more likely to buy cars. Therefore, these two types of vehicles are usually considered substitutes for each other. The purpose of this study was to analyze people's perceptions of car ownership, motorcycle ownership, use of private vehicles, and traffic flow, and analyze the influence of perceptions of car and motorcycle ownership on perceptions of private vehicle use and perceptions of traffic flow. Perceptions of car and motorcycle ownership are used as exogenous variables. Perceptions of private vehicle use are used as intervening endogenous variables. Perception of traffic flow is used as the endogenous variable. Primary data collection was performed by distributing questionnaires to 200 respondents living in the tourist area of Kuta, Bali, a very popular tourist destination, especially for surfing fans. Respondents were asked about their perceptions, which were analyzed using structural equation models (SEM). Perceptions of car and motorcycle ownership have a significant effect on perceptions of private vehicle use. Perceptions of car ownership and the use of private vehicles have a significant effect on perceptions of traffic flow. Perceptions of private vehicle use can mediate the effect of perceptions of car ownership on perceptions of traffic flow. Perceptions of car ownership have been shown to have a greater impact on perceptions of private vehicle use than motorcycle ownership.

Rahul Shivaji Divekar   and R. M. Sawant   

Nowadays, construction industries use several pozzolanic materials to improve the strength of concrete. These materials include fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, and limestone. Additionally, limestone is used in cement production, and cement manufacturing industries consume large amounts of it. To reduce the heavy reliance on limestone in cement manufacturing, dolomite powder is an excellent alternative. Dolomite particles enhance the early hydration process and create a compact microstructure in the concrete. The addition of dolomite powder in concrete with fly ash affects the setting time of the concrete mixture. Dolomite particles improve the early hydration process and form a dense microstructure in the concrete. Calcined dolomite powder is produced by heating it to 800 degrees Celsius. The calcined dolomite powder was obtained by giving the temperature of 800 degrees Celsius. Dolomite microparticles contain massive crystals and show the similar morphology to calcite. The literature suggests that dolomite powder can function as a pozzolanic material and can also serve as the primary ingredient in cement production. This review paper has discussed the use of dolomite powder in concrete and their effects. Furthermore, the paper has examined the origins and uses of dolomite.

S. Syed Abdul Rahman   K. S. Satyanarayanan   and C. Daniel   

Sandwich wall panels with reinforced concrete (RC) frames are increasingly being used in the construction industry due to their excellent structural performance and thermal insulation. These panels consist of a lightweight core material sandwiched between two outer layers of facing material and an RC frame. Energy absorption and shear resistance of polyurethane foam core signify several structural features for design of sandwich panels. In the present study, it mainly focuses on the optimization of core and skin thickness of sandwich panel infilled with RC frame. The optimization was carried out using FEA (ABAQUS) software. Initially an experimental investigation was performed for infilled sandwich panel. The behaviour of sandwich panels with RC frame was analysed under inplane loading. A numerical model was developed and validated by comparing the simulation results with the experimental results in terms of stiffness and displacement of RC frame with polyurethane sandwich panel. The optimal thickness of core and skin were identified and the structural performance of RC frame with polyurethane sandwich panel under inplane loading was analysed. Polyurethane sandwich panel gained 28.9% higher stiffness than the masonry infilled RC frame. Based on the analytical and experimental results, the minimal core thickness of 60 mm was considered as the optimal core thickness and 0.45 mm was considered as optimal skin thickness.

Maria Loya-Montiel   Marco Varela-Tovar   Karla Andrade-Rubio   and Esperanza Conradi-Galnares   

Houses have represented a window into the history of any population. In Los Mochis, a city located in the northwestern part of Mexico, this phenomenon can also be appreciated when La Colonia Obrera was created. This development was the first attempt in the city to provide housing to the workers of the United Sugar Companies S.A. This housing program was implemented by the corporation after twenty years of existence, and it exemplified a new set of working policies that arrived at the zone, but it was also a right requested by the workforce. This document explains the work done to identify the main formal characteristics on facades of the different prototypes of houses in the iconic Colonia Obrera in Los Mochis, in the State of Sinaloa, Mexico for similarities with traditional housing made in the area, for this matter was necessary to visit the area in order to identify those which had more features preserved according to the original design. After the identification, these pieces were analyzed and were included in this paper with the description of their main features. For these observations, it was necessary to draw on documentary information saved in different archives. The results of this labor show the simplicity and the functionality of housing that once responded to the needs of the period.

Tavio   and Ali Markiswah   

A Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD) is a passive damper that is capable of reducing the dynamic response of a structure to earthquake through an anti-phase sloshing fluid mechanism that has been settled. TLD can be very effective for structural stability if its parameters are designed properly. The parameters that determine the effectiveness of the TLD are mass ratio, which is the ratio of the liquid mass to the structure mass, and frequency ratio, which is the ratio of the sloshing frequency to the natural frequency of the structure. This study investigated the performance of TLD in a building under different time history characteristics, which are classified as Near- and Far-Fault Earthquakes. In addition, six excitation frequency ratios were also investigated. A 15-story building with and without TLD was modeled using SAP2000. The building model was tested with various excitation frequency ratios and various ground motion characteristics. The reduction of peak displacement under time history and excitation frequency ratios has been investigated. The results show that TLD will be more effective under far-fault earthquakes and also if it is subjected to a dynamic load that is close to resonant frequency (fe/fs ≈ 1).

Rupesh Surwade   Kanwaljit Singh Khas   Smruti Raghani   and Mohammad Arif Kamal   

In this paper, the study analyzes the necessity of model-making to comprehend and learn about architectural product design through a systematic literature review. Recent literature is identified from reputed peer-reviewed journals and a systematic appraisal is implemented. Through multitudes of instances mentioned in the reviewed literature, argumentation is carried out and summarized in the sections such as (a) design teaching-learning dimensions, (b) architectural product design, prototype, and manufacturing, and (c) investigation in the domain of design teaching-learning. Developing physical models while studying the fundamentals of architectural product design offers the opportunity to accomplish teaching-learning goals. Although the design was challenging to learn and even more challenging to teach, model-making greatly facilitates the process and offers opportunities for inducing creativity, innovation, and ability of thinking in a complex way, such as design concepts, and shared knowledge acquisition while trying to handle a design task communally learning by doing. The paper concludes with contributions of the literature appraisal on model-making as a creative tool for teaching-learning processes is explored in the context of the architecture and product design.

Danny Santoso Mintorogo   

The global increase in energy-related crises has led to the development of innovation to save energy resources for passive cooling or heating to cope with convective roof-pond as conventional one which uses open-close layers. Therefore, this research was conducted to save cooling energy by enhancing the conventional roof-pond through the implementation of a new application in the form of a wind-driven tube roof-pond. Several considerations: First, this roof pond is classified as an open roof pond equipped with a V-shaped shading device to block solar radiation from the sun in the morning and afternoon utilizing gusts of wind to cool the water temperature in the roof pond. Second, eliminating the traditional roof pond which operates mechanically open–close the layer water pond during the day if the roof pond is closed during the day when solar radiation is hot, the water temperature will increase because there is no cross ventilation or wind blowing to cool the water roof pond in tropical hot and humid climates. Third: energy saving of cooling loads from building will include building skin loads, windows cooling loads and roof cooling loads. The roof pond will reduce heat flux most of all cooling loads from the roofs. So the roof pond research with the implementation of iron tubes accelerates cooling due to a lot of wind gusts so that it can save cooling load energy from the heat loads of the roof. The process methodology involved simulating the transportation of forced wind through a series of iron tubes using CFD. The convective cooling of ponds was also enhanced to examine the V shading devices at right angles. Moreover, the experimental models were used to determine the water pond and room ambient temperatures using Onset Hobo data loggers type U12 equipment and the final result showed that cooler of water pond occurred at 0.2 to 1℃ which is crucial among of temperatures in tropical climate zone and obtaining room ambient temperature of 0.2 to 0.7℃ in a wind-driven tubes system. It was concluded that the wind-driven roof-pond has a cooling load saving of 100 – 250 Watts per square meter day and night with wind-driven tubes.

Muhammad Syarif Prasetia   Ludfi Djakfar   Wisnumurti   and Akhmad Sabarudin   

Road damage has been a major problem in the mobilization of people and goods. Therefore, it is essential to develop a pavement technology capable of autonomously self-healing when subjected to damage. To achieve this, a thorough evaluation of its characteristics and performance at the laboratory scale becomes necessary. As the length of roads utilizing asphalt materials continues to increase annually, there is an urgent need to explore alternative binders to fossil-based materials, favoring mining products found on Earth's surface. This study addresses this concern by combining oil asphalt binder and rock asphalt from Buton Island. This study combined oil asphalt binder and rock asphalt from Buton Island, as an effort to switch the use of binder from fossil materials to binder from mining products on the Earth's surface. The paper offers comprehensive insights from characteristical investigations, Marshall parameters, and stiffness modulus analyses, aiming to assess the impact of varying percentages of calcium Alginate capsules. The Marshall test results demonstrate a decrease in Marshall stability parameters with the addition of calcium Alginate capsules. However, this decrease remains within the acceptable threshold, along with parameters like VIM, VMA, VFB, and flow. Moreover, the test results indicate that calcium Alginate capsules contribute to increased cavity formation and improved melting in the mixture. Tensile test results do not directly show the effect of stiffness to the mixture containing calcium Alginate, but this mixture has good visco elastic properties when it gets repeated loads. The decrease in performance observed in the Marshall test revealed that the stiffness modulus also declines as the percentage of calcium alginate capsules increases.

Ludfi Djakfar   Rahayu Kusumaningrum   Theo Adhitya Kusuma   and Abid Hartisah Rahman   

With large natural asphalt deposit sits in its soils, Indonesia should not worry regarding the availability of the pavement material in the near future. However, this natural asphalt, called Buton Asphalt, has some deficiency in terms of its ability to sustain crack. Therefore, it should be modified with material resisted to cracking. One of such materials is palm sugar fiber. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of adding palm sugar fiber to the hot mix Buton-asphalt mixture based on the Marshall characteristics. The sugar palm fiber was varied at 0.2-0.4% of the mixture weight at 0.5-1.5cm fiber length. The mixture preparation conformed to the 2018 Bina Marga Specifications. The result showed that the mixture's optimal sugar palm fiber content was 0.2% of the mixture weight with a length of 0.5 cm. Adding sugar palm fiber increased Marshall stability up to 3.11% and Marshall Quotient by 15.56%. VMA and VIM also increased to 7.97% and 33.76%, respectively. The Marshall flow, however, decreased to 13.07%. The result indicates that adding sugar palm fiber to the mixture improved the mixture's performance. Therefore, for future use, it is recommended to add this fiber as the modifier. As for future research, other types of fiber such as coconut fiber should also be investigated for its potential use in Buton Asphalt mix.

Bambang Risharnanda   Suhardjono   Andre Primantyo H.   and Runi Asmaranto   

Grouting plays an important role in improving the dam foundation and reducing the permeability in Lugeon values. The precise assessment of the dam foundation grouting's quality has grown to be a top priority. The effectiveness of the grouting method for decreasing Lugeon values in the dam foundation has not been certainly revealed. The foundation of the dam is weathered lapilli tuff and gravelly sand is a typical porous weathered rock. The grouting has been performed as a down-stage, in which the grout hole is drilled in stages using a pneumatic packer. The improvement of the dam foundation by grouting is evaluated by comparing the first permeability (permeability before grouting) and secondary permeability (permeability after grouting) by using Lugeon values with a water pressure test (WPT). This test employed 608 data which included the first permeability, depth, grout take, and secondary permeability. This study has revealed that the first permeability for low permeability values (1 – 5 Lu) in depths of 5-30 m does not exist. The grout take ranges from 12.79 to 2212.09 kg/m. Finally, secondary permeability for depths of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30m is 15.00%, 20.00%, 19.30%, 43.81%, 48.05%, 69.57% respectively. This paper focuses on evaluating dam foundation improvement with a grouting method in Bajulmati Dam by using the permeability, grout takes and conditions of rock mass discontinuities. Thus, the results are expected to be applicable to assess the quality of curtain grouting.

Budi Sugiarto Waloejo   Imma Widyawati Agustin   Septiana Hariyani   and Calvin Elyana Chan   

The Probolinggo-Lumajang area is an access road that is one of the development priorities. Therefore, it is necessary to study the connectivity of the road infrastructure. Improvements in connectivity are carried out to facilitate the movement of people who will cross the area and also increase the potential in the area. With the improvement in access, developments in other fields in the region can therefore increase. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the accessibility and connectivity of the road that connects Probolinggo and Lumajang districts. This study used the accessibility index analysis and connectivity index analysis. The results showed that the accessibility index has a medium density category. The medium density category has a minimum accessibility index value of 0.50, so the accessibility index value of the Probolinggo-Lumajang Connecting District is categorized as not appropriate (low) with the existing parameters of 0.02 or less than 0.50. The connectivity index value in each link between the connecting sub-districts has 2 classifications, namely low and high. The results of this study contributed to the Governments of Lumajang Regency and Probolinggo Regency in preparing directions to improve the accessibility of the Lumajang - Probolinggo road section by offering a solution to adding 2 new road alignments, namely Tiris Road to Ranuyoso Road and Kuripan Road, Bantaran Road to Ranuyoso Road with road lengths of 14.08 km and 9.50 km respectively. The addition of a new road alignment was carried out as an alternative for drivers to be able to go directly to the primary collector road by avoiding congestion caused by market activities.

Asep Yayat Nurhidayat   Hera Widyastuti   Sutikno   Dwi Phalita Upahita   and Annissa Roschyntawati   

Traffic congestion is one of the major concerns in the transportation system. The domination of private car as the primary mode of transport in big cities, including Jakarta, has caused negative impacts such as increase of congestion and air pollution. Traffic congestion in Jakarta can be considered quite severe, with an average travel speed of only 15 km/hour. Meanwhile, the use of public transportation continues to decline. Traffic congestion causes high fuel consumption, increased vehicle operation cost, increased travel time, reduced air quality, and increased traffic accident rate. This study aims to analyze the impact of traffic congestion by using congestion cost as a proxy to represent the potential loss. Two major roads in Jakarta, Gadjah Mada and Hayam Wuruk Street were chosen as the study location. The total generalized cost was calculated from several aspects: vehicle operation cost, pollution cost, and time value, based on the actual and perceived traffic conditions. The congestion cost was calculated as the differences between actual condition and perceived condition. It represents the potential loss caused by traffic congestion. The result shows a significant increase in vehicle operation cost, pollution cost, and value of time due to congestion. The results also indicate that users perceived lower travel time and generalized cost than the actual condition. The congestion cost in Hayam Wuruk Street is IDR 12.149/vehicle, while congestion cost for Gadjah Mada Street is IDR 11.692/vehicle. It means that users experienced higher potential loss due to congestion in Hayam Wuruk Street than Gadjah Mada Street. The result can be served as the basis for developing the implementation model of congestion cost in Jakarta.

Riduan Yunus   Bambang Trigunarsyah   Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid   Syamsul Herman Mohammad Afandi   and Salman Riazi Mehdi Riazi   

Validation of developed guidelines is vital to ensure their applicability and accuracy in responding to real scenarios within the local context. A case study was adopted in this research to assess the application of developed guidelines in a real scenario that improves sustainability for Industrialized Building System (IBS) projects. This process ensures the significance of the guidelines as a decision tool in promoting sustainability. Every process and procedure was validated to ensure the guidelines could be used in the actual projects. It is important to demonstrate on advantages and benefits of the guidelines to explicitly assist the design team in making the best decision. There are five criteria in selecting the appropriate case projects, namely 1) location, 2) information accessibility, 3) method of construction, 4) high-impact projects for the community and 5) IBS Score. Only non-residential buildings were selected in this study. This study's two data collection methods are semi-structured interviews and documents review. Eleven (11) respondents from the management team were selected to participate in the interviews. The results show that the respondents confirmed that the guidelines appropriately apply in the construction industry. Similar results were achieved, and sustainability was improved in the selected projects. All participants' comments and recommendations were synthesised to improve the project outputs. Accordingly, improved guidelines were developed that significantly improved the sustainable deliverables of IBS applications.

Agustinus Matius Tahoba   Muhammad Yamin Jinca   and Windra Priatna Humang   

The Moanamani-Waghete road section serves a vital function as a link and supports regional development and socio-economic activities among districts in Central Papua Province. The level of traffic growth is still relatively low in relation to the economic growth of the community, so it is suspected that the effectiveness of the road is still low. This study aims to analyze the level of saturation and effectiveness of the Moanamani-Waghete road section. The analysis method employed for calculating capacity and traffic volume to determine road performance adheres to the Indonesian road capacity guidelines. The analysis results show that the degree of saturation of the Moanamani-Waghete road section is still very low around 0.06. Utilization of road traffic space is still very limited and classified as ineffective. Effective conditions of road use with V/C Ratio = 0.6-0.8 for traffic growth between 6%-10% will be achieved in 2045 -2060. This paper has implications for efforts to make effective use of road space by accelerating regional economic growth and developing new economic centers so that the movement of vehicles between regions in Central Papua Province can increase. In addition, it is necessary to improve the geometry of the road at several points of damage because it affects the speed and capacity of the road.

Kukuh Kurniawan Dwi Sungkono   Iman Satyarno   Henricus Priyosulistyo   and Indra Perdana   

The performance of reinforced concrete elements is affected by its corrosion resistance. Chloride attacks on reinforced concrete elements in a marine environment is caused by chloride seeping into the concrete thereby damaging the passive layer and causing corrosion of the steel reinforcement. This study evaluated the mechanical properties, permeability, and corrosion resistance of Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) in a marine environment which was compared with Ordinary Cement Concrete (OCC). In this instance, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were used to determine the strength of the OCC and GPC. Meanwhile, the concrete's permeability coefficient was assessed in accordance with DIN 104. In addition, measurements were made of the density, absorbance, and volume of permeable voids. The corrosion performance of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete was assessed using an accelerated corrosion test where the specimens were submerged in a 3% NaCl solution and coupled to a continuous DC voltage of 6V. The test results revealed that the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of GPC could be greater than the values suggested by Gomaa et al. and Ryu et al (2018) and were nearly as high as the projected value recommended by ACI. The permeability coefficient of GPC is less than that of OCC while the corrosion resistance properties of GPC showed better results than OCC. Microstructural analysis showed that the structure of GPC is more stable when corrosion occurs, compared to OCC.

Abdelhakim El bourki   Ahmed Koutous   and Elmokhtar Hilali   

The world's willingness to reduce the ecological footprint of construction materials is the main engine of the development and reuse of earth-based materials. With its availability, low cost, and simplicity of implementation, the rammed earth material presents a good alternative for ecological construction. However, this material remains less resistant than conventional construction materials, especially cement-based ones. To enhance the mechanical characteristics of rammed earth, several stabilization and reinforcement techniques were adopted. Among these techniques, the use of natural fibers shows an increasing trend. This review is based on studies carried out on the reinforcement of rammed earth with natural fibers. The types of fibers used, their treatment methods, and their physical and mechanical properties are presented. The impact of natural fiber reinforcement on the physical and mechanical properties of rammed earth is also reviewed and discussed. The results of the studies carried out, prove the effectiveness of the fiber reinforcement technique. Indeed, an increase in the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of the rammed earth was reported. This improvement depends on the type of fibers used, their contents, and their dimensions. At the end of the study, perspectives for future research are given, especially regarding the durability of the reinforced rammed earth and the impact of the fiber reinforcement on its hygrothermal properties. To improve the adhesion strength between the fibers and the earth matrix, the use of chemically treated fibers for reinforcement is suggested.

Mohammed Salman Al-lami   Diala Atiyat   and Mutaz Qutob   

The mixing time of ready-mixed concrete may be prolonged for many reasons, which may affect the resulting properties in its fresh and hardened states. The effects of prolonged mixing time on the slump, compressive strength, porosity, and permeability of concrete were investigated in this paper. All mixtures were prepared with the proportion 1:1.5:2 by weight for cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate, respectively. The investigated variable was the effect of water-to-cement ratios, which were 0.40, 0.45, 0.55, and 0.65. The materials were continuously mixed up for 15, 60, 120, and 240 minutes without any additional mixing water. To reduce the evaporation of the mixing water, the drum opening was tightly covered with a polyethylene perforated film. The results showed an increasing trend in the coefficient of permeability values with mixing time for all mixtures except for the mixture with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.65 which showed a reduction in value. A different trend of results for the coefficient of permeability in comparison with that for porosity was observed. The prolonged mixing time (longer than 90 minutes discharged limit specified by ASTM) does not cause a negative effect on compressive strength as long as it has workability that facilitates the casting process, as the mixtures with higher water-to-cement ratios showed an increasing trend in compressive strength.

Liliana   Triwulan   and Januarti Jaya Ekaputri   

Artificial coarse aggregates are created using geopolymerization methods to reduce high energy consumption. Raw materials rich in silica and alumina are mixed with an activator solution. Different sources of raw materials, although the materials are the same, cause the mineral content and chemical composition also to be different. There needs to be studies being done to obtain an artificial coarse aggregate mixture, including the effects of variations in the ratio of molar SiO₂ to Na₂O, the molar ratio of H₂O to Na₂O, and variations in the molar ratio of Na₂O to Al₂O₃, as well as the effect of adding palm shell charcoal to the raw materials of Hampangen clay. Then the manufacture of coarse aggregate granules was carried out, and continued with the manufacture of a concrete mixture with a cylinder size of 100 mm and a height of 200 mm. The study showed that the addition of SiO₂ concentrations in the activator solution has a certain value limit so that the paste can harden. Molar ratio H₂O to Na₂O and the molar ratio of Na₂O to Al₂O, have a noticeable effect on the compressive strength of the resulting paste. And there is a very strong relationship between the addition of palm shell charcoal to the compressive strength of the paste. The more charcoal the palm shell, the higher the compressive strength value of the paste. The properties of artificial coarse aggregates are light and are used as a material for the formation of lightweight concrete mixtures. The performance of artificial coarse aggregates is categorized as structural lightweight concrete.

Jawdat Goussous   Hussain Alzoubi   and Ghada Bader   

This research is devoted to carry out thermal performance analyses of building walls in terms of the thermal properties of the construction materials in Jordan. Field measurements were conducted between August 2019 and August 2020 to evaluate indoor thermal parameters in the experimented building. The building is located in a region characterized with hot climate in Al-Karama town in Jordan Valley. During the measurement period, the project was unoccupied and no HVAC system was on. Four data loggers were used in the space to record the thermal and humidity values. The study shows that the wall inner surface temperature has little correlation with outside temperature because of the thickness and high heat capacity of the external wall. It also establishes that the decrement factor of the external walls is low compared to that of modern buildings in the region. The findings of this study are potentially applicable to all buildings in Jordan Valley, as long as they have the same building parameters of the case study. The findings of this research about the natural stone and building methods, along with contemporary treatments, can be used to achieve thermal comfort in hot regions.

Kenneth L. Edra   and Gilford B. Estores   

This study investigated the influence of basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) as partial coarse aggregate in the pullout strength of anchor bolts installed in concrete. To design the different concrete samples, natural coarse aggregates were replaced by mass with 19-mm size BOFS from 0% to 50%, with 10% intervals. Fifty-four 150mm x 300mm cylindrical concrete specimens were tested for compressive test in accordance with ASTM C39-09, while ninety 350mm x 350mm x 150mm concrete samples with cast-in-place 12-mm diameter Grade 36 hexagonal headed anchor bolts were subjected for pullout test in conformity to the ASTM C900-06 test procedures. With increasing BOFS percentage, it was observed that there was a gradual decrease in a slump of the concrete mixture, an increase in compressive strength, and an increase in pullout strength based on the test results. Concrete samples with 50% BOFS from the experiment exhibited the highest compressive strength and pullout strength of the anchor bolts throughout the 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. Through correlation and regression analyses, it was found that there was a significantly strong positive linear relationship between the pullout performance of anchor bolts and the percentage of BOFS as partial coarse aggregates in concrete at all ages. The pullout capacity of the concrete with BOFS exceeded the breakout strength predicted by NSCP 2015.

Iman Handiman   I. Wayan Redana   Anissa Maria Hidayati   and I. Ketut Sudarsana   

On roads that cross slopes, the stability of the retaining wall is very important to keep the road conditions being passed safely. The dimensions of the retaining wall are directly related to the magnitude of the horizontal pressure of the soil that occurs and must be held. Practically, the effect of ground pressure due to traffic load is simulated as a uniform load along the width of the road. The amount of horizontal pressure and distribution that occurs due to static and moving loads is not the same. Therefore, this study aims to provide information on the relationship between the weight of the vehicle with the horizontal pressure that occurs when passing. The vehicle is simulated moving at a constant speed along the track. The amount of lateral pressure due to the vehicle is measured by a pressure sensor with a horizontal distance of 0.5 m up to 1.5 m and a depth of 0.5 m up to 1.5 m. The magnitude of the maximum horizontal pressure was measured compared to the analysis due to static load. The results showed low speeds which are less than 10 km/h have the same horizontal pressure distribution pattern due to their static-simulated position. The maximum horizontal pressure difference between the Boussinesq approach and the instrumentation results in no more than 1.5 kPa.

Shaimaa Ashour   and Eman Shamekh   

The spatial environment of our cities is the result of a continuous negotiation among the built environment, bodily experience, and urban policy processes. Thus, many urban spaces are challenging these constraints and become in continuous transformation such as city streets, squares, and passageways. This research explores critically Downtown Cairo passageways through the lens of production of space theory. Aiming to understand the multiple aspects that may help to read the un-noticed everyday spaces inside the city center, Henry Lefebvre's theory was interpreted into a theoretical framework to be contributed to empirical work in order to present an alternative dialogue including socio-spatial aspects for passageways. While several researchers studied Downtown Cairo different urban spaces, the passageways have only been briefly addressed through physical investigation. Accordingly, two pedestrian passageway zones in Downtown Cairo were selected as study areas. Methodologically, the qualitative approach was adopted and the data collection was based on observations with behavioral mappings, photographs, and field notes. The findings were steered to conceptualize the production of Downtown Cairo passageways through the practices of everyday life by understanding the connections between the three aspects of space production; physical space, everyday life, and the role of the authority. The research revealed three conceptions that were incorporated into Downtown passageways narratives. First, the spatial qualities and official planning approaches were addressed. Secondly, the life on the passageways was analyzed in order to understand the everyday practices and their connection to the physical space in each study area. The third part addressed the flexibility of the passageways environment through individual and collective appropriation practices. In conclusion, the study highlights that there is a constant tension between the everyday space and the power of authority in Downtown passageways which affirms the state of 'in-between' of such urban spaces inside our city centers.

Hendrik Jimmyanto   Joni Arliansyah   and Edi Kadarsa   

Approximately 95% of the world's roadways are made of flexible pavements traditionally bound with bitumen. Modern roads must use the least amount of energy and raw materials for sustainable environmental development. Asphalt polymer technology can solve this issue using bio-binders and rubber waste, such as old tires, to enhance road infrastructure. Because crumb rubber can improve the mechanical and functional performance of mixtures, its use in asphalt paving has gained popularity. In addition, other renewable rubbers, such as liquid natural rubber (called latex) and solid natural rubber, can be used. Natural rubber is an elastomer used to repair concrete and asphalt. The mechanical characteristics of rubber asphalt, created by blending solid natural rubber, asphalt, and crumb rubber in a specific ratio, were examined in this study. Rheological testing with a dynamic shear rheometer was used to study the mechanistic behavior of rubber asphalt. The rubber combination utilized had an asphalt composition of 7% and 10% by weight and a crumb rubber to solid natural rubber weight ratio of 65:35. The results indicated that the asphalt stiffness modulus increased from 157.08% to 189.55% when combining crumb and solid natural rubber. Moreover, Superpave specifications state that using a mixture of solid natural and crumb rubber can increase rutting resistance and fatigue resistance at high temperatures.

Mohammed Allam Fauzi Itma   

This paper explores the potential of traditional urban spaces in historic centers for the sustainable development of dense urban areas. Such spaces are supposed to be flexible with successive generations because they can facilitate different social, commercial, and religious activities throughout time. Thus, the main square of a Palestinian city - Nablus old city- was chosen for the study as the most important public space in the historic center. The paper summarizes the main manifestation of flexibility in the square that successfully assists in building a flexible place to satisfy users' needs: rectangular shape, well enclosure, a ring of circulation, and extendible boundaries. A survey of users of the square was also conducted to explore people's opinions about the activities of the square for different age groups. The paper concludes that traditional concepts of designing public spaces can be suitable for all age groups because of their flexibility that supports daily and occasional activities. Moreover, the survey revealed that the young people group is the highest age group that has been satisfied with the daily activities of the square. Finally, three characteristics of activities are proposed to design a flexible public space: diversity, fair distribution, and compatibility.

Rua AlShaheen   and Sarah Malek   

This article showcases zoological garden preservation as a concept caught in a continuing clash of ideals. Zoos are human-made interpretations of one's expectations and experiences with the natural environment. The dual roles that zoological gardens play, serving as preserves for both nature and culture, creates conflict regarding how to perceive them. It is unclear where the zoo falls in terms of preservation. The decision could be driven by architecture preservation, garden preservation, or animal conservation. The conflict is deepened by differences in values and attitudes regarding zoological gardens. The debate pertaining to the relocation of the only zoo in Kuwait in the Al-Omariya area exemplifies this, with discussions about whether we should regard it as a natural monument or a historic one. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire and an image survey at Al-Omariya residential community using an aesthetic theory approach to measure the residents' levels of attachment to several features of the zoo; to support the argument for or against its removal. We considered the respondents' opinions regarding changes at the zoo, the frequency of their visits there, and their residence proximity. Our findings indicate that there is a stronger level of attachment to the natural features in the zoo than that of the built environment.

I Kadek Merta Wijaya   Syamsul Alam Paturusi   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   and I Made Adhika   

Orientation systems with high and low values have a cosmological impact on the geographical organization of Balinese ethnic community settlements. High-value orientation is indicated by a mountain, a high place, or a sunrise direction, and a low place or a sunset direction indicates a low-value orientation. In both flatland and highland Balinese villages, this orientation is now used as a general guide to determine the direction of kaja-kelod and kangin-kauh or the direction of luan and teben. The concept of the spatial orientation of settlements in Nusa Penida, which is in the southeast of the island of Bali and divided by the sea, is different. It combines local orientation with that of southern Bali, which is influenced by geographical circumstances, hilly topography, South Balinese cultural influence, and Desa Pakraman (traditional village) layout. Once Nusa Penida joined the Klungkung region, southern Bali's influence grew, which led to the acculturation of towns' spatial orientation. The people of Nusa Penida respond to southern Balinese culture through literacy and acceptance of the concept of southern Bali while maintaining local wisdom values, for the concept of orientation to the settlement of Nusa Penida is a culture that existed before receiving influence from southern Bali. Adapting settlement components using regional and southern Balinese notions is a sort of exercise in spatial literacy. As a method of acclimation to the local culture and southern Bali, this study tries to understand and discover the meaning of the spatial orientation of communities in Nusa Penida. Domain, taxonomy, componential, theme, and meaning analysis are used in the research approach, which is interpretive qualitative. According to the study's findings, the spatial orientation of the region in Nusa Penida represents a syncretism and assimilation of the indigenous culture with that of southern Bali.

Husein A. Alzgool   Hamadallah Al-Baijat   and Nesreen M. Al-Olaimat   

In the previous research, the authors conducted comprehensive research on ϕ 14 and ϕ 16 mm with various amounts of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater (OOW) and Brine Wastewater (BW). However, the author extends their research to include the effect of strength, and bond stress on the small size of steel bars such as ϕ 6, ϕ 8, ϕ 10, and ϕ 12 mm. The pull-out test determines the bond stress, with the same percentages of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, and 15 BW and OOW. Although there was a previous study of this feature, it would not address the evaluation of the performance of thin reinforcing bars including 12, 10, 8, and 6 mm, which were normally used in reinforced concrete elements, and to make things clearer. Pull-out tests were conducted on the specimens with an added percentage, as mentioned above, based on the weight of water for each, the size of the cylinders 150 x 300 mm, and the anchorage zone of 200 mm used. The results of the test carried out using the pull-out test showed that the bonding strength for thin diameters is higher than that for large diameters. When adding OOW, the bonding strength is good, but it is less than that of the reference samples, as it reached diameters of 6 mm (3.01 MPa), 8 mm (2.63 MPa), 10 mm (6.17 MPa), and for 12 mm (6.33 MPa), which is less than the reference samples by about 35% for diameters 6 and 8, and 8% for diameters 10 and 12 mm. When adding BW, the bonding strength reached for diameter 6 (3.66 MPa), diameter 8 (2.66 MPa), diameter 10 (6.41 MPa), and diameter 12 (6.58 MPa), which is less than the reference samples by about 10.5% for diameters 6 and 8, and 4% for diameters 10 and 12 mm. These results are for the best-added ratios, which gave us the best compressive and bending strengths, which are 7.5% and 10% for OOW and BW, respectively. Note that the diameters 6 and 8 are smooth steel bars, and 10 and 12 are deformed steel bars.

Ahmed Bouajaj   Lahcen Bahi   Latifa Ouadif   and Jada El Kasri   

Rainfall infiltration is one of the important factors affecting the stability of a slope. Rainfall infiltration will change the groundwater level, which will cause a reduction in the mechanical characteristics of the soil. During the infiltration process, the progress of the wetting front in soil depth results in an increase in water content. An increase in hydraulic gradient associated with an increase in infiltration velocity could significantly reduce the safety factors of a slope. Indeed, between December 25th, 2013 and March 7th, 2014, the piezometric level of the studied slope located in northern Morocco increased by more than 1.7m, and after the rains of January 17th and the 18th, 2014, it exceeded 31 mm in 15 hours, and the horizontal soil displacement was accelerated significantly. This paper presents a methodology for slope stability analysis considering rainfall infiltration. Initially, the Green-Ampt infiltration model was used in this study to estimate the wetting front depth. Subsequently, the three-dimensional safety factors were calculated for each rainfall intensity using the Hovland method. Results show the relationship among the safety factors, the rainfall duration, and the depth of the wetting under rainfall and they also reveal that the rate of stability variation during infiltration is not significant.

Tavio   Aoron Honestyo   and Hosta Ardhyananta   

This research investigates the behavior of circular concretes externally confined by recycled polypropylene fiber ropes-reinforced polymer composite. This study mainly aims to explore the axial stress-strain relationships of recycled polypropylene fiber ropes-reinforced polymer composite-confined circular concrete. A total of 15 circular concrete specimens with a dimension of 150 × 300 mm were cast, strengthened with one to four layers of recycled polypropylene fiber ropes FRP composites, and tested under compression. The strength and the deformability of recycled polypropylene fiber ropes FRP-confined specimens were observed to be increased along with the addition of FRP layers up to 70%. The axial stress-strain relationship behavior shows a trilinear curve response with the ductile behavior of the axial stress-strain response. The recycled polypropylene fiber ropes FRP has been found to be able to alternate the conventional FRP materials to confine circular concrete. The accuracy of stress at ultimate limit and strain at ultimate limit models developed for recycled polypropylene fiber ropes-reinforced polymer composite-confined circular concrete was assessed using the test results of this study, showing the need for the development of improved predictive models for recycled polypropylene fiber ropes FRP composite-confined circular concrete column, newly developed unified models were found to be accurate in predicting the stress at ultimate limit and strain at the ultimate limit of recycled polypropylene fiber ropes FRP composite-confined circular concrete.

Albert Eddy Husin   Mohammad Kholis Ardiansyah   Bernadette Detty Kussumardianadewi   and Iwan Kurniawan   

Currently, the green concept is a trend for sustainable development in all sectors. The concrete industry plays an important part but also harms the environment. Green concept planning and construction are 10-20% more expensive than conventional buildings. The researcher applied the concept of the green concrete industry to statistical analysis and case study with cost savings by combining value engineering (VE) and lifecycle cost analysis (LCCA) approaches. This research had an update on the concept of green retrofitting for concrete industry objects and examined influencing factors in implementing the green concept using Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) analysis and modeling of green retrofitting concepts based on VE and LCCA to improve green retrofitting cost performance. The results showed that there are "10 influencing factors on the green cost performance in the concrete industry", namely commitment management, energy and climate, water efficiency, secondary material, air quality, economic and financial availability, legal compliance and regulation, supporting rules, functional analysis, and environmental management. Implementing VE and LCCA methods was able to increase the cost performance of green retrofitting by 8.66% with a return of 3 years and 8 months with the benefits of being an eco-friendly and sustainable concrete industry.

Ashiru Adegbenga Raphael   Anifowose Kamaldeen Jide   Mohammed Ismail Oladunni   and Yusau Audu Abayomi   

The construction industry's top priority now is addressing the impacts of climate change. The consequence of climate changes linked to human activities has become disturbing since our environment is not naturally adjusting rapidly to this occurrence, influenced by both human and natural causes. Moreover, the studies have ascertained that domestic houses enormously contribute to global warming, and the effects of climate change can be mitigated with the help of sustainable practises in designing the built environment and permitting mitigation of global warming's results through the prudent use of available resources. It is against the above statement that the study is carried out to evaluate the impact of the Nigerian construction industry on climate change. The study adopted a survey design allowing a representative sample to generalise. However, a well-structured close-ended questionnaire was used to collect pertinent data about the variables under investigation. The data collected were analysed using the ordinal regression model and the Spearman ranking to establish the relationship and degree of association between the variables. However, evidences from the analysis revealed a moderately but positively significant relationship between climate change and the construction industry, as well as integrated passive design at a 5% significance level. Hence, the study concluded that the Nigerian construction industry needs fast action to address climate change, which continues to raise concerns. In the Nigerian built environment through a sustainable design approach, it is further recommended that effective collaborations between construction professionals, climate scientists, meteorologists, and policymakers derive an effective method for combating climate change in Nigeria.

Jhoel Javier Taipe Sanchez   Denys Xohaid Robles Flores   Jherson Cristian Crispin Gutierrez   Erick Oswaldo Gamboa Tolentino   Iralmy Yipsy Platero Morejón   and Niel Iván Velasquez Montoya   

The project provides information on the physical and mechanical properties of clay soils stabilized with recycled polymers (PET) as subgrade improvement in rural roads in the district of Sicaya, because this area does not have paved roads nearby which cause inaccessibility to the population; also by using PET for soil improvement, an added value was given to this material generating a lower environmental impact. In order to fulfill the objective of the research, the physical properties of two soil specimens from Jr. La Libertad in the district of Sicaya were determined; sieving tests of granulometry, consistency limits, modified proctor and soil classification by SUCS and AASHTO were performed. Once the soil properties were evaluated, the optimum size of the PET particles for its application was determined by CBR tests using 1% of PET as a proof. It was found that the optimum size was from 5 mm to 10 mm, and to find the optimum percentage of polymers to be applied, four percentages of recycled polymers were used: 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%; these percentages were proposed for the two specimens analyzed. It was obtained that the percentage of 1.5% was the one that provided the highest CBR index, having 7.15% and 4. 87% of CBR at 95% compaction for the first and second specimen respectively; the latter turned out to be lower than the 6% CBR required as a minimum by the Highway Manual, and this was because the second specimen presented more fine material than the first specimen having a high value of 77.77%, which is not recommended for using recycled polymers according to this research.

Abdul Rochman   Nurul Hidayati   Muhamad Nur Sahid   and Muhamad Ujianto   

Paving blocks are widely used in making parking lots, footpaths, and parks because they are easy to install, durable, and can be arranged in certain interesting patterns. This research needs to be carried out to examine how much influence the addition of sand to cast plastic waste has on the compressive strength and specific gravity of paving blocks. The waste used is leftover household consumption such as plastic bag wrapping in solid form and then burned to melt. The liquid is then mixed with sand to increase the hardness and plasticity and then poured into paving molds. The process of making the specimen is done manually with variations of the sand used by 0%, 7.5%, 15%, 22.5% and 30%. Each variation of the sample was made in the amount of 5 pieces. The results of the analysis show that the addition of sand to the plastic liquid can significantly increase the compressive strength of paving blocks. The highest value increase was obtained in the 22.5% mixture variation, which reached 11.27 MPa. Based on SNI 03-0691-1996, these paving blocks are classified in the D-quality and can be used for parks, or other uses.

Hanif Nanda Syahputra   Senot Sangadji   and Halwan Alfisa Saifullah   

In 1999, economic losses that were initially predicted to be only 600 million USD turned into 10 to 12 billion USD due to damage to high-voltage line transmission towers caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Damage of electricity transmission towers were observed due to earthquake in Lushan, 2013. As this infrastructure is essential for productivity and economic growth of modern society, therefore it is important to study the seismic risk of transmission tower so that later mitigation can be carried out and losses can be minimized. This paper aims to evaluate transmission tower seismic risk by developing its fragility curves. An existing transmission tower was 3D modelled using finite element software. An adaptive pushover analysis was employed to determine the nonlinear global behaviour of the tower structure and obtain its capacity curve. Damage states were then identified and determined namely slight, moderate, and extensive damage. Fragility curve was then developed describing the exceedance probability of different damage states as a function of earthquake intensity. This quantitative value provides rational basis for evaluating seismic risk of transmission tower.

Andri Irfan Rifai   Muhammad Rizal   and Susanty Handayani   

The accessibility of Indonesian rural communities in remote areas is still minimal. The disparity of land and territory in Indonesia is so great that it has unique characteristics. Rivers, slopes, hills, and other obstacles separate each region. Until now, the Pedestrian Cable-Stayed Bridge has been a practical solution for connecting infrastructure in remote areas. However, availability and budget become constraints in its implementation. One of the steps that can be done is to optimize the size of the Anchor block. Optimization is needed in design and construction to make construction implementation easier at a cheaper cost. This paper aims to explain optimization in designing and constructing the Anchor Block Pedestrian Cable-Stayed Bridge with a case study in Celebes Island. Data collection methods include river typology, river currents, flood water levels, topography, community social and cultural data, people traffic, land data, and environmental data. Data processing uses Indonesian bridge planning standards to obtain the span length and height of the bridge, type of structure, material selection, and implementation method. Calculation and 3-dimensional modeling using SAP2000 software. The level of structural modeling is done to review the structure's behavior and control the structure's deformation value and the internal forces that occur in the structure. The research results show that weather and earthquake conditions that differ from other areas cause the potential for structural failure in Celebes Island to be higher. Optimization of the anchor block is done by reducing its dimensions, but it must still meet the technical rules. A reduction in size and volume of up to 10% can still withstand the required load. Earthquake loads, sliding, and overturning are essential parameters in designing and constructing Pedestrian Cable-Stayed Bridge on Celebes Island.

Samsunan   Inseun Yuri Salena   Dewi Purnama Sari   and Faris Munandar Tanjung   

This study aimed to determine the effect of Groundnut Shell Powder (GSP) on the concrete compressive strength as a partial substitute for cement with a variation of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%. The composition of the concrete mix consists of coarse aggregate with a maximum aggregate diameter of 19.1 mm and Portland cement Type I. The additional material uses groundnut shell powder which is processed through drying and grinding then sieved to pass sieve no.200, then mixed in concrete as a partial replacement of cement. The concrete test object is a cylinder 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height. The compressive strength of concrete is tested at 14 and 28 days. The results of the average compressive strength at the age of 14 days were with variations of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%, respectively (MPa) 18.495, 23.590, 22.930, 17.174, and 13.777, while at the age of 28 days respectively (MPa) 26.610, 24.157, 19.816, 18.684, 16.608. Optimum compressive strength values of 14- and 28-days age were in the 5% percentage, namely 23.590 and 24.157 MPa. The lowest decrease also occurred at the percentage of 12.5%, namely 13.777 and 18.684 MPa. Based on the results shown, there is upsurge in compressive strength, however increasing the percentage of GSP makes the compressive strength of concrete decrease.

Dadang Iskandar   R. Jachrizal Sumabrata   Eri Prawati   Yusuf Amran   and M. Nurkholid   

The use of natural aggregates in the manufacture of concrete, if carried out continuously, can result in a crisis in the availability of natural materials. This should be of concern to all of us because natural resources must be maintained in a sustainable manner. This study aims to utilize construction waste from the demolition of rigid pavement roads on the Trans-Sumatra toll road. One of the main parameters in the design of concrete structures is compressive strength. The compressive strength value in this study is the result of a combination test of a mixture of RCA and natural aggregate (NA) with 3 compositions of RCA coarse aggregate mixture, namely: 30%, 50%, and 70%, and the rest is filled using NA material and 4 compositions of water-cement ratio, namely 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 0.6. The mix design used is based on SNI 7656: 2012 by modifying the need for coarse aggregate to be replaced with RCA. The test results show that at the age of 7 days, the concrete produces a compressive strength of 25.32 MPa; this achievement is obtained for the RCA composition of 50% and the water-cement ratio is 0.3, while at the age of 14 days, the concrete produces a compressive strength of 25.921 MPa obtained from the mixture. RCA 70% and water cement ratio 0.3. The phenomenon of increased strength at 70% RCA is indicated because the high quality of RCA produces relatively high new concrete, but the bonding process between aggregates is hampered because the cement paste still sticks to the RCA.

Aulia Rahman   Kristanti Dewi Paramita   and Paramita Atmodiwirjo   

This paper aims to explore the idea and methods of rewilding architecture. The notion of rewilding was based on pastoralism movement, which aims to reconnect humans with nature through reintroduction of wildlife. This study explores the architectural design methods of rewilding, through investigating looseness and animate as mechanisms that shift how humans may see and treat nature. This paper investigates ten case studies of rewilding architecture and annotates the mechanisms of looseness and animate which occur in different categorizations of human and natural activities. Based on the reading on these case studies, the study concludes on design methods that define rewilding architecture based on looseness and animating characteristics. Rewilding methods aim for the development of connections that allow cycles of natures, extensions that drive growth of natures, and variations that produce multiple layers of possibilities of natural lives in the internal and external existence of architectural space. Such methods demonstrate the potential of architecture that no longer wishes to control nature, but letting it animate and develop loosely in driving its spatiality.

Fadhilla Tri Nugrahaini   Ronim Azizah   Muhtadi   and Iffat Rifdah Rosyid   

Independent village development seeks to improve rural communities' quality of life and welfare. Multifunctional open space is one of the steps to synergize sociocultural, economic, and ecological aspects. These three aspects are also used in measuring the village development index to achieve an independent village. Creating independent villages is one of the development policy strategies to increase equity, development through cross-policy direction sectoral, especially in rural areas. This has opened opportunities for village governments to manage independently. This study aims to apply the multifunctionality concept in open space planning in Karangmalang Village, Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia. One of the development strategy measures for increasing equity is the establishment of independent villages. Cross-development policy sector, particularly in rural areas, empowers village governments to manage independently. The research was carried out through observation and interviews with stakeholders. Physical and nonphysical data are collected through observations. The interview was conducted to explore the possibilities for open space development. This research suggested that multifunctionality open space planning can be achieved through grouping activities, sustainable design, and environmental management policies. Multifunctional open space planning can be utilized to determine village government policy direction in creating potential and community.

Qomarun   Hasyim Asy'ari   and Aan Sofyan   

MAPAN House is a house that is able to produce food and energy continuously. This research is motivated by environmental issues in Indonesia, such as the crisis of agricultural fields, food imports, global warming, climate change and urban heat island. This phenomenon has hit urban areas and is suspected to get worse in the future, so that solutions and its implementation in real world are needed. The MAPAN House has been developed in 5 houses located in Surakarta, Indonesia. This action research found that each house produces a daily harvest of over 8400kcal of food (staple food, side dishes, vegetables and fruits) and generates an average of 450W of renewable energy for 8 hours/day. The research also finds that the annual results of each MAPAN House are able to save 103 trees, to reduce 748kg emission of CO₂ and to avoid the use of 749kg of coal. This effort is created to multiply green architecture results in the real urban life. The results show that MAPAN House has proven a good direct impact on urban sustainable, such as food and energy security, urban heat solution collaboration, communal climate change mitigation and public adaptation to global warming.

Farah Hafizha   and Sarifah Nur Isra Jairina   

Bioclimatic architecture considers the relationship of local climate with architectural design. Architectural design in vernacular architecture pays attention to the local climate, local construction techniques and materials, social, cultural and economic aspects of the local community. The ancient architecture of the Gajah Baliku traditional house in South Borneo has been around since the 1800s and is part of the vernacular architecture. This study discusses what bioclimatic architectural methods are found in the Gajah Baliku traditional house of Banjar. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research supplemented with quantitative related to the comfort of the main room temperature, aiming to find out the application of any climate responsive architectural methods that have been applied to the Gajah Baliku traditional house in the past. Methods of data collection were obtained from primary sources, namely literature to find a theoretical basis and become a reference in studying empirical data, field observations consisting of measurements, sketches, room temperature measurements, re-drawing of research objects as visual indicators, and interviews. From this study, it was concluded that the traditional house of Gajah Baliku has met 9 (nine) criteria for the bioclimatic architectural method according to the theory and method of Kenneth Yeang, namely (1) core, (2) building orientation, (3) window placement, (4) verandah, (5) transitional room, (6) walls, (7) landscape, (8) passive shielding, and (9) floor insulator, as well as measurements of thermal comfort at room temperature, mainly included in the optimal comfort category, with an average of 25.45℃.

Berkani Fatima Zohra   and Benghadbane Foued   

New cities are considered one of the most important solutions that many countries in the world have adopted to solve the problems plaguing their urban networks. They also relieve pressure on their large cities, especially those that cannot be extended due to natural or human reasons. In this context, the new city of ''Ali Mendjeli'', presented itself as a suitable option to solve the problem of the growth of the mother city ''Constantine'', which suffered from many urban problems. However, after nearly 25 years of its realization, this new city, which was previously a suitable solution, suffers from many functional and spatial imbalances due to the adoption of the principles of functional urbanism and linear planning during the development of its initial projects. This has resulted in many negatives that prompted specialists to turn to strategic urban planning, which is based on the reflection and intervention strategy as a new tool that activates in parallel with the traditional tools within the direction of the urban development strategy. This can improve the quality of life of the inhabitants of the new city of ''Ali Mendjeli''.

Vignesh Dhurai   Arun Chandran   and Shaheem S.   

Commuters' travel pattern to their desired destination mainly depends on the availability of public transport facilities. Especially in developing countries, various infrastructure planning projects are being implemented to meet public transport commuters' needs. Public transportation facility is witnessing transformational changes globally and locally. This study aims to identify the commuter's preferences of feeder modes for their first-mile and last-mile connectivity. The study was carried out in Kochi city focusing on the metro corridor. The data were collected using a stated cum revealed preference questionnaire survey from various locations, including various metro stations and public transport station points in Kochi city. Collected data were initially cleaned by removing the non-logical data and missing information data from the data set. The results obtained from this research work are case specific. The findings from the study show that the majority of commuters prefer autos and e-bikes as their feeder mode option for first-mile and last-mile connectivity. The least preference is given for the bicycle mode of feeder service. The findings from this research will aid transportation planners in providing appropriate and efficient feeder services to improve the public transportation system's first and last-mile connectivity.

Aya Mohamed Gaber   Mohamed Atef Abou Ashour   Yasmine Sabry Hegazi   and Mohamed ALsayed Al-Ebrashy   

Some of the Egyptian contemporary residences are designed without considering the traditional architectural elements, resulting in a loss of the country's cultural identity. This not only undermines the preservation of Egyptian culture but also poses a challenge of retaining the cultural identity for future generations. To explore this conflict, this research aims to review the architectural design of selected cases of stand-alone residential units in Egypt, which reflects the contemporary architectural thoughts in Egypt. A research gap can be inferred from the lack of research on the architectural design of contemporary residences in Egypt that takes into account the country's cultural identity. Contemporary architects in Egypt often do not consider the importance of preserving traditional architectural elements in their designs. This research aims to fill this gap by reviewing selected case studies of residential standalone units, which offer customization and an association with affluent lifestyles, facilitating greater expression of the identity of their inhabitants. The case studies will be evaluated based on the criteria provided by Nikos Salingaros' Unified Architectural Theory. This theory's criteria evaluate the case studies based on their Elements of Regional Adaptation Measurement and Elements of Measuring the form Language of Architectural Design and its regional adaptation, and this data is collected through a questionnaire given to a group of architects as a purpose sample. The research concludes that the most successful designs blend traditional architectural values with contemporary styles, resulting in a harmonious balance between the past and present, by preserving traditional elements while incorporating modern functionality creating the visually appealing and practical space.

Jheny Zenaida Romero Jimenez   Heydi Susan Zamudio Asto   Yeferson Antony Serrano Mendoza   Erick Oswaldo Gamboa Tolentino   Iralmy Yipsy Platero Morejón   and Niel Iván Velasquez Montoya   

This research work performs a mechanical and economic analysis of soil-cement blocks as an alternative construction element for application in rural housing in the district of Pilcomayo located in Peru, since this area shows a high percentage of housing deficit and a high level of poverty among the inhabitants. To determine the mechanical analysis, compression tests were carried out on soil-cement blocks and prisms, as well as diagonal compression tests on walls; all these tests were carried out with dosages of 10%, 15% and 20% of cement. The optimum dosage to be applied as a soil-cement block turned out to be 15% cement, since it met all the minimum strength requirements of Standard E.070. Regarding the Economic Analysis of the soil-cement blocks, the technique of Unit Price Analysis was used to evaluate the cost of manufacturing and laying soil-cement blocks for 1 m², then these results were compared with the cost of a conventional brick of the same study area. In the end, it was concluded that the soil-cement blocks turned out to be 11% cheaper than a conventional one, besides being more environmentally friendly, since for its production, it does not require firing as a traditional clay brick dose.

Dina Pasa Lolo   Sri Prabandiyani Retno Wardani   and Bagus Hario Setiadji   

The use of geosynthetics as a reinforcement material in road pavement layers has been widely carried out. This study used bus timber which is made as the timber raft construction as a subbase on the flexible pavement. The study was conducted on a full scale, where the flexible pavement model consisted of pavement with and without timber raft construction with similar dimension of 700 cm in length and 350 cm in width. The field measurement was carried out to get the settlement by applying static loads of 8,4 tons and 19,4 tons which represents heavy vehicle with single axle dual tire and tandem axle dual tire respectively. The measurements were conducted on test points located at distances 50, 100 and 175 cm from the edge of the pavement. The research resulted that the use of timber raft in flexible pavement as subbase layer could reduce the displacement of the results of field measurement up to 2.5% and 1.83 % for 8.4-ton and 19.4-ton respectively. The validation using the program produces a difference in displacement magnitude of 15.96 % and 19.30 % for 8.4-ton and 19.4-ton respectively. While the result of the analysis with Kenpave showed that the numbers of repetitions to prevent fatigue cracking and rutting are 3.7E5 ESAL and 2.83E2ESAL, respectively.

Hernando Cabrera   Daniel Abudinen   Michel Murillo   Tania Martínez   Valeria Goenaga   Carolina Rodríguez   and Mayra Del Río   

The field of construction is directly associated with environmental pollution due to the processes and materials used, including cement, which is the main component of mortar. Therefore, it is particularly important to find new construction materials that in addition to meeting the current regulatory requirements, contribute to sustainable development and circular economy. Based on this, the present research aims to analyze the compressive strength of mortars with partial replacement of the fine aggregate by crushed porcine bone (CPB) to assess the feasibility of their application in the construction sector. For this purpose, 162 mortar cubes were manufactured, with different substitution levels (2-10%) tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. According to the results obtained, the highest compressive strength was found for the cubes with 2% CPB substitution and a lower strength for the cubes with 10% substitution, demonstrating an inversely proportional relationship between the percentage of fine aggregate substitution by CPB (replacement of 0 gr, 44 gr, 88 gr, 132 gr, 176 gr, and 220 gr for the 9 mortar cubes) and the compressive strength of the mortar. Likewise, it was possible to show that to prepare these mixtures, these required greater quantities of water compared to a conventional mortar, due to the greater absorption of the proposed replacement material. The objective of analyzing the behavior of porcine bone in cementitious mixtures is mainly due to the fact that this subject is scarce in the literature to date, which is why this type of research is important for the development of this new topic.

Putu Tantri K. Sari   and Indrasurya B. Mochtar   

This research aims to use transient seepage analysis to determine the effect of using horizontal drains in reducing groundwater levels and increasing slope stability during the rainy season. The drain used was a perforated pipe drilled and inclined horizontally into the slope to release the pore water pressure in areas prone to landslides, thereby lowering the groundwater level. Numerical modeling research was conducted to determine the effect of rainwater seepage and slope stability on soil using a coupled program based on the Finite element method (FEM) and Limit equilibrium method (LEM) with SEEP/W and SLOPE/W, respectively. Five scenarios were carried out by varying the rain conditions and soil seepage parameters without and with horizontal drain. The results showed that horizontal drain can increase the safety factor by up to 1.7 and 1.1 times during uniform rain modelling for 4 days in good and poor drainage soil conditions, respectively. Furthermore, it raised the safety factor with a ratio of 1.03 times in the real time rainfall intensity of 90 days. The rise in safety factor occurred after 56 days of rain with an average duration of 6 hours/day. These results indicate that the effectiveness of horizontal drain is very sensitive to various parameters (rainfall parameters and soil parameters), hence it must be conducted carefully to mitigate landslides.

Mirasol P. Villa   and Gilford B. Estores   

Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) is one of the by-products of coal power plants during combustion. It has limited use and is usually dumped into ponds and ash yards. Aside from occupying space, permanent storage or disposal impacts human health and the environment. The study aimed to utilize and mix CBA in the construction industry to produce concrete. The researcher used coal bottom ash to partially substitute it for fine aggregates and modeled the result of the modulus of elasticity, Ec, in regression. The serviceability of concrete was evaluated by obtaining the static modulus of elasticity using a destructive cyclic loading test and a non-destructive impact resonant frequency test. The predictors used to model the modulus of elasticity arise from the specimen's age, compressive strength, vertical deformation, unit weight, stress, strain, concrete frequencies, % content of CBA, and mass as the independent variables. The result shows that the modulus of elasticity of concrete was significantly affected by compressive strength and unit weight for samples with or without CBA. Static E is related to the compressive strength, stress, and strain of concrete. Moreover, the concrete frequency and mass of the sample impact the dynamic E. The study observed that the incorporation of coal bottom ash makes the concrete lighter, thus affecting the mass and unit weight of concrete which relates to reducing the dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete. In addition, the reduced compressive strength and immense strain caused by the incorporation of coal bottom ash affect the static modulus of elasticity.

Rahul Kumar   Vijay Kaushik   and Munendra Kumar   

It is essential to the resolution of a large number of pressing engineering issues to have an accurate estimate of the flow resistance in an open channel flow. When there is an overbank flow on both sides of the river, it breaks through the main channel and pours out into the floodplain. The flow structure in such compound channels may become rather convoluted because of the transfer of momentum that occurs between the principal channel and the floodplains. This has a significant bearing on the flow resistance in the different subsections of the floodplain and the main channel. In addition, activities such as agriculture and construction have been carried out in the floodplain areas of a river system. Because of this, the geometry of the floodplain changes over the length of the flow, which ultimately results in the formation of a converging, diverging or skewed compound channel. Conventional formulae, which are too reliant on empirical methods, are not successful in predicting flow resistance with a high degree of accuracy. As a direct consequence of this, there is a continued high need for methods that are both original and exact. The purpose of this study is to use Gene Expression Programming to make a prediction about the manning's roughness coefficient in a compound channel with converging floodplains. The prediction will be made in terms of the geometric factors as well as the flow variables. Statistical indices are utilized to verify the created models for the experimental study so that the performance and effectiveness of these models can be evaluated. The results show that the GEP-derived manning's roughness coefficient has a strong connection both with the data from experiments and with the results of previous investigations. The GEP model that was developed for the purpose of analyzing compound channel flow has been shown to be credible by the findings of statistically sound research, and as a consequence, it is applicable to this field of study.

Yassine Razzouk   Mohamed Ahatri   Khadija Baba   and Ahlam El Majid   

Building in civil engineering usually involves a lot of expertise and knowledge, especially when working with soft soil, which is infamous for being cohesive due to its low shear strength and consequently unstable under its geotechnical conditions. This is why extra care must be taken while researching how a building constructed on soft ground will behave during an earthquake. In these situations, the bracing system, which is well-known for its beneficial effects for resistance against seismic loads, must be thoroughly investigated and its selection must be reasonable and wise. In this perspective, we studied several models by changing the two most used types of bracing (columns and shear walls) while modifying the height of the buildings (3-6-9 and 12-story) using Etabs software. We then optimized the buildings in order to choose the optimal option for each case. Global displacements, inter-story displacements and structural mass were checked and compared. Following model validation and outcome analysis, we came to the conclusion that shear wall bracing would be advantageous for buildings taller than eight stories; otherwise, column bracing would be the better option. The outcomes of this study can be used to strengthen regulations, and as a guide for designers.

M. F. H. Nasution   B. O. Y. Marpaung   Nurlisa Ginting   and H. T. Fachrudin   

This qualitative study aims to obtain information related to local knowledge of the Malay community and its influence on the continuity of vernacular architecture. This study used five Deli Malay vernacular dwellings as study objects, and they were selected based on several criteria. Collecting data was conducted by means of observation, semi-structured interviews, and visual documentation. Some householders were chosen as respondents to find out the depth of knowledge related to Malay vernacular architecture. The continuity identification uses spatial variables and the physical form of vernacular dwellings. The identification results aimed to analyze the extent, to which local knowledge influences the sustainability of Malay vernacular dwellings. This study found that the householders quality of local knowledge was decreasing by generation hereditary. Currently, the continuity of Malay vernacular housing occurs due to the desire of homeowners to maintain their identity as an ethnicity, and the memories left by their parents who built the dwellings. Following up on this study's findings, it is necessary to preserve Deli Malay vernacular architecture, bearing in mind that its existence would be increasingly displaced by the times.

Khamail Abdul-Mahdi Mosheer   and Jenan N. Almusawi   

Due to its excellent torsional properties, box beams are frequently used for structural elements that are both curved and straight. One of the most important problems in the steel thin section is warping, so the strengthening technique was used in the current research to reduce warping and increase the torsion capacity. The paper presented an experimental investigation of the torsional behavior of seven steel box beams under pure torsion. One of the beams without strengthening was used as a reference, while the other specimens were strengthened using an internal steel truss with different lengths and sizes. The internal steel truss consists of (38×38×3)mm or (50×50×2)mm smooth steel angles as upper and lower chords and steel plates with a thickness of 3.8mm at 365mm center to center were used as struts in all steel trusses. The results of tests indicated that strengthening influenced the torsional failure loads and angle of twist, and the torsional behavior of the strengthening steel box beams was improved. The maximum torsional moment capacity of strengthening beams by steel truss with steel angle size of (38×38×3)mm or (50×50×2)mm was nearly more significant than reference beam and reached to 49.54% and 42.2% respectively. On the other hand, the torsional strength of strengthening steel box beams was increased as the width/ thickness ratio (b/t) of the steel angle leg decreased. However, the torsional capacity was raised by about (37.1-41.7)% as the length of the strengthening increased from 20% to 100% of the full length of the box beam. Furthermore, the strengthening of box beams could advance their torsional rigidity and stiffness through reducing the angle of twist.

Ahmed Ouf   Tamer Mohamed Abdelaziz   and Salma Tarek   

City streets are an important component of public realm since people have to use them every day, all the time. The presented research study addresses the problem of the multiple negative feelings of stress, tension, fatigue, pain, sadness, depression and anxiety that affects different users during their daily life and are increased by their presence in the cities' streets. The incorporation of nature into urban landscapes is now seen as having restorative benefits for city residents. It all began with Kaplan and Kaplan's attention restoration theory in 1989. Well-designed restorative streetscape's planning might improve city users' health: physiologically and sociologically. This research aims to formulate a conceptual framework for restorative streetscapes in cities. It follows a descriptive analytical approach to answering two main research questions: (Q1) what are the main restorative principles for healthy street design and public realm in cities? (Q2) what are the main streetscape design elements that apply the restorative principles? The research introduces relevant concepts from a historic perspective then it reviews the Attention Restoration Theory (ART) and identifies the principles and the main elements of restorative streetscapes in their four main categories: urban, environmental, social, and economic principles. The research paper ends by identifying a methodology to define applications for achieving restorative streetscapes in our cities. The limitations of the study are that there is few published research on restorative streetscape. Moreover, there were some significant gaps in the literature. Furthermore, there aren't many guidelines or frameworks addressing the integration of restorative landscape into street design.

A. Umur Göksu   and Gülay Zorer Gedik   

Insufficiency of a climate-based prescription for the selection of renewable energy and its application with active systems in the renovation of existing residential buildings increases the importance of the need for guidance. In order to increase energy efficient buildings by evaluating the renewable energy potential in buildings, a systematic approach in the form of a guideline, which is given in general terms in the article, has been created for this need. The scope of the article is that of the comprehensive guide renewable energy (r.e.) and determining application area options, renewable energy feasibility, integration, application scenarios planning sections. It is important for designers and users to present application scenarios by considering building features, energy needs, renewable energy products, resource potential, design, and planning of relations between energy systems, in order to obtain efficient results. An approach to creating a detailed renewable energy integration scenario is given and its evaluation is demonstrated with three case studies. Implementation works in existing residential buildings cover active solar energy systems. As a result of the study, application scenarios can be designed by determining the renewable energy system with its components such as source-technology types, system size etc. and by designing the building-hardware integration at feasible locations. It has been shown that approach features such as working by coding the location and equipment, grouping the locations, and comprehensive planning of the renewable energy system in the context of the systems it is associated with can provide efficient use of time.

Nahdatunnisa   SI Wahyudi   HP Adi   and M. Arzal Tahir   

Pedestrian paths in city parks are public spaces that always attract city residents to visit. The presence of this city park must heed efforts to arrange pedestrian paths that support the walkability of visitors, considering that generally, city parks are located in the city center and with an unlimited age range of visitors. The current paper highlights the evaluation of the performance and satisfaction of pedestrian path users in public green spaces using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) analysis tool and the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) analysis tool, followed by conducting a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to obtain optimal models and strategies for pedestrian paths. The results help identifying the performance of pedestrian paths and indicate the CSI of pedestrian path users. The comfort of pedestrians on public open space roads needs to be improved. In terms of security, the height of the pedestrian path must be distinguished from the vehicle lane. This study reveals that the performance of existing pedestrian paths classified as good category are facilities for pedestrians with special needs (guiding block), road markings, crossing lanes, security systems (CCTV, security posts), speed control, and cleanliness. Those classified as adequate category are pedestrian path dimensions, lighting, the difference in the height of the pedestrian path with the road body, pedestrian markings and signs/signals, the surface texture of materials, seating, climate (shade), shelter, vegetation/shade plants, the number and quality of rubbish bins. Those with poor category are the availability of ramps, pedestrian paths connected to urban transportation elements, continuity of pedestrian paths, barriers on pedestrian paths, crossings, and noise reduction facilities. In addition, the user satisfaction index is fairly satisfying (65.57%).

I Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra   and Ida Bagus Gde Wirawibawa   

Historical construction practices are used to investigate the role of contemporary architecture in promoting cultural sustainability. The discussions centered on the importance of cultural survival and renewal for a more sustainable future highlight the importance of intergenerational dialogue and cultural revitalization. This study aims to understand better the Balinese efforts to modify the indigenous architectural style and ornaments to meet the demands of urbanization and cultural consciousness. Balinese consciousness builds a lineage of the ornament qualities displayed in Buleleng's traditional architectural style to foster cultural sustainability. Since the people of Buleleng have preserved the temples out of reverence for God and their ancestors, these architectural ornaments will be obtained by carefully investigating the heritage temples' original design. This research will be carried out to achieve these beautiful traits. Many heritage temples have been documented and observed to understand the special feature of the ornament's style. The pedigree includes the cultural dynamics that have influenced the style's evolution. It is concluded that traditional design principles were used to achieve a high level of sustainability and exceptional artistic quality in many of heritage buildings especially temples over a long time.

Huang Hu   

This research investigates the seismic hazards due to the potential earthquake (ML 7.0) caused by the Changhua fault movement and offers a disaster risk prevention strategy for the elementary school. Some vital ground motion parameters, including spectral intensities SIa, SIv, and SId, characteristic intensity (I_c), standardized version of cumulative absolute velocity (CAV_std), and maximum incremental velocity (MIV), are employed to assess the seismic hazards in the Changhua County, Taiwan. Five valuable results are as follows. At first, the estimated parameters I_c, CAV_std, MIV, and SIa distributed in Changhua County are higher than the damage thresholds with (I_c, CAV_std, MIV, SIa)=(316cm1.5/s2.5, 418cm/s, 30cm/s, 400gal), indicating that the buildings with 1-7 floors in Changhua county may be destroyed seriously, especially for the buildings in the populated areas which contain with 12 townships from the central part to southern portions in the Chunghua County. The second is Shengeng, Lukang, Tianwei, and Yongjing townships, and Changhua and Yuanlin cities have higher SIv values greater than 30cm/s, meaning the buildings with 7-21 floors in these districts may be damaged. The third is the Lukang township, which is famous for the number of historical monuments and has higher values of all the parameters. Therefore, the historical monuments at Lukang township may be destructive. The fourth is that 90% of the elementary schools in Changhua County locate in potentially dangerous places. Finally, the importance of the school's seismic risk mitigation and management strategies is discussed based on the transformational leadership of the principal in the elementary school.

Alaa Ata   Ahmed Abd El All   and Marwa Nabil   

Shallow isolated footings are usually used to support multitude of light and medium weighted structures like low rise buildings, warehouses, fences, advertising panels and parking sheds, where the surface soil formation is strong enough to carry the structural loads safely and keep the settlement values within the allowable ranges. A very common challenge is the construction of these footings on soft and very soft clay deposits, due to their low shear strength and induced large settlement. Maybe the most common method in dealing with such soil formations is to fully or partially replace the weak soil with more competent granular fills. In this research, a series of numerical analyses are performed to study the enhancement in the load-settlement response of a square footing rested on a soft clay deposit, when stabilized with ordinary granular trenches and encapsulated granular trenches and a group of ordinary stone columns and encapsulated stone columns. The effect of combining both granular trenches and columns under the footing as an improvement technique is also studied. The impact of different factors affecting the improved soil load-carrying capacity are studied, as: trench width ratio, trench depth ratio, gravel column diameter, length, encapsulation length ratio and encapsulation stiffness. Finite element method FEM based software (ABAQUS 6.20) is utilized to model the footing-soil ensemble and study the effect of the various parameters. Results had it that introducing gravel trench and gravel column under the footing improved the soft soil settlement-response and even more improvements are gained by introducing geotextile encapsulation. The gravel trench and gravel column combination has proved to be efficient in providing a noticeable improvement in the footing load-settlement response.

Daniela E. Montalvo-Parrales   Esteban F. Zalamea-León   Jhonatan P. Calle-Loza   and Edgar A. Barragán-Escandón   

The energy requirements for dwellings in tropical equatorial climates are significant and ongoing throughout the year. Fortunately, significant and stable irradiation exists. We propose the redesign of a local-style, single-family home with a layout for a typical family of four. The methodology consists of real data on the electricity consumption of an existing case of a typical family, which is considered the source of the energy requirements to determine improvements. Once the house is characterized, it is redesigned. Its energetic behaviour is simulated with virtual tools such as ArchiCAD from Graphisoft and DesignBuilder to introduce passive strategies. Photovoltaic (PV) electrical self-supply of the building is integrated, and the inclusion of electric vehicles is considered. The house is virtually built as a dwelling with similar functions, but solar passive and active strategies are integrated to achieve high energy performance. The roof envelope configuration is the main energy source, and interior overheating is the cause. An initial reduction of 36.97% in energy requirements with only passive strategies and a double-ventilated roof is estimated. When simulating PV capability with the System Advisor Model software, nine standard PV 380 Wp panels are sized for the roof to meet the estimated power requirements, and nine additional units are needed to supply electric transportation sufficient for a single family. A model that can scalably integrate PV in accordance with demand is proposed.

Shaheem S   Nisha Radhakrishnan   and Samson Mathew   

During recent years, the rate of commuters using public transportation has drastically reduced, which has led to a rise in private vehicles with higher levels of traffic congestion, accidents, pollution, etc. Primarily, the factors that attract and deter passengers from using public transport must be identified. The present study attempted to develop a structural equation model for exploring the effect of latent attributes on the travel mode choice decisions of the working population in Thiruvananthapuram City. The existing socio-economic and travel patterns of the working population were studied by conducting a revealed preference survey. The unobservable attributes influencing the mode choice decisions were analysed by using the semantic differential technique with a five-point bipolar adjective scale. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify major latent parameters influencing commuters' attitudes towards public transport, and confirmatory factor analysis was done to statistically estimate the relationship between observed variables and latent variables. The major latent attributes identified were reliability, convenience, comfort, and safety. The structural equation model developed using Smart-PLS software indicated that major latent constructs such as reliability and convenience have the most profound influence on travel mode choice decision of commuters. Evaluation of public transport improvement policies identified from an expert opinion survey shows that about a 10% increase in latent variables such as convenience and reliability lead to 3.1% and 5.5% increase, respectively, in the mode share of the public transport system in Thiruvananthapuram City.

Krishna P. Kisi   Kishor Shrestha   Rujan Kayastha   and Umar Khan   

The emerging notion of smart cities combines urban infrastructure and technology to advance human life quality. The Government of India commenced on the development of 100 existing cities as smart cities. The first phase of the mission includes twenty Smart cities development. In this study, the authors present a comparative analysis of project-level indicators for three smart cities that are chosen based on project development and their secondary data availability on the website. First, the authors created a list of project-level indicators based on extant studies, policy documents, and project reports that were published in the last one and half decade. Second, the authors collected secondary data on project-level indicators from the three cities. Third, the authors analyzed a questionnaire survey from citizens, real estate developers, and contractors regarding the perception of the quality improvement of life after the Smart Cities Mission. Though the relative comparison between expenditure and revenue for all three cities shows an increasing trend from 2015 to 2019, the sewage treatment system in Nagpur city shows more revenue generated compared to the other two cities. The overall ranking from the perception survey result shows that respondents see more pedestrian safety improvement followed by traffic system management and safety/security. The results indicate that the sewage infrastructure and garbage collection have not significantly improved. The study findings will assist city planners, investors, and developers in lowering claims and making wise judgments both before and after the implementation of smart cities.

Monira abdallah Ragab   Asmaa Nasr Eldin El-Badrawy   and Nanees Abd elhamid Elsayyad   

In recent years, the notion of quality of urban life (QUL) has gained prominence in response to the various challenges faced by new cities globally, including Egypt. This study aims to introduce this notion, defined as the urban planning features that can improve individual quality of life. To achieve this, the study examines existing definitions of quality of life, urban planning, and Regenerative growth. While sustainability assessment methods have been developed to evaluate the environmental impact of buildings or groups of buildings. Insufficient research exists regarding the impact of urban planning on the well-being of individuals. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop a methodology for measuring the QUL following established principles of urban quality of life, for the purpose of enhancing residential neighborhoods such as Modern and Intelligent Urbanism, Smart Growth, Urban Village. These principles should be useful for designers in developing new areas and locating potential weaknesses in designed areas. The approach utilized entails examining modern theories and practices in urban planning, followed by the comparison and integration of methods like BREEAM Communities and LEED for neighborhoods with new indicators. The research identifies a fundamental group of indicators of urban quality of life that are relevant to the proposed evaluation framework. The indicators consist of seven primary dimensions of urban quality of life, each with 25 component sub-categories. This research presents a valuable contribution to the literature on the QUL and offers practical tools for urban planners and designers to enhance individual quality of life in new urban areas.

Meruyert Baidrakhmanova   Seimur Mamedov   and Gani Karabayev   

The relevance of the research topic is that the placement of mixed-use residential complexes in large cities plays a vital role in spatial planning from a combination of a large number of functions, which are the basis for the improvement of the settlement, taking into account the needs of the population. The purpose of this study is to form a classification of mixed-use residential complexes and their architectural and planning structure on the basis of Astana, the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors used a set of general scientific research methods, in particular: factual analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction, abstraction. The article analyses the role of mixed-use residential complexes in modern conditions of active urbanization. The necessity of modernization of complex plans of existing residential areas is grounded. A number of problems in the field of normative regulation of urban planning norms and standards is characterized. Modern trends affecting the formation and classification of mixed-use residential complexes of cities in the Republic of Kazakhstan were substantiated. A number of factors justifying the essence of the concept of "mixed-useity" were determined. A group of basic urban planning principles, which are taken into account the formation of residential complexes, was analysed. The modern classification of mixed-use residential complexes was defined by the example of the city of Astana. The general classification of mixed-use residential complexes takes into account all the external and internal factors of a large city, not only the norms of architectural and planning structure. This research provides a valuable foundation for future research in urban planning and architecture, with the potential to inform policy and practice in cities both in Kazakhstan and globally.

Mahantesh N B   

Alkali activated fly ash-slag based geopolymer concrete (GPC) are being well received by industry, but its applications as reinforced concrete members still need a better understanding of its performance. The Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete (RGPC) elements indicates the suitability of GPC in mass applications and their long-term performance. In the first phase, better GPC mix proportion is developed by varying percentages of ingredients and studying their influence on strengths and MoE. The MoE of the developed GPC mix is compared with existing models to arrive at the most realistic value. In the second phase, developed GPC mix is used to cast different under reinforced flexural specimen (slabs) and are load tested for their strength - deformation behaviour under monotonically increasing central point loads and uniformly distributed loads using two type of support condition i.e. two opposite sides simply supported, and all 4 sides simply supported. From the load deflection behaviour and using elastic analysis, the MoE of RGPC sections are determined and are compared with MoE based on rule of mixture, using MoE of GPC from the codal provisions of OPC based concrete. The two results of MoEs of RGPC are best comparable.

Riza Suwondo   Vincentcius Ozzie   and Traad Alzhrani   

Concrete durability has drawn wide attention in recent years. The application of different technologies in concrete has a substantial impact on concrete durability. Crystalline technology is commonly adopted as admixture in concrete particularly under extreme conditions. This paper presents an experimental study of the application of specific crystalline additives to improve the durability of concrete. The aim of the experimental program is to investigate the influence of crystalline admixtures on the durability performances of concrete. Compressive strength, water penetration and chemical resistance tests are conducted. The performance of concrete with crystalline admixtures is compared to that of normal concrete as a benchmark. The results show that crystalline admixtures have a considerable influence on the performance of concrete in terms of compressive strength and permeability mainly due to the filling effect. The addition of 0.6% and 1.2% crystalline considerably increase the compressive strength of concrete up to 10% and 15% at 28 days, respectively. A significant reduction of water penetration can also be found in concrete with crystalline admixture up to 27% and 52% for 0.6% and 1.2% crystalline addition, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of crystalline admixtures to concrete results in a significant reduction in both mass loss and compressive strength loss after submerging the concrete in sulphuric acid. This study provides valuable insights into the use of crystalline admixtures in improving the durability of concrete.

Ricardo Daza-González   Leydis Villadiego-Rojas   Miguel Figueroa   William Alberto Gomez Zabaleta   and Juan Carlos Caez Perez   

Local scour is a morphological process originated by the presence of a foreign object or an obstacle within water flow alignment; therefore, bridge piers act as the cause of this phenomena, generating a significant bed level change in a river´s cross section. There are many methods and equations formulated in order to calculate or estimate local scour at a bridge pier thus resulting in a wide range of calculated values for local scour within a specific river. This research compares different local scour methods by calculating the scour depth at a bridge pier on the Toribio River, which is born in the Sierra Nevada mountain at the north of Colombia and drains westwards towards the Caribbean Sea. The construction of the railway bridge over the Toribio River in Colombia, makes it necessary to evaluate the bridge pier scour that the bed level will suffer, thereby guaranteeing a safe design for the bridge's foundations. Seven different calculation methods for local scour are evaluated, analyzing various parameters such as: normal water depth, water flow, velocity, grain size and the pier´s geometry and size. The results for local scour obtained with each method are compared with measured scour results based on bathymetric data. Two bathymetric surveys provided information for initial and final bed levels at the cross section where the new bridge was built. The difference between initial bed level (December 2019) and final bed level (November 2020) indicated a measured local scour depth at both piers; this information served as a reference value for evaluating the seven different local scour equations. The local scour methods proposed by Laursen and Toch, Neill, Coleman and CSU, showed the results that best fitted with measured scour values, being the first two the most accurate ones for the study case of Toribio River.

Arch. Huda Aldabbas   Omar Al-Omari   Majdi Bisharah   and Hamza Al-Bdour   

The objective of this research is to find out more about where and how architects get their ideas, as well as what role those ideas play in the design process. In this study, 32 students in their fourth year of architectural engineering at Al-Balqa Applied University were surveyed using a quantitative (questionnaire survey) analytical method. Students were divided into two groups based on their responses to a questionnaire (those who were well oriented in architecture and design principles and those who were not), and their work was collected and evaluated over one semester. The findings support the study's main conclusion that students' experiences, creative talent, and lifetime exposure to various architectural concepts and designs are all important factors in defining the sources of architectural thoughts. Furthermore, it was hypothesized in this study that the students under scrutiny relied solely on the architectural concept for the first two stages of the design process, ignoring concepts available in the subsequent phases, which are also thought to be essential for overcoming any difficulties that may arise in the design formulation. The statistical findings of the study, which used (SPSS) software, support the idea that educating novice architects in Jordan's local context about architectural principles through the design process is critical for improving their understanding of where and how architectural concepts are conceived.

Bhawna Patel   and U. K. Dewangan   

The flexural and shear cracks are prevalent in the beam element. The early identification of such kind of damage to the beam can avoid abrupt structural failure. The researchers have attempted to predict the damages in the structural beam elements based on the vibration characteristics. In this paper, the aim is to develop the Response Surface Model (RSM), for the damage identification of a cantilever beam with single and multiple damage combinations. For the study purpose, the finite element model of a cantilever beam, was modelled on the ABAQUS SIMULIA Suite version 2022. The numerical modal analysis was performed, and the response output was validated against the experimental results. Further, the damages are introduced to the beam at five different locations, with various single as well as multiple damage combinations and with different crack depth. Afterwards, based on the central composite design, the sampling of the damage scenarios was performed. The response of the numerical model for different damage scenarios was estimated. Further the RSM for the beam was generated based on the input and response output using the MATLAB, and the performance of the developed RS model was investigated. The developed RSM is able to predict the damages for single as well as multiple damage scenarios. The statistical based models are universal model which are based on the numerical values. Thus, the response surface model can be developed for any other type of structure by following the methodology provided in this paper.

Mu'tasime Abdel-jaber   Rob Beale   and Nisrine Makhoul   

Despite the years of widespread usage of self-compacting concrete in construction, there is still no reliable quantitative approach that can accurately forecast its strength. This restriction results from the very nonlinear relationship between the "compressive strength (CS) of the SCC (Self-Compacting Concrete)" and the mixed materials. In this research work, a novel SCC prediction model is developed using the new Optimised Duple--Deep Learning Model. Data gathering, pre-processing, feature extraction, feature fusion, and strength prediction are the five primary steps of the suggested model. The min-max normalization method is initially used to normalize the obtained data. Higher-order statistical features (Variance & skewness), Statistical features (Min-Max, Mean, Median, and Standard Deviation), and Pearson's correlation coefficient-based features are then derived from the normalized data. The features that were extracted are concatenated. A new duple-deep-learning model is developed using the fused features. Bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) and an improved Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) will both be included in the dual deep learning model. The novel Distance Ranked Fire-Hawk Optimizer (DRFO) is employed to fine-tune the activation function of the dual-deep learning model to increase prediction accuracy. This DRFO model conceptually enhances the baseline Fire Hawk Optimizer (FHO). The dual-deep learning model provides the ultimate decision on the CS of SCC. The suggested model outperforms existing models based on the MATLAB results in terms of performance analysis % values such as Mean Square Error (MSE -0.282), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE -1.325), Mean Absolute Error (MAE -0.334), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE -0.112), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE -0.00), and correlation coefficient (0.999).

Nada Yamoul   Latifa Dlimi   Khalid El Harrouni   and Baraka Achraf Chakir   

The building sector is considered one of the most energy-intensive sectors in Morocco. This energy consumption is expected to increase considering the population growth, the development of new cities and the major projects planned by the government in key sectors of the Moroccan economy. Various efforts have been made in recent years to improve the energy performance of buildings through the publication in 2014 of the thermal regulation for new buildings, the adoption of different programs and projects such as the energy efficiency demonstration projects, and also the deployment of an energy performance label for the housing sector by the Moroccan Agency for Energy Efficiency (AMEE). The aim of this work is to propose solutions to improve the thermal inertia of the envelope of a Moroccan modern house in order to reduce its energy consumption. In this sense, we have adopted an approach based on passive solutions through the simulation of the energy needs of a prototype residential building in two different climatic zones in Morocco using TRNSYS software. The results of this work have underlined the importance of strengthening the thermal inertia. Thanks to the insulation and the use of terracotta brick, which has allowed a significant reduction in energy needs similar to the application of the insulation solution.

Rawa Ali Abulawi   

This study focused on exploring the appropriate types of artwork for the public spaces of children's hospitals in Palestine. The study was carried out in two phases, with the first phase involving the evaluation and analysis of 45 photographs of artwork in two paediatric departments in Nablus City/Palestine. In the second stage, there were nine interactive workshops that incorporated artistic activities and semi-structured interviews with a varied group of individuals, including children, parents, healthcare practitioners, and designers. The study's findings suggest that incorporating nature-themed artwork would be the most appropriate way to regenerate the space for all stakeholders. Water features, culture, sport, music, abstract art, and semi-permanent art were also identified as potential themes, but it seems that nature was the most strongly preferred option. Based on the research conducted, it has been found that utilizing practical design methods can be incredibly advantageous in fostering creativity and gathering ideas and preferences from different stakeholders, including young children. The implementation of such methods can help determine the most suitable types of artwork for the interior architectural design of public spaces in children's hospitals. This study is significant as it helps to bridge the gap in the literature regarding thematic design artwork for public spaces in children's hospitals in Palestine. Moreover, this study provides valuable insights into the preferences of various stakeholders, particularly children. These insights can assist in creating healing environments in healthcare settings that cater to the needs and desires of patients and visitors alike. Overall, this research is essential in the field of healthcare architecture as it helps to create spaces that promote healing and well-being, especially in pediatric settings.

Juny Andry   Pratikso   and Rachmat Mudiyono   

Rob or tide water is a flood of seawater or rising sea level caused by high tide inundating land. Heavy traffic and tidal immersion on main roads result in permanent deformation and require quality asphalt that is resistant to tidal immersion and traffic loads. The use of a combination of LDPE and aggregate slag is an unprecedented update. Polyethylene (PE) plastic waste provides water resistance, therefore the combination can be a new Job Mix Formula that is able to withstand tidal immersion (rob) allowing it to be used in the construction of road structures (Flexible Pavement). The duration of immersion is 7 days, 14 days and 21 days and the soaking method consists of immersing with a continuous pattern and soaking with a periodic/ cyclic pattern (intermittent). Job Mix Formula that can be used on asphalt concrete wearing course modification is a combination of 50% Slag aggregate and 6% LDPE, while asphalt concrete wearing course modification of 0% and 100% Slag Aggregate grades with LDPE 0%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 10% and 18% cannot be used as road pavement because it does not meet the requirements of Bina Marga technical specifications.

Marjono   and Taufiq Rochman   

Due to the fact that the overall performance of concrete pavement was typically equivalent during the full-service life, the use of the chosen addition made it possible to recycle a substantial proportion of reclaimed asphalt pavement at mid-service and high-service temperatures. One of the advances in building materials is RCC (Roller Compacted Concrete), which is a combination of cement, water, and coarse and fine particles that are compacted by rolling. This surplus is required for road paving construction, particularly on routes that will be quickly utilized or constructed during the rainy season. Recent paper focused on determining the ideal level of compaction for the RCC pavement model. The most important part of this paper is to do a compressive strength study under different levels of compaction for field application. The outcomes of experiment will be explored upon acquiring data on the RCC surface as a result of repeated load cycles. The form of study employed is actual experimental research on the RCC pavement model, which has a width of 70-cm, a length of 240 cm, and various thicknesses. The results indicated that the RCC thickness was compacted 12 times, 16 times, 20 times, 24 times, 32 times, and 40 times with varying compaction numbers as the level of compaction. The degree of compaction represented by compaction number, C_N has a substantial influence on the roller compacted concrete performance especially affecting the compressive strength. The optimum compaction number, C_N for the 5cm, 6cm and 7cm thickness were determined to be 43, 48, and 58 times respectively.

Saurabh Pujari   Vijay Kaushik   and S. Anbu Kumar   

In river engineering, the stepped spillway of a dam is an important component that may be used in various ways. It is necessary to conduct research dealing with flood control in order to investigate the method, in which energy is lost along the tiered spillways. In the past, several research projects on stepped spillways without baffles have been carried out utilizing a range of research approaches. In the present study, machine learning techniques such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Regression Tree (RT) are used to analyze the energy dissipation on rectangular stepped spillways that make use of baffles in a variety of configurations and at a range of channel slopes. The results of many experiments indicate that the amount of energy that is lost increases with the number of baffles that are present in flat channels with slopes and rises. In order to evaluate the efficiency and usefulness of the suggested model, the statistical indices that were developed for the experimental research are used to validate the models that were created for the study. The findings indicate that the suggested SVM model properly predicted the amount of energy that was dissipated when contrasted with RT and the method that had been developed in the past. This study verifies the use of machine learning techniques in this industry, and it is unique in that it anticipates energy dissipation along stepped spillways utilizing baffle designs. In addition, this work validates the use of machine learning methods in this field.

Michael Dowglas de Gois Silva   and Fábio Roberto Chavarette   

The dynamic loads from earthquakes and winds can destroy lives, cause collapse in civil structures, and interrupt basic services provided to the population. In this scenario, structural projects must be developed to diminish the damage induced by these actions. The objective of this paper is to design a controller based on H optimization via state feedback to mitigate excessive vibrations in a three-story building caused by the joint action of wind and earthquake. The building is considered a rigid structure, shear building model. All research is based on computational simulation; research and experimental results will not be addressed. A qualitative and quantitative analysis is performed. The system presents large displacements and velocities through the numerical simulations of external actions, demonstrating a chaotic behavior, thus characterizing the total collapse or in parts of the structure. With the application of the H control technique via state feedback, displacements and velocities have been reduced considerably, with a reduction of more than 75% in their maximum displacement. From the results presented, it is concluded that through state feedback and H controller design, the system was stabilized and its H norm was minimized, thus achieving the goal of the controller by avoiding catastrophes and financial losses.

Patricia M. Putri   and Tavio   

The population census conducted by the BPS – Statistics Indonesia in September 2020 revealed that Indonesia's total population was 270.20 million, an increase of 32.56 million people from the population census conducted in 2010. This circumstance influences the shortage of residential land. However, vertical land use through a series of outrigger structures can be a solution. This is due to the structural system's effectiveness in increasing stiffness and decreasing lateral drift, particularly when used in structures with more than 40 stories. In practice, there are two types of outrigger structural systems, i.e. conventional and virtual outrigger structural systems. Both require stiffeners, but their behaviors are distinct. Hence, in this study, they were examined using the modal pushover analysis approach, with a focus on the behavior of outrigger beams against various heights between floors. The study concludes that the height between the floors of an outrigger structural system is directly proportional to the drift, displacement, and stiffness, but inversely proportional to the level of performance. In addition, the number of structural members that fail is inverse to their stiffness. Comparatively, the virtual outrigger structural system is more effective than the conventional outrigger structural system.

Smruti Raghani   Tejwant Singh Brar   Rupesh Surwade   and Mohammad Arif Kamal   

It has become crucial to live in serene and soothing environments to be healthy and tranquil. Contemplative areas can guide the architecture to a higher spiritual plane which generates a feeling of calmness. It is possible to characterize the present era as turbulent, uncertain, and changeable. Technical breakthroughs and a desire for peaceful settings has to go hand in hand along with rapid urbanization and excessive intensification. Traditional architecture frequently had a specific function in mind when it was designed, and future users, uses, or environmental changes were rarely considered. However, it is now asserted that climate change, shifting demographics, resource depletion, and cost difficulties necessitate building flexibility immediately. It is thought that architecture of the 21st century needs to be similarly flexible and adaptable for a number of reasons, the most crucial of which being the user's experiences and mental health. Instead of demolishing buildings to create landfills, architecture should be designed to be dismantled, rebuilt, and repurposed to create spaces for reflection which produces peaceful and serene spaces. There are several ways that architecture can create these places. The experiment used in the current study was based on comprehensive literature surveys and experiments in the disciplines of form and architecture along with its impact on human mental status. This study focuses on the investigation of effects of the physical environment and dome on the energy levels of humans. By offering a place where people are free to ponder or meditate and feel the present moment, different environments can be built that help experience more connecting to themselves. Such quiet areas can be helpful for those who are stressed or depressed.

Firas M Sharaf   Hande Sanem Çinar   and Ghaida Adel Irmeili   

Public spaces are places where people gather and practice their daily activities. Squares and streets give the city identity and urban character, whether historical or modern. Since ancient times, public squares have occupied an important place in city planning; they are used for political, social, religious, and recreational activities. Recently, open public spaces and squares have taken on the character of recreation and comfort spaces and are used for social activities. The quality and evaluation of the features of public spaces in the city and the criteria for success and value of public spaces are addressed in this paper. The impact of physical and social elements is quantified to measure the success of the public place. The new Abdali development project in Amman city in Jordan is selected as an example of newly constructed public spaces to become a new city center. The analysis of physical and social dimensions and SWOT analysis are performed to evaluate the quality of public spaces. These elements are considered according to the respondents' replies to the questionnaire and measured according to an assessment equation of public place quality. A chart of the public space's quality is created to demonstrate the results in numeric values, and conclusions are drawn accordingly. This paper concludes that the quality and success of public spaces is the result of taking into account physical and social factors in the design and planning stages to create successful public spaces.

Olga Bantserova   and Margarita Ivanova   

In light of the rapid growth of cities, there emerges the need for new solutions to adapt objects to the urban environment. Changes in the functional purpose and modernization of public buildings necessitate the transformation of space. The goal of the research was to determine the key principles of the formation of adaptive multifunctional public buildings. The study implemented historical, bioanalytical, and comparative analysis of mixed-use public complexes, as well as a survey of experts. As a result, the authors identified the factors contributing to the emergence of a classification range of adaptation features, as well as the categories and types of adaptation of objects. Proceeding from the conducted research, the authors propose methods for the adaptation of multifunctional public complexes. The paper concludes that these methods allow for a prompt and efficient response to changing socio-economic conditions and promote the formation of a comfortable urban environment. The application of adaptation methods in design and construction will simplify the task of adapting obsolete facilities to the new transformed demands of society. Therefore, it appears important to study trends in the development of architectural objects in terms of their functional aspects in response to the impact of external factors, similar to processes in the natural environment.

Bharat Narayan Deshmukh   and Janaki Ballav Swain   

In the study, copper slag (CS) and cellulose fibre (CF) were employed as industrial and agricultural waste products, respectively, in an experimental investigation of the characteristic value by partially substituting cement and fine aggregate (CS). The characteristic value of the cement is assessed using Taguchi's approach OAL9 Matrix for 7, 28, and 56 days of the curing period. In this method, fine aggregate was substituted with CS 10%, 20%, and 40%, the ratio of W/C was always 0.41, and the supplementary cement had CF percentages of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. In a study that mixes industrial waste and agricultural waste, the best value of agricultural trash and other resources is arranged in the form of factor ABCD. The use of by-products in mortar generates ecologically sustainable materials by keeping optimal value in the form of CS and STS. The impact of cellulose on hydration products was investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). SEM analysis demonstrated that adding 0.1% cellulose to concrete increased the concentration of C3S and C2S in the mix compared to control concrete, indicating that internal bond modifications are occurring.

Hoa Cao Van   and Tuan Anh Nguyen   

Previous studies have shown that the Pile Design Method with Consideration of Down Drag (PDWDD) method can be applied in practice. In this method, the potential settlement of the subsoil is determined using the consolidation theory. This method makes assumptions for the load that causes potential subsoil settlement; there is no basic constraint and then the method is not widely accepted. To solve this problem, the following study uses elastic theory to calculate the settlement of the subsoil, which is caused by the interaction loads between the foundation structures (raft and pile) and the subsoil. Many researchers have successfully applied hybrid model using the theory of elasticity using the first solution of Mindlin to simulate closely the behavior of rafts, piles and soil in the pile raft foundation. In this study, the authors used the first solution of Mindlin to calculate the settlement of the foundation soil due to structure – soil interaction loads. This study has proposed a hybrid model for future computer programming. The assumptions in the model have been validated partially with three real projects. The results show that the calculation of the settlement of the subsoil under the pile foundation and the PDWDD method based on the hybrid model proposed in this study are valid.

Nurul Izza Abdul Ghani   Mohamad Haszirul Mohd Hashim   and Wan Samsul Zamani   

Maintenance is a combination of several management methods without changing the basic features and functions of building structures and service systems. Effective maintenance planning ensures optimal use of the structure and reduces operating costs. Building inspection is one of the methods in maintenance management for assessment of building physical condition. Moreover, this method is a preliminary analysis to gather information, assess and identify damages to building structures. This paper discussed a variety of structural inspection methods including inspections for pitched roof and façade. Literature was collected from journals, conference proceedings, standards and books. These methods were compared and classified according to defect. The results demonstrated that there are weaknesses in the method of building structure inspection. For example, there are varieties of information in the verification of damage causing inconsistencies in the inspection. Hence, causing inconsistent final report on maintenance performed. Besides, the assessments also depend on the discretion and experience of the inspector, resulting in subjective evaluations. For instance, the final reports were interpreted differently from individual perspectives. In conclusion, building structure inspection requires a guide to standardize the inspection process. In addition, specific strategies are required to ensure the documents provided can be deduced consistently by various inspectors.

Tito Castillo   Marcel Paredes   Alexis Andrade   José Gaibor   and Karen Merino   

The studied company offers its clients a first quality and fast assembly house. Its dispatch and delivery depend on the production phase of the prefabricated elements and the final assembly phase of the product. The goal of the research is to find the existing waste in both phases mentioned, through the application of lean tools. For this purpose, a visual analysis of the current operation managed by the prefabricated company was conducted. The data obtained allowed the calculation of productive and unproductive time and the classification of activities that add value (AV) and do not add value (NAV); for a clearer vision of what happens within the processes, a value stream mapping was developed. Current VSM where the existing waste is distinguished gave way to the search for tools that help reduce or eliminate said waste, which were chosen with the help of lean experts considering the type of waste and the setback that generates it. From this analysis, in which the errors in the processes were found, strategies were set up to improve them and the future VSM was proposed.

Putu Ogi Suryadinata   Tavio  and I Gusti Putu Raka  

Axial force-bending moment (P-M) interaction diagrams are indispensable in the design of spun piles. From the interaction diagrams, the capacity of the section to resist axial force and bending moment can be obtained based on the results of a cross-sectional analysis of strain and stress distributions. The construction of an interaction diagram generally requires manual neutral axis trial and error calculations, which are time-consuming. Hence, a time-saving and more accurate auxiliary program was developed using MATLAB. Confinement can change the shape of concrete stress-strain curves, as seen from increasing compressive stress in the cross-section at certain ultimate strains. Accounting for the effect of confinement will increase the ultimate strains, leading to a more ductile structure. The confinement models used include Mander et al., El-Dash and Ahmad, and Kusuma and Tavio. The variations included the effect of prestressing force, spiral spacing, and the impact of confinement reinforcement area. The results of the confinement variables affect the cross-sectional curvature ductility. If the spiral spacing is closer or the area of reinforcing bars is increased, the curvature ductility increases.

Shahnawaz Zardari   Riaz Bhanbhro   Muhammad Auchar Zardari   Bashir Ahmed Memon   Aamir Khan Mastoi   and Amjad Hussain Bhutto   

The study introduces new approaches for determining hydraulic conductivity of natural and cemented soils under varying overburden and consolidation loads, followed by numerical evaluations of seepage and canal stability when cemented soils are utilised. This was done mostly due to the fact that Pakistan has several canal breaches and embankment failures annually. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the stability of existing canals in terms of seepage and stability and to recommend ways for their reinforcement. This study attempts to examine constant seepage conditions and the stability of existing canals. Results reveal that overburden loads can impair hydraulic conductivity considerably. At higher stresses of 200 kPa of overburden stress, the hydraulic conductivity of natural soils was reduced by 189%, and by 306% and 133% for the mix of 5% cement and silty clay and 10% cement, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the canal embankments were only marginally safe due to the constant seepage. Varying ratios of 5% and 10% cement with silty clay having 1 m thick layers with different dimensions were used to analyse and reinforce the weak canal embankments. It was also discovered that 5% cemented soil layers provided greater stability. This research suggests techniques for fortifying both the present and future canal embankments.

Rupesh Surwade   Kanwaljit Singh Khas   Smruti Raghani   and Mohammad Arif Kamal   

Model-making plays an important role in architectural design projects. Models can depict how a building fits into its surroundings without revealing every detail, or they might highlight a particular feature of the structure. Model making is important to better understand how the architectural design adopts the energy efficiency of a structure. Active learning through the Modelmaking method has been useful to learners in developing their conceptual design using three modes: a) Observations b) By doing c) Problem-solving. When the beginners start their project, it has been observed that they are unable to understand the three-dimensional form and find it difficult to study climate-responsive architecture / sustainable building design. Physical model making is an extremely versatile tool for the design process, conducting research, and introducing three-dimensional designs. It may assist the process used to explore different forms in Architectural design. It also refers to an educational strategy that uses engaging learning processes tailored to the learners' requirements and interests. Model making is a vast domain, and there are many aspects about how to be understood in relation to its use, presentation, experimentation, testing (prototype), etc. The research underlines how the assumptions and accessibility of a technology education design process may give learners many opportunities to learn about models and modeling.

Eko Indah Susanti   As’ad Munawir   Yulvi Zaika   and Sri Murni Dewi   

Based on its geographical location, most of Indonesia's territory consists of residual soil. Residual soil on slopes has been a problem that often occurs and causes landslides. We can use various efforts to prevent landslides and overcome other issues on slopes, especially residual soil, by providing reinforcement. In this study, we can increase the strength of the slopes to be more stable by providing pile reinforcement to improve the safety of the slopes. First, we observed a scaled slope model with and without pile reinforcement. Residual slope modeling was carried out using a test box with a slope inclination of 37° and using a composite concrete pile as a model for pile reinforcement. Test models with different diameters (2.54 cm, 3.175 cm, and 3.81 cm) and the pile spacing were varied (7.5 cm, 10 cm, and 12.5 cm). This test was performed using an experimental model in the laboratory aimed at understanding the failure mechanism or failure of the slope. We identified the maximum failure load value for the slope to resist sliding. Problems in the laboratory were analyzed using the finite element method by changing the form of 3D slope modeling to 2D modeling. Then, we compared the experimental results in the laboratory with the finite element analysis method. Based on the FE Method test results, the SF of slopes reinforced with single-row experienced a safety factor improvement of 17.621 % in FEM (2D) compared to slopes modeled without reinforcement. The most significant bearing capacity and SF value were found in the diameter of 3.175 cm and a distance of 10 cm. The effect of diameter and spacing between piles on slope stability is when the pile diameter increases, the pile spacing becomes smaller, and the critical slip surface also becomes deeper until a specific diameter and distance are reached. This condition causes the slope to become stable. In addition, the study result showed that reinforced slopes are prone to failure of the rotational slope.

Yalda Safaralipour   and Mustafa Erkan Karagüler   

Phase change materials (PCMs) have a high capacity to store latent heat, which makes them useful as thermal stabilizers or insulating barriers in various applications. The facade of a building is particularly important for maintaining temperature stability and minimizing energy consumption, as it acts as an envelope that protects the building from harsh weather conditions. To ensure thermal comfort inside the building, it is crucial to minimize heat loss due to differences between indoor and outdoor temperatures. The aim of this study is to reduce heat transfer between indoor and outdoor spaces. To achieve this goal, the study incorporates phase change materials (PCM) into the mortar of facade panels based on PCM's ability on retarding heat transfer and its ability to store heat. A novel experimental system was used for the study, which was created using a comparative method. It's expected that the addition of PCM will reduce the thermal conductivity coefficient of the composite material, resulting in lower energy consumption. The reference mortar used in the study was a prefabricated mixture of polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete (PPFRC) with a constant water/cement ratio of 0.40. Samples were prepared by adding an organic microcapsule PCM with a melting temperature of 18 degrees Celsius and a diameter of 15 to 30 microns, to the reference mortar at varying rates. The experiments conducted showed that the expected efficiency in reducing the thermal conductivity coefficient of the PPFRC mortar due to the incorporation of PCM was directly proportional to the amount of PCM used in the reference mortar. As the proportion of PCM used increased, the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient value decreased. However, increasing the ratio of PCM used resulted in a decrease in the density and compressive strength of the composite. Therefore, in this study, the proportion of PCM was determined considering the physical properties and the expected thermal conductivity value of the composite material.

Nada Tarek Asadia   Yasser Mahmoud Moustafa   and Mohamed Mohamed Fikry Elazzazy   

The study aims to investigate virtual street view imagery as a tool for auditing and comprehending urban environments. The objective is to compare the physical and virtual exploration of urban spaces in terms of environmental perception. Previous research has been criticized for limiting itself to cognitive aspects of environmental perception. Accordingly, this study adopts a more holistic conceptualization of environmental perception and considers all cognitive, affective, interpretive, and evaluative aspects. A quasi-experiment was carried out in which 38 postgraduate and undergraduate architectural students were divided into two groups to explore sections of two different streets in Cairo, Egypt. Participants of each group explored a street section physically and, on another day, the other street section virtually through Google Street View. Data collection methods included perceptual sketches, cognitive maps, semantic differential questions, and paragraph writing. In relation to cognitive aspects of perception, results suggest that physical exploration permits a more complete and accurate reading and understanding of the urban environment than virtual exploration. In particular, it was found that, through physical exploration, participants tended to acquire a greater amount of information about the environment and had a better ability to estimate distances and heights than through virtual exploration. However, in virtual exploration, probably because of reduced amount of stimuli, participants were better able to notice some specific details such as, litter, and graffiti. In relation to affective, interpretive, and evaluative aspects of environmental perception, it was found that experiencing the environment in person allows capture the ambience of the place and form clear and strong impressions about the setting much more effectively than experiencing it virtually. Results showed that, during and after physical exploration, participants had a much greater tendency to express feelings and emotions about the environment and to formulate evaluations about its different components than during and after virtual exploration. In conclusion, it is suggested that virtual street view imagery exploration of the urban environment cannot replace actual physical exploration for a comprehensive and holistic audit of an urban space. However, virtual exploration could be used as a preliminary audit of an environment to acquire an initial understanding or as a more focused follow-up exploration to check or complete information about physical characteristics captured during a physical exploration.

Irwan Wunarlan   and Beby Sintia Dewi Banteng   

As two areas directly adjacent to Gorontalo City, the sub-districts of Telaga (Gorontalo Regency) and Kabila (Bone Bolango Regency) are the center of regional growth. The study aimed to examine the physical development of two sub-districts, Telaga and Kabila, since the sub-districts previously mentioned have different regional characteristics and different physical morphology developments influenced by Gorontalo city. That the two sub-districts can be viewed as a peri-urban area of Gorontalo city is a fascinating topic to comprehend the peri-urban area. The stages of this qualitative descriptive research consisted of preliminary survey and observation, distributing questionnaires, collecting data, processing data, data analysis, and data interpretation. Over the last ten years, urban land use has increased in both Telaga and Kabila sub-district by 5% (49.18 ha) and 3% (45.58 ha), respectively. Agropolis activities still dominated the two peri-urban areas. The pattern of land use in the Sub-District of Telaga was the pattern of octopus, while that of Kabila sub-district was a linear pattern (southern part) and frog jump (northern part). Generally, the street pattern in the peri-urban area has a linear path pattern. The development of this peri-urban area seemed unplanned. The situation is understandable since these two areas were initially agrarian villages and hinterland areas of Gorontalo city.

Tatiana Trofimova   

The study aims to substantiate the need to design special zones for the psychophysical relaxation of the public in public center buildings. During pandemics, people develop emotional disorders as a reaction to stress. With prolonged exposure to stress on the human body, further escalation of psychopathological symptomatology is possible, which can have a wide range of negative consequences. Many countries, against the backdrop of the pandemic, are seriously considering constructing infrastructure that could be transformed into medical facilities. It is proposed to design indoor green areas of public buildings with the possibility of using them for rehabilitation purposes. The physical environment includes various aspects: the aesthetics of the establishment, which includes interior design, lighting, sound, smell, color, and temperature. The study was conducted in 2022 at the Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning of the National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering. Authors used systematic research approaches to investigate the problem of organizing psychophysical relaxation zones in public buildings. Based on the analysis of the experimental projects, the author proposes basic principles for organizing psychophysical relaxation zones in buildings: using specific plants to improve the microclimate, creating welcoming and healing interior solutions, and using harmonious, non-aggressive forms in the interior spaces. Color therapy is suggested as one of the most influential methods of positive influence on the psycho-emotional state of a person. Because of this, a single architectural, planning, and technological solution for the indoor green space can create a lot of scenarios for its utilization due to the use of modular, unified elements. It is imperative to guarantee unimpeded access to the spaces of indoor green areas of public buildings for people with limited mobility and equip the premises with special means of notification for people with disabilities.

Haidy M. El-Hassawi   Yasser M. Moustafa   and Sherif M. El-Fiki   

The objective of the study is to investigate, in the Egyptian context, mall users' perceived relative importance of the different wayfinding design factors emphasized in literature. The study relied on an online survey questionnaire which first asked respondents to rate, based on their experience of shopping malls in general, the importance of each of seven wayfinding factors. Then, respondents were asked to indicate among three shopping malls of different layout designs all located in the Greater Cairo Area the one they were most familiar with. The remaining of the questionnaire inquired more specifically about respondents' perceptions of the different wayfinding factors in the mall chosen. Results indicate that "landmarks" is perceived as the most important wayfinding design factor followed by "the subdivision of the mall in distinct zones" and "directional signs". However, results also show differences between genders and between users of different levels of familiarity with the mall in terms of the perceived relative importance of the seven wayfinding factors investigated. The complexity of the mall layout and circulation pattern was also found to affect the perceived relative importance of the different factors. Implications for better wayfinding design are discussed in the conclusion of the article.

Lamiaa G. Abd El-Fatah   Lamis S. El-Gizawi   and Nanees A. El-Sayyad   

Designing urban spaces has a profound effect on achieving social sustainability. Unfortunately, most public spaces underwent transformation because of different urban challenges that affected it. Therefore, those public spaces lost the ability to achieve their main role in cities. Urban marketing has various factors that may contribute to re-shaping public spaces in cities. This paper aims to improve the quality of public spaces by adopting integrated strategy of the urban marketing for spaces as a first step toward strengthening the performance of spaces at different social, economic, and environmental aspects, in addition to managing it well and thus enhancing the marketing return. The proposed strategy has been validated on one of the local spaces through the field survey and then the statistical analysis by using the SPSS program. The results of the study maximize the use of urban marketing in planning, management, revitalization of the spatial environment and facing its transformations, provide a synthesis of results to gain a better understanding of the planning process and to develop effective strategies to improve the quality of a competitive environment.

Saad AlAyyash   Rania Shatnawi   and Abdelmajeed Alkasassbeh   

The construction industries utilize large amount of fresh water. Water used in the construction industry is not for only mixing concrete; it is also used for equipment cleaning, washing aggregate, and curing concrete. The social and economic cost of the scarce source of water in many parts of the world makes it significant to look for lower quality water to be used in concrete production. The water must meet certain quality requirements to be suitable for concrete mixing and curing. It has been found that certain water that does not meet high quality can be used in making concrete of acceptable quality. The short and long effects of using low quality water on concrete mechanical properties have been investigated in different parts of the world. Combining the use of recycled materials and low quality water in concrete mix could increase the deterioration of mechanical properties of hardened concrete. In this paper, the effect on compressive strength of hardened concrete using treated wastewater (TWW) and dry sludge (DS) produced by water purification facilities in concrete mixes to substitute potable water (PW) and fine aggregate. The TWW is used to substitute PW in ratios between 30 and 100% while DS is used in ratios of 10 to 30% of fine aggregate. Different design mixes are prepared and standard concrete samples are cast and tested to report the changes in compressive strength due to alteration of the standard concrete mix. Results show that using TWW only reduced the compressive strength of concrete by about 11 % while using DS in combination with TWW reduced the compressive strength by a percentage reached 26%. The use of recycled materials will affect the concrete quality with acceptable values. Utilizing these recycled materials on concrete mix will save environment and release part of the pressure on scarce sources such as water in semi-arid regions.

Manar Elsayed Mohamed Elbasyoni   and Sherin Ali Gammaz   

Many gardens have been established in daily-care institutions serving people with dementia however, individuals with dementia experience disabilities to be engaged in pleasant and useful activities in their physical outdoor environments which could unexpectedly have a negative impact on their behavior and cognitive functioning. People with dementia need to be involved in activities that stimulate the senses and environments that deal with their sensory disorder challenges and provide a multisensory experience through active and passive activities. Therefore, the research addresses the interrelationship between the therapeutic goals of dementia and the design qualities of outdoor sensory spaces used by them by analyzing the behavior of people with dementia due to sensory challenges facing them in their physical environment, followed by the analysis of selected international case studies of gardens designed specifically for dementia patients. To reach successful relationships between therapeutic goals and sensory garden qualities, dementia specialists and caregivers were engaged to link these goals and qualities through interview form and three phases of analytical studies, the research formulated a design model for appropriate landscape therapeutic sensory features and elements that can be applied in gardens serving dementia patients.

Icon S. Quiambao   Alyssa Gail F. Alzaga   Alexander B. De Lara   Gilford B. Estores   and Ria Liza C. Canlas   

Evolving climate conditions continue to intensify typhoon winds, whose threats and damage to civil structures usually result in heavy economic losses and casualties. Despite this, most low-rise structures continue to receive less inadequate considerations on lateral forces; hence, failure still occurs on these buildings during typhoons, and most of the damages are attributed to the phenomenon named vortex shedding. As low-rise buildings comprise the largest class of vulnerable structures, they likewise need to be adequately designed to resist wind forces as induced by vortex shedding. Hence, this study aims to analyze and develop a typhoon-resistant low-rise structural model, which will be tapered to reduce across-wind responses, through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation. Po-Lite panels were considered in creating initial low-rise models, whose vortex shedding, and natural frequencies have then been identified through CFD using SimScale software and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using MSC Patran and Nastran, respectively. The CFD simulation results indicate that the Circular Tapered Model showed the lowest mean lift and drag coefficients and lowest vortex shedding frequencies for each meter height interval as compared with other models. Similarly, Modal Analysis in FEA yielded values on the models' natural frequencies and modal shapes, and only the Circular Tapered Model showed no coinciding vortex shedding and natural frequencies, indicating that no structural collapse occurs during the simulated typhoon winds. As a result, the study considers this geometry to be the governing low-rise Po-Lite model that can resist and adapt to the increasing intensities of typhoon wind loads. To better address other limitations, the study recommends that future studies employ wind tunnel tests, investigate medium- and high-rise structures, and apply different wind loading conditions, and consider the surrounding buildings in the analysis.

Madyori Gabriela Felix Gutierrez   Geraldy July Rivera Hormaza   Katiuska Paulina Escobar Meza   Juan Gabriel Benito Zuñiga   Erick Oswaldo Gamboa Tolentino   Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna   and Iralmy Yipsy Platero Morejón   

In order to predict the occurrence of major earthquakes, the world scientific community carried out the World Seismicity Map, establishing the most seismic zone known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, where Peru is included, as a result of the earthquakes that have occurred and that have led to structural damage to buildings and loss of human lives throughout the history of disasters in the country. The city of Chupuro is located in the central zone of Peru, categorized as a level III seismic zone, which makes it susceptible to seismic events. That is why the purpose was to determine the seismic vulnerability in 226 buildings in the city of Chupuro that were analyzed using the rapid visual detection method (RVS), with the use of the data collection sheet stipulated by the FEMA P-154 methodology, which is quite conservative and is based mainly on the category, structural system, soil and topography, providing a quick evaluation in any type of building and place. The field investigation identified the buildings according to the number of floors, type of construction, year of construction, irregularities in floor plan and height; they showed that 61% of the buildings are immersed to suffer seismic damage and hazards. In addition, these buildings showed that they are prone to suffer grade 2 (moderate damage) and grade 3 (severe damage) damage, mostly comprised of masonry buildings of medium height. It is concluded that there is a clear probability that the damage state of the buildings is 53.1% Grade 2 and 27.0% Grade 3 leading to moderate and severe damage respectively. Finally, with this we want to initiate actions to follow in order to achieve a country less vulnerable to seismic events with adequate manageme

Albert Jorddy Valenzuela Inga   Juan Gabriel Benito Zuñiga   Nabilt Jill Moggiano Aburto   Raul Arnold Cipriano Solis   Erick Oswaldo Gamboa Tolentino   Abel Max Julcarima Espiritu   and Giovene Perez Campomanes   

The study of sustainable construction materials is getting attention, since the materials must be ecological, recyclable and renewable to generate a positive impact on the environment as a substitute for the construction materials currently used in rural areas of Huancayo. The objective of this research is to determine a sustainable material with resistant mechanical properties, such as reinforced blocks with Agave americana L fiber. The block components were sand, clay and silt, in order to evaluate its behavior, 5 dosages of fiber were proposed: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%, these were expressed with respect to the total weight of the sample, on the other hand, the fiber used was cut to obtain a length of 25mm. Strengths were evaluated using the simple compression method, the Brazilian diametral compression tensile method and the modulus of rupture method. The result for the most optimum compressive strength was given when using the dosage of 0.25% of agave fiber increasing by 13.39% (2.54MPa), while, the tensile strength increased by 39.13% (0.32MPa) using 1% of agave fiber, finally an increase of 14.29% (1.44MPa) was obtained in the flexural strength with 0.5% of Agave americana L. fiber. It concludes that the use of Agave americana L. fiber improved the mechanical strength of blocks, setting an optimum addition of 0.25% of fiber.

Mady Mohammed   Zeina Beydoun   and Ahmed Refaat   

Due to the increasing prevalence of diseases spread worldwide through sedentary lifestyles, open spaces and promenade designs are becoming more popular and receiving attention to increase people's physical activity and improve their health. This research aims to establish and examine new health-based design guidelines for promenades in Jeddah, to help people get rid of Sick Neighbourhood Syndromes and specific diseases such as obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, bone diseases, and blood pressure. Analytical literature research, precedent analysis, case study analysis, field survey, and simulation are the main methods used to achieve the research goal. The results showed that 10 factors should be considered to ensure and maintain a health-based oriented promenade in Jeddah that can positively affect people's health and performance and avoid the risk of pandemics such as COVID-19. Results also revealed the thriving need for the devised guidelines to be applied, in addition to the other ten recommended factors. The results are limited to Jeddah City as a representative of the Hot Arid Zone. It is recommended to take it for further study to validate the twenty factors.

Andrii Pavlikov   and Olha Harkava   

The application of deformation theory in section analysis of reinforced concrete members is based on the use of ultimate values of concrete compressive strains at the time of failure. These strains may be determined analytically by examining the bearing capacity function at the extremum. In such a study, it is usually assumed that the tensile reinforcement reaches the yield point and the stress in it is constant. When using high-strength reinforcement with conditional yield strength, the stress in the reinforcement at the moment of failure is not a constant value. This is also characteristic of over-reinforced members, in which at the moment of destruction stress in tensile reinforcement is less than its yield stress. For such a case, an analytical criterion for determining the ultimate compressive strain of concrete of reinforced concrete members is proposed. This criterion, together with the extreme concrete strength criterion, which is used for common reinforced concrete members, may be used as the basis of the methodology for calculating the strength of reinforced concrete structures. The ultimate compressive strains of concrete are determined by using the derived criterion for a range of concrete classes that match coefficient from 1 to 5. Simple analytical dependencies for section analysis of reinforced concrete members with high-strength reinforcement are obtained on the basis of ultimate compressive strains of concrete. The application of the developed method is considered using examples.

Bader Aldeen Ayman Almahameed   and Habibur Rahman Sobuz   

Researchers are actively seeking accurate models for predicting forecasting mechanical strength in response to the proliferation of novel mixtures of concrete and applications. Both linear and nonlinear regression, two types of empirical and statistical models, have seen extensive use. Sustainable concrete is made by introducing supplemental cement elements into concrete mixing, and it finds widespread use in sound attenuation, roofing, thermal insulation, varied tunneling, and geotechnical engineering. The effectiveness of this technology depends on its capacity to provide consistent products with predictable outcomes. In this article, we train and test our ML approaches and modeling using an experimental database comprised of relevant data obtained from numerous prior investigations. Through a new combination of the random forests (RF) model and the Bagging algorithm, this work introduces a hybrid ML model (RF-B) for forecasting the compressive strength of concrete. Bagging is an ensemble approach that aggregates the predictions of numerous models that were each fit to a separate subset of a training dataset. As a second example, Support Vector Regression (SVR) was created to help in finding the activities of parameters in connection to one another in order to forecast the robustness of machine learning models. Multivariate analysis is also another way of reading the data accumulated with a determination coefficient of roughly 0.6. The decision tree regression showed two iterations and R² values are 0.7453 and 0.7737 respectively. The cement percentage, density for oven dry conditions, w/c ratio, and additive usage are all used as input factors in the predictive models. Machine learning has many potential benefits for the construction industry, including cost savings, time savings, and less labor intensity. The statistical and graphical representation of contributors and countries in this study can facilitate the development of collaborative projects and the trading of novel ideas and approaches among scholars.

Natalia Escorcia González   César Fresneda Saldarriaga   Camilo Verbel Almario   and Dunevar Porras Salcedo   

Rain events are the cause of many landslides that occur on slopes causing a loss of strength by decreasing the effective tension. In this article, it performs the geo-mechanical characterization of a soil slope located in Colombia which has been defined as a zone of instability, where there is instrumentation consisting of a volumetric soil moisture meter and a pluviometric station. With this information, we intend to determine the times of saturation and evacuation of rainwater in the mentioned soil considering too the frequency of events. In that sense, an experimental calibration of moisture meter installed on the site is done, and the Water Retention Characteristic Curve is constructed to determine the variation of the effective efforts as soil moisture and permeability of the material and the relationship is a determined index empty as soil structure to know its maximum saturation level. The main results showed an increase in the correlation of soil moisture as depth increases, on the other hand, the permeability coefficient obtained was low, which is typical of soils with low permeability, a situation that was also evidenced in the differences of the suction curves obtained; additionally it was found that at greater depths more accumulated precipitation is required to reach saturation moisture, which corresponds to the infiltration process in the soils, the void ratio found and the mentioned permeability coefficient.

María del Pilar Chávez Pacheco   Jhoel Anderson Caysahuana Flores   Diego Jose Julian Salvador   and Tito Mallma Capcha   

In recent years, the occurrence of unexpected meteorological events during the dry season and population growth has generated shortages in the supply of drinking water in the city of Pampas. This situation led us to look for new search strategies for natural water sources, even underground. Faced with this problem, the possibility of detecting and parameterizing these sources was raised, while the design of a tubular well was raised that allows the economic extraction of water from the aquifer studied through the use of geophysical techniques, generating profile images of geological maps of the strata and the location of the possible water table of the study area. The preferred locations for locating groundwater collections are alluvial fans and fractured valley bottoms. Using the Schlumberger array, eleven (11) VESs have been made, up to a depth of 150m. For the field tests, a resistivity meter that we have manufactured by hand was used, which will emit current to the subsoil obtaining layers and horizons through their resistivities. These values vary in the range of 6.32-125.23 Ω.m. The PQWTS-150-Water Detector equipment was also used to measure the depth of the semi-confined aquifer and to know its groundwater flow. The value is 33.33 l/s, which refers to the three celestial layers that can be seen in the image. The profile of the geological map is described, and in this profile, clayey, silty, sandy, gravelly soils and a combination of them were found. This point 11 was taken in the nursery of the Daniel Hernández district, and this area is flat, quite humid and its depth is 51m-115m. In addition, this aquifer has good hydrogeological possibilities making surface recharge possible. The water table was also determined, which is found at a depth of 4-8 m. With the data obtained previously, the tubular well was designed. In conclusion, the designed well has a depth of 115 m and a thickness of 64 m, with a drilling diameter of 18 inches and equipped with a submersible pump with a 25 HP motor, achieving a flow rate of 1000 l/min, which complies with the water requirement of the population. In order to verify the quality of the water from this well, a physical-chemical and bacteriological analysis was carried out.

Riza Suwondo   and Muhammad Bahy Umam Arief   

Linear force-based analysis is the conventional method for seismic design in building codes, but it has limitations in accurately predicting the seismic behaviour of buildings, especially during strong earthquakes. While nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) is theoretically more accurate, it is limited by high computational costs and the challenge of selecting appropriate ground motion records. Nonlinear static pushover analysis (NSPA) has become a popular and simpler alternative for evaluating building performance during earthquakes, but it lacks a rigorous theoretical foundation and does not account for dynamic effects. This study aims to investigate the accuracy of NSPA in predicting the seismic behaviour of low-rise concrete buildings with 3 and 5 storeys located in a high seismic hazard zone in Indonesia. The research focuses on addressing the limitations of current methods for seismic design and evaluation of low-rise concrete buildings and aims to compare the accuracy of NSPA and NTHA in predicting the global and local responses of the buildings. Commercial finite element software is used to perform pushover analysis considering both geometric and material nonlinearity. The study's findings demonstrate that pushover analysis is slightly less conservative than NTHA in predicting the seismic response of low-rise concrete buildings. The research provides insights into the use of pushover analysis as an effective and simplified method for seismic evaluation and design of low-rise concrete buildings, while also highlighting the importance of understanding the limitations and accuracy of the method. These findings can be used to improve the seismic design of low-rise concrete buildings and enhance their safety during seismic events.

Hager Ahmed Elsayed Elayote   and Alaa Mohamed Shams Eldein Eleshy   

The application of automated thought in architecture appeared in 1960 to speed up the implementation of buildings and improve their quality. Most countries of the world are still seeking to apply automated thought in architecture because it has a more positive impact on economic, environmental, and creative levels than traditional building systems. However, this thought faced many objections, for technical reasons represented in the lack of advanced technological vision in construction and intellectual reasons represented in neglecting the human side at the creative and executive levels). The research problem is the absence of an objective vision that combines the advantages of automated thought in architecture without neglecting human creativity. The research focuses on activating automated thought in architecture, which includes many high technologies, the most important of which are (3D printing – prefabricated building - robot building-digital prefabrication - adaptive architecture – CAD design) and focus on how to link automated thought with creative thought in architecture, especially in the new city of Rashid. Therefore, the research aims to reach the vision that achieves the link between the advantages of automated thought in architecture and its use as a means to maintain the revival of fine values in Egyptian architecture. These values can increase the speed and efficiency of creative and environmental construction, unlike traditional construction as it aims to achieve creativity thought in building and applying this to an architectural example in the new city of Rashid in Egypt as a model for valuable Egyptian cities.

Kanika Bansal   and Pankaj Chhabra   

This study brings out the significance of cultural heritage mapping as a tool to identify, document, and conserve cultural heritage resources. Such identification holds significance because of a piecemeal approach adopted by the urban local bodies in India due to which there exists a gap in integrating heritage conservation within the urban planning and development frameworks. This research maps the cultural heritage resources in Shimla, a colonial hill town in India that is a testimony of the British power and rule in India. Based on an extant literature review, four attributes of cultural heritage mapping namely location, socio-cultural, physical, and community attributes were identified and mapped to identify the drivers for integration of the cultural heritage conservation with the local urban development processes. The present research is a narrative-driven study and includes interviews with various stakeholders and gathering data through a defined cultural inventory from oral and archival history. The findings of the study suggest that community attributes and physical attributes are significant attributes of cultural heritage mapping. This is because the community and physical attributes act as drivers for a heritage-inclusive and integrated urban development approach. Further, the sociocultural and locational attributes have high significance, yet are less considered in the urban development frameworks. The study will aid in creating awareness for promoting, conserving, and managing the cultural heritage of colonial hill towns in India so that their unique cultural identity is not endangered in the wake of contemporary development. Furthermore, the present research shall facilitate the urban local bodies to consider the identified and mapped cultural heritage resources while planning for sustainable urban development.

Usama Konbr   Mai Elsayed   and Bahaa Elboshy   

Egypt's 2030 development plan prioritizes sustainable development, including higher education. Egyptian universities have embraced sustainable campuses, necessitating using suitable tools to measure and monitor progress. While the Green Pyramid Rating System assesses sustainability in Egypt, it lacks specific emphasis on university campuses. This study proposes a framework for evaluating the sustainability of Egyptian university campuses. This study was based on two worldwide prevailing sustainability assessment systems for campuses; some selected reports and previous studies were addressed to formulate a proposed framework that was investigated as suitable for the Egyptian context. This study applied this proposed framework to the Tanta University campus to assess its status and define the requirements to increase its sustainability. This study concluded most percentages of criteria from moderate to good. The highest value was 66-92% for education & research while planning & administration recorded 51-57% as the lowest value. Most percentages of indicators range from low to good, where education & research recorded the highest rate at 66-92%, while water indicator got the lowest at 20-26%. Finally, the highest percentage was 69% for the Sibirbay campus, while the lowest was 57% for the university administrative buildings based on the proposed framework. This study's proposed framework for evaluating the sustainability of Egyptian university campuses, applied to the Tanta University campus, provides valuable insights that can inform and guide sustainability efforts in other Egyptian universities, allowing for the assessment's transferability and effectiveness in different institutional contexts.

Haidee Yulady Jaramillo   Oscar Vasco-Echeverri   and July Andrea Gómez Camperos   

Agro-industrial wastes are a potential alternative for sustainable construction because they provide a renewable source, reducing raw materials consumption, emissions, and waste production. In the Colombian coffee sector, a big waste amount of husk is developed in its production, which is obtained from the pulping of coffee, being this husk an excellent source of cellulose and lignin, in a natural way. This experimental research aims to characterize the coffee husk as a potential alternative for sustainable construction in dividing walls. The methodology was developed in three steps, concerns from the obtention of the coffee husk in Ocaña Norte de Santander in Colombia to the physical and chemical characterization properties of this material considering the NTC-2441 Colombian Technical Standard. The results showed that the coffee husk presents a humidity of 13.3% with an average particle size of 611.93 μm. Also, the particle size of the coffee husk is related to the threshing process, where the by-product base coffee waste is obtained. In addition, the visualization of internal micro-cracks, carbon, and oxygen composition was possible with the presence of natural fibers using the Scanning Electron Microscopy technique. Finally, the coffee husk exposes in its chemical composition the presence of carbon and lignin, showing a structure with cracks of excellent resistance without the evidence of the samples fracture, which allows concluding that the coffee husk can be a potential and new alternative for sustainable construction for diving walls and another kind of applications in non-structural masonry in civil engineering, taking into account that in Colombia this bio-material has been little used in the mixture for obtaining products with good physical and mechanical performance.

Rini Srikus Saptaningtyas   Syamsul Alam Paturusi   Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra   and Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra   

Traditional settlements on the island of Lombok still survive in several places, namely in Senaru, Karang Bajo, Segenter, Limbungan, Ende and Sade. Bale is another name for the house. Each has a different term. Bale Mangina for the name bale in Senaru, while in other places, it is better known as Bale Tani. Bale Tani is an ordinary dwelling house for the people of Dusun Sade which has an exciting characteristic when viewed from its construction system. Construction systems that are centuries old can adapt to disasters and changing times. This bale is one of several traditional bales that are earthquake resistant. There have been several earthquakes in the field in 2018. As a result, the building structure did not suffer any damage. This research aims to purpose of this research is to study earthquake-resistant wooden connection systems in traditional buildings that must be maintained. Besides that, tests were carried out using SAP (structural analysis program). The method used in this research is a qualitative approach—direct survey data collection techniques to the field. This study concludes that the Bale Tani building is an earthquake-resistant building. The connection system uses pegs and purus, which is a knockdown system. The foundation uses a clamp system, and a wooden connection system is a joint system. From the test results, it can be seen that the post and purus connection system can withstand earthquakes. All of this supports the building's responsiveness to earthquakes as an effort to mitigate natural disasters. So this system is excellent to be applied to areas with a moderate to high scale potential for earthquakes. Besides that, the knockdown model is also suitable for application and development for small-type residential buildings. Of course, there needs to be additional technological engineering in the future.

Mariam Hani Bishai   and Amgad Fahmy   

Looking from up-high downwards, the rooftop is the image seen. Rooftops are the upper outdoor cover of any building, where their profiles differ due to some factors, one of which is climate. Cairo, with its hot arid climate, is one of the cities in which most residential buildings are covered with flat rooftops, enabling Cairenes to use and access their roofs. However, what comes first to mind concerning roofs in Cairo are services, including water tanks, satellite dishes, trash, and unused furniture, as well as small rented rooms. Overtime, rooftop uses changed, ending up with having the majority of rooftops perceived as neglected outdoor spaces. Taking roofs as the studied phenomena and the unit of analysis, the author aims to understand the impact of ownership on the patterns of use in residential rooftops. To reach this goal, the author used semi-structured interviews with residents and new development agencies in New Cairo, the chosen case study, as well as personal observation to understand the rooftops' current patterns of use. The results showed that rooftops are in need of more analysis concluding that roofs are used differently according to the roof's ownership (single or multiple), which is affected by the building's ownership and accommodation (apartment, villa, or penthouse), therefore affects the roofs' patterns of use and the resident's roof satisfaction and perception. The conclusion of this research pointed out that there are factors affecting rooftop usage, one of which is ownership as a main, in need for more consideration and reference in design.

Mwfeq Al Haddad   Samer Abu Ghazaleh   Diala Atiyat   and Salma Egho   

Castles have always been considered the preoccupation of most civilizations in history, especially in Jordan, which is characterized by being a bridge linking civilizations. The architectural systems used in the formations and the design of the spaces that make up these castles formed the most important structural features of walls, ceilings, openings, and building materials, which are still standing until today. This makes it an experiment worth studying to deepen understanding and provide an additional benefit in Jordan's cultural heritage field. Castles in Jordan vary according to the era of their construction and expansion, so they can be divided into Islamic castles and Crusader castles, which differ in their characteristics, methods of construction, purpose, and architectural features. For more accurate details and thus the ability to compare these two categories depending on the determinants of the purpose of the castle building, the location, and the method of construction, this paper adopts the descriptive analytical method in addition to the comparative method. Ajloun Castle, Shobak Castle, Karak Castle, and Aqaba Castle were selected as case studies. The paper reviews a set of previous studies that contributed to documenting these castles, but none of them went into detail and provided a clear architectural comparison between these two types of castles, and here comes the importance of the paper. The study concludes with a set of differences between the castles in addition to a set of similarities. Despite the difference between these castles in some functional spaces, as the Islamic castles contain a chapel and the Crusader castles contain churches, many similarities were observed, which include the use of local building materials and the need for wells and fortified walls. These results contribute to increasing an understanding of the nature of castles in Jordan. This, therefore, helps decision-makers and designers to conserve and preserve the castles in Jordan by determining the main features and characteristics of the Islamic and the Crusader castles based on the function and the nature of their uses.

Ahmed Hemed   and Latifa Ouadif   

Increasing the diameter of drill holes is an option to increase the tonnage in open-pit mines. This explains the appearance of unexpected disorders during drilling and blasting, the consequences of which classically take the form of both instability in the pit walls and collapses affecting the surface. Here, the phenomena observed are located between the slopes of the M'HAOUDATT pit. The disorders inherent in large-scale mining appear on the pit walls. The company operating the pit exploits the benches only with large diameter drills. The objective of this work is to find an optimal method to minimize the effects of the vibration of the blast on the pit of M'HAOUDATT in order to reward the absence of the Presplitting machines. Proposals to limit the effects of blasting were discussed in two aspects, such as reducing the tonnage of explosive in the holes or finding a way to reduce the diameter of the hole, which is considered inappropriate to create stable fronts. We conclude that it is preferable to play on the diameter of the hole and to concentrate on this direction in order to come up with a method to replace the absence of pre-splitting machines in the mine. The method of borehole diameter reduction is considered new for the pit operators. Therefore, it will not be effective in the test phases despite the relevant results after the front blasting. It is important to note the difficulties of replacing small drilling machines in open-pit mines. The implication is the efficiency of the method, the right way of execution and the training of the mine personnel.

Lekshmy Raghavan P   and Nalanth N   

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC), which is also called self-compacting concrete, is a new technology that was made in Japan in the 1980s. Since then, the company's market share has grown fast due to the better quality of the concrete and the upgraded working environment. SCC is a type of concrete that flows easily, doesn't separate, and doesn't need mechanical consolidation to spread, fill the formwork, and cover the reinforcement. SCC can be compacted under its own weight because it flows easily. This lets it be used in difficult construction situations or sections with dense reinforcement. SCC can greatly reduce the amount of time it takes to place large sections of concrete by getting rid of the vibration process. This, in turn, helps reduce noise- and hearing-related injuries on the job site. SCC must be meticulously designed in order to achieve high flow ability and permeability while preserving sufficient stability to resist segregation. This article provides a thorough analysis of the benefits of compacting both fine and coarse recycled concrete. To reduce environmental consequences, the construction sector is requesting more modern methods. A Recycled Aggregate based Self Compacting Concrete (RASCC) is a new technology currently used in construction industries. In the concrete industry, recycled aggregates have global environmental advantages over natural materials and trash disposal. In recent years, the advantages of using RASCC have been increased which leads to research publications. Applying this method made the construction project highly creative and important for the environment and economic benefits of each material. The trials have demonstrated that this is possible in the development of both traditional and semi-modern structural elements as well as enormously complex and substantially reinforced parts that hinder the mechanisms of vibration and ultimately affect performance.

Aidana Amirbekova   Sholpan Abdykarimova   and Olena Oliynyk   

Problems related to the renovation of residential buildings in the first series of mass are considered. It was established that two-thirds of housing in Post-Soviet countries needed renovation and reconstruction. The use of modern technological solutions in renovation can guarantee an increase in energy efficiency in the construction industry. The houses of the first mass series were studied. It was established that this housing, which to this day makes up 30 to 50% of the existing housing stock, morally dilapidated and ultimately does not meet urban planning and sanitary-hygienic standards. Its volume planning solution requires reconstruction and renovation with complete replanning of internal premises. The study used a systematic and comparative analysis of a series of panel houses, in the context of sustainable development of cities, on the one hand, and the other - from the point of view of improving the social, economic, and ecological conditions of living. The optimal approach to renovation can be considered the option when the modernization of a typical building is put on a typical basis, considering specific conditions. This approach will enable the production of a series of building structures for specific typical reconstruction projects. A holistic renovation of several buildings or a block built in the 1950s-60s, including partial demolition, replacing main utility networks, developing additional infrastructure, and adding new modern residential buildings, is promising. Methods of reconstruction of housing may include changing the structural scheme or not, changing the volume of the building due to an extension, changing the size of the house, and changing the appearance. The authors recommend building reconstruction using prefabricated modular panels to ensure energy efficiency and comfort for existing multi-apartment buildings. In terms of economics, the proposed renovation methods effectively increase energy efficiency. Socially and architecturally, renovation principles make it possible to improve living conditions, increase the appeal of affordable housing, and rationally design its structure in line with UN goals.

Dalia AbouBakr   and Tamer ElSerafi   

This paper aims at investigating the challenges of city growth and expansion. It focuses on interventions implemented to enhance urban mobility and their impact on urban livability in heritage areas. The current study uses a mixed method approach of qualitative and quantitative methods. The research uses a two-phased methodology. Phase one intends to understand the interlink between urban mobility and livability through the review of literature on mobility and livability concepts, and the approaches to measure livability. Phase two intends to investigate the effect of urban mobility interventions on urban livability. This is achieved through investigating the case study of Heliopolis district in two stages. Stage one involves site investigation and documentation and stage two involves a survey targeting users and visitors of Heliopolis, and urban experts. The case study results identify the positive and negative impacts of the recently implemented actions in Heliopolis. The positive impacts include eased traffic and getting rid of congestions, while the negative impacts include decrease of green spaces, pedestrian safety, and walkability, less connectivity and accessibility, deterioration in the city image, and less users comfort. Moreover, it was the reason for the increase of private cars use and its result in air and noise pollution and energy consumption. The analysis of such impacts helped in proposing recommendations for overcoming the challenges associated with city growth especially in urban heritage areas. There is a lack of studies concerned with overcoming challenges of city growth and expansions in North African cities. Such cities have a distinctive culture and heritage, and usually suffer from large population and the negative impacts of interventions aimed to solve problems that arise from increased urbanization and traffic. The current study tries to fill this gap through analyzing the case study of Heliopolis and proposing recommendations for overcoming the challenges associated with city growth in urban heritage areas with reference to the global approaches in this regard.

Arun Kumar B   Daniel C   Amudhan V   Sandya Devarajan   Tahara R M K   Arunraj E   and Arun Solomon A   

Energy - efficient building design has become an important factor to be considered in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry to develop sustainable structures as a result of other environmental issues and the ongoing rise in global warming. The necessity of the hour is to predict the building's energy use and use an appropriate energy-saving solution and construction design. Commercial buildings are a significant energy consumer and a primary factor of CO₂ emissions during the course of their existence. As a developing country, the practice on energy efficient building in India is not as much as in developed countries. In the present study, a commercial composite building located in five regions in India with different climatic conditions assist its energy consumption using Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools. Modelling of the structure is developed using Autodesk Revit Architecture. ETABS is used to analyze the structural stability of the proposed composite commercial building. Further for energy analysis, Autodesk Green Building Studio (GBS) and Autodesk Insight are used. From the GBS results, commercial building which is located in Dispur, Assam has less EUI 863.8 MJ/m²/year compared with other four regions of India. The building in the Assam region is further examined using Autodesk Insight to determine the various design strategies with regard to Energy Use Intensity (EUI). The EUI for the Assam region has been shown to vary by a significant amount due to small variations in design strategies. Through energy analysis, the cost of energy could be significantly decreased by using BIM, which helps implement better design alternatives prior to building construction by optimizing yearly energy budget when compared to conventional techniques.

Hany Hossam Eldien   

Acoustic performance of worship places has been a focus of extensive research. Mosques are traditionally featured by domes, but there is a lack of adequate scientific studies on the effect of dome-shape on their acoustic performance. In order to address this issue, the present study has performed a case study on a typical mosque located at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University campus in Saudi Arabia. Simulations were performed with four different dome-shapes namely Saucer, Drum, Onion and Pointed [1], which represent typical forms and architectural features, by using ODEON Room Acoustics Program. The results were validated by in-situ measurements (with DIRAC room acoustic system) and statistical analysis (by Microsoft Excel tools). In each case, the acoustic characteristics were evaluated, by considering Imam (prayer leader) position as the sound source. The results establish that selecting the appropriate dome-shape is crucial, as it can have a direct positive or negative impact on the reverberation time of mosques. According to the dome-shape, both Saucer and Pointed domes have the optimum acoustic performance for both T30 and EDT. Both domes meet the theoretical standards to maintain the acoustical comfort. As the results would vary according to the size and architectural features of the building, a case-specific analysis is important at the early design stage.

Hossam Elsharkawi   Alaa Mohamed Shams Eldin Eleishy   and Ibrahim Rizk Hegazy   

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) in healthcare buildings indicates the quality level of an environment of hospital buildings concerning the building occupants' health and well-being and of those utilizing the hospital buildings' amenities. The quality of the indoor environment of a hospital buildings is determined by many aspects, comprising internal natural and artificial lighting, air quality, damp environments, thermal conditions, visuality, the comfort of acoustic level, the approach of emissions-based (low-emission materials), controlling source, and observing for occupant-determined contaminants (superior strategies of indoor air quality), and advanced metrics of natural lighting (daylight). Occupants and patients inside hospital buildings are often worried about the exposure to contaminants causing prospective symptoms and health conditions and dissatisfaction inside hospital buildings where they perform duties or pay visits. Most of these concerning symptoms get better when building occupants are not inside the hospital buildings. Although the previous studies related to the research context have addressed some respiratory symptoms and infections that are associated with damp spaces in hospital buildings, the concern is still unclear especially since indoor contaminants' measurements indicate that occupants and patients are at risk of disease. In most cases, wherever the occupants and physicians doubt that the hospital buildings' environment is affecting the occupants' health condition, the available information from medical investigations about the surrounding environment is unclear and insufficient for establishing which contaminants are accountable. Despite uncertainty concerning what to measure and how to explain what is measured, research shows that the symptoms related to hospitals are associated with characteristics of buildings including dampness, sanitation, and ventilation as well. Therefore, this demand focuses on increasing indoor quality contaminant and infection levels within hospital buildings spaces for patients, employees, visitors, and all occupants, including for differently-abled air and surface temperature, humidity, air movement, and quality view. The study highlighted providing better indoor environmental quality and promoting sustainability for healthy patient rooms within hospital buildings to face any prospective pandemic with a minimum negative impact on buildings' occupants and Energy Consumption. Developing internal spaces of hospital buildings with the proposed parametric design framework in the design stage will reduce the risk of air pollution exposure, and infection, and sustain public health.

E. A. Darwish   and Ayah Salem Eldeeb   

The community of Dakhla oases represents a unique experience in sustaining and developing its rich technical heritage to be implemented in contemporary architecture. They have inherited a rich technical heritage in utilizing date palm pruning residues in traditional handicrafts, and they have always employed this heritage in their architecture. This paper represents the first detailed investigation of the manifestations of the technical heritage of utilizing date palm pruning residues in shaping vernacular architecture and tracks its evolution to be implemented into contemporary architectural applications to predict the potential of further growth. It examines the basic heritage and analyses its consistency and influence on current applications, in order to identify the factors shaping this evolution to take its current form and nominate the techniques that can effectively fit into contemporary architecture. The grounded theory methodology is adopted to explain the evolution of this technical heritage, as shaped by the community and the market demands, from traditional, eco-tourism projects to contemporary architectural applications. Achieving versatility and sophistication were the main catalysts of this evolution. The prefabricated date palm midribs panels were found to be the most commonly used technique in contemporary applications which are direct decedents of traditional fences, roofs and furniture. Their dependence on inherent skills are still used nowadays, and their versatility and sophistication are the main factors that ensure their existence. Prefabricated midribs panels could sustainably substitute conventional construction materials in a variety of forms and functions, for their ability for mass-production, cost-efficiency and depending on available handicrafts techniques. Further exploitation of prefabricated midribs panels unlocks the potential of pruning residues for a wider spectrum of sustainable construction applications.

Mochamad Solikin   Muhammad Nur Sahid   Muhammad Ujianto   Suhendro Trinugroho   Dwi Indra Rustama   and Fauzi Mubarak   

Concrete technology has developed rapidly due to the high demand for advanced infrastructure facilities in which concrete has become the most frequently used material. Due to high CO₂ emission caused by cement utilization in concrete production, partial cement substitution by pozzolanic material such as fly ash will be beneficial for the environment. Despite the concrete high demand for infrastructure facilities, the concrete needs attention on its lower tensile strength, especially in high-strength concrete. Therefore, this paper presents a study on the effect of different types of fiber on the strength properties of fly ash concrete. The method applied in this study is an experimental program by manufacturing specimens with compression strength design variations of 25 MPa for normal-strength concrete and 45 MPa for high-strength concrete. In addition, 0.66% steel fibre BWG21 (SWF) by weight of concrete and 600 g/m³ polypropylene fibre Sika Fibre-12 (PPF) were used. Moreover, 20% fly ash as a partial substitution for cement was used to address the green concrete issue. The testing programs include the workability test for fresh concrete, compression strength test and splitting tensile strength test for cylinder concrete, and flexural strength test for the concrete beam. Besides the workability test of fresh concrete, the other testing programs were conducted after the concrete curing stage at 28 days. The test result shows that cement substitution of 20% by weight of fly ash and the addition of fibre can meet the design strength of concrete both for 25 MPa and 45 MPa. Even though this research confirms that steel fibre gives higher strength properties than polypropylene fibre, polypropylene fibre is easier to work with in the manufacturing stage. Moreover, this finding support reducing greenhouse gas release into the atmosphere coming from the construction industry through cement replacement up to 20%.

I Wayan Yasa   Agustono Setiawan   Heri Sulistiyono   I Dewa Gede Jaya Negara   Atas Pracoyo   Humairo Saidah   and Lalu Gusari   

The growth of urban areas is overgrowing, which has an impact on changes in land use. Green land that functions as rainwater catchment is covered with an impermeable surface, so runoff will increase and infiltration capacity will decrease. The method that can be done to reduce runoff is by using an impermeable cover with green plants. The pavement model used is an environmentally friendly pavement that can function to reduce surface runoff. The surface runoff coefficient is an indicator of land conditions. Surface land with the pavement will produce a large runoff coefficient while on natural land the runoff coefficient will be small. The grass block paving experimental model allows it to be used more widely because it has pores that can reduce runoff and increase the volume of water that enters the soil. The test results show differences in the runoff coefficient resulting in the tested land cover variations. The average runoff coefficient on land with a sandy loam texture without pavement is 0.41. Meanwhile, the average runoff coefficient for grass block paving is 0.43. On land with impermeable pavement, the runoff coefficient ranges from 0.50 to 0.70.

Vedula Venkata Naga Prabhakara Rao   and Anuradha G   

The annualized economic burden to United States in 2016 from wildfire is estimated to be between $71.1 billion and $347.8 billion. The cost of wildfire to Indian economy is at least USD148 million (₹1,100 Crores). One of the plants with high associated risk to wildfire is Calotropis Procera (CP). Thus, there is a great opportunity to explore materials which upkeep the good health of forest eco system, stabilize soil slopes in forest areas and serve as an alternative material for construction. Current research focuses towards application of various industrial wastes. There is a lot of scope for exploring the potential of re-using the residue collected from wildfires in the areas surrounding forest. There is an adequate scope to raise an alternative material to cement to reduce carbon emissions and achieve sustainability of resources used in the manufacture of cement. India has 10.6% of the hill- slopes covered with laterite soils which are prone to frequent slope failures. In the present study, an innovative combination of materials "1) Ash of Calotropis Procera plant (Highly inflammable) – ACP (Derived from forest fires) and 2) Metakaolin – MET (An alternative cementitious material) were utilised to stabilize lateritic soil-LS. Proctor heavy compaction test was conducted to study the minimum water content required to achieve the highest value of unit weight of the resulting combinations. Various proportions of ACP used were "2%, 4%, 6%, 8% & 10%". Various proportions of MET used were "0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% & 1.0%". Out of five combinations of Laterite soil(LS), Ash produced by burning Calotropis Procera (ACP), and Metakaolin (MET), the combination-3 i.e., LS+ 6% ACP + 0.6% MET gave rise to the highest value of unit weight in heavy compaction. The optimum moisture content achieved is 12% and the highest value of unit weight achieved is 20.8 kN/m³.

Dadang Iskandar   Ida Hadijah   Sigit P. Hadiwardoyo   Novia Lumintu Wati   and Septyanto Kurniawan   

After demolishing rigid roads and old buildings, concrete is often rendered worthless and thrashed as waste. Currently, sustainable concrete construction is very popular, and the goal of the industry is to protect the population's well-being by reducing CO₂ emissions and encouraging the effective use of natural resources. One of the causes of decreased quality of recycled products is the adherence of cement paste to concrete demolition. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of water temperature on the compressive strength of recycled concrete. This is carried out with the hope that water temperature can impact the disintegration of the cement paste in the demolition concrete, thereby strengthening the bond between aggregates. The water temperature applied in this study was 25℃, 60℃, and 100℃, while the levels of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) used were 25%, 50%, and 80%. The results showed that the highest compressive strength was obtained with an average of 26.23 MPa at a water temperature of 25℃ and 25% RCA. However, this value is still below the composition of the natural aggregate, which is 28.6 MPa. Due to the rapid hydration caused by the high-water temperature, the process of forming concrete on the surface is accelerated while the interior remains weak. This situation affects the weakening of the compressive strength of concrete. Furthermore, this study shows that high water temperatures are beneficial for the cement paste decay process in recycled aggregates, but it is best to use a normal temperature of 25℃ when mixing the water.

Omar Adnan Ali Alshkipi   

This study investigated the reality and renewal in the design of external and internal space for residential apartments in Jordan on the basis of 3D vision technology. It was motivated by the idea that the exterior and interior design of modern buildings should attract people in general and increase the national income of the country. This process entails urgent need to define technology-based (three-dimensional) design principles that allow for further changes in the interior or exterior architectural designs of residential apartments. This review paper is based on literature review and images collected from the Internet. Besides, data were collected through the related literature, images and designs used in the construction of residential apartments in Jordan based on the designs of "Samer Al-Shafi'i Company". The study is focused on the principles of external design, interior space and renewal in residential apartments in Jordan. The findings reflect that the overall appearance of apartments is improved. Moreover, the use of three-dimensional technology added movement and more spaces to projects. However, design principles such as emphasis, rhythm, contrast, etc. were not followed in the designs of most residential apartments, and few exterior designs were similar, inconvenient, and unsatisfactory for the interior space as a whole. The interior spaces had irregular size, and the apartments lack color diversity.

Agung Murti Nugroho   Euis Elih Nurlaelih   Surjono   Bagyo Yanuwiadi   and Andika Citraningrum   

Living wall (LW) is one solution to increase the comfort level of the thermal environment as urban green areas shrink. This paper aims to examine the effect of the living wall on thermal environmental comfort in the case of urban settlements. The research stages include visual observations, field measurements, and assessment of the quality of the thermal environment. The research data and analysis consisted of the type and distribution of LW, plant species, air temperature, humidity, suitability value, and the value of improving the thermal environment in the case study of Glintung Village, Malang. Visual observations revealed that 61.4% of the houses used the LW model of the modular tray type, with Chlorophytum comosum as the main plant species. LW reduces the air temperature by 1.7℃ and humidity by 32.6%, with an average air temperature of 25.9℃. The outside environment has the highest percentage of the suitability value of the thermal environment and the value of improvement for air temperature (63%), while the terrace has the highest suitability value of humidity (58%) and airflow (62%). Expectations for improvement are mostly found on the terrace, with a decrease in air temperature by 58%, humidity by 57%, and an increase in airflow by 59%. The proposed LW model development includes dark leafy plants on top (Amaranthus gangeticus), wide stomata (Aloe vera) on the bottom, and a fresh scent (Lavandula) in the middle.

Sofiene Helaili   Achref Guizani   Mohamed Amine Khadimallah   and Moez Chafra   

Using natural fibers in structural applications is the subject of much research in the scientific world. Natural fibers are bio-sourced, biodegradable, have a low carbon footprint, and have interesting mechanical properties. The lightness, tensile strength, and elongation before break make natural fibers suitable candidates to replace synthetic fibers. Sometimes, natural fibers must undergo heavy chemical treatment for the extraction of microfiber. This is not the case in this paper, which presents a first attempt to use esparto fiber in its raw state without heavy treatment without soda and bleach. In this paper, the raw esparto stem cut into short fibers is treated, then prepared and used as reinforcement in mortar. The mechanical properties of the esparto stems were identified, analyzed, and improved. The mechanical tests showed a weak adhesion between the mortar and Alfa. Also, excessive absorption of water by the stem induced a delay in the mortar's setting. Even with unsaturated stems, this phenomenon is observable. An improvement was applied to the natural Alfa stem to improve its adhesion and reduce the absorption of spillage water. For the first time, as a major innovation in natural fibers used for cementitious composites, a method is presented in this paper allowing the use of Alfa (esparto) fiber in a mortar while keeping the mechanical strength properties of the mortar. Test specimens 4x4x16 cm were made and reinforced with short fibers of 2 and 3 cm with different volume concentrations: 1%, 2%, and 5%. The flexural strength and compressive strength were determined experimentally. The results show that for the 1% concentration of short fibers of 3cm, the compressive strength is 26 MPa, which is almost identical to the strength of the control specimen equal to 26.03 MPa. Flexural strength of the improved fibers concentrated at 1%, 2%, and 5% reach nearly 4.75 MPa very close to the flexural strength of the control specimen, which is 5.57 MPa. The flexural strength doesn't decrease with treated Alfa fiber concentration increase: this is a unique case in which flexural strength doesn't decrease compared to other natural fibers results in the literature. In conclusion, Alfa-treated short fibers can be used in secondary structural applications subject to compressive and light bending forces, for example, paving applications.

Merna Amir   Esraa Torky   and Amany Micheal   

Millions of tons of plastic waste are generated globally, and only about 10 percent of it is recycled. It is crucial to segregate and circulate plastic waste and repurpose it for countless other uses. There are many ways to repurpose and reuse these discarded plastics. One use that can be examined is the use of plastic as a partial sand replacement in cement mortar. To contribute to this important and valid discourse, this research studies the mechanical and thermal properties of cement mortar that incorporates recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) particles. Different percentages (0%, 4%, 6%, and 10%) of sand replacement by volume with recycled HDPE particles are tested. Two different cement-sand ratios are investigated: 1:3 and 1:6. The experiments include compressive and indirect tensile strengths, unit weight, and thermal conductivity. Experimental results show that the increase in plastic content in mortar mixtures results in a decrease in the compressive and tensile strengths as found in the literature. On the other hand, a decrease in the thermal conductivity of the cement mortar that incorporates HDPE particles is also observed. For HDPE/sand replacement of 10% and cement to sand at a ratio of 1:3, the reduction in the thermal conductivity coefficient k is 50%. For HDPE/sand replacement of 10% and cement to sand at a ratio of 1:6, the reduction is 32%. This reduction is of significance as the cement mortar is usually used for stucco. When used for southern façades in arid climate countries like Egypt, producing stucco with such low thermal conductivity will result in a reduction in energy consumption for the AC. Moreover, the aesthetic value of the colored stucco may lead to the elimination of the painting process, not to mention the positive impact on the environment.

Sri Sunarjono   Nurul Hidayati   Muhammad Wahyu Setyo Aji   Wildan Faza Cindikia   and Alfia Magfirona   

The use of fillers in asphalt mixtures can potentially increase durability and their ability to resist water. This research was conducted to analyze how fillers improve the durability of the mixture. This research uses rice husk ash (RHA) and Portland cement (PC) as fillers in the mixture of asphalt concrete wearing course. The mixing process was carried out by the hot mix method, with the optimum asphalt content being 5.5% and the optimum filler content being 4%. The parameters analyzed were: sieve size, porosity, texture, penetration, aggregate blending, and mixing order. Based on the smaller filler sieve size (#400), it has the potential for a higher level of durability, while for strength, #200 has a higher potency. RHA porosity value #400 is 1.6 times greater than #200, and 5.53 times greater on PC. Asphalt with a smaller filler size has a better level of homogeneity, as seen from the smaller standard deviation of penetration. The results of aggregate blending show that the addition of filler causes aggregate gradations that do not meet the specifications required by Bina Marga. The filler should preferably be used as a substitute for the aggregate in the sieve analysis. Based on the IRMS (Index of Retained Marshall Stability) value, it can be concluded that the dry mixing process gives less value than wet mixing. This shows that wet blends last longer than dry blends.

Larah R. Abdulwahed   and Aymen R. Mohammed   

The connection of the soil with the building was already extensively studied on the supposition of the soil's basic and structural uniformity. Nonetheless, during intermediate or powerful earthquakes, the maximum shearing stress can readily exceed the elastic modulus of the properties of the soil. When considering soil-structure connection, nonlinear processes may modify soil rigidity at the building's foundation and hence power dispersion into the soil. As a result, disregarding the nonlinear properties of the dynamic soil-structure interface (DSSI) may result in incorrect dynamic loading estimates. The purpose of this research is to incorporate a completely nonlinear parametric framework for soils into a mathematical notation and examine the impact of soil nonlinearity on dynamic soil building interactions. Furthermore, several problems are defined, for instance the impact of restricting strain on the shear strength of the soil, the preliminary static configuration, and interface components at the soil-structure interface, and so on. Throughout this study, a basic absorbing layer approach that relies on a Rayleigh/Caughey dampening concept, which is frequently accessible in current code, was used. Computational Component software is shown as well. The stability criteria of wave dispersion difficulties are investigated, and it is demonstrated that the linear and nonlinear performance vary dramatically when coping with numerical propagation. This research is separated into two sections. In the first section, a soil column is simulated. There is a development of computational and semi-analytical approaches for describing the one-dimensional linear and nonlinear dynamic soil reactions to a predefined movement. Because the linear formula is simpler to comprehend and explain, it is achieved initially. In addition, it is utilized to determine the amount to which nonlinearity affects soil characteristics. In nonlinear assessment, the strain-dependent shear strength and dampening proportion are employed. Such input variables are crucial for completing a ground response assessment. For the formulations of strain-dependent mechanical properties and dampening in this work, hyperbolic soil model-constructed curves are utilized.

Sarah Oteifa   Khaled Dewidar   and Yasser Mansour   

Inclusive design is an approach that aims to include special children with the general student population by developing the whole system, including the built environment, to accommodate their needs. Although efforts have been made to include children with visual impairments in the educational mainstream, available design guidelines often miss their "real lived experience". Available inclusive school design criteria are considered limited and the necessary design qualities of space to cope with their impairments are often missing the phenomenological, holistic approach. This study is conducted using a mixed method. The necessary spatial qualities are extracted from visually impaired children's real experiences through a phenomenological approach. An in-depth interview is done with visually impaired participants; transcriptions are extracted and analysed through thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is done by the NVIVO qualitative research analysis program. The themes are later validated through a personal experience at the blind museum "Dialogue in the Dark" in Cairo, Egypt. Research findings show and explain the main four themes that affect the visually impaired experience, which are: senses stimulation, accessibility, sense of place and perception of safety and they can be translated into design considerations.

Hüseyin Emre Ilgın   

To date, few studies have provided an understanding of the interrelations between forms and key design parameters in supertall towers (equal to or higher than 300 m). This vital topic was examined through data collected from 140 supertall cases, considering height, location, function, load-bearing system, and material as the main parameters. Key findings of the paper highlighted the following: (i) in 300-399 m high towers, mostly prismatic, setback, tapered, and free forms were used; (ii) tapered forms were generally preferred in Asia, while the prevalence of prismatic and free forms was noted in the Middle East; (iii) while tapered form was preferred most in mixed-use function, office towers were generally built in free form; (iv) prismatic and tapered forms were generally utilized in supertall cases with tube system, whereas tapered and free forms were utilized more in towers with outriggered frame system; (v) while reinforced concrete was commonly used in prismatic and setback towers, tapered and free tower forms were mostly built in composite. This paper is considered to be an initial guideline for key project and construction stakeholders.

William Gomez Zabaleta   Roque Armenta Polo   Daniel Abudinen   Adriana Mattos-Rodríguez   Wilmer Ruiz Tobias   and Sergio Perez   

This research presents results of the structural analytical behavior of diaphragms built with precast slabs supported on reinforced concrete walls. The current analysis approach that some designers propose for this type of construction, supposes the implementation of a rigid diaphragm model provided by the slab connections, stipulated in the construction regulations. However, given the loss of continuity between the slab panels in these prefabricated systems and the adoption of spaced connections, some differential displacements are released inside these diaphragms, which leads to a loss of their rigidity and changes in the behavior of the structural seismic resistance system. Two buildings were analyzed in this research, whose geometric characteristics were: length/width ratio of 1.5 and 2; with 5 stories high. The modeled structural system was reinforced concrete walls and the diaphragm consisted of precast slab panels hoisted in situ, joined by spaced connections. A chronological-spatial analysis was performed with acceleration records of scaled earthquakes; with the purpose of evaluating the behavior of the structure and checking the floor displacements throughout the building. With calculated displacement at various points of the diaphragm, flexibility indices and floor accelerations were determined. From these results, it was possible to establish whether the behavior of these diaphragms is rigid or flexible.

T. Sujatha   and D.S.R. Murty   

The importance of environmental protection and conservation, as well as the utilization of sustainable materials, in modern construction, has more concern on the scarcity of natural aggregates. Because of this increasing interest in using recycled aggregates in construction, the use of recycled aggregates in concrete needs more concern about durability aspects rather than strength. Normally Recycled Aggregate concrete (RAC) contains more porosity and water absorption. More studies reveal that recycled aggregate concrete has less durability than conventional concrete. In this regard, current experimental investigation was carried out to determine the durability of RAC with the use of sustainable materials i.e., Portland slag cement was used instead of OPC. M-sand as an alternative for river sand, Natural coarse aggregate (NCA) was replaced with recycled aggregate by various percentages (30, 45 and 60 percent) and Nano silica. The cube strength of concrete was optimum at 45% replacement of recycled aggregates with natural coarse aggregates at all grades, the percentage of strength difference between 28 and 180 days compressive strength about 27%. Concrete durability properties (RCPT, Permeability, water absorption and Acid resistance) were tested at various replacement percentages for M20, M25, M30 and M35 grades. Chloride ion permeability was reduced about 56% at higher concrete grades (M30 & M35) due to Nano silica at 180 days. At 90 days, the acid effect on RAC strength loss was reduced by roughly 5%. Nano silica is added to higher grades to decrease the water demand and enhances the durability and strength properties.

Sofiene Helaili   Nour Belbachir   and Mohamed Amine Khadimallah   

Composite materials are widely used in applications subjected to low, medium, and high loading frequencies. The viscoelastic behavior of these materials can significantly impact their performance and behavior under different loading conditions. As a result, it is important to carefully study the viscoelastic behavior of composite materials to design structures that can effectively withstand vibration or time-varying loads. This study investigated the static elastic, vibratory, and viscoelastic behavior of composite materials made from Carbon/Epoxy and PMMA/Natural Alfa fibers using both analytical and numerical approaches. The laminates studied included an asymmetrical laminate and an antisymmetrical laminate, both with a thickness of 2mm and composed of 9 plies. Stresses and strains were calculated for each ply and the overall composite plate. The study showed that the numerical finite element models produced results that agreed with the analytical models. The modal analysis revealed that the first frequency of the symmetrical composite [0/+45/-45/60/0/60/-45/+45/0] was 4.16Hz, which was higher than the first frequency of the antisymmetrical composite (2.61Hz) made from Carbon/Epoxy60% fibers. In terms of the viscoelastic behavior, the relaxation test of a 2mm plate showed that the stresses in the Carbon/Epoxy60% composite were stabilized quickly, while it took 20 minutes for the stresses of Alfa/PMMA45% composite plates. Alfa/PMMA45% can be a candidate for civil applications.

Maram Alharbi   and Mohammad Hassan   

In the context of developing multi-modal transit systems in major cities, transit station distribution is a crucial indication for implementing public transportation services. This paper presents an optimization method for bus stop locations to improve the accessibility level and reduce the transportation cost and distance. This paper assesses the existing geographic distribution of bus stop locations in Amman city the capital of Jordan, to evaluate transport accessibility, and to determine the optimal locations of bus stops from a set of candidate locations. The minimized impedance location-allocation model for transportation problems is used as a network analysis method to design a new distribution of bus stops; the current accessibility ratio of 34 stopping points covering 135 out of 300 facilities increased from 45% to 69% of the total facilities within the study area, covering 208 services of available facilities. Optimizing bus stop locations will lead to an increase in the use of public transportation systems versus private vehicles, which will improve the levels of service, reduce traffic congestion and lower air pollution.

Mohamed H. Abo-hashem   Aboulfetouh S. Shalaby   and Sameh Abd A. El Alaily   

The linkage of cities and rivers is a historic phenomenon that persists to this day. Urbanization historically began to appear on river sides and evolved along with the development of cities. The connection is represented in the linkage of the fabric of urbanism, and people, to rivers. There exists a global interest in the linkage of cities with rivers. In an interest to achieve ecological goals and communal, cultural, and economical conservation, processes have risen that value the connection of cities to rivers. The most notable of these global interests are greenways that have been implemented in multiple nations. They have become a global movement as a planning and designing tool that attains an established organizational, well-funded, and legalized structure that also strives for global inclusion in sustainable development, under which falls the linkage of cities with rivers. The Egyptian case, unfortunately, neglects river cities, despite the origination of the phenomenon in the country thousands of years ago, despite what the nation attains in cultural and natural heritage, and the fact that Egyptian river cities comprise 70% of Egyptian cities. We find that local studies that have covered river cities did not go beyond theoretical analysis, which presents a difficulty in execution due to shortcomings in planning processes, thus, this study takes steps to ensure ease of practical implementation. The study focuses on the city of Cairo as an exemplar of Egyptian riverside cities as a whole. This was done due to the extensive history the city attains of the relationship between urbanization, people, and the river. The current situation was monitored, and institutional and urban problems that contributed to the separation of Egyptian cities from the river were identified. Analysis of a group of global experiments in greenways based on: (i) The planning process. (ii) The basis and criteria of design. (iii) Organizational structures. The study aims to learn from previous successes to reform the processes responsible for the development of Egyptian river cities. Results have been reached that shape a complete and effective integrated framework has been developed to link the city with the river at the local level that can be applied to the Egyptian case, and in turn, emphasizes the role of landscape planning and design in reconnecting the city with the river.

Abdelmajeed Alkasassbeh   Bilal Yasin   and Hatem Almasaeid   

Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) as vibration-mitigating devices are widely used in structures to reduce their displacement response under dynamic forces. Through a novel dolphin echolocation (DE) algorithm, this paper provides optimum tuning of TMD parameters. Developing some features of this algorithm results in a faster convergence to the optimum solution. Besides, grey wolf and whale optimization algorithms (GWO and WOA), as two other nature-based meta-heuristic algorithms, are employed in this problem. The modified DE illustrates a more optimum design of TMD's parameters rather than GWO and WOA. The code has been verified by a sample structure from the literature and then applied to a high-rise forty-story structure under strong ground motions. The numerical results reveal that the optimum TMD is viable in attenuating the structural responses, including relative displacements and absolute accelerations under different earthquake excitations. For instance, in the high-rise structure, the modified DE, GWO, and WOA reduce the maximum displacements up to 45%, 43%, and 38%, respectively. Moreover, the algorithms, specifically the modified DE, propose more cost-effective designs in comparison with previous studies in the literature by introducing smaller TMD parameters.

Zaydoun Abu Salem   and Nawal Louzi   

Since its construction, periodic maintenance has been necessary to keep the original pavement serviceable. Because both works and findings had to be estimated and scheduled, this was the first sort of pavement management. Later, the introduction of engine vehicles resulted in a significant increase in travel speed, necessitating the creation of safer and more sturdy pavements. In this research, we will investigate the notion of preventative maintenance, selecting utmost cost-effective maintenance treatment, maintenance materials, and maintenance treatments for both asphalt and concrete pavements. Pavement management encompasses the many components and duties necessary to maintain a high-quality pavement inventory while also ensuring that the overall condition of the road network is kept at a high level. A pavement management system (PMS) is a decision-making system for pavement management. PMS software solutions predict future pavement damage caused by road traffic and weather and prescribe road pavement maintenance depending on the kind and age of the pavement as well as many metrics of present pavement condition. According to studies, it is significantly less expensive to maintain a road than it is to restore it once it has been damaged. As a result, pavement management systems prioritize preventive maintenance of excellent roads over road reconstruction of inferior roads. As a result, system performance will increase in terms of lifetime cost and long-term pavement conditions. The author used the approach to construct PMSs at the project level, which was helped by pavement condition evaluations.

P A Suthanaya   and P P Winaya   

The economic growth of cities in developing countries is followed by the rapid growth of private vehicle ownership. The predicted exponential growth of vehicles will be followed by rapid growth in oil demand and a significant increase in environmental impact such as air pollution, traffic noise, and road traffic accidents. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors affecting car ownership. Studies on private vehicle ownership were mainly focused on the metropolitan area level. Using Badung regency as a case study, this study was focused on model car and motorcycle ownership in a medium-sized region by using Poisson regression. Data were collected from 180 households. The results indicated the characteristics of households with the highest percentage, namely car ownership per household of one unit (45.56%), and motorcycle ownership per household of three units (36.11%). For the motorcycle ownership model, there were three independent variables identified as significant predictors, i.e. monthly family income, monthly transport cost, and the number of family members. For the car ownership model, there were seven significant predictors, i.e. monthly family income ((MFI8, MFI7, MFI6), number of students in household, and other variables (safety, accommodating more family members, and social status).

Ahmed Elkafoury   Maged Zagow   Khaled Saeed   and Ahmed Mahmoud Darwish   

Promoting public transport can increase the role of transport in sustainable development. Thus, studying the determinants of choosing public transport by travelers is crucial for transportation planning purposes, where developing an accurate model can help in examining any proposed scenarios. This paper aims to develop a multivariable regression model to describe the willingness to use public transport (W) represented as the percentage of people who use public transport in United States cities. First, census data of socio-economic and demographic characteristics are analyzed to identify significant factors for W to develop the model. Then, the regression technique is utilized to develop the model. The model is statistically assessed, in which the significance of all independent variables is examined and represented by a p-value. Moreover, the correlation between variables is examined. Then, the most statistically appropriate model for W is identified based on a set of performance measures such as coefficient of determination, average error, geometrical mean, Theil's inequality coefficient, and frictional bias. Finally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the elasticity of the model to changes in the significant variables by considering a 10% change (increase or decrease) in the average of each variable.

Rajeev Garg   Pankaj   Akhilesh Kumar   Tahsinur Rahman Warsi   and Mohammad Arif Kamal   

Streets are an integral part of the urban fabric which weave various functions like social space, commercial space, cultural space, as well as a channel of transportation for various categories of vehicles. In Indian scenario, rapid and uncontrolled growth of commercial activities on urban streets has led to traffic congestion, unorganized parking, lack of convenient space for pedestrians and lack of visual and spatial comfort for all users. This research focuses on the study of streetscape scenario in India, the expectations of users, identifying general issues related to urban streets and accordingly suggesting strategies for enhanced user experience. The aim of this research is to study the user experience, determine the expectations of citizens and formulate strategies for establishing the sustainable street system which enhances the user experience and keeps the city livable. The present scenario of urban streets is studied through a research survey in order to understand the user experience and their expectations of urban streets. The questionnaire comprising of twelve questions was prepared to collect responses from various age groups. User experience and expectations are compiled and analyzed on the basis of information provided by 454 respondents, and recommendations are made accordingly on the basis of best judgement. A new framework for urban street planning and design of streetscape elements is to be formulated at the city level while considering user experience and expectations.

Tri Susetyo Andadari   Prasasto Satwiko   and A. Rudyanto Soesilo   

A biowall has the potential to provide human health and well-being benefits. However, some users consider a biowall as a hobby for their happiness. For this study, the general public's preference for a biowall was explored. The assessment was based on five criteria, perceptual, thermal, visual, respiratory, and audial comfort. The method assessed public preferences regarding the biowall in virtual reality for living and family rooms in urban dwellings. Six biowall configurations were virtualized in both rooms. These configurations included control conditions without biowall, single potting biowall, hidden single potting biowall, multiple potting biowall, linear potting biowall, and fully potting biowall. One-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD analyzed the data with the main result that the variants of the public's preferences for the biowall configuration were significantly different. The final result showed that the fully potting biowall was the highest rating configuration, with a preference value of 4.64 (N = 25) for the family room and 4.81 (N = 25) for the living room. The variables with the highest preferences for perceptual, thermal, visual, respiratory, and audial comfort were interest, chillness, color, freshness, and spaciousness-magnificence, respectively. The most dominant variable influencing preference was the ability of biowall to provide freshness and magnificence in the room. Generally, the public preferred the addition of biowall in the room.

Carlos Mauricio Bedoya   Cristian Santa   and Carlos Alberto Mejía-Barrera   

This study shows the modification of the cone of Abrams. A new device size was obtained, with 68% savings in terms of the material. Similarly, we explored the contribution to the aspect of occupational health since, from an ergonomic perspective, the test can be developed at a more comfortable and safe height for the person. Furthermore, we found equivalence between the ranges of the Abrams cone and the Bedoya cone. According to the tests performed, it is possible to significantly reduce the consumption of materials for the slump test without affecting the quality of the result. It improves the ergonomics condition of laboratory workers, especially for women who are not allowed to lift heavy loads due to occupational health regulations. More than 60 tests were carried out in universities, construction sites, precast industries and nationally and internationally accredited laboratories. The methodology used consisted of carrying out the test using the same mixture and finding the slump with the Abrams cone and the Bedoya cone simultaneously under the same conditions of temperature, time and humidity. One important aspect is the possibility of using in mixtures with coarse aggregates of sizes 9.5 mm (3/8''), 13 mm (1/2''), 19 mm (3/4''), and 25.4 mm (1''), being these the most commercially made worldwide. The results and the statistical analysis allow us to conclude that it is possible to use the Bedoya cone to determine the concrete slump in the fresh state, since its ranges are directly applicable with respect to the Abrams cone. As it is a test that continues to be carried out daily in all countries of the world, this research is also a social and environmental contribution. The cone of Bedoya is registered in Colombia under the patent of invention number NC2016/0001514, and is being applied in Undergraduate, Master's and Doctorate research in this country and in México.

Mai Afifi   Rifaat Abdel Wahaab   Abdelkawi Khalifa   Ibrahim Moukhtar   and Ezzat Elalfy   

Alexandria city is the second largest city in Egypt; located on Mediterranean Sea. It experienced yearly extreme rainfall events. In 2015, it was hit by an extreme rainfall, causing a heavy impact flooding on the most urban areas of the city. This causes a huge negative impact on the social and economic activities. The responsible authorities did not prepare enough for this extreme event. This study aims to assist decision makers to prepare priority plans by developing flood susceptibility mapping for Alexandria city, using Geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing applications (RS), and integration with multi-criteria decision-making method. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques, and the list of significant urban flood factors are developed following a review of the related literature and a technical discussion with experts from the water sector. The required data for each factor were derived by remote sensing techniques. A quantitative analysis using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to derive the final weights for each factor. A spatial data analysis was performed to identify different factors of the susceptibility map using the GIS system. Finally, the study has shown that the rainfall amount factor has the highest probability of flooding with a priority weight of 38%; this is because of its importance in the flood trigging, trailed by distance to stream with weight 26.3%, and the slope with weight 13.4%. Land cover-land use and elevation were the least important factors with priority weightings of 11.5%, 10.8% respectively. The developed susceptibility map classified the Alexandria city into zones regarding its likelihood risk of urban flooding to three grades, as high, moderate, and low. The purpose of this classification is to help decision-makers in preparedness for flood mitigation.

Ali Almunyifi   and Abdulbasit Almhafdy   

Although natural ventilation can greatly affect indoor heat and energy use, little is known about how opening windows for natural ventilation affects indoor thermal conditions, especially in hot dry climates. During the pre-design phase of a school building, it is critical to consider the environmental response to the design of the interior space. This paper examines the impact of utilizing natural ventilation through windows on the temperature regulation of classrooms within a school located in a hot and arid climate. Temperature data loggers were installed in four classrooms that were oriented in the main directions. After that, a calibration was made between the real data and simulation data. All four classes took part in the simulation process throughout the year and the windows were opened and closed. Due to the hot climate in the Qassim region, the windows are only opened during study periods when the indoor temperature is higher than the outdoor temperature. Field data results show that creating a friendly environment inside a building is influenced by factors including wall exposure, window size and orientation. Regarding the simulation, the temperature effect can be significantly affected by natural ventilation in the four classes. Results indicate that from late November until early April, the indoor temperature was still below the upper limit of acceptable indoor temperatures recommended by ASHRAE, 27℃, and thus, achieved 20% occupancy dissatisfaction. In contrast, from April until late November, the indoor temperature increased.

Vahid Rostami   Zainuddin Md Yusoff   Zahraalsadat Eliaslankaran   Haslinda Nahazanan   and Ehsan Mousavi   

Approximately 18 by 22 by 100 meters in size, a braced excavation operation at the Mahallati station on Tehran's Metro Line 7 took over eleven consecutive phases. Due to the significant depth-to-width ratio, a PLAXIS plane-strain finite element analysis was carried out. The lateral wall of the braced cut excavation was supported with three types of struts in four different rows. Due to the excavation of the soil, the tension condition was changed and caused some displacements and instabilities; therefore, the horizontal and vertical displacement of the excavation was studied. The maximum horizontal displacements of 35.32 mm occurred in the lateral wall at the excavation surface, whereas the maximum vertical displacements of 35.00 mm occurred at the excavation's base. In all stages, the highest lateral wall deflection values were between 0.00018 and 0.0016 of the depth. The maximum ground surface settlement near the excavation was 22.41mm, approximately 0.67 times the maximum subsequent wall deflection. In each phase, the maximum ground surface settlement distance from the wall was almost equivalent to 0.4 times the excavation depth. The numerical modeling shows that Plaxis2D is an effective software for analyzing the excavation of a braced cut.

Saumya Shrivastava   Abir Bandyopadhyay   and Vandana Agrawa   

Construction of Hindu temples in India started from about 1^st C BCE, but today there are very few examples of those temples. In the state of Chhattisgarh (erstwhile known as Dakshin Kosala), which is in central India, there is evidence of the construction of brick and stone temples from 5^th C CE. These temples are categorized either as 'Rectilinear Type' or 'Stellate and Semi- Stellate Type'. Though these temples have survived the ravages of time, the techniques of their construction and the principles of their layout on the ground are lost in ambiguity. Some research has been performed on the plan forms of the temples, the elevational levels, the philosophy embedded in them etc. but very less work has been done on the geometric construct of the plan form of the stellate temple of Chhattisgarh. This paper aims to decode the hidden geometric construct of one of the earliest brick stellate temples of India, which is Rama Temple in Sirpur, Chhattisgarh. For this, a primary survey was conducted and detailed measurement at the base level of the temple was done. The measured drawing was then drafted, and the layout was verified statistically and otherwise from various published research works based on canonical texts to arrive at some principles of geometric layout. Prima facie studies show that some ancient geometrical principles are followed in the layout of the planform of this temple. Similar studies on other temples will prove the principle of laying out such temples in India and thus will help in filling up a gap in the lost legacy of temple architecture in India.

Sara Tarek   

Smart-eco cities are not a new concept, they appear while planning for a healthy and sustainable urban future. Notions like smart cities, sustainable cities, augmented cities, and ecological cities represent new norms and standards for applying the latest new smart technologies in addition to green environmental solutions in the planning of contemporary cities. The present study addresses the problem of the lack of guidelines that help in linking different principles of urban design and indicators of smart and ecological interventions in both the early planning and upgrading stage to support cities' sustainable future. Therefore, the research aims to identify smart-eco cities dimensions and indicators to use in developing a conceptual framework for developing smart-eco cities strategies, to be applied in cities nowadays. The study merges between smart and ecological urban dimensions as novel urban approaches in addition to focusing on the characteristics, guidelines, and indicators for smart and eco-cities to attain UN 2030 sustainable development goals. The present work follows a methodology that encompasses four parts. The First part is an integrative literature review for the main concepts, definitions, and dimensions for both smart cities and eco-cities in addition to SDGs. Moreover, it reviews and analyses different initiatives for cities that followed smart and ecological approaches. The Second part is an analytical approach proposing a matrix that combines both smart and eco-cities dimensions and indicators to achieve a healthier and sustainable urban future by mapping it to UN-SDGs. Moreover, a survey was administered to highlight the most effective indicators in developing smart eco-cities strategies. The Third part proposes a conceptual framework to be used for planning smart-eco cities for better urban futures. Finally, the study applies the proposed framework on a new Egyptian city as a case study to identify the potential of applying smart-eco cities concept in developing countries and limited resources settings. Research results indicate the capabilities derived by smart-eco cities that can assist in the adaptation and achieving SDGs for developing countries.

Boi Yee Liao   Sen Xie   and Tsung-Shun Hsieh   

The purposes of this research are to invest the correlations of ground motion parameters, including characteristic intensity (Ic), standardized version of cumulative absolute velocity (CAVstd), maximum incremental velocity (MIV), and the relationships with the damages of the buildings caused by the Mw6.4, 2016 Meinong Taiwan earthquake. To detect the validations of the hybrid simulation method, the waveforms of three stations near the epicenter are simulated and compared with the observations by employing the inverted source model of the Meinong earthquake. The comparisons between the observations and simulations demonstrate that the PGAs of the observations and simulations are well consistent and underestimations of the high-period contents are improved. Based on the excellent results of the method, the three parameters around Tainan city are calculated and displayed in this research. Apparently, most of the higher values of the three parameters distribute around the north-western regions of the epicenter of the Meinong earthquake, which coincides with the rupture direction of the earthquake toward the northwest. Almost all of the damaged buildings are located well within the values of MIV with 30cm/s, Ic with 316cm1.5/s2.5, and CAVstd with 418cm/s, indicating both of the results are agreeable to the previous studies and offering critical values of the three parameters to predict the potential earthquake-induced damages of buildings. Finally, we discover that two in pairs of the three parameters have high correlation coefficients and exceptional linear relationships between them. The correlation coefficient between MIV and Ic is 0.88, between MIV and CAVstd is 0.89, and between CAVstd and Ic is 0.99. The linear regression models of a couple of parameters are established to model linear predictor functions.

Rahadhian P. Herwindo   

The so-called Joglo is a type of traditional house (nDalem) architecture since Islamic era on the island of Java that is still used today in Indonesia. Joglo architecture is currently not only used for residential buildings but has developed into a multifunctional feature, and so the Joglo roof models have been used for office buildings, airports, hotels, and the like. The originally Joglo construction made of wood is thought to have been unknown in the past, namely during the Majapahit era or the end of the Hindu-Buddhist era. Through an approach to analyzing the type of architectural form, traces of this temple building can then be identified in the Joglo building, although in the form of abstraction of its elements. Javanese society basically has a tradition to uphold the culture of its ancestors, regardless of the beliefs held by the Javanese. Joglo architecture can be seen as a representation of the preservation of the temple architecture. The relationship between the temple and the joglo is indicated by the shape of the roof, intercropping elements, ornamentation and linearity of the building layout. This preservation is making modifications while still displaying important elements with different materials. As a result, preservation is not orientated to the physical-material but rather to the values of its meaning. The spirit of respecting the past through preservation has unconsciously imbued the architectural ideas involved, so that permanence in architectural preservation can be dynamic through the adaptation process

Laith Jamal Aldabbas   

The current study is based on the empirical models of pavement management for advancing the road's planning using predictive maintenance. Pavement management is defined as the planning process to maintain and repair the roadway network and other road facilities for optimization of the conditions of pavement. Predictive maintenance on the other hand is referred to as the technique used to determine the conditions of the equipment to estimate the requirement involved in maintenance. The following study also discusses the challenges and strategies concerning pavement management using predictive maintenance. Challenges are connected to execution process, security and safety, over-maintenance and transmission costs while the strategies utilize the analysis of the historical data, identifying the critical assets, and installing the internet of things sensors. In addition, the relationship between pavement management and predictive maintenance is such that the road's planning and administration require the types of machinery and equipment to accurately manage the road that is highly necessary to maintain the equipment for efficient work. The study thus covers the objectives such as the concept and different types of pavement management, use of predictive maintenance, models of pavement management, challenges regarding developing the road's planning, and strategies for overcoming the challenges. Notably, interpretivism research philosophy and inductive research approach were applied in this study. Interestingly, only the qualitative type of data was used and was collected through secondary data collection; while conducting the thematic analysis as well. The discussion section of the study has found out the results and outcomes which prompt its importance in studying the models so that the proper framework can be used while conducting pavement management using predictive maintenance. Three types of pavement management were discovered which include pavement condition analysis, priority assessment models, and network optimization models. Their advantages are numerous which cannot be limited to detecting any type of anomalies in the operations, identification of every possible defect in the equipment, and maintaining downtime tracking software. More so, three models of pavement management namely; deterministic pavement deterioration model, probabilistic pavement deterioration model, and formulation of the distress indices were focused on in this study.

Mohamed Lemine Mohamed Essalem   and Toufik Cherradi   

The tendencies in the field of cemented materials are currently oriented towards the use of alternative products in cemented materials to reduce the strong dependence on natural resources. The materials most used for this purpose, are recycled ones coming from the waste discarded by the factories. One of these new methods consists of the use of mollusc shells as aggregate in ordinary concrete, cement mortar, pervious concrete, and mineral addition to cement. Experimental analysis has been conducted on the employment of molluscan seashells as a substitute for aggregates in cement materials. This document is a review of shell elaboration in cemented materials. The article first presents a summary of the preparation ways and overall properties of seashells. Then it discusses the existing applications within the construction sector. Mollusc shells generally have very variable geometries and shapes, also the granular distribution depends on the shell type and crushing process. Molluscan shells contain characteristic traces of chloride and sulfate salts. Although the addition of the shell aggregate reduces the physico-mechanical properties of the cemented material, the current understanding of the elaboration of those seashells requires additional analysis of numerous aspects of their behavior.

Oluwagbemiga Paul Agboola   Henry Ojobo   and Anar Aliyev   

Climate change has been a serious hindrance to developing the built environment for decades, endangering the innovative ambition to achieve the Agenda 2030 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). As a result, adaptation and mitigation strategies are attracting increasing interest on the world stage, and organizations are working together to provide a better built environment for human habitation. Through empirical research technique, this study provides adequate information that is lacking in past studies on how to attenuate the consequences of climate change on the built environment as an urban landscape and subsequent needs for human adaptability. This study's goals are as follows: (i) to explore the predictors of climate change indicators, and (ii) to suggest climate change mitigations and adaptation strategies. Logistic regression analyses of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software package Version 22 (version 22), were used to explore the quantitative survey via descriptive analysis to obtain frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations. Similarly, the consequences of climate change in the built environment, as determined by Principal Component Analysis, were explored. The study's outcome includes [i] important predictors of climate change, and [ii] Approaches for minimizing the effects of climate change. The study's findings revealed that reducing the consequences of climate change on the built environment will improve and safeguard the urban landscape for several decades to come. Parts of the study's recommendations include urgent actions toward integrating climate change interventions into government decisions, initiatives, and management in Nigeria.