Universal Journal of Psychology(CEASE PUBLICATION)  

Universal Journal of Psychology is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes original and high-quality research papers in all areas of psychology. As an important academic exchange platform, scientists and researchers can know the most up-to-date academic trends and seek valuable primary sources for reference.

AFTER CONSIDERATION, WE HAVE DECIDED TO CEASE PUBLICATION OF THIS JOURNAL AT THE END OF 2023. THIS JOURNAL WILL NO LONGER ACCEPT SUBMISSIONS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS FROM 2024. ALL PUBLISHED ARTICLES WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVE AT https://www.hrpub.org/journals/jour_archive.php?id=94


ISSN: 2332-3477 (Print)

ISSN: 2332-3485 (Online)

Contact Us: ujp.editor@hrpub.org or editor@hrpub.org

Website: https://www.hrpub.org/journals/jour_info.php?id=94


Reviewers

Dr. Nataly Loizidou-ieridou
School of Education, Frederick University, Cyprus

Prof. Mayte Lazaro Casajus
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain

Dr. Magnolia Bahle Ngcobo-Sithole
Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa

Prof. John Oller
Department of Communicative Disorders, College of Liberal Arts, University of Louisiana, USA

Dr. Johan Botha
School of Education Studies, Faculty of Education Sciences, North West University Potchefstroom, South Africa

Prof. Haniel Nyaga Gatumu
Department of Psychology, University of Nairobi, Kenya

Dr. Frederic Banville
Faculty of Nursing, Rimouski Campus, University of Quebec, Canada

Mr. Christo J. Els
North-West University, South Africa

Dr. Chin-Ping Liou
School of Continuing Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan

Dr. Assegedetch HaileMariam
Department of Psychology, Eastern Illinois University, USA

Dr. Lisa Burke
IMPACT - Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, Deakin University, Australia

Prof. Irina Malkina-Pykh
Department of Human Ecology, Research Center for Interdisciplinary, Environmental Cooperation of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Dr. Susan Weir
Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Canada

Dr. Raj Prasanna
School of Psychology, Massey University, New Zealand

Dr. Sandy Gibson
Department of Counselor Education, The College of New Jersey, USA

Dr. Maria Cristina Verrocchio 
Department of Psychological Sciences, Humanities and Territory, University of Chieti, Italy

Dr. Paola De Fabritiis 
Department of Psychology, University of Milan - Bicocca, Italy

Prof. Wai Kwong Tang 
Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China

Dr. Kathryn Gardner 
School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, UK

Dr. Melanie Mitchell 
Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, UK

Prof. Alessandra Simonelli 
Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of PAdova, Italy

Prof. Steven Dworkin 
Department of Psychology, Western Illinois University, USA

Dr. Helena de Anstiss 
School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Magill Campus, Australia

Prof. Cristina Martinez-Taboada 
Department of Social Psychology and Methodology of Behaviour Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, Spain

Assoc. Prof. Debra Warner 
Department of Forensic Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, USA

Dr. Marialuisa Gandolfi 
Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Centre (CRRNC), Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy

Assist. Prof. Nafissa Ismail 
School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada

Assoc. Prof. Joseph Sadek 
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada

Assist. Prof. Sharon Pappas 
Department of Business Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, USA

Dr. Salcuni Silvia 
Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Italy

Dr. Thierry Lecerf 
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland

Assist. Prof. George Tolomiczenko 
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA

Dr. Tóra Petersen 
National Hospital of the Faroe Islands, Denmark

Dr. Stephan Verschoor 
Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany

Assist. Prof. Suk Ling Ma 
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China

Dr. Eula Miller 
Department of Nursing, Research Institute for Health and Social Change, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Mr. Rick Fothergill 
School of Health, University of Central Lancashire, UK

Prof. Rayleen De Luca 
Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Canada

Dr. Mohammed Shafiullah 
School of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland

Assist. Prof. Theano Kokkinaki 
Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Greece

Dr. Josh P. Davis 
Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Greenwich, UK

Assoc. Prof. Alesia Richardson 
Department of Psychology, Chicago State University, USA

Prof.George Voineskos 
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada

Prof. Brian Schrader 
Department of Psychology, Emporia State University, USA

Assist. Prof. Rozario Anthony 
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada

Assoc. Prof. James Epps 
Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, USA

Assoc. Prof. Dong-yuan Wang 
Department of Psychology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of North Florida, USA

Assist. Prof. Frédérick Dionne 
Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, Canada

Dr. Rubén Nieto Luna 
Internet Interdisciplinary Institute, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Spain

Dr. Noreen Caswell 
School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, UK

Prof. Rosario Ruiz Olivares 
Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Spain

Assoc. Prof. Robert W. Stackman Jr. 
Department of Psychology and FAU Neuroscience Cluster, Florida Atlantic University, USA

Assist. Prof. Silvia Pogliaghi 
Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Verona, Italy

Prof. Walt C. Buboltz 
Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, USA

Prof. Angélica Ojeda García 
Department of Psychology, Iberoamericana University, Mexico

Assist. Prof. Emily K. Sandoz 
Department of Psychology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA

Dr. Breeda McGrath 
Department of International Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Online Campus, USA

Mr. Markus Kosel 
Department of Mental Health and Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland

Assoc. Prof. Danielle Charbonneau 
Department of Military Psychology and Leadership, Royal Military College of Canada, Canada

Dr. Ruth Baruch 
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada

Dr. Neil Dagnall 
Department of Psychology, MMU Research Institute for Health and Social Change, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Prof. Eva Romera Félix 
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Córdoba, Spain

Assist. Prof. Stella Giakoumaki 
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Greece

Dr. Stephen Butler 
Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Strathclyde, UK

Prof. Amparo Carbonell Escartí 
Department of Social Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain

Dr. MJ Sospedra-Baeza 
School of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain

Prof. Heriberto Carmelo Jiménez Betancort 
Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Spain

Dr. Annie Tse-Mei Shu 
Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China

Dr. Qiangge Zhang 
McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA

Prof. John L. McIntosh 
Department of Psychology, Indiana University South Bend, USA

Prof. Ann Marie Leonard-Zabel 
Department of Psychology, Curry College, USA

Assoc. Prof. Jose Mazón Herrero 
Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain

Prof. Jayashri Kulkarni 
Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Australia

Prof. Joannis N. Nestoros 
Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Greece

Dr. Wenceslao Peñate Castro 
Psychology Section, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Campus of Guajará, Spain

Dr. Ernesto Juan Darias Morales 
School of Psychology, University of La Laguna, Spain

Dr. Kathryn Higgins 
School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, Queen's University Belfast, UK

Prof. Jone Aliri Lazcano 
Department of Social Psychology and Methodology of Behaviour Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, Spain

Dr. Jung Woo Hyun 
Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Chungbuk National University, South Korea

Dr. Aurelio Olmedilla Zafra 
Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Murcia, Spain

Prof.John Annett 
Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, UK

Dr. Maitane Arnoso Martinez 
Department of Social Psychology and Methodology of Behaviour Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, Spain

Dr. Moisés Betancort 
Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Spain

Dr. Naresh N. Vempala 
SMART Lab, Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Canada

Assoc. Prof. Mariya Antonovna Odintsova 
Department of Psychology and Pedagogy of Distance Study, Laboratory of Socio-psychological and Sociological Monitoring Researches, The Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Russia

Assoc. Prof. Marian Ángeles Bravo Álvarez 
Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Education, University of Zaragoza, Spain

Dr. Karin van der Hiele 
Department of Psychology, Section Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Netherlands

Dr. Andrzej Piotrowski 
Institute of Psychology, The University of Gdańsk, Poland

Dr. Shabbir Amanullah 
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada

Dr. Michelle Butler 
School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, Queen's University Belfast, UK

Dr. Panteá Farvid 
Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology (AUT University), New Zealand

Prof. Juan C. Pastor 
Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain

Prof. Dawn L. Strongin 
Department of Psychology and Child Development, California State University Stanislaus, USA

Assoc. Prof. Teresa A. Wasonga 
Department of Leadership, Educational Psychology and Foundations, Northern Illinois University, USA

Prof. Carolina Moliner Cantos 
Department of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain

Dr. Carolyn J. Choudhary 
Department of Psychology, Queen Margaret University, UK

Dr. Barbara Kelly 
Department of Development & Educational Psychology, University of Strathclyde, UK

Dr. Sanne Hissel 
Phoolan Devi Institute, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands

Dr. Chiara Guerrini 
Department of Psychology, University of Hull, UK

Prof. Conrado M. Viña Lorenzo 
Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of La Laguna, Spain

Ms. Sophie Smailes 
Department of Social Care and Social Work, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Dr. Alejandra del Carmen Domínguez Espinosa 
Department of Psychology, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico

Dr. Leeanne O'Hara 
School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, Institute of Child Care Research, Queens University Belfast, UK

Ms. Caroline Cederström 
Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden

Prof. Anja Achtziger 
Department of Social & Economic Psychology, Zeppelin University, Germany

Dr. Ezequiel Fernandez Castelao 
Department of Social and Communication Psychology, Institute for Psychology, University of Göttingen, Germany

Mr. Kayla Ten Eycke 
Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Canada

Prof. Kurt Kowalski 
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, California State University San Bernardino, USA

Dr. Paolo Fumene Feruglio 
Department of Neurological Neuropsychological Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy

Dr. Sooyin Tan 
Office of Teacher Education, Psychological Studies Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Singapore

Prof. Francisco Alonso 
Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain

Prof. Cristina Esteban Martinez 
Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain

Prof. Stephany Hess Medler 
Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, School of Psychology, University of La Laguna, Spain

Assoc. Prof. Africa Borges del Rosal 
Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, School of Psychology, University of La Laguna, Spain

Dr. Lynne Barker 
Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Dr. Marta Panzeri 
Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padua, Italy

Dr. Paul Richardson 
Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Dr. Alexandra Thompson 
National Research Council Canada, Canada

Dr. Michael Persinger 
Laurentian University, Canada

Prof. Mike Berry 
Birmingham City University, UK

Dr. Amy Baraniak 
Department of Life Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, UK

Dr. Hanna Okuniewska 
Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Poland

Dr. Mowei Liu 
Department of Psychology, Trent University, Canada

Dr. Naomi Ziv 
Department of Psychology, College of Management Academic Studies, Israel

Dr. Kevin K. S. Chan 
Department of Psychological Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, China

Dr. Wayne Podrouzek 
Faculty of Psychology, University of the Fraser Valley, Canada

Prof. M. Carmen Arenas Fenollars 
Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Spain

Dr. Catala Minana, Alba 
Department of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain

Dr. Bárbara Oliván Blázquez 
Department of Psychology, University of Zaragoza, Spain

Dr. Eva-Maria Schiller 
Department of Psychology, University of Munster, Germany

Dr. José Ignacio Pérez Fernández 
Department of Personality, University of the Basque Country, Spain

Prof. Florence Vinit 
Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Canada

Dr. Ignacio Morón Henche 
Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Granada, Spain

Prof. Betty Dorr 
Department of Education-Business, Fort Lewis College, USA

Prof. Antonio Martínez Sánchez 
Department of Education, University of Almeria, Spain

Prof. Carolyn Jeffries 
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, California State University, USA

Prof. Kazuhiko Fukuda 
Department of Psychology and Humanities, College of Sociology, Edogawa University, Japan

Dr. Yee Ying Yick 
Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Dr. Mike Boisvert 
Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Canada

Dr. Fatma Zohra 
Department of Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, UAE

Dr. Stephanie Wassenburg 
Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands

Prof. Isto Ruoppila 
Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland

Prof. Miquel Serra i Raventos 
Department of Basic Psychology, University of Barcelona, Spain

Dr. Teresa Olivares Pérez 
Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, University of La Laguna, Spain

Dr. David Wiljer 
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada

Dr. Lobna Cherif 
Department of Military Psychology and Leadership, Royal Military College of Canada, Canada

Dr. Rabellino, Daniela 
Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, Canada

Dr. Domingo Magliocca 
International University of Security Sciences and Social Defense of Milan (UNISED), Italy

Dr. Matt Blankenship 
Department of Psychology, Western Illinois University, USA

Dr. Tisha J. Ornstein 
Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Canada

Dr. Linda Coates 
Department of Psychology, Okanagan College, Canada

Dr. Hiroko Sotozaki 
Department of Psychology, Western Illinois University, USA

Dr. Nabil A. Philips 
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada

Dr. Amanullah, Shabbir 
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, Canada

Dr. Ang Chong Han Jansen 
College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Prof. Grazia Maria Fava Vizziello 
Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy

Dr. Mike Van Duuren 
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Winchester, UK

Dr. Kathryn Kinmond 
Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Prof. José Tomás Bethencourt Benítez 
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Spain

Prof. Pietro Boscolo 
University of Padua, Italy

Prof. Sharon Ward 
Department of Psychology, California State University, USA

Dr. Ian Baker 
Department of Life Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, UK

Dr. V.J. Willan 
School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, UK

Dr. Mirela Habibovic 
Department of Cardiology Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, Netherlands

Prof. Marina Gulina 
Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City University, UK

Dr. Greg Moran 
Department of Psychology, Western University, Canada

Dr. Roxana Vernescu 
Faculty of Applied & Professional Studies, School of Human & Social Development, Nipissing University, Canada

Dr. Saskia Keville 
Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK

Dr. Alex Meredith 
School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, UK

Prof. Narendra K. Sharma 
Department of Industrial & Management Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India

Dr. Jesse Bettinger 
Center for Process Studies, USA

Dr. Kalu T. U. Ogba 
Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nigeria

Dr. Joel Yap 
School of Psychology (SOP), Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (APU), Malaysia

Prof. Jutta M. Street 
Department of Psychology, School of Education, Campbell University, USA

Dr. Patricia Kitsao-Wekulo 
African Population & Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

Dr. Elahe Ghorbani 
Department of Psychology, Faculty of social science, Uludag University, Turkey

Dr. Melis Seray Ozden Yildirim 
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, Turkey

Dr. Rocío Guil Bozal 
Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Spain

Dr. Ahmed Al-Matarneh 
Department of Psychology, Mutah University, Jordan

Prof. Alexandr Kornev 
Department of Logopathology, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Russia

Dr. Lynn Doreen Preston 
School of Psycho-Social Education, Faculty of Education, North-West University (NWU), South Africa

Dr. Diana Rute Pereira Alves 
Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, the University of Porto, Portugal

Dr. Maria Koulianou 
IKY Foundation, Panteion University, Greece

Dr. Benjamin Osayawe Ehigie 
Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Prof. Nabil J. J. Jondi 
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hebron University, Palestine

Dr. Dimitris Tachmatzidis 
Department of Psychology, University of Western Macedonia, Greece

Dr. Martin Zehr 
Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute, USA