Universal Journal of Public Health  

Universal Journal of Public Health is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes original and high-quality research papers in all areas of public health. As an important academic exchange platform, scientists and researchers can know the most up-to-date academic trends and seek valuable primary sources for reference.

ISSN: 2331-8880 (Print)

ISSN: 2331-8945 (Online)

Contact Us: ujph.editor@hrpub.org or editor@hrpub.org

Website: https://www.hrpub.org/journals/jour_info.php?id=76

Reviewers

Dr. Vincent Icheku
School of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, UK

Dr. Sheikh Mohammad Alif
Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (MSPGH), The University of Melbourne, Australia

Dr. Salim Khan
School of Allied and Public Health, Birmingham City University, UK

Dr. Pia Suvivuo
Faculty of Health Care and Well-being, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland

Prof. Nilesh Gawde
Centre for Public Health, School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India

Dr. Mimmie Claudine Ngum Chi Watts
College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Australia

Dr. Kirsten Lupinski
Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, College of Education, Albany State University, USA

Mr. Faisal Aziz
Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, UAE

Prof. Anjay 
Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bihar Veterinary College, Bihar Agricultural University, India

Dr. Mairead Lesley Bermingham
Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK

Assoc. Prof. Jennifer Buckley 
Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Health and Physical Education, Aurora University, USA

Dr. Ismael Hoare 
Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, USA

Dr. Manouchehr (Mitch) Mokhtari 
School of Public Health, University of Maryland, USA

Dr. Derek Hellenberg 
School of Public Health and Family Medicine, The University of Cape Town, South Africa

Dr. Jamieson Maggie 
Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia

Prof. Nabil Sulaiman 
College of Medicine, The University of Sharjah, UAE

Dr. Jian Liu 
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Canada

Dr. Leo Mayers 
Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester, UK

Dr. Wang, Wei 
Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, USA

Dr. Elham Satvat 
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Canada

Dr. Vanya C. Jones 
Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA

Dr. Ciro Costagliola 
Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Italy

Dr. Wei-Hong Zhang 
Department of Uro-gynaecology, Ghent University, Belgium

Dr. Björn-Erik Erlandsson 
School of Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

Dr. Eddy Robberecht 
University Hospital, Ghent University, Belgium

Dr. Dana Sleicher 
School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, USA

Prof. Masanotti Giuseppe 
Faculty of Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy

Prof. Bart Sijnave 
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium

Dr. Paulo Jorge Alves 
Institute of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Portugal, Portugal

Dr. Miguel Ángel Roca Bennasar 
Department of Psychology, Institute of Health Sciences Research, University of Balearic Islands, Spain

Dr. Choma, Solomon 
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, South Africa

Dr. Robert Priharjo 
Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, UK

Prof. Salman Rawaf 
School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK

Dr. Margaret Kosek 
Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA

Dr. Hala Tamim 
School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Canada

Dr. Janelle Wheat 
Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Australia

Dr. Qiuyu Wang 
School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Prof. Warren Turner 
School of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, UK

Dr. Karen Gubbins 
Institute of Health & Society, University of Worcester, UK

Dr. Frances Blumenfeld 
School of Health and Human Sciences, University of Essex, UK

Prof. Mary Gannotti 
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, USA

Dr. Dhekra Annuzaili 
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, UK

Dr. Price Michelle A 
Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, USA

Dr. Carolyn Rodgers 
College of Health and Human Services, University Park, USA

Prof. Davide Viggiano 
Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Italy

Dr. O'Donnell, Katherine 
Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, USA

Dr. Xiaoming Zheng 
School of Dentistry and Health Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Australia

Dr. Jauda, Liu 
Department of Sports and Recreation, Meiho University, Taiwan

Dr. Ali Seifi 
Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, USA

Dr. Barbara Dolamore 
Department of Applied Science and Allied Health, Christchurch Technical College, New Zealand

Dr. Richard Cheong-Leen 
Faculty Education Office, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, UK

Dr. Souto Padron De Figueiredo, Alvaro 
Division of Hematology-Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, USA

Dr. Maryam Ba-Break 
Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, UK

Dr. Jodie Croxall 
College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, UK

Dr. Alejandro Lucas-Sánchez 
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain

Dr. Gloria Likupe 
Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Hull, UK

Dr. María Francisca Carvajal Ruiz 
Department of Psychology, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Chile

Dr. Stephanie Bowlin 
College of Allied Health Professions, Western University of Health Sciences, USA

Dr. Yao Liu 
Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia

Dr. Mpho M.Moraba 
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, South Africa

Dr. Maria Brattsand 
Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, Sweden

Dr. Nicky Spence 
School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, UK

Dr. Rowan Myron 
Department of Medicine, Centre for Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Imperial College London, UK

Dr. Antonio Martinez-Nicolas 
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain

Dr. MaryAnne Shannon 
Health Programs, Sault College, Canada

Dr. Katie MacLure 
School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, UK

Dr. Ranjit Khutan 
Faculty of Education Health & Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, UK

Dr. Stephanie M. Benjamin 
Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, USA

Prof. Valerio Giaccone 
Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Italy

Dr. Cheryl Butera 
Hahn School of Nursing and Health Science, Beyster Institute for Nursing Research and Simulation, University of San Diego, USA

Dr. Ana Joy Mendez 
School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Guam, USA

Dr. Mogens Berg Laursen 
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark

Dr. Rachel Climie 
Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia

Dr. Mansour Taghavi Azar Sharabiani 
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK

Dr. Beate André 
Faculty of Health Education and Social Work, University College of Trondheim, Norway

Dr. Thérèse Kearns 
Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Australia

Dr. Maxine Jameson 
Department of Integrated Care, School of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, UK

Prof. Yoshiaki Kikuchi 
Department of Frontier Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

Prof. Olivier Vanakker 
Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Belgium

Dr. Pat Colliety 
School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK

Dr. Chiu, Yu-Wen 
School of Public Health, The Louisiana State University, USA

Prof. Tara Stephen 
School of Nursing, California Baptist University, USA

Prof. József Bódis 
Department of Obstetrics Clinic, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary

Dr. Simpson Jr. 
Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia

Prof. Terri Strawn 
School of Health and Community Studies, Durham College, Canada

Dr. Khaled Khatab 
Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Prof. Maureen J. Simmonds 
School of Health Professions, University of Texas, USA

Dr. Jayshree Mishra 
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, USA

Prof. Paul Devos 
Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Ghent, Belgium

Dr. Xinjie Cui 
School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Canada

Dr. ME Makgatho 
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, South Africa

Dr. Chauntelle Bagwandeen 
School of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Dr. Olu Awosoga 
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Canada

Dr. Jason Powell 
School of Health Sciences, Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, Humber College, Canada

Dr. Brenda Gamble 
Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Technology, University of Ontario, Canada

Dr. Louise Reynolds 
School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia

Dr. Heba Kamal Nabih Hanafi 
Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Center, Egypt

Dr. Mukherjee Neelam 
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

Dr. Asha K Chakka 
Northeast Ohio Medical University, USA

Dr. Parva Zareitalabad 
Independent Researcher, USA

Dr. Daniel M. Rosney 
Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health, Temple University, USA

Dr. Sonam Kumari 
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, USA

Dr. Noha Saleh Mohamed 
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Egypt

Dr. Poorna Chandra Rao Yalagala 
Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Dr. Max François Millien 
Faculty of Health Science, Quisqueya University, Haiti

Dr. Baker Moustafa Ghoneim 
Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

Assoc. Prof. Nurulhuda Binti Mat Hassan 
Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Zainal Abidin University (UniSZA), Malaysia

Dr. Haleama Al Sabbah 
Department of Health Sciences, Zayed University, UAE

Dr. H.K. Mamatha 
Department of Health System Management Studies, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, India

Dr. Tanushree Dangi 
Department of Microbiology Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, USA

Dr. Sudath S.P Warnakulasuriya 
Faculty of Nursing, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka

Dr. Pedro Miguel de Almeida Lopes 
Public Health Unit, ACES Baixo Vouga, Portugal

Dr. Antonio Kokot 
Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia

Dr. Maja Šikić Pogačar 
Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Dr. Riksa Wibawa Resna 
Department of Gerontology and Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Indonesia

Dr. Frans Salesman 
Institute of Health Sciences, Citra Bangsa University, Indonesia

Dr. Angela M. Benfield 
Center of Health Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, USA

Dr. Phongpisanu Boonda 
Faculty of Public Health and Allied Health Sciences, Sirindhorn College of Public Health Phitsanulok, Thailand

Dr. Peter Michael Ward 
Sunrise Consulting (UK) Limited, UK

Dr. Hana Taha 
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Sweden

Dr. Fatma Cavus Yonar 
Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Istanbul University, Turkey

Assoc. Prof. Ivana Mareković 
Department of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia

Dr. Maria Sofia Bianca Cotelli 
ASST Vallecamonica, Esine, Italy

Dr. Mohammad Jamal Khan 
Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Saudi Arabia

Prof. Victoria Tkachenko 
Department of Family Medicine, Shupyk National Healthcare University, Ukraine

Dr. Salah Mahdi Saleem Al-Bader 
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Knowledge University, Iraq

Prof. Noraziah Mohamad Zin 
Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia

Dr. Pratika Yuhyi Hernanda 
Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Indonesia

Dr. Dina Bell Esther Hortense Murielle 
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Cameroon

Dr. Astrid Widajati Sulistomo 
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia

Dr. Maria Henriqueta de Jesus Silva Figueiredo 
Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Portugal

Dr. Kensese Mossanda 
International Organisation for the Promotion of Traditional Medicine, South Africa

Dr. Cletus Okey Ezekwesili 
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health and Management Science Amaigbo, Nigeria

Prof. Sahar M. Elkhedr 
Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University, Egypt

Assoc. Prof. Serena Bianchi 
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy

Prof. Mohamed Elsayed Mohamed Mohamed 
Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Vet Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

Dr. Yeliz Cakir Kocak 
Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ege University, Turkey

Prof. Gia Tomadze 
Department of Surgery, Tbilisi State Medical University, Georgia

Dr. Akaber Tarek Hussein Hassanein Keshta 
Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt

Dr. Genta Nallbani 
Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Movement Sciences, Sports University of Tirana, Albania

Assoc. Prof. Meliha Merve Çicekliyurt 
Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey

Dr. José Manuel Lerma Cabrera 
Faculty of Psychology, University of Almeria, Spain

Dr. Valanchaya Ketbumroong 
Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Thailand

Dr. Tadesse H Gebrye 
Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Prof. Damian E. Greaves 
Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, St. George’s University, Grenada

Dr. The Maria Meiwati Widagdo 
Faculty of Medicine, Duta Wacana Christian University, Indonesia

Prof. Randa Salah Gomaa Mahmoud 
Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Human Medicine, University of Zagazig, Egypt

Prof. Larisa Fedoniuk 
Department of Medical Biology, Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ukraine

Dr. Thi Hai Tho Dang 
Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Australia

Dr. Emma J. Lee 
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, University of Minnesota, USA

Dr. Sara Bernardi 
Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy

Dr. Heba Said 
Department of Clinical Nutrition, National Nutrition Institute, Egypt

Prof. Abeer Mahmoud Ali Ibrahim 
Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt

Dr. Armando José Cerejo Caseiro 
Department of Laboratory Biomedical Sciences, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra, Portugal

Dr. Bachir Macuacua 
Ministry of Health, Mozambique

Dr. Luis Pedro Ribeiro 
School of Health, University of Algarve, Portugal

Dr. Yufang Yin 
Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Surveillance, Texas Department of State Health Services, USA

Dr. Thilanka Ranathunga 
Department of Applied Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka

Dr. Susiana Nugraha 
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Respati Indonesia, Indonesia

Dr. Jeremiah C. Torrico 
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Home Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines

Assoc. Prof. Daniel Kantor 
Department of Integrated Medical Science, Florida Atlantic University, USA

Prof. Jithesh Madhavan 
Department of Kayachikitsa & PG Studies, Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier Ayurveda College, India

Assoc. Prof. Modibo Sangare 
Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, University of Science Technical and Technologies De Bamako, Mali

Dr. Mihai-Viorel Zamfir 
Division of Physiology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania

Dr. Anne Olbrich 
Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University, Germany

Assoc. Prof. Ruby Santos-Matibag 
College of Nursing and Midwifery, Bataan Peninsula State University, Philippines

Assoc. Prof. Luís Manuel Mota de Sousa 
Department of Nursing, Atlantic School of Health, Portugal

Dr. Fabio Pellegrino 
Girolamo Fracastoro Hospital, Italy

Assoc. Prof. Juli Maxworthy 
School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco, USA

Dr. Ignacio Baselga Carretero 
Department of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, USA

Dr. Althea Elaine Bailey 
Department of Community Health & Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Jamaica

Dr. Lucia Casas Guzik 
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil Eva Sámano de López Mateos, México

Assoc. Prof. Aliaksandr Skrahin 
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Belarusian State Medical University, Belarus

Dr. Majdi H. Altoukhi 
Ministry of Environment, Water & Agriculture, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Isareethika Jayasvasti Chantarasongsuk 
Institute of Nutrition, Salaya Campus, Mahidol University, Thailand

Dr. Anabela de Magalhães Ribeiro 
School of Health, University of Algarve, Portugal

Dr. Daisy Dahiya 
National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Dr. Dafina Gexha Bunjaku 
Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Republic of Kosovo

Dr. Masrizal, SKM, M. Biomed 
Public Health Faculty, Andalas University, Indonesia

Dr. Francesca Romana Lenzi 
Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy

Dr. Irsida Mehmeti 
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università Cattolica "Nostra Signora Del Buon Consiglio", Tirane, Albania

Dr. Remi Kusimo 
Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator in LetsStopAIDS, Canada

Dr. Rajesh Vikram Vagiri 
University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Mankweng, South Africa

Dr. Sampurna Kakchapati 
HERD International, Bhasipati, Lalitpur, Nepal

Dr. Fazidah Aguslina Siregar 
Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Assoc. Prof. Wan Muhamad Amir Bin W Ahmad 
School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

Dr. Irma Nurbaeti 
Faculty of Health Science, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Assoc. Prof. Ta Larasati  
Department of Community Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia

Dr. Artha Prabawa 
Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Indonesia

Dr. O. Muyabala Munachitombwe-Muna 
MUNA Healthlife Consultancy, Swaziland

Prof. Md Mizanur Rahman 
Department of Community Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Malaysia, Malaysia

Prof. Jacob Setorglo 
Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana

Prof. Oleg Avilov 
Department of Public Health and Health Care, South Urals State Medical University, Russia

Assoc. Prof. Chong-Do Lee 
College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, USA

Dr. Embolo Élisée 
Institute for Medical Research and the Study of Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Cameroon

Dr. Zulkifli Djunaidi Mech 
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Indonesia

Assoc. Prof. Nazarbek Zhumanazarov 
Laboratory of Pathomorphology, Clinic-Diagnostic Center, International Kazakh-Turkish University named after Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, Kazakhstan

Dr. D. G. Reine Charlye 
Hospital District De Logbaba, Cameroon

Assoc. Prof. Milazim Gjocaj 
Faculty of Medical Science, University Luarasi, Albania

Dr. Kathy Banks 
Department of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah Women's Campus, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

Dr. Akanbiemu Francis Adegoke 
Ondo State Primary Health Care Development Agency, Nigeria

Dr. Tamer Ibrahim Abo Elyazed 
Department of Physical Therapy for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

Dr. Muhammad Firdaus Bin Ujang 
Adolescent Health Sector, Family Health Development Division (FHDD), Ministry of Health, Singapore

Prof. Mohammad Shafiq AwadMabrouk 
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

Assoc. Prof. Baljit Kaur 
School of Nursing and Health Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, China