International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences Vol. 14(3), pp. 569 - 587
DOI: 10.13189/saj.2026.140301
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Establishing Validity and Reliability of a Field-Based Handball Skill Battery for Physical Education in Elementary Schools

Ahmad Yani ^1,*, Nagoor Meera Bin Abdullah ², Raffly Henjilito ¹, Muhammad Zaky Hafis ¹, Musaldi Yulianto ^1
1 Physical Education Study Program, Universitas Islam Riau, Indonesia
² Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universitas Teknologi Mara, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

The development of fundamental motor skills in childhood forms a critical basis for lifelong physical activity and health. Handball, as a multidimensional team sport, integrates locomotor, manipulative, and coordination abilities, making it suitable for school-based motor development programs. Although handball is included in Indonesia's Merdeka Belajar curriculum, standardized and validated assessment tools for elementary school students remain limited. This study aimed to develop and validate the Basic Handball Skill Battery Test (BHSBT) for children aged 10–12 years. A total of 120 students (60 boys, 60 girls) from six public elementary schools in Pekanbaru City participated. The research employed three phases: preliminary development and expert review, pilot testing, and large-scale validation. Content validity was examined using Aiken's V, construct validity with exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and reliability through test–retest, Cronbach's alpha, and inter-rater ICC. Discriminant validity was analyzed using ANOVA and t-tests across age and gender. All test items showed strong content validity (Aiken's V = 0.86–0.94). EFA confirmed a three-factor structure—passing, dribbling, and shooting—accounting for 79.4% of total variance (KMO = 0.86, p < 0.001). Reliability indices demonstrated excellent stability (test–retest r = 0.84–0.93; α = 0.82–0.91; ICC > 0.90). Significant age-related differences (p < 0.001) supported discriminant validity, with minor gender differences observed in dribbling and shooting. The BHSBT is a valid, reliable, and feasible tool for evaluating handball skill competence in elementary school students, supporting curriculum-based assessment and longitudinal monitoring. Future research may investigate its predictive value for game performance and applicability across broader regions.

KEYWORDS
Handball, Motor Skill Assessment, Elementary Education, Validity, Reliability, Physical Education

Cite This Paper in IEEE or APA Citation Styles
(a). IEEE Format:
[1] Ahmad Yani , Nagoor Meera Bin Abdullah , Raffly Henjilito , Muhammad Zaky Hafis , Musaldi Yulianto , "Establishing Validity and Reliability of a Field-Based Handball Skill Battery for Physical Education in Elementary Schools," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 569 - 587, 2026. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2026.140301.

(b). APA Format:
Ahmad Yani , Nagoor Meera Bin Abdullah , Raffly Henjilito , Muhammad Zaky Hafis , Musaldi Yulianto (2026). Establishing Validity and Reliability of a Field-Based Handball Skill Battery for Physical Education in Elementary Schools. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 14(3), 569 - 587. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2026.140301.