Environment and Ecology Research Vol. 14(1), pp. 50 - 60
DOI: 10.13189/eer.2026.140105
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Interaction between Understory Riparian Vegetation, Land Use and Water Quality in the Upper Ranoyapo River, South Minahasa, Indonesia

Ratna Siahaan ^1,*, Ficky M. Oroh ², Yosia N. Wijaya ³, Daniel H. Tulis ⁴, Charles E. Mongi ^5
1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia
² Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia
³ Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia
⁴ Department of Urban and Regional Planning Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia
⁵ Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Clean water is an essential need for humans. Human activities in the watershed can reduce river water quality. Riparian, a transitional ecosystem, functions in controlling river water quality due to its ability to absorb material from the land before entering the river. The upstream watershed functions as a water and land management. The study aims to analyse the interaction between land cover, riparian vegetation types, and the water quality of the upstream Ranoyapo River. The survey method was conducted at two stations by placing 30 locations for sampling vegetation and river water. The results show land demands and uses in the Ranoyapo Watershed. Most are forests and mixed gardens (86.07%), namely 9,247 Ha (37.13%) of forest and 12,186.25 Ha (48.94%) of mixed gardens. The rest are settlements, open land and water bodies. The diversity of riparian vegetation types and undergrowth is classified as moderate. The diversity of riparian vegetation reduces total phosphate in river water quality. The water quality parameters of the Ranoyapo River remain below the maximum allowable limits (compliant with Class 2 standards) for TDS, TSS, TN, TP, nitrate, nitrite, and turbidity. The pH parameter meets quality standards, and turbidity remains low. Land cover and land use are predominantly vegetative, with riparian land cover consisting of mixed gardens and moderate species diversity, contributing to good water quality in the Ranoyapo River, as it meets quality standards.

KEYWORDS
Water Quality, Riparian Vegetation, Ranoyapo Watershed, Land Cover, Riparian Ecology

Cite This Paper in IEEE or APA Citation Styles
(a). IEEE Format:
[1] Ratna Siahaan , Ficky M. Oroh , Yosia N. Wijaya , Daniel H. Tulis , Charles E. Mongi , "Interaction between Understory Riparian Vegetation, Land Use and Water Quality in the Upper Ranoyapo River, South Minahasa, Indonesia," Environment and Ecology Research, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 50 - 60, 2026. DOI: 10.13189/eer.2026.140105.

(b). APA Format:
Ratna Siahaan , Ficky M. Oroh , Yosia N. Wijaya , Daniel H. Tulis , Charles E. Mongi (2026). Interaction between Understory Riparian Vegetation, Land Use and Water Quality in the Upper Ranoyapo River, South Minahasa, Indonesia. Environment and Ecology Research, 14(1), 50 - 60. DOI: 10.13189/eer.2026.140105.