International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences Vol. 14(1), pp. 48 - 58
DOI: 10.13189/saj.2026.140106
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Construction and Standardization of a Reliable Test to Measure Short Aerial Ball Shooting Accuracy in Football

Firas Hussein Fayyad ¹, Yasir Mohammed Hammood ², Othman Adham Ali ^2,*, Ameer Jaber Mushref ², Ahmed Khalid Awad ², Yaseen Ali Khalaf ^2
1 General Directorate of Education of Anbar, Iraq
² College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Anbar, Iraq

ABSTRACT

This research was conducted in order to build a scientific and reliable test for measuring the accuracy of shooting a short aerial ball in football; the aim of the study was to develop a scientific and reliable test for the construction and standardization of directly shooting a short aerial ball test in football. Design, methodology, approach: The research adopted a descriptive survey approach and the test was implemented with a random sample (96) of players representing some of clubs in the Anbar Governorate. The methodological steps involved testing scientific validity and the results showed high validity (content: 0.86; discriminant: 0.85), reliability (0.95; 0.96 objectivity), confirming it to be suitable for measurement properties. Normative levels were also established to classify player performance. Results showed that 70% of the sample negatively clustered at the average and acceptable levels, which is elaborated on as a need for more focused skill training in the discussion. The findings of this study, readily translated to practice for coaches in guiding training toward the identification of talent, and of scientific merit for researchers aiming to replicate and expand past studies in this area, suggest that this systematic approach can serve as a reliable and scientific evaluation tool.

KEYWORDS
Construction and Standardization, Test, Shooting, Players, Football

Cite This Paper in IEEE or APA Citation Styles
(a). IEEE Format:
[1] Firas Hussein Fayyad , Yasir Mohammed Hammood , Othman Adham Ali , Ameer Jaber Mushref , Ahmed Khalid Awad , Yaseen Ali Khalaf , "Construction and Standardization of a Reliable Test to Measure Short Aerial Ball Shooting Accuracy in Football," International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 48 - 58, 2026. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2026.140106.

(b). APA Format:
Firas Hussein Fayyad , Yasir Mohammed Hammood , Othman Adham Ali , Ameer Jaber Mushref , Ahmed Khalid Awad , Yaseen Ali Khalaf (2026). Construction and Standardization of a Reliable Test to Measure Short Aerial Ball Shooting Accuracy in Football. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 14(1), 48 - 58. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2026.140106.