Civil Engineering and Architecture Vol. 14(1), pp. 200 - 212
DOI: 10.13189/cea.2026.140113
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Transparent Python Framework for Reduction Slope Stability Analysis: Implementation and Validation

Hammouti Marwane ^1,*, El Haim Mohamed ¹, Medini Mohammed ¹, Mouaouiya Bensaid ¹, Kaddouri Hicham ², Ahsayen Mohammed ^3
1 Civil Mechanical and Energetics Engineering Team, Ensah-Abdelmalek Essadi University, M’hanneche II, Al Hoceima, 32000 Tangier North, Morocco
² Experimentation and Modelling Team in Mechanics and Energy Systems, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, National School of Applied Sciences, El Hoceima, Morocco
³ Laboratory of Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Science at University Mohammed First, BV Mohamed VI, Mohamed, Oujda, 60000, Oriental, Morocco

ABSTRACT

This study presents a comprehensive implementation of the reduction method coupled with the Finite Element Method for slope stability analysis, using a transparent Python-based framework. While traditional Limit Equilibrium Methods cannot capture actual deformation distributions or progressive failure mechanisms, this work addresses the gap in available transparent numerical tools. The theoretical foundation encompasses rigorous mathematical formulation using triangular elements with Delaunay triangulation and Lax–Milgram convergence analysis. A benchmark slope with 40◦ inclination achieves convergence to a critical factor of safety within 15 iterations using an improved Newton–Raphson algorithm. Validation against Plaxis software shows excellent agreement with displacement patterns differing by less than 5% and identical failure surface locations. Key contributions include the first fully documented reduction FEM implementation in Python, automated mesh generation achieving element quality > 0.8, computational efficiency with analysis completion under 2 minutes, and professional-grade accuracy at zero licensing cost. The framework successfully validated an example of slope configurations, demonstrating versatility and robustness. This establishes a valuable educational platform promoting reproducibility in computational geomechanics while achieving commercial software accuracy. Future extensions include three-dimensional analysis with applications in landslide risk assessment and geotechnical education.

KEYWORDS
Slope Stability, Finite Element Method (FEM), Reduction, Mohr–Coulomb Criterion, Variational Formulation, Lax–Milgram Theorem

Cite This Paper in IEEE or APA Citation Styles
(a). IEEE Format:
[1] Hammouti Marwane , El Haim Mohamed , Medini Mohammed , Mouaouiya Bensaid , Kaddouri Hicham , Ahsayen Mohammed , "Transparent Python Framework for Reduction Slope Stability Analysis: Implementation and Validation," Civil Engineering and Architecture, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 200 - 212, 2026. DOI: 10.13189/cea.2026.140113.

(b). APA Format:
Hammouti Marwane , El Haim Mohamed , Medini Mohammed , Mouaouiya Bensaid , Kaddouri Hicham , Ahsayen Mohammed (2026). Transparent Python Framework for Reduction Slope Stability Analysis: Implementation and Validation. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 14(1), 200 - 212. DOI: 10.13189/cea.2026.140113.