Civil Engineering and Architecture Vol. 13(3A), pp. 2750 - 2768
DOI: 10.13189/cea.2025.131340
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Assessment of Passive Design Strategies for Enhancing Users' Comfort in Academic Libraries Across Delta State, Nigeria

A. O. Akinola , F. E. Amadhe ^*
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Academic libraries are essential spaces for learning and research, characterized by consistent use and high occupancy levels. In tropical regions like Delta State, Nigeria, these libraries often rely on artificial cooling systems to ensure user comfort, which poses challenges for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. However, passive design strategies, such as natural ventilation, thermal mass, and shading devices, provide sustainable alternatives to reduce energy reliance and improve indoor conditions. This study aims to assess the application of passive design strategies in three academic libraries in Delta State: The Petroleum Training Institute (PTI) Library, Delta State University (DELSU) Library, and the College of Education (COE) Library, Warri. A case study research method was employed, with primary data collected using an observation guide to document passive design elements. The findings, presented through descriptive analysis, revealed that while the PTI Library demonstrated the highest adoption of passive strategies, none of the libraries fully maximized their potential. Gaps such as insufficient shading devices, minimal integration of vegetation, and reliance on artificial cooling systems were observed. The results indicate that passive strategies can significantly reduce energy demands and enhance comfort but require comprehensive integration during the design phase. The study recommends prioritizing passive strategies early in the design process, supported by thermal simulations to optimize their effectiveness. These findings highlight the potential of passive design to create sustainable, energy-efficient library environments in tropical climates.

KEYWORDS
Academic Libraries, Passive Design, User Comfort, Energy Efficiency, Tropical Climate

Cite This Paper in IEEE or APA Citation Styles
(a). IEEE Format:
[1] A. O. Akinola , F. E. Amadhe , "Assessment of Passive Design Strategies for Enhancing Users' Comfort in Academic Libraries Across Delta State, Nigeria," Civil Engineering and Architecture, Vol. 13, No. 3A, pp. 2750 - 2768, 2025. DOI: 10.13189/cea.2025.131340.

(b). APA Format:
A. O. Akinola , F. E. Amadhe (2025). Assessment of Passive Design Strategies for Enhancing Users' Comfort in Academic Libraries Across Delta State, Nigeria. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 13(3A), 2750 - 2768. DOI: 10.13189/cea.2025.131340.