Character Education in Physical Education Learning Model: A Bibliometric Study on 2011-2020 Scopus Database

Literature shows that character and physical educations, to enhance students' fitness and growth through physical activity, have a vital role in the learning process. A character-based physical education learning model is required to integrate the two educational ideas. A study on the development of research on this topic is required for the model's application and development. Therefore, this study aims to find and analyze articles in Scopus indexed journals of the last decade (2011-2020) related to character-based physical education learning models. In this study, a bibliometric analysis was employed to explore the roadmap for character-based physical education learning. This bibliometric study has four steps: (1) finding related articles, (2) filtering, (3) validating and completing the article information, and (4) carrying out a bibliometric analysis. This study discovered eight findings, including: (1) publication trend of the physical education learning model in 2011-2020; (2) citation number of the article; (3) author collaboration; (4) the most used keywords by the authors; (5) abstract analysis; (6) institutional collaboration; (7) country analysis; and (8) analysis of character values promoted in the bibliography. Based on these eight findings, this study concludes that academics and researchers pay insufficient attention to character-based physical education learning models. This also suggests that in the context of physical education learning, their attention is more concentrated on the cognitive and psychomotor domains. On the other hand, academics have not paid much attention to character as an effective area. This finding needs to be highlighted because, in education, besides knowledge, an educator has a duty to transfer values. Therefore, more publications on the integration of character education into physical education are required. This study can assist in mapping future research directions that will encourage further research on physical education.


Introduction
Character education has become an important part of educational development and a strategic policy agenda in educational curricula in various countries [1], [2]. Therefore, morality, character education or moral development, however defined, has been a concern of public schools since its inception [3], [4]. Physical education which in practice cannot be separated from physical activities through sports has a very strategic role in the education world to develop student character. This can be seen from a number of scientific researches produced by a number of academics in various countries and even the inherent ideology of practitioners in the physical education and sports fields carrying the jargon mensana in corpore sano or sport builds character [5][6][7]. However, nowadays these jargons are being sued and questioned [8][9][10] considering that there are still many phenomena of moral issues that often occur in every sporting match such as beatings of referees, fights between players, adulteration of players, bribery in matches as well as the use of doping by players have become the anxiety of academics. This anxiety was finally addressed by the many scientific researches produced by academics proving the contribution of physical education in promoting good character. Promoting character education through physical education requires a learning model that integrates character education [11]. Based on this, exploring physical education learning models based on character development is important in developing future studies Recent studies on physical education learning models have been done by several academics, including Pan et al., (2019) who examine the impact of the physical education curriculum model on students by combining Teaching Personal and Responsibility (TPSR), Sports Education Model (SEM), and the Traditional Teaching Model (TTM) [12]. A 16-week pre-test and post-test quasi-experiment on 133 high school students was conducted. In comparison to the TPSR-TTM control group, it was found that TPSR-SEM experimental group has a better result on self-efficacy, sports passion, responsibility, and game performance. The study recommends that the TPSR-SEM model should be applied in the physical education curriculum. Similarly, a study investigated the role of physical education teachers in nurturing religious, nationalist, independent, and cooperative characters [11]. Using action research, the study found a method to nurture those characters in eight steps. Those eight steps are made into acronyms of SPORTIVE (Spiritual, Planning, Organizing, Reflection, and Repetition, Together, Internalization, and Evaluation [11]. On the other hand, the study investigated the physical education learning model that focused on exploring and confirming the factor structure of the physical education learning model, which are disciplined, hardworking, and cooperative [13]. In addition, the study also examines the effectiveness of physical education learning model on elementary students. Using a mixed-method approach involving 50 teachers and 252 elementary school students, it was found that the physical education learning model is able to improve students' characters of disciplined, hardworking, and cooperative [13]. It is further recommended exploring the literature on character-based physical education learning models within the framework of bibliometric studies.
Taking those studies into account, it is believed that this study is important to map bibliographic information from certain fields [14], [15] to examine the direction of development on research related to physical education learning models. Therefore, this study aims to explore the literature on physical education learning models that promote character improvement in Scopus indexed

Literature Review
In concept, character education is a method of nurturing good qualities or values in students so that they have good character performance and morals that manifest in the form of virtue and is ingrained in their daily personalities [16], [17]. It is important because education is not merely knowledge transfer, but it must be a part of life that is carried out consciously based on moral values [18], [19]. Growing and nurturing character values requires tactics, methods, and approaches [20]- [23]. It means that if a learning model is not implemented within the framework of student character development, the intended character values will not be developed through physical education learning [20]- [23].
A learning model is a conceptual framework that outlines procedures or methodical phases in organizing learning experiences to meet certain learning goals and it acts as a guide for learning designers and teachers in planning and implementing learning experiences [24]. In general, a learning model has several characteristics, including (1) having a specific educational mission or goal, (2) can be used as a guideline for improving teaching and learning in the classroom, (3) having parts of the model called: sequence of learning steps (syntax), the existence of reaction principles, social and support systems, (4) having an impact as a result of the application of the learning model, and (5) teaching preparations with the guidelines of the learning model [24]- [26]. Regarding character development through physical education, there are at least six key aspects that can be utilized as guidelines: 1) Education has to be a continuous effort. 2) Student has to take interest in the subject. 3) The activity must satisfy the participants. 4) Complete integration should be offered in the activities. 5) The activities have to nurture leadership and followership. 6) The activities have to provide sell-directed opportunities [27].
Competent teachers are required to develop a character-based physical education learning model. The success of physical education in schools is influenced by teacher quality [28]. To develop learning activities, teachers need to have literacy skills that can be nurtured by exploring studies, for example studies on how teacher learning are being researched. Then, they can propose and discuss the learning models that reflect their professionalism [29]- [33]. Furthermore, teachers must constantly reflect on themselves and aim to enhance the learning quality by exploring learning types and teaching styles that can affect the learning process [34]. It has to be conducted so that teachers could learn and grow continuously by developing theories that can be used in the classroom [26], [35], [36]. This process requires the cognitive and emotional involvement of teachers, individually and collectively, for improvement or change for the better [37].
Based on the theoretical framework, it is believed that bibliometric studies are one type of literacy that can encourage teachers to develop their learning process.
Teachers can use this study to map the direction of the most recent studies. Therefore, this bibliometric study could contribute to the mapping of future research directions and encouraging practitioners and academics to conduct further research in the field of character-based physical education learning models.

Methods
This study employs a bibliometric analysis that adopts a systematic and explicit mapping method [36]- [40]. Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative method aiming to analyze bibliographic data of journal articles. Furthermore, bibliometric method is also used to establish the pattern of writing and citations in a certain location over time and to provide an overview of the location's dynamics [41]- [43]. To analyze the bibliometric data, several programs were used such as Publish or Perish (PoP), EndNote, VOSviewer, GPS Visualizer, and Maps.co [42]- [46]. This study employed four steps, which are bibliography search and examination, bibliography filtering, bibliography refinement and completion, and bibliography analysis [47].

Bibliography Exploration and Examination
In this first step, Publish or Perish (PoP) was used to explore the bibliographic database [48]. PoP is a software that presents search results for publications initiated by Harzing.com. One of its features is the choice of a journal indexing database source. Three criteria are defined when looking for articles using PoP. First, the bibliography was taken from the Scopus database. Scopus database was chosen because it is one of the largest databases that provides peer-reviewed literature [49] with a wider variety of products compared to other repositories [50] and has contributed 70% more publications compared to WoS [51], [52]. Second, the "title word" and "keyword" columns were filled with four words, "physical education learning model." It was done to obtain the related bibliography on the physical education learning model. Third, the time frame for this bibliographic search had been set to within the last ten years. The time frame is determined by the level of the recentness of the literature review. At the start of the bibliographic search, 34 bibliographies of various types were obtained, including 2 conference proceedings, 5 book chapters, 1 editorial type, and 26 articles. Figure 2 describes the bibliographies searching process using PoP software.

Bibliography Filtering
In this step, the obtained bibliographies were selected by setting the inclusion-exclusion criteria for the bibliography. Three criteria were defined in this study. First, the bibliography has to be a journal article because it is a collection of scientific works published every period and has been peer-reviewed by reviewers or academics [53]. Second, the article should be in English. Third, the articles should have complete metadata information or at least information related to the author, keywords, abstract, and affiliation. Bibliographies that meet the three criteria above were saved in the End-Note X9 software for further meta-data checking process. Based on these criteria, 26 articles were selected. Table 1 presents the bibliographies number from each year generated in PoP.

Bibliography Refinement and Completion
To analyze the bibliographies, the metadata have to be checked and refined because some of the EndNote-extracted metadata were incomplete. Because the missing data are available in the article, the data refinement and completion processes were taken based on the information provided by PoP Software or the article. After the metadata were refined, the bibliography was analyzed

Bibliography Analysis
The bibliography analysis was done based on seven aspects: (1) the development of publications, (2) the journal that contains the most articles on the physical education learning model, (3) the most cited articles, (4) the most-used keywords for the authors in the physical education learning model, (5) collaboration between institutions or affiliations, (6) collaboration between institutes, and (7) author distribution of various locations. VOSviewer was used to analyze the bibliographies. The analysis results were visualized by the software [54], [55]. VOSviewer detects large word counts and offers a variety of visuals or displays with analysis of different observations [44], [45], [46], [56]. Correspondingly, VOSviewer can map the publication, author, or journal according to shared citation platforms or keymaps centered on distribution channels [40], [46]. The types of files that were imported into VOSviewer were from EndNote.     Table 2

Author Documents Total Link Strength
Alexandrov, Yuri 1 9 Iermakov, Sergii 1 9 Konoshenko, Lidia 1 9 Kudryavtsev, Mikhail 1 9 lyakh, Vladimir 1 9 Malakhova, Anna 1 9 Osipov, Aleksander 1 9 Starova, Olga 1 9 Vapaeva, Anna 1 9 Zhavner, Atyana 1 9 Of the 26 articles, there are 85 authors, both first and co-authors. Using VOSviewer to analyze the article co-authorship analysis with a minimum occupancy of one document, it was found that there is a cluster with one author and another linked to each other. It was discovered that each of them has nine links. The VOSviewer analysis is presented in Figure 5 and Table 2.

Keyword Analysis
102 keywords were found and used by the author in the articles, which were analyzed with a minimum level of occurrence. From the analysis, 21 keywords in 5 clusters were found to have strong links to physical education. Table 3 shows the categorization of author keywords using color and the number of items. Figure 6 presents the keywords in network visualization.

Abstract Analysis
Based on the results, 973 related terms were found in the abstracts. By using a minimum of 5 terms occurrence, 34 terms that were found have a strong link. For example, model, student, physical education, character, study, teacher, technology, cooperative learning, and so on. Figure 7 shows a network visualization of the abstract analysis.

Institutions Collaboration Analysis
It was found that there are 57 institutions studying the physical education learning model. Of these 57 institutions, 7 institutions were found to have strong links. The interrelated institutions can be seen in Figure 8.  Table 4 presents the 10 nations of the authors who publish the most articles on physical education learning models in Scopus-indexed journals. The top ten were ordered as follows based on the distribution of authors in the countries: The United States is in the first place, followed by Russia and Indonesia. Figure 9 shows the distribution of countries of authors who publish articles on physical education learning models in Scopus-indexed journals. The author's location was obtained from their address written in the article. Addresses were converted into coordinates using GPS visualizer (gpsvisualizer.com) and the coordinates were extracted using map maker (maps.co).

Character Values Analysis
Based on the content analysis of the 26 selected articles, eight characters were promoted: independent, hardworking, cooperative, disciplined, responsible, religious, integrity, and nationalist. Detailed information about the character values are presented in Table 5 and Figure 10.

Discussion
The findings can be a guide for practitioners and researchers in designing character-based physical education learning models. In terms of the publication trend, although it tends to have an upward trend in terms of quantity, at the time of the writing, there are only 26 articles that discuss character-based physical education learning models in the last decade, which is still quite low compared to other topics. This finding is problematic because the fundamental purpose of education is to help people develop their personalities [17], [57], [58]. Physical education must include character development especially when it comes to nurturing sportsmanship [59]- [61]. This practice is important significant to demonstrate that "sport builds character" is more than just a statement [62].
In addition to the quantity, its quality also needs to be improved. The publication quality can be determined by the citations number. Citations are important because they indicate the impact of the article [63], [64]. When looking at the trend of quotes from papers on physical education models from 2011 to 2020, the pattern is shifting. It started with a citation in 2011 and finished with four citations in 2020. On the other hand, 2015 was the year with the most citations with 51 [65]. This article highlights Student-Centered Physical Education as a model for nurturing independent, disciplined, and hardworking character in students [55]. The high number of citations in the article demonstrates that the article promoting character values has fascinated a wide range of researchers. This finding should encourage other researchers who will publish their studies.
In addition to citations, a collaboration between researchers with different affiliates in various countries can provide an overview to other researchers concerning the issue of physical education in a country or region. This is an opportunity for international researchers to collaborate and publish an article. Collaboration at the international level is crucial because foreign publications could increase a country's prestige through diplomacy in terms of educational and scientific excellence [66].
Academics can conduct bibliometric studies to understand other researchers' studies to improve the quality and number of publications related to physical education learning models. At least, it could be started with keyword research. A keyword analysis is crucial since it aids in the process of locating information [67]. As shown in this study, the term "physical education" in physical education learning models is related to curriculum, motivation, values, fluency, education, cooperation, and character education.
Abstract analysis can reveal more information as the development of keyword analysis. For example, information on research issues, contexts, results, and recommendations is provided in the abstract. This study analyzes abstracts using VOSviewer to detect frequently used phrases. Using the VOSviewer, it was revealed that 973 terms are used in abstracts. In addition, by using the occurrence of at least 5,34 terms with strong relationships were found, including model, student, physical education, character, study, teacher, and cooperative learning. Researchers can provide insight into the relationship between these terms. Following this phase, systematic literature reviews can be conducted. For example, this study discovers 8 characters that are being discussed in the 26 selected papers. Independent, hardworking, cooperative, disciplined, responsible, religious, integrity, and nationalist are the eight characters. In addition, several character-based physical education learning models were identified, including mixed learning, practical teaching, cooperative learning, student-centered physical education, practical-based, evaluation, inclusive learning, movement-oriented, teaching personal and responsibility, sports education, and traditional teaching models.
Considering the finding, teachers are required to continuously improve their literacy skills by conducting this bibliometric study. As they work to improve their skills, this becomes increasingly vital. The success of physical education is in line with instructors' ability to apply and improve the learning model.

Conclusions
The eight research questions have been answered and the conclusion has been drawn, as follows: 1) The trend of publication has an up-and-down pattern.
The majority of the trend took place in 2020 with nine articles. In general, there had been a rise in the publication of studies on physical education learning models between 2011 and 2020. 2) The citation trend has an up-and-down pattern and has stabilized. With  Based on these answers, it is expected that this bibliometric study would provide significant scientific knowledge and point the way for further studies. As a result, it is critical for academics and practitioners of physical education to be able to use bibliometric studies as part of a genuine attempt to develop studies in the subject. Mastery of bibliometric studies also demonstrates the literacy skills required of physical education teachers in dealing with the issues of 21st-century learning.

Limitation
In various ways, the bibliometric investigation in this study is still limited. The study is more focused on the context of promoting character qualities in the physical education learning model from the standpoint of the study. From the software aspect, this study used VOSviewer. Therefore, different areas and focuses of this study can still be further explored.