Content Validity of the HIIT Training Program in Special Preparations to Improve the Dominant Biomotor Components of Kumite Athletes

Background: Kumite is a physical contact fight in a karate match characterized by short explosive and intermittent movements. Kumite needs endurance, power, and agility. To achieve optimal performance, special training must be programmed. Purpose : This study aims to test the content validity of the HIIT training program that was created in a special preparation to improve the dominant motor components, namely endurance, power, and agility in the performance of Kumite athletes. Methods : This is development research with a quantitative approach. This research was carried out in 3 stages. The first stage was to analyze journals, eBooks, and textbooks to design a HIIT program. This was followed by the second stage in the form of the Delphi technique by meeting directly with experts to conduct an assessment of the HIIT program created. The third stage is data analysis using the content validity ratio (CVR) formula to test content validity. Participants consisted of 10 experts and documents. Results : The results of the content validity test using the content validity ratio (CVR) formula found that all assessment items from 10 experts showed CVR values of 0.8 and 1.00. In other words, the assessment results can be categorized as having high content validity. Conclusion: The HIIT training program in special preparation to improve the dominant biomotor components of endurance, power, and agility developed by the author has high content validity so it is suitable for use in karate athletes, especially Kumite .


Introduction
Kumite is included in one of the matches in karate.
Kumite is often referred to as a fight involving two athletes who aim to achieve victory by hitting and kicking techniques to get points. The characteristics of kumite movements are explosive and intermittent with a duration of 1-3 seconds, while intensive attacks last about 18 seconds [1] [2][3] [4][5] [6] [11]. Physical factors become very important because kumite requires good endurance, power, and agility biomotor components [7] [8]. When performing attack and defense techniques, it takes power and agility to avoid the opponent's attack [7].
The energy system in kumite is aerobic and anaerobic where the anaerobic energy system in this case is more dominant when attacking and defending [8]. Anaerobic is known as a movement in a short time that uses the phosphagen system. The literature states that a good anaerobic energy system is a determinant in dominant sports using power and agility [7][9] [10]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an exercise program that is appropriate for periodization.
Periodization is a concept to divide training into smaller segments so that it becomes structured, systematically varied, methodical in the short, medium, and long term to achieve achievement [12][13] [14][15] [16]. The literature describes a comparison of strength and agility endurance training carried out using the concept of periodization where it is more desirable and effective than non-periodization [17]. The concept of periodization is therefore an important part of developing a physical exercise program and preventing injury [19][20] [21][22] [23]. The training period is divided into preparation, competition, and transition. The preparatory phase is divided into general and specific. The special preparations aim to improve the physical aspects combined with techniques according to the characteristics of the match [14].
Based on field observations, it was found that the problem with compiling a physical exercise program in kumite was the training method that was not following the characteristics of the special preparation phase. This is because special preparation prioritizes physical exercises that are varied with techniques that aim to make athletes in pre-competition focus on developing match strategies and mental mastery. Events in the field show that in giving doses of exercise volume tends to be high so that it has an impact on injury and overtraining. The characteristics of special preparatory physical exercise should be more with a relatively decreased volume where the intensity is also increased but still adjusted [36] [40]. The literature states that physical exercise combined with match simulation techniques is a good and useful approach to develop the highest energy phosphates, namely alactite and lactite, and can reduce fat [36] [40].
The training method that is following the characteristics of kumite is the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) method. However, research related to HIIT training methods specifically for kumite athletes is still minimal, coupled with the lack of optimal HIIT training to increase power, endurance, and agility. The literature states that a special training program to develop kumite characteristics should be programmed [6]. The purpose of this study was to test the content validity of the development of a HIIT training program in the periodization of special preparations to increase the dominant biomotor components, including power, endurance, and agility in the performance of kumite athletes. This study will present the methods, results, discussion, and conclusions that focus on the content validity of the HIIT training program.

Materials and Methods
This research is development research with a quantitative approach. [41][42] [43]. The participants are 10 experts who are competent in each field. 7 experts are nationally certified physical trainers, then 3 experts are national certified kumite special karate trainers holding black belts DAN 2. There are several stages in this research. The first stage is the investigation done by researchers through documents in the form of an ebook, textbook, and journal article which is relevant to develop a HIIT training program, then the second stage is using Delphi technique [44] where a researcher found those 10 experts to rate HIIT training program which is structured. Then the third stage is to analyze the examination of 10 experts by implementing a content validity ratio (CVR) formula [42] [46]. The following is Lawshe's (CVR) formula [45]. CVR = (n e -N/2)/ (N/2) n e : The number of panelists who answered N: The total number of panelist

Results
The results of the analysis of documents, journals, eBooks and textbooks have produced a high intensity interval training (HIIT) program in a special preparation phase to improve the physical components consisting of power, endurance and agility in the performance aspects of karate athletes in the kumite category. Then, the draft high intensity interval training (HIIT) training program has been assessed by 10 CVR experts. The results are presented in table 1. 1 The intensity of the HIIT program fits the senior kumite athletes 1 1 1 The interval given is fits with the ability level of senior kumite athletes 1 1 1 The set is given according to the ability level of the senior kumite athlete 1 1 1 The frequency given is in accordance with HIIT training norms 1 1 1 The movements in each post are in accordance with the agility training objectives of the kumite The movement in each post corresponds to the goal of power training in the kumite The movements in each post correspond to the objectives of the endurance training on the kumite 1 1 0 Training period of 6 weeks 1 1 1 The results of the assessment of 10 experts were then calculated using the content validity ratio (CVR) formula and resulted in the CVR value of 0.8 to 1. Thus, validity can be categorized as good or high. In other words, 10 panelists have a strong similarity in assessing the value of the HIIT program in the special preparation periodization to increase the dominant biomotor components, namely endurance, power and agility in kumite athletes. In other words, 10 panelists have a strong similarity in assessing the value of the HIIT program in the special preparation periodization to increase the dominant biomotor components, namely endurance, power and agility in kumite athletes.

Discussion
Kumite is a match in karate that has fast characteristics and maximum power. Literature states that the characteristic of kumite is intermittent [47]. The anaerobic energy system has an important role to do fast moves, but the aerobic energy system also plays role in conducting recovery between match one and the next [47] [48]. Literature states that trainers are suggested to train both energy systems according to Kumite athlete competition demand [47].
Periodization of training is a flexible concept. Periodization cannot run when it is being run rigidly [14]. Trainers are required to master knowledge about branches of sport to enable in managing the training program [15]. The training periodization concept becomes an integral part to compile the corresponding training program, literature states that implementing the training periodization well is effective to improve power [19]. The preparation phase has the purpose to form, develop physiological systems such as cardiovascular and neuromuscular [49], besides that, to form, develop physical components such as power, speed, endurance, and agility [49]. This is following guidelines for lower volume dose settings, higher intensity, and more extended recovery which serves to reduce and assist the potential for fatigue and maximize techniques that develop on more complex concepts [28].
Long-term athlete development (LTAD) theory states that athlete ages ranged from 19-23. The purpose of training is to maximize and integrate mental, cognitive, and physical development [24] [63]. In another literature, it is stated that ages 19 and over aim to develop further in terms of technique, strategy as well as improve and maintain the physical component [24]. Scientific evidence states that the implementation of this long-term athlete development is an important instrument to achieve lifelong physical literacy in physical activities involvement [25] [26]. Therefore, Kumite athletes aged 19-23 for special physical training must be structured to increase endurance, power, and agility.
The biomotor component which is dominant in kumite is endurance, power, and agility. Endurance is an athlete's ability to against fatigue when conducting training and match at relatively the same time [50]. Aerobic endurance is needed by kumite athletes when carrying out large numbers of attacks and continuing the match from round to round. This is confirmed by the literature that aerobic endurance is an important component of fitness to improve performance and health [51]. Power is an important component for kumite athletes, power is defined as a style that distributes energy to finish the maximum task and is often known as a combination of power and speed [52]. Literature states that power training result improvement from functional capacity and muscle power also become the greatest power for an athlete [53]. Power is closely related to agility because agility is a product of several physical components which are flexibility, speed, and power [54]. Kumite needs agility because every movement in a match has an element of agility such as attacking, defending, and dodging [43]. Therefore, training programs must be structured by observing aerobic and anaerobic energy systems to improve the endurance of power and agility. Reviewed from movement pattern that martial arts are fast, interspersed with intervals, movement pattern which is corresponding to that is high intensity of interval training which is interspersed with technique variations [29] [2]. HIIT is a special method for sport with a match duration of around 1-8 minutes, The energy which is used is glycolysis and oxidative systems interaction [36][37][38] [6]. In karate, the HIIT method has a positive impact on cardiorespiratory, aerobic, and anaerobic metabolism and functional performance [39]. HIIT is marked with fast movement interspersed with short intervals then back to fast motion, or fast movements followed by repeated slow movements [37]. HIIT is performed relatively short, ranging from 10 minutes in one training session to no more than 30 minutes including warm-up, intervals, recovery, and relaxation [37].
Several kinds of research stated that HIIT is speed and power training with maximum motion or repetitive motion which involves short intervals of maximal intensity with a working time of 45 seconds to 2 minutes [55][56] [36], but so far the existing training to increase endurance, power, and agility in kumite have not been carefully observed that training must be adapted to the energy system, movement characteristics and training periodization. Bompa & Buzzichelli stated that training at a special periodization of relatively high intensity but adapted to recovery so that athletes do not experience injury and overtraining, while the training volume is progressively reduced such as reducing the number of training items, the number of sets, and repetitions [13]. Several kinds of literature explained that the degradation of training charge progressively is proven able to avoid excessive training, eliminate boredom, optimize recovery and improve performance [57] [58]. The characteristic of progressive weight degradation is to maintain intensity but decrease volume progressively until the end of the training [57] [58]. Based on the elaboration, the author compiles a physical training program that combines techniques using HIIT method that can be applied in special preparation periodization, with the hope that the trainer can use it to improve the dominant physical components in kumite, which are endurance, power, and agility. However, to structure a program, validity must be conducted so that the program can be said as valid.
Validity is a very important part of the design development process [42]. Validity describes the extent to which the design of HIIT training programs in specific preparations improves the physical aspects of power, endurance, agility in kumite athletes. There are several types of validity: criterion validity, construct validity, and content validity. In the early stage to design this validity program, It is often used to refer to the extent to which an item is related to the studied content or conceptual dimension [59] [42][41] [60].
The result of the validity test using the CVR formula is that the assessment items from 10 experts of special kumite HIIT training program show CVR values of 0.8 and 1.00 then from the result of research, the content validity can be categorized as high, following literature explanation that scores from +1 to -1 positive score at least half of the experts rated the item as essential. If the CVR value is greater than 0, then the more essential it is, or the level of content validity is high [61]. That argument is strengthened with other literature that CVR ratio with single indicator -1 to1, the CVR score is closer to 1 then the content validity will get higher [42] [45].

Conclusions
Based on the results and discussion of this study, it can be concluded that the HIIT training program in the kumite category of karate in special preparation shows a high content validity value. Thus, the program developed is feasible and can be used to increase the dominant bimotor components in kumite, namely endurance, power and agility. However, the program still needs further development and its effectiveness needs to be tested through experimental methods.
Trainning Design to Improve Biomotor Components in Table Tennis Performance." In 2nd yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, physical education, and sport science (YISHPESS 2018) and 1st conference on interdisciplinary approach in sport alantis press, (cois 2018) pp. 336- 2018.