Formation of Physical Readiness of Cadets for Professional Activity under the Conditions of Quarantine

The article analyzes the results of the formation of physical readiness of cadets aged 18-21 of the National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine for professional activity under the conditions of quarantine. The study involved 168 cadets of 2-4 years of study. The aim is to investigate the influence of motivational and value orientations of cadets on the results of conducting independent classes on the formation of physical readiness for professional activity under the conditions of quarantine restrictions. It is established that in the process of physical self-improvement, the conscious attitude of cadets to their own physical development, state of health, acquisition of professionally significant skills and abilities is formed. It is established that quarantine restrictions of motor activity negatively affect the growth of indicators of physical readiness of cadets to perform professional tasks. Purposeful independent physical exercises can be the alternative to traditional classes. Independent physical training of cadets during quarantine restrictions allows keeping physical qualities at professionally necessary level.


Introduction
Professional activity of the future officer requires high level of development of physical qualities, professional physical skills and abilities. One of the most important tasks of physical education in a higher military educational institution is the formation of the physical readiness of the future officer to perform professional tasks [1]. Physical readiness of the future officers for professional activity is an integrative-personal property of the cadet, which is characterized by the degree of conformity of the content and the state of mind, physical health, development of physical qualities, self-awareness, belief in personally significant activity [2]. The content of the concept of readiness for physical self-improvement of cadets is a process of changing the properties and qualities of physical readiness, which determines the internal readiness, conscious attitude to physical culture and sports activities and is characterized by the high level of cognitive, motivational, moral, and volitional processes of the personality [1,3].
There are two interdependent aspects of the type of physical readiness: pre-readiness as a person's preparedness for the activity, which has a system of rather stable, static components, mental formations -knowledge, skills, abilities, meanings and values of the personality, attitudes, preferences, etc., direct readiness as a state appropriate mobilization, functional orientation of the cadet's psyche to solve specific tasks in appropriate circumstances and conditions. This aspect of physical readiness is characterized by high dynamism, mobility and dependence on situational circumstances, the state of mental and physical health of the cadet, moral and psychological atmosphere in the team, social environment, etc. [4,5]. Human consciousness directly affects the level of personal assimilation of the values of physical education. Solving the problems of physical development and formation of readiness for physical self-improvement directly depends on taking into account the personal psychological and pedagogical characteristics of cadets [6,7,8]. Awareness of the cadet's need for physical culture and sports, acquisition of the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities forms the goal that involves the choice of methods and means by which the cadet manages the process of his or her physical self-improvement [9]. Physical self-improvement of cadets is understood as purposeful pedagogical process of conscious work on oneself for the purpose of comprehensive physical development, formation of value orientations, achievement of personally significant results of development of physical qualities [3,10]. Characteristic feature of the physical self-improvement of cadets is the connection with daily professional activities, taking into account the limitations of the military institution [11].
The objective is to investigate the influence of motivational and value orientations of cadets on the results of conducting independent classes on the formation of physical readiness for professional activity under the conditions of quarantine restrictions.
The tasks are:  to establish the system of value orientations that influences the motivation of cadets to independent physical exercises in order to form readiness for professional activity;  to determine the priority areas of physical self-improvement of cadets under the conditions of quarantine restrictions;  to investigate the impact of independent physical exercises and the level of physical development of cadets;  to carry out the comparative analysis of physical readiness of cadets under standard conditions of training and under the conditions of quarantine restrictions.

Materials and Methods
The Participants of the Experiment 168 cadets aged 18-21, who studied in the 2 nd -4 th year at the National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine.

Methods
To obtain the necessary information, we used general scientific methods of the theoretical level of research, namely: analysis of scientific and educational sources; poll; questionnaire, pedagogical experiment, pedagogical observation; diagnosis, testing, comparative analysis; methods of mathematical statistics.
The analysis of scientific and methodological sources was used to study the views of the scientists on the problem of developing physical qualities of cadets under the conditions of military education institution. Surveys and questionnaires of cadets were conducted to determine the system of value orientations that influence the motivation of cadets to independent physical exercises, establishment of personally significant priority types of physical self-improvement of cadets under the conditions of quarantine restrictions [12]. The pedagogical experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of the impact of independent physical exercises and the level of physical development of cadets. Pedagogical observation and testing were conducted to establish the results of physical development of cadets. Methods of mathematical statistics were used to analyze the results of the pedagogical experiment and conduct a comparative analysis of the physical readiness of cadets under standard training conditions and under the conditions of quarantine restrictions.
Organization of the research: The research was conducted on the basis of the National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine from September to December 2020. Researched: 168 cadets aged 18-21, who studied in the 2 nd -4 th year. It should be noted that the first-year cadets did not join our study for the following reasons:  in the first year of study there is a process of adaptation of cadets to new conditions of training and daily professional activity;  training in the first year of study of physical education is aimed at general physical development , so the cadets have no clear professional orientation;  first-year cadets, for objective reasons, cannot assess the difference in learning under normal conditions and in the context of restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results
Scientific researches determine that in the value orientations of the personality the target and motivational orientation of the cadets is combined [13,14,15]. Establishment of value orientations of cadets which form their motivation to independent physical exercises during the pandemic provided the choice from 12 offered motives of two most significant in their opinion. The questionnaire was conducted anonymously. The results of the questionnaire are presented in (Fig. 1) The analysis of the questionnaire showed significant differences in the answers of cadets of the second and the fourth year of study. The most significant difference in the value orientations of cadets was noted in the establishment of such priorities of their physical culture and sports activities as: improvement of professionally necessary skills for the cadets of the 4 th year of study was in first place (28.3%) while for the cadets of 2 nd year of study only in the fifth place (11.3%); self-confidence and confidence in own physical abilities for the cadets of the 2 nd year of study were in the first place (26.4%) while for the cadets of the 4 th year of study only in the third place (13.2%); personal sports achievements for the cadets of the 2 nd year of study were in second place (17.0%) while for the cadets of the 4 th year of study only in the fifth place (9.4%). This fact indicates change in the priorities of physical culture and sports activities of cadets in the learning process from personality-oriented to professionally significant. The general results of the cadets' questionnaire showed that the most important value priorities of cadets for independent physical exercises during the pandemic are: harmonious development of basic physical qualities -24.2% and improvement of professionally necessary skills -22.7%.
The study of priority areas of physical self-improvement of cadets under the conditions of quarantine restrictions gave the following results (Fig. 2).  The analysis of cadets' answers in determining the priority areas of physical self-improvement under the conditions of quarantine restrictions showed insignificant deviations in the answers of cadets of the 2 nd , the 3 rd and the 4 th years of study. 84.9% of the respondents (1-5 priority) acknowledged the need for purposeful physical self-improvement under the conditions of quarantine. 72.8% of the respondents have a clear program of physical self-improvement. The main priority type of independent classes for cadets is classes in specialized gyms -41.8%; independent physical training in the fresh air is a priority for -13.2% of the cadets; lack of any clear system in conducting independent training was noted by 12.1% of the cadets; lack of desire for independent physical exercises was noted in -15.1% of the cadets.
The system of tests, which allowed assessing the level of development of physical qualities of cadets, included the study of the following motor abilities: 1. Speed -running for 100 m.; 2. Force -chinup; 3. Endurance -running for 3000 m.; 4. Dexterity -shuttle running 10x10 m.; 5. Coordination skills -a set of techniques of hand-to-hand combat.
The study of the influence of independent physical exercises on the level of physical development of cadets during quarantine restrictions gave the following results ( Table 1).
The analysis of the results of the influence of independent physical exercises on the level of physical development of cadets under the conditions of quarantine restrictions showed that in general the cadets managed to keep their physical conditions at the required professional level. The experiment for four months showed that the indicators of the development of speed (100 m run), dexterity (shuttle run 10x10 m) and the development of coordination skills of the studied cadets did not change significantly. This fact indicates that independent physical training of cadets during quarantine restrictions allows preserving these physical qualities at the level of pre-quarantine indicators. The most significant indicator of the deterioration of the physical condition of the cadets was the indicator of endurance development (running for 3000 m). During the study, the results of the 3000 m run deteriorated by the average of 2.8-4.2% (21-32 seconds) (p <0.01). At the same time, the cadets' results in strength development improved. The average increase in performance of the exercise of chinup was 3.5-7.2% (p <0.001). This fact indicates that during the quarantine restrictions there was a reorientation in the system of development of physical qualities of cadets, associated primarily with the objective difficulties of endurance development in this period.
The study of changes of physical readiness of cadets under the standard conditions of training and under the conditions of quarantine restrictions taking into account personal priority directions of physical self-improvement are presented in Table 2.  Where: А -Control group; В -Experimental group; Group 1 -cadets who preferred strength training in the gym; Group 2 -cadets who preferred training in different types of fitness; Group 3 -cadets who preferred independent training in the dormitory; Group 4 -cadets who preferred independent training in the fresh air; Group 5 -cadets who do not have a clear system for conducting independent training; "+" -improvement of indicators; "-" -deterioration of indicators

Discussion
Physical readiness by definition is an integrative personal property of the cadet, characterized by the presence of the system of knowledge and skills, self-awareness, belief in the personal significance of self-improvement [16]. The researchers consider the study of the problem of physical readiness and definition of value of physical self-improvement during complex preparation of cadets for performance of professional tasks in the plane:  study of the problems of motivation of cadets to physical self-improvement, necessity of doing physical exercises and the organization of individual training [2,7,17,18];  conducting physical education classes and organizing the system of independent classes taking into account the limitations of COVID-19 [12,19,20];  study of the impact of modern fitness technologies on indicators of motor activity and physical readiness of students [21,22];  study of indicators of the level of physical fitness of cadets depending on the level of their motor activity at different stages of training [23,24,25];  training of modern specialists in the sphere of physical education and sports, capable of making changes in accordance with the new challenges of the time and the requirements of the society [26,27];  determining the role of physical self-improvement in the process of modeling the professional activities of servicemen [28,29];  working out new fitness programs for the development of motor skills in the conditions of confined space with the use of improvised means [30].
The results of our research confirm the results of the researches [6,17,18] on the need to motivate cadets to physical self-improvement, giving them the opportunity to conduct individual physical training.
Our research supplemented and expanded the data on the change of priorities in conducting independent physical exercises under the conditions of limited motor activity during the pandemic [20,31], as well as research data on the need for systematic pedagogical control over the level of development of professionally necessary physical qualities of cadets [24,25].
Having carried out the research of formation of physical readiness of cadets for professional activity under the conditions of quarantine we received new data of indicators of physical development of cadets of 18-21 years of age. The comparative analysis with the indicators of physical readiness of cadets under the standard conditions of training made it possible to investigate the changes that occurred as a result of restrictions on motor activity during the quarantine. We were able to establish the impact of different types of independent training on the development of physical qualities of cadets.
We believe that in the future it is necessary to explore the impact of various programs and the possibility of using new techniques that are aimed at maintaining overall physical shape and the development of certain professionally important physical qualities in the conditions of quarantine restrictions.

Conclusions
1. In the process of physical self-improvement, the conscious attitude of cadets to their own physical development, state of health, acquisition of professionally significant skills and abilities is formed. Purposeful physical self-improvement presupposes that cadets have the ability to self-regulate, self-adjust, and mobilize their physical potential to solve given tasks under the determined conditions of activity. 2. It is established that quarantine restrictions of motor activity negatively affect the growth of indicators of physical readiness of cadets to perform their professional tasks. Targeted independent physical exercises can be an alternative to traditional classes. 3. It is established that the leading motives of personality-oriented physical culture and sports activities of cadets are: harmonious development of basic physical qualities -24.2%; development of professionally necessary skills -22.7%; self-confidence and confidence in own physical capabilities -13.9%; personal sports achievements -12.6%; the need to meet standards and pass tests in physical training -11.8%. 4. It is determined that the need for purposeful physical self-improvement under the conditions of quarantine was recognized by 84.9% of the cadets. 72.8% of the cadets have a clear program of physical self-improvement. The main priority type of independent classes for cadets is classes in specialized gyms -41.8%. 5. Independent physical training of cadets during quarantine restrictions allows to preserve physical qualities at professionally necessary level. There was a deterioration in endurance by 2.8-4.2% (p <0.01) with a simultaneous improvement in strength development by 3.5-7.2% (p <0.001).

Conflicts of Interest
No Conflicts of Interest Exist.

Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent
Informed Consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All subjects of the institutional survey gave consent to anonymous data to be used for publication purposes.