The Influence of the Learning Environment on Students' Physical and Mental Health Based on Gender

The learning environment is a place that has an impact on physical activity so that it affects the level of physical fitness and mental health of students. The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of the learning environment in urban and rural areas on the physical fitness and mental health of students who are grouped by sex (male and female). A total of 160 students aged 15-18 years are involved in this program, consisting of 80 urban learning environments (40 male and 40 female) and 80 rural learning environments (40 male and 40 female). To determine the level of physical fitness of students measured using the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI), while for mental health data were obtained using a questionnaire. Based on the analysis that has been done, there are differences in the physical fitness of students based on the learning environment (urban and rural) in general, rural students are better than urban students. Seen from gender, it proves that the level of physical fitness of rural male students is better than urban men and rural women are better than urban women. Meanwhile, mental health proves that urban students are better than rural students. Based on gender, it proves that the mental health of urban male students is better than that of rural students, while the mental health of urban female students is lower than that of rural students.


Introduction
Urban and rural areas are clearly distinguished by their physical characteristics and population density, so that educational settings have different learning environments. The environment is believed to be able to influence physical activity, especially those associated with the environment in which they live and roads that are often traveled [1], and the school environment [2,3]. Urban learning environments tend to be more equipped in terms of facilities than rural environments. However, in terms of area, the physical environment in rural areas is wider than in urban areas. A quiet learning environment is usually felt more in rural areas. The role of the policy of environment, interactions and psychological elements shapes the level of physical activity across various demographic groups [4]. Children in rural learning settings reported a greater likelihood of participating in two or more physical education classes per week [5]. Meanwhile, another opinion states that urban children report more physical activity after school, on holidays and weekends, and also the total amount of physical activity compared to rural children [6]. Thus, more data are needed to corroborate existing findings.
Recent data show that one in four adults (1.4 billion people worldwide) do not meet WHO recommendations on physical activity while providing benefits from a reduced risk of chronic disease and for improving their health and well-being [7]. The prevalence of non-communicable diseases in 2018 has increased when compared to Riskesdas 2013, including cancer, stroke, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Cancer prevalence increased from 1.4% (Riskesdas 2013) to 1.8%; the prevalence of stroke increased from 7% to 10.9%; and chronic kidney disease increased from 2% to 3.8%. Based on examination of blood sugar, diabetes mellitus increased from 6.9% to 8.5%; and the results of blood pressure measurement, hypertension rose from 25.8% to 34.1% [8]. This proves that there is still low physical activity among Indonesian students which needs serious attention and support to overcome it. Even though it is believed that many physical activities have a good impact on survival.
Physical activity will provide good benefits for the body, especially for: physical fitness [9,10], brain and mental health [11,12], academic achievement [13], motor skills related to skills, coordination and control as the basis for physical activity [14]. Low physical activity has been shown to result in: obesity [15], hipokenetics [16], difficulty solving problems [17]. Endurance and strength physical activity programs can increase life satisfaction for obese children, and even increase satisfaction with aspects of school [18]. This proves that the benefits of physical activity are very important, especially to make students fit and have good mental health. However, the awareness of students to be active still needs intervention from several circles, especially schools and parents.
In a formal learning environment (school), physical education is important in organizing the physical formation process of students. Physical education can be an important source of physical activity for students, especially girls and can influence participation in physical activities outside the classroom [19]. Women (n = 108) reported significantly higher exercise and quality of life than men (n = 72), women reported exercising to lose weight and toning more than men, whereas men reported exercising for pleasure [20]. Men than women are likely to perform better [21]. There were significant gender differences on all measures of physical fitness, except for partial curl-ups, but no significant gender differences in life satisfaction [22]. Rural residents are less likely to meet 2008 PA guidelines than urban residents (42% versus 51%), and this trend is replicated among rural men with an impact on physical fitness [23]. Children and adolescents from rural environments showed better results in cardiorespiratory fitness, upper and lower limb muscle fitness and had better coordination, speed, and agility than their urban counterparts [24]. Physical education in schools is generally understood to be able to increase the physical activity of both male and female students which has an impact on physical fitness and mental health, but until now there are still many differences because the results are not consistent, especially in urban and rural areas of Indonesia.
The purpose of this study was to determine the level of physical fitness and mental health among students in urban and rural areas. Furthermore, when viewed from gender, which gender has better physical health and mental health between men and women in urban and rural areas. Based on the information above, each character of the place of education, both in urban and rural areas, has its own strengths and weaknesses, especially in supporting the level of physical and mental health of students. Then if we look in general, how the level of physical fitness and mental health among students in urban and rural areas needs more and more consistent data, in this case it will be reviewed. Furthermore, if it is seen from which gender is better, physical health and mental health between men and women who live in urban and rural areas also need the latest data to support previous findings, especially in Indonesia. The findings of this study will answer the above hypothesis so that it will be the latest findings to support the previous findings.

Methods
Cities are centers of settlements and resident activities that have administrative boundaries. This is regulated in the Domestic Government Regulation Number 2 of 1987 concerning City Planning Formulation. Whereas the definition of urban in Law Number 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning, urban is an area that has the main activity not agriculture. As for Rural is an area that is within the district environment, in this case in West Sumatra, Indonesia is determined based on regional regulations on the division of areas. Determination of participants based on clusters of students who are in urban and rural schools with an age range of 16-19 years. A total of 160 students were involved in this study consisting of 80 students from urban areas (40 women and 40 men) and 80 students from urban areas (40 men and 40 men). To determine the level of physical fitness of students measured using the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI) instrument aged 16-19 years consisting of 1) 60m sprint, 2) pull-ups (men) and hanging elbows (women), 3) Sit ups, 4 Vertical jump, 5 Medium run (1200m Male & 1000m Female) [25]. Meanwhile, for mental health using a questionnaire [26]. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0. Hypothesis testing is performed using paired sample t-test.

Results
Based on the analysis carried out on existing data, there are differences in the physical fitness of male students between those in urban and rural areas with a significant value of 0.000 <0.05. The significant value of the independent test Significance value of 0,000 <0.05 there is a difference In general, the average physical fitness level of male adolescent students in rural areas is better than the city, it can be seen that the average value of the village is 18.05> the city is 14.23. as seen in the following table 1: Based on the table above, the average physical fitness value for rural men is 18.05, greater than that of urban men, 14.23. Thus it can be concluded that there are significant differences in physical fitness between urban and rural men.
For female sex, the significant difference between urban and rural physical fitness is 0.000 <0.05. The significant value of physical fitness of female adolescent students Significance value of 0,000 <0.05 there is a difference. The difference between the average physical fitness of female adolescents and the average rural area is 13.00> greater than that of urban 10.50. as shown in the following table 2: Based on the table above, the average physical fitness value for rural women is 13.00, greater than that of urban women, 10.50. Thus it can be concluded that there are significant differences in physical fitness between urban women and rural women.
Meanwhile, men's mental health in urban areas was better with an average of 103.53 compared to rural areas of 95.23. as shown in the following table 3: Based on the table above, the average mental health score of urban men is 103.53, greater than that of rural men, 95.23. Thus it can be concluded that there are significant differences in mental health between urban men and rural men.
The average mental health of urban female adolescent students was 97.38 better than in rural 93.83. as shown in the following table 4: Based on the table above, the average mental health score of rural women is 97.38, greater than that of urban women, which is 93.83. Thus it can be concluded that there are significant differences in mental health between rural women and urban women.
In general, the physical fitness level of rural adolescent students was better than urban areas with a difference in average (98.65> 60. 35). as shown in the following table 5: Based on the table above, the physical fitness of students in rural areas is better with an average score of 98.65 compared to the physical fitness of urban students of 60.35. Thus it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the physical fitness of rural students and urban students.
In general, the mental health of adolescent students in urban areas is better than in rural areas (85.93> 73.08). as shown in the following table 6: Based on the table above, it can be concluded that the Rural score is significantly more than 73.08 while for Urban students it is 85.93 so that there is a significant difference in the level of physical fitness between urban and rural students.

Discussion
It becomes very interesting by knowing the physical fitness level and health of urban and rural students who are separated by gender. Because the disclosure of the physical fitness sticks and mental health of urban and rural students in Indonesia will be an evaluation and input for educators and policy makers in supporting student growth and development. Physical fitness is an important asset in supporting survival in the future. The results of experimental studies suggest that even small amounts of physical fitness can benefit the health of children at high risk (eg, obesity) [27]. Likewise, in order for the body to be balanced, good mental health is also needed because this is related to one another. Moderate to vigorous physical activity can support good mental health, so it should become a habit to support the development of others [28].
To strengthen data in the field on physical fitness and mental health for both men and women, we reveal based on existing findings based on the places where they are, namely urban and rural areas. Urban areas are often the subject of research because of the supportive environmental conditions, for example many universities and government agencies, as well as rural areas that are rarely touched by researchers. Comparing the level of physical fitness and mental health of these two areas is interesting to discuss because each has its own characteristics and characteristics. The findings proved that in general the physical fitness of rural students was better than those in urban areas. This means that students in rural areas are more active in carrying out daily physical activities from moderate to high levels. In addition, rural students are more physically active than playing online games and other sedentary habits. It is different with urban areas which should have been supported by various existing facilities and infrastructure, but students tend to be less active due to busy academic problems and existing technological advances. Therefore, this problem must immediately find the best solution so that urban students are more active in physical activity so that it becomes a support for their physical fitness. Meanwhile, in terms of mental health, students in urban areas are better off than those in rural areas. This is because the maturity of the way of thinking and parental support is their main asset. Moreover, the mediating effects of perceived parental autonomy support and controlling behaviors on children's psychological need satisfaction or frustration, and in turn their activity behaviors will be tested using structural equation modelling methods [29].
If viewed based on gender, the data prove that both men and women in rural areas have better physical health than urban areas. This means that both rural men and women are more active in carrying out their daily physical activities. Because physical activity and lifestyle in rural areas tend to be more energy-intensive activities such as helping the elderly in farming, being active in community sports and the like. It is different with urban students who have more sedentary activities such as studying, academic courses and the like.
One of the goals of national education is how to form a student who has a good personality and physicality or is also called physically and mentally healthy. These two elements are very important in supporting and determining the future of a nation. Health policies aiming at changing physical and mental health need to consider not only the direct cross-effects but also the indirect cross-effects between mental health and physical health [30].The physical fitness of adolescent students in Indonesia should be a serious concern for the government and the wider community. It should be that both rural and urban areas receive the same portion of treatment so that they have the same good level of physical fitness. But what happens is the opposite, this is a common task to solve this problem in the future. Where it was stated that the urban boys and girls produced better physical performance than their rural counterparts [31]. This finding is in line with the results of several previous studies. Children and adolescents from the rural environment show better results in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle fitness of the upper and lower extremities and have better coordination, speed and agility in comparison with their urban peers [32]. In a study that reported the level of physical activity among rural and urban youths greatly affected their physical fitness [33,34]. Rural boys and girls have higher levels of physical fitness than their urban counterparts. Similar results were previously noted among youth in Spain [35,36].
Health advice is everywhere, but much of it focuses only on the body. As researchers continue to investigate what influences our health, we're finding that physical health and mental health are more closely linked than we realized. If mental or physical health swing out of balance, an individual will suffer. Health advice is everywhere, but much of it focuses only on the body. As researchers continue to investigate what influences our health, we're finding that physical health and mental health are more closely linked than we realized. If mental or physical health swings out of balance, an individual will suffer. Likewise with regard to mental health, both urban and rural adolescent students along with the development of science and technology today have more or less impact on their lives. Rural adolescents are also more affected by their mental health problems. In contrast to previous studies showing that rural and urban youth in Canada experience similar levels of stress [37], our results reveal differences in mental health among young women with urban adolescent dislike. The adolescents' lifestyles showed an increasing trend for physical inactivity in both genders; however, in rural areas, only girls had a rising affinity for a sedentary lifestyle throughout the 2006-2011 years [38].
The physical and mental health of male and female students must have differences and levels are not the same. This finding is supported by previous research which is relevant for further discussion. Gender differences were found for psychological distress, anxiety and depression with girls reporting significantly higher scores than boys [39]. The worst stable infrastructure is associated with negative changes in health for both sexes, with men being more affected by environmental pollution than women [40]. There are gender differences in regular exercise behavior during leisure time and related influential factors among Taiwanese adults [41]. Meanwhile, field findings show that teachers have unconsciously integrated neuroscience in learning, but have never seriously and specifically designed their learning according to the principles of neuroscience-based learning. Researchers suggest developing a neuroscience-based physical education learning model that is based on the found neuroscience learning principles [42]. According to the findings, students' age, year and course of the study influence participation in the universities' physical activity and sports programs. That inadequate sports facility, overcrowded facility, unorganized sport programs, lack of sports facility, lack of sports variety, inaccessible facility and lack of coaches were the specific institutional based reasons that influence non-participation in the Kenyan public universities' physical activity and sport programs [43]. This proves that between men and women have their own specificity in the level of physical and mental health.

Conclusion
Based on the result and discussion that have been done, there are differences in the physical fitness of students based on the learning environment (urban and rural) in general, rural students are better than urban students. Seen from gender, it proves that the level of physical fitness of rural male students is better than urban men and rural women are better than urban women. Meanwhile, mental health proves that urban students are better than rural students. Based on gender, it proves that the mental health of urban male students is better than rural students, while the mental health of urban female students is lower than that of rural students.

Recommendation
Future research is expected to take several items related to this, including:  Taking based on the younger age level, for example, the primary school level,  Upland and lowland areas or based on the humidity level of each area,  Look at several broader aspects, for example discipline, development of motion, learning outcomes, level of self-confidence and so on.