A Biblio-Systematic Analysis of Factors Affecting the Compliance of Residential Planning Standards and Regulations: A Conceptual Framework

The planning regulations and standards indicate the demands of urbanizations and settlements from a quality point of view and from a big scale to a specific item of the urban parts. The primary purpose of this paper is to create a conceptual framework that serves as a mean to measure the variables influencing the extent of planning compliance in an urban area. The method used is a bibliometric approach as an examination of the area of research. These variables originate from a comprehensive analysis of the literature across countries and time frame from 1976 to 2019 and can affect planning violations positively or negatively by each variable. The findings show five classes of variables which affected the planning deviation in most case studies. The administrative, legislation, social, economic and demographic considerations perform a significant part in ensuring adherence at local and government stage with planning violations. It is important to improve administrative procedures and to revise planning norms and regulations in an attempt to achieve local conditions to deal with planning deviation issues. Cooperation and coordination efforts between authorities and stakeholders are essential to the monitoring and enforcement of planning standards and regulations.


Introduction
The planning violation is defined as any actions which are not according to the planning standards such as deviation from planning regulation and standards. Constructions that do not follow the planning process, encroachment of land use, building density or deviate from the master plan, all these are forms of planning violations [1]. According to [2] researchers came out with several labels and expressions to describe the act of planning violations, such as uncontrolled, unplanned, unorganized and informal and illegal settlements. All these labels described the same situation which is the non-compliance with planning standards and regulations. Alnsour [2] has also noted that the planning compliance level can be at the optimum, middle or at the low level of the compliance with planning standards and regulations. The level of compliance with planning standards and regulations reflect the success of planning system [3].
Planning is indispensable in any urbanization and has a numerous impact on the physical environment and the items connected to it. Planning lexicon includes several terminology such as geographic, regional and urban, these conditions and their laws and norms promote sustainability in addition to improving public health, safety, the presence of urbanization and economic efficiency, etc. [4], [5], [6]; [4]- [6].
Planning regulations lay down planning standards pertaining to minimum requirements and criteria for building density, access and road dimensions, maintenance of open spaces, car parking, floor area ratio FAR, building coverage ratio BCR and building heights [7]. Decline the level of compliance with planning standards and regulations not only adversely affects social harmony, residential appearance, but also the atmosphere and, in some instances, endangers people's life [6]. The determination and examination of the variables behind the planning violation was dominant in the planning studies in order to mitigate the escalation of the planning violation.
The primary objective of this article is to create a conceptual framework as a measurement tool to identify and examine variables influencing the extent of compliance level in the urban area.

Literature Review
The planning violation is a result of planning failure [8] and outcome of unanswered demand of housing and planned schemes or further urban development [9] and also it is due to the lack of other option "non-compliance being coercion" [10], option which is legal, appropriate, convenient which is considered the particular conditions in a particular area in real practice [1]. Regarding to real practice, Sundaresan [1] has stated that even the planning encroachment is not directly from planning or it is opposite to planning, but it is still related to it.
The number of publications and studies of the non-compliance with planning standards and regulations has been growing progressively as shown on (figure 1). From a functional point of view of the issue of planning deviations, the components associated with planning violations could share a portion of the responsibility for the occurrence of violations, regardless of the level of impact for each factor. First, a planning violation of the consequences of administrative variables, such as the enforcement of planning laws [11], [12], monitoring system [6], [13], [14]; [6]- [14] lack of trained staff [8], [11], [15]; [8]- [15] bureaucracy [7], [16], [17]; [7]- [17] lack of coordination [11], [18] and other relevant factors.
Administrative factors are the main factors, based on a bibliometric analysis, which has been shown 73 times in the appropriate journals, approximately 40% of the total number of other groups of factors as showing in (figure  2).
Second, standards and regulations share a low level of adherence owing to obsolete standards, lack of consideration of the socio-economic character of the society of a specific community, standards imported from colonial or foreign eras or backgrounds not linked to local characters, and a high amount and rigidity of planning [2], [6], [19], [20], [21]; [2]- [21].
Third, the variables linked to social characters has also contributed to the planning violation through the public awareness level of the planning standards which could has a positive or negative impact the compliance [3], [22], [23]; [3]- [23]. The household size is an important factor which contribute the low level of planning compliance [2], [9], [24], [25]; [2]- [25].
Finally, the demographic factors such as the rapid growth and migration have been pointed as factors which affect the compliance with planning standards and regulations [11], [14], [28], [29]; [11]- [29]. Furthermore, rapid growth may alter the typology of land use, as well as regional planning objectives [30].
All of these factors have a direct or indirect part to play in the stage of planning preparation. The main objective of this research is to establish an expanded conceptual framework to be used as an instrument to assess the level of compliance with planning standards and regulations as a depended variable that has been effected by five sets of independence variables.

Architectural Aspect
Unauthorized housing is not a part of any academic field, but it can be explored in geographical, planning, social, economic and architectural terms [31]. The architectural dimension in urban studies has not been widely considered. The architecture aspect should consider with more links to future urban studies [32]. As far as architectural aspects are concerned, a broad range of designs and arrangements that architects have to deal with to meet the needs and attitudes of the households can result in a challenge for the architects [33]. This challenge is one of the major problem that faces the architects to balance between the planning standards and the people needs which may influence the extent of the compliance with planning standards and regulations. Besides, in many cases, the layouts prepared mainly with little architects' involvement. Therefore, the architectural view does not reflect [22], when layout breaches, architectural expectations will also be at a low rate. For instance, in Egypt, the widespread urban planning deviation, including the impact of architectural style, significantly impacts both urban harmony and the urban peace of the built environment in Cairo due to the absence of control [34]. In Iran, numerous violations of changing green spaces use and gardens and other forms of violations lose precious architecture and cultural heritage and historical values [11]. The breach of the building regulatory framework affected the architectural environments in Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia [35]. Those examples indicated that the architectural aspects have always been affected by deviating planning standards. Even the modern developments that are relatively legal constructions are still not in line with the architectural context, as is the case for Vidyadhar-Nagar-Jaipur India's Walled City model [36]. To sum up this section, it has noted that the architectural aspect is often not mentioned positively if the level of compliance with planning standards is low.

Methodology
This paper used a combination of two methods to inspect and investigate the related literature; the first is the Bibliometric approach designed from several method in order to examine and evaluate data and information form the perspectives of the quantities of publications and the cites each of them had scored over the period of time [37].The method of bibliometric analysis is a qualitative approach used scientifically based on particular aspect such as titles, authors and citations etc. [38]. This kind of method is helpful to record and monitor the literature growth [39]. Using bibliometric review approach this paper identified the most cited authors, articles and Journals, besides the most used keywords in the planning violation field.
The second approach is the systematic review approach which extracts the content of the selected articles [40], [41], [42]; [40]- [42] using this approach this study identified the factors that effecting the compliance level with planning regulations and standards in different parts in the world in order to set an extended conceptual framework to be as a tool to examining and determine the essential variables in any violated urbanization in particular area or in large scale [43]. The databases that selected are Scopus and G.Scholar, then use the most labels and expressions as keywords to search which demonstrated the planning violations dilemma such as violation, compliance, non-compliance and contravention with planning standards and regulations in urban planning. The total quantity of articles, papers and research that relevant to the planning deviation was 336 studies from the both indexes, including duplicated articles which were 65, then the next procedure excluding the irrelevant ones after reading the abstracts and some of them excluded after reading the whole article and the final relevant studies were 58 studies.

The Most Important Articles and Authors on the Planning Violation
From the bibliometric study, the most important published study based on the number of citations is "the compliance with urban development and planning regulations" which is conducted in 2000 as Ibadan, Nigeria a case study, followed by article published in 2016 which study the compliance of land cover change with municipal land use planning, then the other important article conducted by Alnsour [2] which has the first framework to examining the factor effecting residential standards in the city of Old Salt, Jordan and it has dealt only with the residential standards.
The (Table 1) illustrates the most five important articles that conducted on the non-compliance with planning standards besides the top authors who focus on the issue of planning deviation. The result also illustrates the most important key words that has been used on the non-compliance which was ordered based on the number of frequency (Table 2).

The Five Groups of Factor and Its Items
After inspecting all the relevant articles selected in April 2019 and applying systematic review approach in which the study determined the factors affecting the level of compliance with planning standards and regulations from different areas and time. The results are listed (Table  3) and classified into five groups of factors ( Figure 2) and each individual group contain several variables, these variables has affect to the violation level in a negative or positive effectiveness. The classification of these 5 group is based on two studies which use this category to classify the variables into several groups [2], [28]. Alnsour has classified the variables into three categories which are socio-economic factors, administrative practices and the uncertainty of residential standards. Abubaker has used the same categories and added the fourth category of factors which is the demographic variable. In this study, the conceptual framework work combined the two frameworks and divided the socio-economic factors into two groups as social factors and economic factors. In addition, on the basis of the literature review and the bibliometric study, the factors which added to the classified groups are based on the literature review referred to as social, economic, administrative, legislative, etc. All these classes of factors are defined as independent variables which affect the dependency variable, which is the extent of compliance level with planning standards and regulations.
This conceptual framework ( Figure 3) is used as an instrument to examine and determine the variables affecting the level of compliance. Each variable could have several phrases and marks with the same significance and impact as used in the literature review, such as the bureaucratic variable can be found as a rigid method, a long time to obtain title or license, otherwise the enforcement variable can be recognized as an application, and the income level can be used in other categories such as poverty, etc. From the literature review, it can be seen that the planning violations do not concern and require only the planning authorities, but also a multi-faceted problem requiring the involvement of a number of performers to address such issues as planning violation, social, economic, legislative, cooperation to deal with as they have correlations between them and efficiency declines in the degree of compliance.

Bureaucracy
Rigid process/long time obtaining title or permit 13

Enforcement
Implementation 12

Lack of coordination
Corporation / collaboration 12

Trained staff / lack of staff
Lack of trained staff/lack of staff 11 6. Corruption 7

Centralization
Weak power at domestic/municipal level 3

Group 2 Legislation & Laws factors
28% 53 Other expression of the factor

1.
Uncertainly General ignorance of standards 12

Plot size
More living space 9

Sanction/penalties action
Postpone of penalty /delay demolition action 9

Rigid and High
Inadequate regulations 8

Colonial input
Foreigner background/imported rules 6

15%
28 Other expression of the factor

Awareness level
Public /builders/developers/planners lack of awareness 13 2. Household size Family size 10

Culture /life style
The living activities/traditional style of life 3

10%
18 Other expression of the factor

Housing shortage
High demand with low supply of housing/planned subdivision 4

Infrastructure provision
Poor utilities/absent of basic and necessary services 3

The Moderating Variables
The moderators were found which adjusting the relationship between the independence and dependence variables as illustrated in (Table 4). The income level is a vital factor [2], [9], [18], [19], [24]; [2]- [24] and it found as Independent variable in Alnsour [2] study, but in this study it is set as moderator as it is more convenient in this context because the moderating variable moderate the independent variable effect in the study [44], based on the concept of the moderating variable, which is designed to reduce the impact of independent variables used in this research to define the moderating variable as they adjust the connection between independent and dependent variables. In addition, the connection between the dependent variable (the extent of compliance level with planning standards) and the independent variables (the level of income) has affected the amount of conformity based on the literature review. In fact, it has been cited as a significant variable 15 times, followed by three other moderating variables, namely the level of education, gender and age of respondents.   Table 5 shows the various types of planning violations and urban planning situations in different counties and regions. The forms of planning violations vary from one area to another. These forms of violations are divided into four categories: residential building violations, land use violations, public land use violations, and unauthorized locations.

Discussion
Based on the bibliometric analysis carried out as a method in this study of the relevant publications of non-compliance with planning standards and regulations, the findings of the factors that affected the level of compliance planning across countries and the timeframe were therefore significant, which attempted to give an overall view of the significant factors that contributed to the decline. The majority of the case studies are liable and relied on the amount of respondents, first of all on the administration of the planning authorities, including monitoring, bureaucracy, enforcement and other factors. This outcome was comparable to the findings of Arku [6] as it pointed out that the respondents emphasized that the administrative variables are the most and the most important triggers of the cases. Secondly, planning standards and regulations, including uncertain, obsolete, rigid and high standards. It is essential to note that the standards and regulations have been continuously stated by researchers for 53 times, and this factor may be significant, as it is the primary cause and not as the administrative factors that are generated by the ambiguity of the existing standards. Followed by social, economic and demographic factors as shown in (Figure 2). In fact, when we look at these factors, we can see that these factors are grouped into two segments, the first, the real factors behind the act of non-compliance, the second, the subsequent and the factors that have caused by the actual causes. In addition, the solution of the real causes and factors will eventually lead to the disappearance of the other factors , the division of the factors into the main factors and subsequent factors has not been identified in the literature review and may be considered as a gap to be filled in the future. This gap in the classification of the factors into two sections is important to know the real reasons that need to be fixed other than the subsequent one. Although factors have been categorized based on perceived and objective factors [45], more realistic studies are still required to classify such aspects into main and consequent factors.
To sum up this section, we can derive from this evaluation research that, in order to resolve or at least mitigate the non-compliance with planning standards, the updated, suitable standards and regulations that took into account all the socio-economic circumstances of local conditions are needed, where this will be reflected in monitoring and enforcement as a relief from stress because of the factors behind the non-compliance.

Conclusion
As the noncompliance with planning regulations affected by a number of factors that are not completely regulated by the planning authorities, the processes and the proper approach to tackling this problem can only operate when all of these elements and performers cope with it following the investigation of all the conditions in a specific location at a specific moment. Each factor has an impact on the level of compliance, and its impact varies from urbanization to urbanization, and each factor could have an impact on a single, dual or even tripartite issue, such as the level of income that could, in a number of ways, lead to a planning violation. Based on the bibliometric study, the most affecting group of factors are the administration factors and the legislation and the standards, which means that these are essential factors that require updating and revision from time to time before the other aspect such as social and economic factors since the economy and social situation is often considered as a fait accompli that would be difficult to change in the near future. As the planning standards take architectural dimensions and adopt them with planning standards, the architectural aspect has always been adversely affected by planning standards contravention. Concerning the planning violations, the architectural features are often adversely stated. The division of factors into main causes and subsequent factors is needed as it is missing from the literature review that required further research as it is important to address the issue of non-compliance with planning standards and regulations.