The Influence of Gender Factor on Development of Stereotypical Image of a Specialist (Lawyer) of Future Profession in Students

The purpose of this paper is to find out the peculiarities of the influence of gender factor on the motivation of choosing the future legal profession and development of stereotypical image of a specialist of this profession in students. The research is based on an experimental method, measuring instruments and procedures of which (specially designed questionnaires) were focused on establishing the influence of gender factors on the development of future profession image in university students (on the example of future lawyers). Determining and describing the characteristics, selected for the experiment, made it possible to put them uniquely in ordinal scale, to highlight the linear arrangement of objects on some real line, and to make ranking. Factor analysis and variance analysis were used to process and interpret the measurement results. Results: taking into account gender aspects, it is suggested the following specific measures for improvement of the educational process of higher education institutions, namely: creation of equal opportunities for personal expression, expression of activity and initiative of students of both sexes; use of active communication of processes on the basis of “gender alignment” (organization of discussions and joint discussions of educational problems and professional practical situations, role-playing games with involvement of students of both sexes, use of collective methods and forms of organization of educational and cognitive activity of students in mixed groups); development of skills of gender reflection and partnership between students of different sexes; development of the ability of teachers to ensure gender equality in relation to the students audience.


Introduction
Every profession has its own set of stereotypes as its personified images. Person-centered peculiarity of the mechanisms of development of professional stereotypes as images-types significantly influences the formation of professional consciousness of future specialists.
In this context, investigations of interpretation peculiarities and comprehension of professional image and motivational sphere of personality of university students acquire a particular significance as components of professional orientation (interests, attitudes, values-based orientations, etc.) taking into account a gender approach.

Analysis of Basic Research and Publications
Modern psychological and pedagogical studies emphasize that images in the mind of the individual are formed under the influence of the subjective tendencies, interests and ideals of the individual and are colored in intimate and personal shades, inseparable from the personal life experience of the subject. By the term "image" in this research, we mean such an idea of a real object, which only approximately corresponds to the original by virtue of subjective perception of reality by the person.
The mechanism of development of stereotypes of the future profession is based on a system of moral and evaluative ideas concerning the subjects of professional activity and is an important factor at the stage of choosing a profession [1][2][3]. On the other hand, psychological studies prove that socio-professional stereotypes, acting as moral and ethical norms, laws and rules of behavior, attitudinal and situational factors determine a level of productivity in the process of situation assessment and decision-making [4], [5].
It is known that the term "stereotype" was introduced in 1922 by sociologist William Lippmann [6], who interpreted it as "a pictures in our heads". Currently, the stereotype is considered as a social attitude with a lack of cognitive component (lack of knowledge, misinformation, outdated data). As an attitude, a stereotype largely determines human behavior, and the process of stereotyping is an objective phenomenon of the formation of consciousness of the individual, structuring and displaying elements of the surrounding world. According to Tatyana Yevgenievna Vasil'eva stereotypes have rather complex and independent mechanisms of self-regulation, the degree of stability of a stereotype depends both on external circumstances and on their specific carriers (society, group, personality) with their usual ideas, empirical moods, which overcome the system of explications, sometimes are united in a holistic scientific or political picture of the world [7]. In the paper [8], the author notes that in its content a stereotype is only an image-conception with indistinct boundaries, and only verbally expressed assessment forms a clear opinion concerning the qualities of people of certain segment. Examining the role of stereotypes in the process of formation of ideas and evaluative judgments of an individual, Ihor Semenovych Con [9] asserts that stereotype is a preconceived notion concerning the humans' and phenomena's abilities, which is not based on direct valuation of each phenomenon, but is derived from standardized judgments and expectations.
Under the current conditions, the research of a professional orientation of university students through studying personal ideas concerning the image-type of the chosen profession, taking into account a gender approach, is of particular relevance. At the same time, stereotypes, as a form of individual consciousness of high school graduates, fulfill a social and regulatory function, acting as an important component of the system of factors that influence the formation of goals concerning the direction of further professional training, as well as motivation for admission to an appropriate higher education institution, which is reflected in certification evaluations according to the results of an external independent evaluation. This complicates an identification of specific pedagogical measures for the formation and development of professional direction during the period of studying, in particular in legal education, which actualises this problem, especially within the conditions of current reforms in the field of education and various spheres of jurisprudence.
The purpose of the article is to find out the peculiarities of the influence of gender factor on motivation of choosing a future legal profession and development of stereotypical image of a specialist of this profession in students.

Materials and Methods
The research is based on an experimental method, measurement tools and procedures of which (specially designed questionnaires) were focused on establishing the influence of gender factors on the formation of future profession image in university students (on the example of future lawyers). Determining and describing the characteristics, selected for the experiment, made it possible to put them uniquely in ordinal scale, to highlight the linear arrangement of objects on some real line, and to make ranking. Factor analysis and variance analysis were used to process and interpret the measurement results. Faculty of Law of National Aviation University became an experimental basis for conducting the sociological research, and the respondents were the first year students majoring in "Law".

Results and Discussion
The hypothesis of the research lies in the fact that the system of characteristics of the specialist, which is formed in the first year university students, depends on the gender of the student and is related to the certification evaluation of the external independent evaluation in the subject, required for admission to this specialty.
The main measurement tool was the questionnaire designed by the authors, which consisted of 29 self-assessment criteria concerning the professional profile of a lawyer (Appendix 1). These characteristics were selected by the authors of the methods in the process of analysis of literature, devoted to research in the field of legal psychology [10][11][12], as well as taking into account the general competencies of the graduate of the Bachelor degree and his training outcome, defined by the Standard of higher legal education in Specialty "081 Law" sphere of Knowledge "08 Law". In particular, the following competencies were taken into account: ability to think in abstract, analyze and synthesize; ability to apply knowledge in practical situations; ability to study and master modern knowledge, ability to be critical and self-critical; ability to work in a team, ability to act on the basis of ethical considerations (motives); ability to exercise his rights and responsibilities as a member of society, to realize values of civil (free democratic) society and the need for its sustainable development, the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen in Ukraine; ability to be aware of equal opportunities and gender issues; ability to determine the vigour of arguments in the process of evaluating previously unknown conditions and circumstances; ability to analyze social processes in the context of the analysed problem and demonstrate his own vision of how to solve it; ability to formulate his own well-founded judgments based on the analysis of known problem, evaluate drawbacks and advantages of arguments, analyze known problem, independently identify the 1812 The Influence of Gender Factor on Development of Stereotypical Image of a Specialist (Lawyer) of Future Profession in Students circumstances, in which help is needed, and act according to the received recommendations; ability to work in a group, form own contribution to the performing tasks of the group [13].
When working with the questionnaires, respondents were asked to rate the importance of the lawyer's characteristics (personal qualities), rating on a scale from 1 to 10 (10 maximum degree of importance). It took 15 minutes to complete the task.
The experiment in this research was built on the basis that allowed us to establish the influence of gender factors on the development of the image of a lawyer. During the survey, a respondent did not receive any external evaluation regarding the correctness of the evaluation process of the suggested characteristics in the questionnaire. In addition, the description of the characteristics, selected for the experiment helped to put them uniquely in ordinal scale. This, in turn, was allowed to introduce the linear arrangement of objects on certain real line, that is to make ranking directly in the process of evaluation.
Although the numerical values of the ordinal scale cannot be added, subtracted, divided or multiplied, but the interpretation of data, was obtained with the help the ordinal scale, a wide range of statistical means (for example correlation, variance and factor analysis). This explains widespread use of the ordinal scale of measurements in psychological and pedagogical studies [14].
The essence of "ranking" implies a direct order of objects by the respondent according to internal criteria accepted by him. The ranking procedure consists of a fixed set of objects in descending order of the attribute given. Usually, such a procedure is completely subjective [15]. The hierarchy established by a respondent is recorded in the tables of object numbers, which then are converted into the evaluation matrices, that is, matrices contain the position of each object according to each trait that is evaluated.
The following set of personal characteristics of the lawyer's image was used to construct the evaluation matrices: analytical thinking, communicativeness, critical appraisal of facts, logic of judgments, unbiased judgments, ability to set priorities, leadership qualities, self-assessment, self-control, objectivity of judgments, independence of judgments, ability to adapt in a team, adherence to principles in approaches, ability to select essential, tolerance, democracy in communication, ability to model circumstances, accuracy in work, timeliness of tasks performance, diligence, ability to manage time, determinativeness, confidence, ability to listen, clearness of speech, ability to document correctly, ability to act in a non-standard situation, ability to manage a group of people, striving for professional growth.
In total, 53 persons, namely, first year students of Law Faculty of National Aviation University (average age 17 years old) participated in the experiment. Herein, 60.4% of the sample were females. All participants were grouped according to one of the types of experimental conditions. Individual matrices of the results of respondents' ranking of the suggested characteristics were reduced to separate matrices according to gender criterion. Average value of ranks, variance and standard deviations of the distribution of average values in MS Excel for Windows for each matrix were calculated.
Tables 1 and 2 show the results of rating distributions of characteristics of the image of "lawyer" in female students and male students of the first year. Ability to adapt in a team 7.72 Self-assessment 7.59 Adherence to principles in approaches 7.28 The variances of distribution of the average values practically coincide: 0.2341 -males, 0.2547 -females. However, there are differences in the distribution of ratings of the image of a lawyer in females and males: the reliability of differences in the characteristics of the compared samples (according to Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney criterion) is 95%.
It should be noted that a significant disadvantage of the rating method is that the survey may have low statistical power, that is, the ability to reveal differences between the groups. Moreover, low values of the indicators and low sample size reduce the power of the statistical criterion can lead to the fact that a statistical verification will show the absence of a distinction that actually exists (in statistics this is called a "error of the second kind"). Thus, we can come to improper conclusion that there is no difference, although in reality it is.
In the world literature on gender studies, the concept of value of the difference (a so-called "effect size", denoted by the symbol "d") is widely used. The value of the difference "d" is calculated for each study by evaluating an average of the one group from an average of the other group (in this case, an average for females is subtracted from an average for males), after which the obtained difference is divided by the internal group standard deviation [16], [17]. Jacob Cohen established that if "d" is 0.2, then one can talk about the small difference, 0.5 is an average difference, and 0.8 is a large one [18].
In our research, the average values (and standard deviation) of the rating distributions for males and females respectively are 8.29 (0.4924) and 8.56 (0.5136). Accordingly, value of the difference "d" is 0.53, that is, the average value of the difference in ranking of the results on a gender criterion. Fig. 1 shows the difference between the average values of the results of the rank evaluation of the personal characteristics of the lawyer's image of males relatively females, who participated in the survey.
The diagram shows that females give totally higher marks in the ranking process to the personal characteristics of the image under the study.
To analyze the level of coincidence of rank positions in the distributions of characteristics in males (N i ) and females (N j ), we construct a graph of absolute differences of place in the rating of the certain characteristics (|N i -N j |), giving the highest rank (1) to the value of the highest average in each rating distribution. Fig. 2 shows the results.   Fig. 3 shows the difference in rating scores of personal characteristics ranking of the lawyer's image in males and females, where the sign (-) indicates the "lag" in the rank position of each characteristic in the ranking between males and females.  Factor analysis (FA) was used to reduce the dimension of the variable collections that describe a lawyer's image. The factors were distinguished by the principal components method; the factor scorings were used after rotation by the varimax method.
As one method of classification, factor analysis is based on correlations assessments (factor loadings) between baseline data and new indicators (factors). This allows determining the significance of factors within the factor model chosen by the researcher. In our case, using the method of rotation (varimax) hada possibility of a simple interpretation of factors based on difference of factor loadings, which allowed to classify the factors and to build a model of the phenomenon under the study.
This research, which is aimed at testing hypothesis of gender differences in students' conceptions, was conducted on a small sample size. Due to the fact that in our case, as in many similar cases, increasing the sample size is not possible, small sample size is an important problem that has received considerable discussion in the scientific literature on factor analysis problems [19]. In the paper of Joost de Winter,Dimitra Dodou,& Peter Wieringa [20] Exploratory Factor Analysis with Small Sample Sizes, Multivariate Behavioral Research it is showed that sample size N = 50 is an acceptable absolute minimum. The modelling was conducted to estimate the minimum required sample size for different loading levels, the number of factors and the number of variables, and to find out how far the sample can withstand small distortions such as correlations between factors, model error, secondary and unequal loads.
The authors concluded that stable loadings evaluations for sample sizes, even below 50, can be obtained under the conditions of high coincidence of a great number of observable variables and a small number of factors.
Based on the results of the research [21], the authors of which also recommend for small samples to be limited to a small number of expected factors, we have limited the number of factors to four. In general, the number of respondents (sample survey) meets all recommendations given in the paper [22].
Factorial description of the characteristics of the image of a lawyer in male students (Table 3).
Bartletts test of sphericity is satisfactory (322, f=21, p<0.0001). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) criterion of sample adequacy is 0.675. There are four factors that explain 60.93% of the variance. As it is known [23], [24], if the cumulative (accumulated) percentage of the total variance reaches 60% or more, then it is possible to settle upon a given number of factors.
Factorial description of the characteristics of the image of a lawyer in female students (Table 4). As a result of data processing using the software "Statistica 10 for Windows" factor structures were distinguished and factor scales were found.
In each factor, dominant loadings had the characteristics listed below in order of decrease of factor loadings. The sets of characteristics that make up the distinguished factors allow them to be interpreted and formulated by an appropriate names given below. The names of the distinguished factors are conditionally formulated and can be discussed.
The table 5 shows the results of rating distributions of characteristics of the image of "lawyer" in female and male students of the first year of Law Faculty in accordance with the ranges of scores on the history of their EIE (External Independent Evaluation) certificate. The results of the questionnaire were subjected to two-way variance analysis, which showed: 1. The power of influence of the factor "History test scores according to EIE" on the distribution of rating scores of characteristics of the image of "lawyer" in first year students of Law Faculty is: in females 62.53% (p<0.0001), in males 27.91% (p<0.0001). 2. The power of influence of the factor "content of the characteristic" is: in females 28.04% (p<0.0001), in males 31.26% (p<0.0001). 3. For female students, the significance of differences in rating distributions in the range of 100-140 scores with the sample ranges of scores 160-168 and 170-196 is 95%, the characteristics of rating distributions of scores 160-168 and 170-196 coincide at the significance level of 0.05. 4. Male students have 95% significance of differences in rating distributions among all ranges of scores.

Conclusions
The results of the experimental research confirm the significant influence of gender on the formation of primary stereotypes of professional activity in students in the field of law.
Two-factor analysis of variance proves that the stereotypes of a lawyer's professional image are directly related to personal stereotypes that motivate a choice of the future profession (rating distributions of characteristics of the profession image in the first year students by gender are correlated with the range of scores in a compulsory subject for admission to this speciality according to EIE (External Independent Evaluation) certificate.
In order to form in students, the stereotypical image of the future legal profession, which corresponds to the objective image of a professional of the respective field as closely as possible, it is considered appropriate to introduce appropriate didactic conditions in the educational process of higher education institutions.
Taking into account gender aspects, we suggest the following specific measures for improvement of the educational process of higher education institutions, namely: creation of equal opportunities for personal expression; expression of activity and initiative of students of both genders; use of active communication of processes on the basis of "gender alignment" (organization of discussions and joint discussions of educational problems and professional practical situations, role-playing games with involvement of students of both genders, use of collective methods and forms of organization of educational and cognitive activity of students in mixed groups); development of skills of gender reflection and partnership between students of different sexes; development of the ability of teachers to ensure gender equality in relation to the students audience.
The innovative nature of modern higher education is determined, in particular, by gender peculiarities in the organization of the educational process. This shall ensure the correspondence between a subjective image of a legal professional formed in the minds of students of different genders and professional realities. Determinativeness