Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants Containing Essential Oil and Their Spreading in Adjara

Adjara (South Kolkheti), located in the southwestern part of Georgia, it is characterized by warm and humid climate and subtropical climate, which is due to the proximity of the Black Sea. Adjara is remarkably rich in the diversity of flora not only in Georgia, but throughout the Caucasus. At present there are 1837 plant species in the flora of Adjara, 72 of which contain essential oils, they are distributed in 22 families and in 52 genera. Plants containing essential oil belongs: Lamiaceae 18 species, Asteraceae-17 types, Apiaceae 9, Cupressaceae-3, Pinaceae-3, Myrtaceae-3. Vital forms are 7 species of trees, 5 species of bushes, 1 species of tree or bushes, 49 species of perennial grass, 6 species of annual grass. According to the geographical coordinates from the sea level up to 0-500 m are spread 36 species containing essential oils, from the sea level up to 500-1000 m 28 species, from the sea level up to 1000 m 2200 m 33 species. According to the origin of species, 48 species are wild relatives, 7 is cultivated as vegetables, 3 species are introduced, 3 species are invasive. According to the percentage content of essential oils there are: 1 species 0,025-0,04%, 4 species 0,1-0.44%, 37 species 0,2-0,4%, 21 Species 0,7-1,0%, 7 species 1,0-3,0%, 3 species 4,0-6,0%. In the studied species the essential oils structure is complex and diverse. Monotarpens are distributed in 10 species, Sesquitterpaces in 5 species, α-pinene in 7 species, β-pinene in 3 species, αand βpinene in 16 species, cineol in 8 species, menthol in 6 species, lemonene in 3 species, in single species are found geraniol, borneol, apiol, thujone, karvakrol and others. In the studied species has been identified 3 prospective invasive species, which are distinguished by great resource, not used Georgia as per officinal medicine, but in their home countries (USA, Japan, China) are valuable medicinal plants, these species produced oils containing quantitative analysis, analysis revealed that, Artemissia vulgaris of upper part of the ground contain 0,9% essential oils, with components korizin, tuion, cineol. Perilla nancinensis of upper part of the ground contain 0,88% essential oils; the main component of the essential oil are perilla-ceton and carophylen, Erygeron canadensis upper part of the ground contain 0,93% essential oils and its main components are limonene and terpineol. It also contains alcaloyds, flavonoids and tanner materials


Introduction
Adjara is located in the south western part of Georgia. It is characterized by warm and humid subtropical climate. Flora of Adjara is unique, diversity and among them are many endemic. The distinguishing nature of the flora determines that Kolkheti was the shelter-refugee of ancient plant species (relics) during the ice age. Adjara also rich in invincible, invasive and wild relatives species. Adjara is a mountainous region and its flora is characterized by vertical lobes of spread. At present, there are 1837 species registered in the floristic region of Adjara, which include 159 families and 742 genera, from them used for medicinal purposes -180 species. Among the medicinal plants, there are plants containing essential oils. They contain up to twenty organic compounds, including hydrocarbon mixtures and oxygen-containing components: alcohol, aldehydes, acute esters, phenols, carbonic acids, oxides and lactones. Essential oils are located in special glands, which are located in leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots. The quantitative content of essential oils from 0.01% to several percent of the plant. Its content depends on the type of plant, on the development stage, on the natural conditions and the plant's age. At the end of vegetation, the content of essential oils are always reduced and collected in the seed. The function of essential oils in the plant is the drawing of insect suppressor, and they regulate the plant's heat transfer. Essential supplements in medicine are used as antibacterial and antimicrobial means, have sedative, spasmolytic and other effects. Thus, the study of plants containing essential 100 Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants Containing Essential Oil and Their Spreading in Adjara oils is one of the most important problems.

Method
The major method of the research is the traditional expedition-excursion method-collecting plants for herbarium and cameral processing. We identified plants according to the plant indexes of Adjara [3.4], Crops international descriptors (International crop descriptors), Peculiarities of crop international collecting (International collecting descriptors) [2.6]. We made the photochemical analysis according to the methods of hydro-distillation and air-liquid chromatography [1].

Results
Plants spreaded in Adjara and contain essential oils are Pterophyta which is belonged by 1 family with 2 races and 2 species; Pinophyta -2 families, 4 races and 6 species; Magnoliophyta -46 races and 64 species of 19 families. The richest families are Lamiaceae -18 species, Asteraceae -17 species, Apiaceae -9 species. 7 species of plant containing essential oil are trees, 1 species -tree or bushes, 5 species of bushes, perennial grasses -49 and annual grasses -6 species.
According to the analysis of flora of Adjara, we have established the fact that 72 types of plants in Adjara contain essential oils [8.9.10]. 7 species of plant containing essential oil are trees, 1 species -tree or bushes, 5 scpecies of bushes, perennial grasses -49 and annual grasses -6 species. With the high diversity of species are distinguished the following families: Lamiaceae -18, Asteraceae -17, Apiaceae -9, Cupressaceae -3, Pinaceae-3, Myrtaceae-3, Polypodiaceae -2, Adoxaceae -2, Fabaceae, Acoraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Cyperaceae, Geraniaceae, Oleaceae, Lauraceae, Oleaceae, Liliaceae, Ruscaceae, Primulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Valerianaceae, Violaceae -1. There are four species containing important peculiarities: Artemissia vulgaris, Erygeron Canadensis, Melissa officinalis, Perilla nancinensis. Their annotated list and meaning is given in the table 1. From the table 1, there is evident that 50 species contain essential oils are medical; they are used as sedative and digestive system of means. 17 -species have decorative quality, 13 -species are used as food, 9 -species are weeds, the essential oils are piling up in the ground parts and in the 38 species -in upper parts of the ground, 12 -in the flowers, 8 -in the leaves and 4 -species in the fruits.

Conclusions
In above mentioned species spread in the flora of Adjara we can distinguish 4 species having important peculiarities: Artemissia vulgaris, Erygeron Canadensis, Melissa officinalis, Perilla nancinensis. In order to study the content of essential oils of these species, we made the qualitative and quantitative photochemical analysis; afterwards we proved that: Melissa officinalis (upper ground part) contain 0,02-0,03% essential oils; Artemissia vulgaris (upper part of the ground) contain 0,5-0,7% essential oils; Perilla nancinensis (upper part of the ground) contain 0,28% essential oils; Erygeron canadensis (upper part of the ground) contain 0,33-0,66% essential oils.