Architectural Cognition Sociology

The aim of this paper is to promote Architectural Sociology keeping cognition in focus. Firstly architecture, cognition and society are considered in their relationships. Secondly associations promoting cognition, its study and extensions of architectural cognition are discussed. This all is made in order to form a clear conceptual basis to understand architectural action in socio-psychological reality. This is tested by using architectural goal setting as example. Application of the frame in solving recent challenges is commented.

How to define cognition is a problem, but we define it in a relatively unproblematic way to consists of ideas related here to architecture, like: Perception, memory, thinking (and architecture) Abstraction, knowledge, information (and architecture) Architectural perception does not differ from general one in principle, but in orientations [16]. The role of memory in architecture has been noted, but also problematized [21]. The word "reminiscences" has been used in design speech [Aalto, 1968 in discussion] and art history to mean the use of loans from other buildings. Thinking is the key element of cognition in rationalistic architecture [8].
Architects have discussed a lot of how to guarantee multi-modal convenience in architecture and prohibit strong reflections or noise [23, p 37-]. Information on the other hand is the same as the elimination of uncertainty, which has central task in all cognitive faculties above. -Rational skills are the first tools to discuss cognition, but rationality is only one sector in cognition. Covering discussion has to consider belief, knowledge, volition, desire, emotion and skills. Information is key term in order to discuss the reception of architecture. In addition to that we have to note trans-informational tasks concerning how architecture transmits information. Many environmental solutions eliminate our uncertainty of how to behave and orientate.

Societal Cognition
The form and content of human societies separates us from other animals. The secret behind this depends on cognitive potentials (Aristotle > rationem particeps). [2, p 16-] Societal cognition has its forms like: Ecological, communal, technological (cognition) Economic, cultural, civilization/ civilized (cognition) Ecological cognition renders it possible to survive in a world in a sustainable manner. Human world has evolved to be an Anthropokosmos [30, p 251]. It consists of community societies [31] challenging the human mind to react to social needs and desires in renewing ways. This catalyzes technological evolution based on typical ways of cognition in the same way than architecture does as "arche-technology" [23].
Humans have developed fiscal ecology called economy, which has its characteristic ways of thinking in good and bad. In normal societal discussion the concept of thinking is most connected to cultural phenomena (above). In culture we may differentiate civilized forms or not of cognition. Crucial question in this evaluation is the dilemma between human or not human [23]. Today it is important to note recent transition toward Information Society [25, p 20-], Electromediative [32] or "Smart Society" [33].

Some Significant Aspects of
Architectural Cognition Sociology, Objectives, Methods, Results

Cognition Societies as Objectives of the Study
The dispersion of our opinion concerning what is cognition forces us to found cognition-associations or mini-societies to promote right ways of thinking [34, p 3, p 5]. Key ideas to note include: (Cognition) ecology, community-networks, technology (Cognition) economy, culture, civilization Cognition is under constant process of change. [7] Some ideas are born whereas other die or decade. The only way to fight for cognition promotion is to network locally and globally for professional assertion [23, p 96-] (CIAM [35]). Cognition technology in the form of mnemonics has its long roots and can be connected today to ICT (Information and Communication Technology) [36].
Cognition has its own economy, which can be traced to the ideas of Occam and Mach [37, p 18-]. In practical level we also know that cognitive tools are targets of exploding business (> Nokia, Microsoft, Apple). The ways how we manage cognition can be called cognition culture, which may reach its civilized forms or not. Today there are a lot of mal-uses of cognitive devices, like in cyber-war, cyber-crime, reckless confusions in digital education etc. Smart societies are from our point of view commune-technological ecosystems utilizing ICT [33].

Study and Methods
Cognition sociological problems can be studied first of all in Cognitonics [38]. From methodological point of view we may separate forms [5][6], like: Statistical, empirical, logical cognition-study Comparative, qualitative, quantitative cognition study Statistics is a natural tool to run brain-study in the same way than behavioral approach in sociology. Brain and mind are, however, not identical research targets. Empirical study of mind is a problem and should be reconnected with the idea of internal experience or experiment (Hutcheson). In this sense we need reflective conception-logics and notification of modal and deontic logic. [39] Cognition is naturally compared as related to variation of content (> Carnap, Hintikka > [40]). These ideas can be studied in qualitative [41] or quantitative information theory [29] discussing the elimination of uncertainty in environmentally related action.
Logical study of cognition starts e.g. from the logic of perception. If some of the cognitive operations above (2.2) hold for target x, and hold for target y, then they hold for target x and y. If cognitive operations hold in the case of target x then they hold for more general targets like x or y. They either hold or not for x. Then if I perceive a house and I perceive a sauna, (then) I perceive a house and sauna. If I remember a red door, then I remember (a red or green door), it is I remember a door. Cognitive operations are thus connected to Propositional (Boolean) Algebras to be presented in Set Theoretical tools in the so-called Stone Space (created). [40] In the case of perception we have the situation of standard scientific experiment. It is however well known that in addition to perception experiments we may have remembering, thought, abstraction/ determination, knowledge acquisition and information gathering experiments as well. In fact for example perception experiment is also information gathering experiment per se in eliminating our uncertainty about the target. [29] The level of logicality of our thinking can be questioned outside "knowledge". Then if I want a red car it is problematic to say that I want a car, because redness may be an obligatory demand. This means that the notification of (often contradictory) desires of the client is demanding.

Cognition Sociology Extended
Architectural Cognition Sociology has its key targets in society. The complex problem means that it is natural to enlarge the study to dimensions like: Sociality, society, state (and cognition) Function, work, politics (and cognition) The study of cognition starts from personality [18]. Personality is built, however, on collective achievements. [23, p 92-93] Society is the primary growth environment for us. State however gives still mainly the rules for societies. In this sense it is customary to speak about Finnish or Scandinavian design and so on. The situation is however changing and we have lost Regional idea [23, p 96] on the altar of not only International Style but also of Global forces, which are often speculative.
Architecture refers only seldom to global problems of Mankind in war and peace. The normal level of thinking in architecture is functional. [11,35,25] In this sense we have to recognize sacral, public, work, free-time, private and profane tasks and challenges to be solved with our creative potentials (above). Work has its special status. Design is work and design for work is decisive because success in it catalyzes success in general [42]. In this sense politics and work politics have key role in directing human potentials to right targets. According to Aristotle the best politics in Politeia picks people to realize their own talents and skills achieved by education.

Definition of Architecture
The type of this study concerning the foundations of Architectural (Gognition) Sociology is Literature study in searching relevant definitions starting from the definition of architecture.
The first definitions of architecture return to the works of Cicero and Vitruv. Cicero characterized [43, p 110] architecture as art "prudens, honestas et utile" it is using values. The first value is in modern terms nearly the same as knowledge-based [24]. Honestas [34, p 3] is used as the most directly connected value with architecture. It includes ideas like durable (noble), beautiful and good. Utile means useful. Here we become close to Vitruvian values firmness, beauty and usefulness [1]. Vitruv himself defined architecture by using as contents the six categories (mentioned above) containing terms that were known already by Socratic tradition (> Xenophon). The form of the Virtruvian definition is close to the self-definition of rhetoric (> Ad Herennium).
The way to define architecture survived trough Medieval Time in the usages of certain monasteries. [44, p 59] Renaissance was critical in relation to the formal definition but admired the characterization of architecture with the three values mentioned above. Since renaissance Vitruvian terminology was used in miscellaneous way when several masters tried to make definitions of their own [45].
Modernism started a completely new phase in defining architecture. Again many agents presented their personal ideas [35]. Eliel Saarinen can be mentioned among the few who has utilized the Vitruvian definition in his literal works [28]. Especially interesting and important novel definitions then included those of Continental and American Schools (below).
August Perret defines architecture as: "The art of ordering space, which expresses itself in structures" [29, p 1]. Frank Lloyd Wright [34, p 141] uses expression "Architecture is the scientific art of making structures express(ing) ideas. Both formulations are relatively close to each other. They lead us to consider architecture as symbolic expression [30,3]. Alvar Aalto [23, p 50] mainly close to Wright in ideology takes his position and surprisingly criticizes the idea to subordinate architecture to science. He says that architecture is "still the same great synthetic process … task to combine thousands of decisive human functions, and it remains architecture". Here we come close to the idea of Cicero that architecture is skill/ art. In fact Wright comes in his most personal definition also close to the process view. According to him [34, p 257] "Architecture is that great living creative spirit which….creates according to the nature of man, and his circumstances as they change." The idea of process view links architecture nicely to cognition, which is characterized in dictionaries as mental process or process of knowing.
The idea of change is here essential in the extent that the definition of architecture itself changes. Architecture is multi-definitional. [46, p 16] When we use architecture in highly abstract sense and in combinations like the architecture of knowledge or cognition in general, it is best to return to the Vitruvian categorical definition. [47, p 33] In addition to that it is possible to utilize more personal ideas depending on the case.
According to Aristotle Politics is architectural skill in the sense that it like architecture "defines or orders" other arts.
[48 line 1094a26, (p 137)] In this sense definition of architecture has deep cognitive content and can help us even in defining or "ordering" cognition.

Definition of Cognition as a Problem
The definition of cognition is hard task like the definition of thinking as well. It is possible to say that thinking is ordering of mind, like architecture is ordering of space [7, p 25]. One obstacle for more specific definition is that the definitions have to be made with the aid of thinking itself. One model for the definitions in general is offered by the very old definitions of architecture and rhetoric. They are made by using the most important constituents. In this study we have noted cognition to include perception, memory, thinking, abstraction, knowledge acquisition and information gathering. This definition can be improved for some special reasons. Thus it is time to ask "is cognition also multi-definitional". The motivation of our definition here has mainly been to make architecture and cognition comparable in discussion.
In cognitive (con + gnosis) study the notion of cognition (con + agere) is often central because it opens our view to rationality.
Architectural thinking is a specific term [49, p 1-, 47, p 20-] but is not very well articulated as a concept. One way to consider the various definitions and sub-definitions needed in architecture is to utilize ontology. This has especially been practiced in Urban Ontology or "Towntology" [50,51] discussing definitions needed in urban planning [52, p 13], building and artifact design.

Definition of the Society
Definition of the society is important in architecture because architects form, order and "define" urban, built and artificial "structures". Discussion of societies and the need to see its constituents has long roots from Aristotle [53, line 1252a20] to our days.
In many cases the key constituent of society seems to be order of action or law whereas in architecture it is order of environment and in cognition order of concepts. [ In philosophy the concrete definition of society or state is considered mainly too hard and definitions are teleological discussing the goals involved, like auto-teleology, security or happy life. [54] Modern systems philosophy has taken seriously the challenge of exact definition [57, p 407-]. In this paper we have considered society to consist of ideas, like ecology, community, [58] technology, economy, culture and civilization. This definition makes architecture, cognition and society as concepts all comparable together.
In sociology we have also the environment-independent idea of sociality as key tendency of inhabitants. This idea has levels of consideration [ [Aalto, in discussion 1963] but in the case of architecture this action is bound to environment via real architecture. In this work some values, discussed below, become crucial.

The Recognition of Security
The recognition of security as key idea of architecture was mentioned already in the law of Hammurabi. Vitruv mentions the more concrete idea of durability but discusses also sustenance. Today it is possible to generalize the ideas of health and safe environment under key world Sustainable Development (> change above). [60] Health has been taken as key concept in Architectural theory especially as regards the so called Organic Architecture [55]. This wisdom has been acute during Industrialism and especially today due to ecological problems, like pollution and climate change.
-Architecture has to transmit information about safe behavior in traffic and habitation. The building base should be safe and also special healing institutions are concerns of architecture. In normal planning goals like security, health, convenience and moderate beauty are often mentioned.

The Recognition of Beauty
The recognition of beauty has been mixed to that of goodness in antiquity. [61, p 184] The separation process culminated during Enlightenment when aesthetics got its name and the study of art was divided to consist of the new aesthetics and earlier poetics. [62] Beauty may be studied in architecture at three levels including perception modalities [20], aesthetic modifications and order aesthetics. Order aesthetics has been studied in scientific sense in early cognitive psychology (> Wundt/ [63], p 60]). According to it the experience or recognition of beauty in nature or as intentional goal is a function of order and complexity (O/C) [29]. This idea can be mixed to other levels of aesthetics. In basic level it means that we have problems, like: Visual, acoustic, olfactory (O/C) Gustatory, haptic, kinesthetic (O/C) The notification of synesthesia makes things more complicated. In total synesthesia all six factors count, but in certain sense we have two to the power six cases. For example music in Gothic cathedral is a question of audio-visual experience. Suitable amount of tar in a balcony of a Finnish sauna is part of multi-modal sauna experience (e.g. odor + color). In modern urban context the odor of tar is surprising, but it belongs to the old tradition.

The Recognition of Utility
Safety and aesthetic pleasure are preconditions for using environment in a useable way. The teleological spectrum of utility or quality of environment (> city, building, artifact setting) is complex target. In the study of architectural quality we may find factors [64], like: Technical, experienced, usability (quality) Ideal, formal, optimal (quality) Then technical quality means satisfaction of certain determined criteria like in many forms of sport. Experienced quality is a complex problem because it depends on internal factors. It correlates to aesthetic problems. Then we have to note that beauty is only one modification existing as opposite to ugliness. Personal history and expectations influence to experience. Usability goals are not only technical but also functional [59, p 14-] and concern the use of environment as regards social formations from persons to institutions.
Architecture is related to normative action and its preparation. To be able to make future solutions one has to notice ideals of culture. These ideals like goals of the practical situation can be formalized by making clarifications and accounts. Then in multi-optimal action like architecture a feasible solution notices both types of demands. (> Perret/ [29, p 1]) One-sided emphasis of quality criteria leads easily to constructivism, aestheticism [23], functionalism [25, p 7-] or idealism, formalism and rationalism.

Summa Summarum
It is possible to give operative definitions to things or processes like architecture, cognition or society. In order to combine constituent view and process view it is possible to redefine those things at higher conceptual level. Then the constituents involved are [28,55,65,36]: (Past, present, future state) Essence, aesthetics/ experience, significance and value Structure, function, behavior (Architecture, cognition, society) In this system the dynamics of processes and the real or more fictive history [66,67] is discussed under the notions of the first row. Essence presents the natural conception of human mind as regards the target on last row. Intensions are born in experience and refer also to future in expectations.
Rational concept formation starts from structural [68] notions, functional analysis and consideration of detailed behavior (> exact statistics) [29].
In our approach our operative concepts have been made by giving structure to essential dimensions. The transition to process ontology renders it possible to notice the results of Transformation Sociology. [

Applications of our Frame to Recent
Study-Problems and Future Work

The Simulation of Architectural or Social Space
In architecture we have to orientate to past, present and future, but future is the most critical concern [28,55].
In the study of future space the main tool is simulation in laboratory conditions [73,74,75]. In such settings image of the space is for example projected inside a (geodetic) cupola in analogical or digital means. When using audiovisual tools, the effect is relatively good, because the visual sense already transmits environmental information so well [76,77]. Architecture is however a multi-modal phenomenon. Simulation of kinesthesia is partly possible with the aid of movies (CINERAMA). In any case there are problems in simulating odor and temperature or wind pressure and rain.
When we have realistic simulation tool of space as concrete or virtual model the experience should be studied with other settings. Today brain study offers tools to register the activation of brain in experimental situations. The study of brain activation works well in music or in film when the study person or group sits under fixed settings. In the future portable brain registration systems are most probably available with practical price. Then the activation of brain can be studied also in realistic experience of architecture in statistically significant mode. One important study dimension is of course the experience of pleasure (> aesthetics).
ICT of today renders it possible to simulate by digital means high-resolution environments. Human perception and understanding is based, however, on Gestalt phenomena [20]. Today 3D technology can be combined to brain study. Then one of the key problems is to see emergent phenomena on the basic sensations [78] as connected to art study [79]. The idea of emergence can be evidently applied into architecture and its social dimensions. [80] In architecture the emergent levels of the artifact production mean that simulation has levels, like [28,30]: Energy, form, tool (simulation) Goal setting, expression, idea (simulation)

The Gap between the Brain Study and the Mind Study as Related to Recognition
In addition to the simulation of past, present and future artifacts in architecture we have to react to the various emergent levels of the whole world and note corresponding ontology [29]. Cognitive theory of architecture [81, p 19-25] studies architecture-man relation, on the levels of artifact generation. Then we need in addition some contact surface on the hierarchy of sciences [29, p 26], like: (Architectural cognition) physics, biology, psychology (Architectural cognition) sociology, semiology, anthropology We discuss here the fourth form. Cognition Sociology is today a large body of knowledge [82] and it may be interesting to invent what is said about architecture under this umbrella [69,83,84]. Here we discuss architectural cognition from the viewpoint of architectural sociology [3,4,5,6], which restricts the scope more rapidly. So we have to understand what architectural or spatial cognition study is in general or under social focus. [85,86] The main frame in cognitive study is psychology. Then the relevant dimensions of cognition study between mental and neural dimensions include [69, p 2] [78, p 36-37] [compare 87]: Collective consciousness, personal consciousness, mental processing Neural processing, physical phenomena, quantumphenomena Architecture is a dynamic process and basic study of cognition offers only starting points for understanding what is going on in the minds of the participants. The first problem field is the cognition of an architect, which is embedded into a continuous flow of recognition between automated [41, p 139-142] [29, p 24, p 46-47] and creative recognition consisting, according to our theory of: Reception, remembering, rethinking Re-abstraction, re-knowing, re-information Architectural recognition starts from standard reception in the sense of physiology and art theory (both). Remembering in architecture is also repetitive and iterative process. [78, p 34-35] We have to go back to our thought also in a chained and cyclic way in our dialogue with architectural environment.
Abstractions at the level of art are creative and based on abductive insights [88, p 29]. Earlier "knowledge" has to be corrected and new information flows are mixed both in the experience and active making of architecture.
The complexity of Design knowledge [80] means that design is performed in practice on the level of tacit knowledge [94,95] especially in its explorative function. Then the co-operation of eye-brain/ mind-hand is the key of human expression behind drafting or digital processing. Digital design and AI have set new demands for design study to be solved in Designology [96]. Under this frame it is possible to combine the ideas of physical space and mental sense of place [97,98,99].
Design is based on alternation of signs and their concretization. In this process symbol-level signs are important manifestations of emergent and Gestalt phenomena (above) [30,3,88,100,101]. The recognition of symbols and architectural works in interaction is central cognitive skill to be studied in art related Architectural Cognition Sociology. Then the definition of architecture is relatively unproblematic. Problems arise especially when we think what cognition or for example thinking really is. [102,103] Conceptions vary as regards how much knowledge-related thinking should dominate other mental faculties [81, p 19] [87,104,105,106]. In this sense we have to separate but also combine the technical and human dimension as possible first of all in systems sciences [107,108,109,110,111,63].

Synopsis
A synthesis between architectural cognitive and societal dimension can be found from the posthumous writings of architect and Bauhaus-teacher Hannes Meyer (1889Meyer ( -1954 [112, p 204-]. According to Meyer as written between 1936 -1939: "Architecture is a Gestalt-related process of the social life of a society." The relation of architecture and cognition is represented with the aid of the idea of an architect: "Architect is an "order-" and Gestalt-maker of the life-process of his community." In fact these ideas are in harmony with the society Sociology and Anthropology 6(7): 579-588, 2018 585 concept of Meyer coherent with our own (OTO) proposal via interpretation:

Social system Community
Technology Technology

Economy Economy
Life content Culture

Collective class Civilization
These ideas are found independently and thus the tableaux above gives strong support to our (originally hypothetical) approach to understand society as environment dependent community, related to certain definite and essential factors. Meyer discussed his ideas of architecture, cognition and society under the title of Architectural Education, which term via learning relates clearly to intelligence and talent. Here we come to the 2000 years old start text of Vitruv [1], opened with the chapter "The Education of an Architect". When the fundamental ideas presented above can be understood in their full depth, then Architectural Cognition Sociology can develop in both in factual and value related levels [

Conclusions
We have shown what Architectural Cognition Sociology is in its big picture. Society is the basic unit to consider interaction of architecture and social activities. This concern can be deepened to personal aspects of cognition and toward global problem formulations. The main field of application of the theory lies on the side of Information, Electromediative and Smart Societies. These forms of societies challenge us to understand new forms of AI and ICT related design. Ideas of architecture, cognition and society are however relatively permanent in spite of surface and up-to-date phenomena.