Proposing a Managerial Model to Higher Education Sector: Lifelong Educational Experiences of Overseas Students on Impediments

Lifelong education is a process including positive and negative experiences at the same time. Negative experiences mostly appear as impediments to the overseas students. They need to overcome impediments they experience throughout their education. The paper discussed the key findings of a two-year research project for identifying the impediments and their frequency faced in the higher education sector and for proposing a managerial model. This case study adopted a descriptive methodology under qualitative research paradigm. Data were collected through focus-group-interviews (FGIs) and in-depth-interviews (I-DIs). Focus-group-members (FGMs) were 50-OSs studying various departments and various universities in NC. I-DIs were taken place with 75-different-overseas-university-students (dOSs) studying at various departments of universities in NC. The impediments are identified on mobility, adaptation, internationalization and maturation which are strongly affected by the feelings and affections, changes, irregularities and barriers. The managerial model is based on managing accommodation and transportation; managing studentship; managing student health; managing students' welfare and managing being worldwide.


Introduction
The current research paper explores the findings of a two-year research project, which inquired into the experiences of overseas undergraduate and graduate students at five universities in North Cyprus. The research reported the censorious effects on overseas students' mobility, intercultural adaptation, internationalization and maturation investigated how these effects influenced them during their stay in North Cyprus and proposed a managerial model on impediments and frequency of impediments OSs face throughout their higher education studies in NC. Experiencing and/or even having sense of negative experiences, hindrances and/or obstructions causing failure to progress of the students are considered as impediments to the overseas students.
Impediments to higher education sector have been defined as the hindrance or obstruction (Oxford Dictionaries, n.d) on educational experiences of university students from abroad as part of their lifelong learning. Impediments may block progress and/or development of the overseas students. Therefore, it is worth to describe the impediments and frequency of impediments for overseas students to be able to plan, facilitate, make progress and maintain development of the students in terms of their lifelong learning. There were 47,070 students from Turkey in NC and 27,139 students from other countries and at fall semester in 2016-2017 academic year. The ratio of whole population of university students in NC (population of students from North Cyprus, as well as population of students from Turkey and from other countries which were named as the overseas students) to overseas students was 49,5% in the abovementioned academic year (The Higher Education Department of Ministry of National Education and Culture, personal communication, September 11, 2017).
Intercultural experience has included both national and international contexts and has suggested interaction of cultures (King and Baxter Magolda, 2005). Intercultural experience as a process for transforming learning gives rise to growing and developing personally (Anderson, 1994;Furnham, 2004). As overseas students are exposed to different cultures and different cultural environments, as well as meet different people due to the exposure of the culture and its environment, they may adapt to become of the member of the culture, the environment and may behave like the people they meet in a gradual way. On the other hand, overseas students may not feel to modify their certain aspects of their cultural beliefs and values (Gu, Schweisfurth and Day, 2010), therefore they may not integrate and abandon for the recent culture, environment and people they have met (Paulston, 1992;Byram, 2003) and may develop their way of expression to meet their social needs (Kim, 2005). Overseas students react to intercultural stress through adjusting psychologically and adapting socio-culturally (Leung, Pe-Puab and Kamilowicz, 2006;Li and Gassner, 2005;Mori, 2000;Ward and Kennedy, 1993;Ward and Kennedy, 1996).
On the other hand, lifelong learning is a process covering institutional fact. Social institutions promote lifelong learning rather than the individual (Billett, 2010). Lifelong education and higher education has close relationship and cover three levels which are learning process, creating learner's identities and having perception the connection between learning and the wider world (Brooks and Everett, 2008). The current study has contributed to describing the perceptions of overseas students regarding their university-life quality in NC. Their lifelong experiences give rise to describe impediments they experience and offer a managerial model to higher education sector. Lifelong education covers both pre-service and in-service education. In this sense, the study has been important for the higher education sector being able to plan and improve the life quality of overseas students. Similarly, it enables and demands educators as well as higher education institutions to value intercultural experiences of both local and foreign students in NC. Importance of proposing a managerial model by identifying the intercultural experiences of overseas students regarding factors and frequency of factors contributing to impediments throughout their undergraduate and graduate lives in a foreign context is considered importance because a management model is an act of opportunity to make choices. In this sense, OSs can be able to make their sets of choices on how they were managed in NC. In a managing model, key stakeholders of the higher education sector, including members of Ministry of Education, committee members from Higher Education Planning, Supervision, Accreditation and Coordination Committee, and managers at universities, need to define their objectives, motivate the effort, coordinate activities in harmony and distribute the resources in balanced in the higher education sector. Realizing its aim, this study has sought answers to the following research question: What do the overseas students report about impediments and frequency of impediments they face throughout their university-lives in NC?

Method
The current study has aimed at describing the perceptions of overseas students studying at various departments at various universities in Northern Cyprus on impediments and frequency of impediments for proposing a managerial model to higher education sector. It adopted a descriptive methodology. Under qualitative paradigm, case study has been used as the research design.
15-dOSsfU1 different-overseas-university-students from University-1(dOSsfU1); 15-dOSsfU2; 15-dOSsfU3; 15-dOSsfU4; and 15-dOSsfU5 participated to the second phase of the study to identify the common impediments. Then, the perceptions of OSs were identified regarding frequency of factors contributing to impediments throughout their university lives in NC using FGIs, which were conducted to the initial 50-FGMs(OSsfU1-OSsfU5). Semi-structured interview form-1 for FGMs, OSsfU1-OSsfU5 were produced and implemented to identify the perceptions of OSs regarding factors contributing to impediments throughout university lives of them in NC.
After identification of factors contributing to impediments, unstructured interview form-1 for participants called dOSsfU1-dOSsfU5, were produced and implemented to identify perceptions of OSs regarding common factors contributing to impediments throughout university lives of them in NC. Throughout the process, data analysis results of FGIs and I-DIs were compared and then common points were regarded as common impediments.
Then, frequency of each common impediment was identified through FGIs with OSsfU1-OSsfU5 to find out the frequency of factors contributing to impediments throughout university lives of OSs in NC.
Interpretive approach was used for qualitative data collection. Semi-structured-interviews and I-DIs were applied as part of data collection methods. Data collected through interpretive approach were analyzed using content analysis method. Content analysis includes identifying, coding, categorizing, classifying and labeling the main occurring themes in the data (Miles & Huberman 1994;Patton, 2002).

Trustworthiness
The experts in the field of educational sciences reviewed 154 Proposing a Managerial Model to Higher Education Sector: Lifelong Educational Experiences of Overseas Students on Impediments research instruments and data each time. Based on the reviewers' comments, the ambiguous and uncertain questions were redesigned and the complex/unclear items were re-worded for enhancing content validity. Also, the ineffective and non-functioning questions were either removed or re-shaped. Also, these experts face validated the questions. The dependability of the results obtained from the data using the open-ended and semi-structured interview forms were provided through the use of the techniques called the investigator's position, triangulation and audit trial (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). For the current study, the-status-of-the-researcher (as an instructor, researcher's social position increased the possibility of reaching the most appropriate participants) and the-choice-of-informants (the researcher described the participants clearly; therefore, any independent researcher who might desire to replicate the study, could do it very easily) and the-social-situations-and-conditions (the study was conducted in academic environments and situation. Therefore, the social situation and condition was fairly constant and uniform to the participants); the-analytic-constructs-and-premises (main terms, constructs, definitions, units of analysis and premises were delineated and their underlying assumptions were elaborated explicitly) and the-methods-of-data-collection-and-analysis (data were collected using semi-structured and unstructured interview forms. Methods and thematic interpretations were explored clearly) were applied for managing the external reliability) (Zohrabi, 2013). Also, internal reliability for the present study has been elaborated using low inference descriptors (it is difficult to observe factors contributing to factors and frequency of identified factors impeding OSs' university lives in NC. Elaborated descriptions and explanations by OSsfU1-OSsfU5 and dOSsfU1-dOSsfU5 enhance the internal reliability and any independent researchers/observer any time can observe and replicate these factors rather easily) and having mechanically recorded data (the interviews were recorded and preserved. Any independent researcher can easily implement the reanalysis or replication of the data) (Nunan, 1999).

Findings
The research revealed the factors contributing to factors impeding overseas students and frequency of these impediments throughout their undergraduate and graduate studies in NC in terms of their learning in an academic environment, their adaptation to the cultural and academic environment and their personal growth. Key findings were given under 4 related themes: (1) Mobility, (2) Adaptation, (3) Internationalization, and (4) Maturation. Each theme was affected by sub-themes called (i) Feelings and Affections, (ii) Changes, (iii) Irregularities and (iv) Barriers.

Theme 1: Mobility
OSs face experiences in terms of mobility impediments. They face impediments on mobility in terms of feelings and affections, changes, irregularities and barriers. The sub-theme on feelings and affections (coded 432 times and always happens) base from paralyzing whereas the sub-theme on changes (coded 456 times and always happens) base from improving English language skills, better study conditions, acquiring specialist knowledge and career opportunities. Similarly, the sub-theme on irregularities (coded 389 times and often happens) base from non-equipped houses/flats to hire and the sub-theme on barriers (coded 546 times and often happens) base from transportation and expensive tickets to fly home regularly.
Overseas students agree that they feel that they feel paralyzed upon arriving North Cyprus. Most of the participants say that it was their first leave of their homes due to their studies in NC. Others admit that although they are studying in NC through years, they feel paralyzed because NC is not their own country. They do not feel that they belong to the country. Some qualitative data from OS students regarding feelings and affections sub-theme on mobility theme were given below. Overseas students reveal that their most common reason for having mobility based changes constitute the reason that they would find better opportunities to improve their English language skills, benefit from better study conditions and acquire their specialist knowledge. Improved language skills on English have been considered a fundamental part of conducting research and improving the quality of learning process for acquiring specialist knowledge. Their career opportunities are improved when they develop their language skills, and get benefitted from the better study conditions and acquire specialist knowledge. Some qualitative data regarding the issue are presented below. Hence, OS1 agreed that: Many Hence, OS9 revealed that: Dormitory owners do not declare any kind of rules for the students staying at dormitories. They just take their money when time comes. Some students bring their girlfriends to the boy's dormitory; they spend hours and hours alone in their room locked. Some students take alcohol outside and/or inside the dormitory. They shout and fight with others. We do not have a door-closing time. I observe most students come very late to the dormitory with their girlfriends who are all drunk and go into their rooms. No one controls such kind of irregularities.
Nearly all of the participants agree that they need to wait hours and hours for buses of the university to arrive on the campus because there is not any established transportation system in NC. This makes them wait and wait for hours. More than half of the participants agree that the bus line has been mostly changed without announcing it to the students. Therefore, they may not be able to reach their studies in time. In addition to this, overseas students feel that tickets to and from NC are very expensive. They are unable to buy tickets whenever they desire. Most of them live on shared places; therefore their families cannot be able to visit them regularly. Some qualitative data regarding the barrier on transportation and expensive tickets to fly home are presented below.
OS3 revealed that: My university does not provide regular bus services to the city center. I need to walk for a long way to reach the bus stop.

Theme 2: Adaptation
OSs experience adaptation impediments in terms of feelings and affections, changes, irregularities and barriers. The sub-theme on feelings and affections (coded 412 times and often happens) base from emotional distress and change in personal affection state whereas the sub-theme on changes (coded 443 times and always happens) base from language, culture, religious; student health insurance; and health system. The sub-theme on irregularities (coded 390 times and often happens) base from sleeping disorders; unhealthy-environment and attendance problems. Similarly, the sub-theme on barriers (coded 321 times and usually happens) based from contacting with local students; financing their studies and unhealthy environment.
More than half of the overseas students reveal that they feel alienated emotionally and they believe that they change in personal affection. They agreed that upon arriving NC, they were feeling helpless at first and had a feeling that they could not be able to manage their lives as a university student. They need to survive in NC, such as they need to supply their food, establish a healthy environment, pay their bills, supply their accommodation and/or transportation as well as establish their network. However, they feel relaxed, overcome their fears, trust themselves through time and take more responsibility of their lives, which changes them personally. Some qualitative data regarding feelings and affections on adaptation dimension are presented below. Hence, OS27 admitted that: Upon arriving to the host country, the participants felt language, cultural and religious based changes in their lives. They also suffer from health insurance. At first they feel excited to immense themselves in the new language, culture and religious based changes, however they suffer from communication in the new language, new culture and new religion. Overseas students from Turkey mostly do not suffer from language and religion based changes, but overseas students from other countries suffer from these changes very much. Turkish students agree that they may not be surviving with the accent the Turkish Cypriots have. However, students from other countries reveal that they have limited places to pray, they are unable to understand and comprehend Turkish very well. Both Turkish students and students from other countries feel culture shock for some time. Besides this, more than half of the students with foreign languages cannot explain themselves especially when they apply to the hospitals. They complain that most of the doctors cannot understand the reason why they apply to the hospital. More than half of the overseas students emphasized that the doctors, especially at the state hospitals in NC refuse to touch on the foreigners to see what they suffer from when it is needed. Similarly, more than half of the overseas students believe that they do not smell and live a healthy environment. Some qualitative data regarding language, culture, religious and health issues on adaptation dimension are given below. OS14 admitted that: I am Christian. When I first arrived to the island, I had nowhere to rite. Time has passed and we have a place to rite. This is nice. Muslim people go to the mosques and we have a place to go. We have religious and language and cultural based differences with the Turkish Cypriot society. He got fainted due to the very higher fewer he had.
The doctor did not touch on or cure him to understand this. We were asked to pay some money even at the state hospitals. State hospitals in the world in general do not ask for money when you have a student ID card. In NC, we need to pay for everything, bits and pieces.
Most of the overseas students agree that they need to work for overcoming financial difficulties they have. Some of them are scholarship students, whom also require to work. Most of the students working in some places after lecture times may have some sleeping disorders. Most of them feel that they have attendance problems due to the unattained working conditions in NC. Additionally, most of the overseas students believe that cleaning the environment is not managed very well. They complain about the environmental problems they face. They smell and see garbage in front of their living places. They believe that they are not offered a healthy environment. Besides this, overseas students need to contact with local students and local society. Local students and local community mostly feel alienated from the overseas students. Nearly all of the participants agree that whenever they need to contact with locals, they feel shock at first. Through time, they establish their network, but locals mostly refuse to be in this network. Some qualitative data from the OSs regarding barriers on adaptation dimension are presented below. Thus, OS30 thought that: The municipality here generally does not collect garbage on time. Some kind of smell of food surplus attracts cats and dogs in the street and they attack the garbage. The uncollected garbage means torn garbage scattered all over the street till the municipality's garbage truck comes. It smells really bad for all day, all night. This is really bad for our health. We smell bad garbage and mosquitoes bite us. We live in an unhealthy environment.
On the other hand, OS31 admitted that: I read daily local newspapers in NC. I see news on the food containing drug residue. Local people suffer from the increasing cancer cases throughout the country. I wonder whether there is a positive relationship between the food containing drug residue, which is easy to buy everywhere, and the increasing cancer cases throughout the country. I have not seen or heard any kind of research carried out on this topic especially, but I believe there is a positive relationship between them. This means that the producers of fresh vegetables and fruits should be inspected very closely and the drugs causing residues should be sold under close governance. As far as I understand, producers can buy and use these drugs easily. It is not their concern because I believe they produce for themselves and their families as well as for the others.
Hence, OS47 agreed that: I am a scholarship student, but I need to work because I am married with a child. My wife is a student, too. students in the class. It is generally ok, they arrange the classes according our working schedules. It sometimes may not happen due to clashes. I failed due to the clashes last term. I got NG (non-grade due to attendance problem) from that lesson. I need to finance the lesson again.

Theme 3: Internalization
OSs have internalization impediments in terms of feelings and affections, changes, irregularities and barriers. The sub-theme on feelings and affections (coded 311 times and often happens) based from acceptance process and integration process whereas the sub-theme on changes (coded 538 times and always happens) base from institutional and curricular standards. Similarly, the sub-theme on irregularities (coded 389 times and often happens) base from shaping the world wide knowledge based society and promoting scientific exchanges. The sub-theme on barriers (coded 419 times and often happens) based from increased population of overseas students.
Nearly all of the participants agree that they face acceptance and integration process till they establish their academic network. While establishing their network, most of the participants believe that the acceptance and integration process take place in a difficult way for them. Some qualitative data from the OSs regarding feelings and affections on internalization dimension are presented below. Similarly, more than half of the participants reveal that they experience changes basing upon institution and curriculum. Most of the overseas students have obeyed various standards regarding institution and curriculum before they get acceptance from a university in NC. Their difficulty regarding the issue is on the quality of the institutions, teaching staff, the curriculum and research based activities as well as level of internalization of the quality issue. Some qualitative data regarding changes on internalization theme are presented below. Hence, OS49 admitted that: I was studying in an American based curriculum for my undergraduate. On the other hand, nearly all of the participants believe that they face irregularities on shaping the world-wide knowledge based society and promoting scientific exchanges. Some qualitative data regarding irregularities on internalization dimension are given below. Thus, OS50 said that: I am a postgraduate student. I need to write articles.
My knowledge regarding my field should shape the world and promote scientific exchanges. I applied to scholarship to an exchanging program on my field in the United Kingdom. I was refused due to the level of articles I have produced so far. The professors there expect us to write and publish in the most distinguished journals, where we mostly get refuse. What I produce is the indicator how I am raised in NC. I graduated from NC universities so far. It is not only me getting refusal from the most popular universities in my field, I have got some friends like this.
Similarly, OS38 admitted that: As postgraduate students, we need to come together with our colleagues all over the world. Our knowledge of the field shapes our future. We 160 Proposing a Managerial Model to Higher Education Sector: Lifelong Educational Experiences of Overseas Students on Impediments need to promote scientific exchanges. This is not like that with the graduates from NC universities in general. After I graduate, I will be one of teaching staff of my university, but other universities in NC even won't accept me with my degree.
Unfortunately, this is what we face after graduation.
If someone looks at the background of the teaching staff of each university in NC, he or she will see that the teaching staff is the graduates of the same university. I think there is something we miss here. Universities need to be open to the teaching staff from all over the world. They should be at advanced level that internationally recognized teaching staffs prefer to teach at universities in NC. This is necessary for promoting scientific knowledge, exchanges and getting improvements throughout the world. We should not play hide and seek. Universities in NC should be at the international level, but most of them are not at that level yet.
Also, nearly all of the participants say they face barriers basing upon the increased population of overseas students. Some qualitative data regarding barriers on internalization dimension are presented below. OS42 revealed that: Local people generally do not prefer to contact with the students from other countries. This is not the reason that they do not like to contact, but there is an increased population of students from all over the world. There are nearly 15 private universities of which at least 5 of them have more than 10,000 students. There must be nearly 100,000 students in NC, I guess, which means nearly 1/3 of the population of NC. It is not easy to handle and plan educational, societal, cultural, traffic-based, student-based issues for such a big population. Each university tries its best to deal with these issues alone, but when it is governmental based decisions, they stuck. Governmental people, such as the Minister of Education, need to take some effective decisions for solving issues. But, government does not have such kind of mission as far as I observe. They have an institution for supervising to the higher education in NC, but it is not as active as it should be.

Theme 4: Maturation
OSs experience maturation impediments in terms of feelings and affections, changes, irregularities and barriers. The sub-theme on feelings and affections (coded 359 times and usually happens) based from social development whereas the sub-theme on changes (coded 391 times and sometimes happen) based from academic autonomy. Similarly, the sub-theme on irregularities (coded 402 times and usually happens) base from insufficient fundamental social conditions whereas the sub-theme on barriers (coded 410 times and sometimes happens) base from employment conditions.
More than half of the participants reveals that they feel barriers on social development. They believe that they want to make international friends especially for improving their oral skills in a foreign language. Some qualitative data regarding the issue are presented below. OS17 admitted that: I am an overseas student in NC. I am trying my best to develop socially. Local students, students from other countries mostly contact with the people and/or students from their society. There are international students in NC. It is a place where we can make international friends. I have got some international friends, not many. We go out together, meet people from other cultures, but we just say 'hello' to each other when we meet. We generally do not interfere each other.
Similarly, OS35 agreed that: As soon as I arrived in NC three years ago, I made some international friends. Through time, I realized that our interests, priorities are different. Now, when we meet in a café, we just say 'hi' to each other. That's it. Interests, priorities, and so on actually impede our social development. I realized that it is similar with other friend groups. Each group has students from one culture or society. I am with my network and they are with their network. We do not interfere each other. However, there are lots of overseas students studying in NC universities, and I believe it is a big chance to develop socially and internationally, but it is not like that (OS35).
Additionally, nearly all of the participants feel changes basing upon academic autonomy. Some qualitative regarding academic autonomy on maturation theme are presented. OS44 agreed that: Academic autonomy has close relationship to be free in producing science. Facilities, office hours etc. are our fundamental needs. But we are lack of them. Such kind of things de-motivates me. If the university owners in NC want to survive at the international arena, they should maintain their social conditions within the system the international universities globally have. Otherwise, they are kept apart from the international level. This means that as students of these universities, we are also kept apart from the international level. Being an international requires being in a system. Managing an internationally recognized university requires having a model through identifying the students' needs, interests in terms of the institution and in terms of the university industry. There should be globally internalized standards in order not to be insufficient for the best practices and there should be guidelines leading globally the best service quality.
Additionally, OS1 revealed that: I observe many overseas students who are married with a child or some children. They are students. I wonder how they earn their money, and how they handle the living conditions. It should not be easy. Social conditions such as overcoming social relationships, getting acceptance from the local people and local students, working conditions and studying conditions are not easy to handle, I think. I wonder how they feed their children and pay educational needs of their children? (OS1).
More than half of the participants face barriers on employment conditions. The participants reveal that they may need to work after class hours, but the conditions offered to them are not satisfied. The issue they complain is that they may work as an assistant at the university, and/or as a part-time at a place. However, work conditions are not at the level as it should be. Some qualitative data regarding the employment conditions on maturation dimension are presented below. Hence, OS40 believed that: However, it is their duty to help the teaching staff when they do not have sufficient time to do it. I am sometimes asked for help from the teaching staff. However, the chair always asks them to do their photocopying issues by themselves, not asking the teaching assistants, but they do not behave in that way. I am supposed to work 15 hours, because I am still a postgraduate student. The reality we face is not like that. I once refused to do a personal job of a teaching staff, the chair called me to warn. I told the chair that it was not my duty to do the personal duties of the teaching staff; the chair told me that it is ok. I think the teaching staff lied about me while complaining.
Hence, OS33 said that: I am a married overseas woman. I need to work to earn my family's living. I will give birth 6 months later. My husband also works. I work as a sales person in a clothing shop. I am happy there. It is a tiring job, but I need to work, so I bear the conditions. I sometimes cannot follow my lessons. I generally cannot attend my classes because of the work conditions and due to my pregnancy. It is similar with my husband. We talked to the teaching staff. They told us that we should sit for the exams only. This is good for us, but I think there is something wrong with this. I come to NC to study but I am not obliged to attend the lessons, I do not have any attendance problem. I can work with my student ID card. No one asks me whether I am legal here or not. The job owner just wants me to work. I pay my money to the university accountant, and I am free here. I don't know whether it will have good results in the future.

Conclusions and Discussion: Managing Changes for Proposing the Managerial Model
Lifelong learning and institutional development have positive relationships. Hence, it requires human and societal development to promote opportunities (Billett, 2010). Lifelong education appears to be continuous. Being an overseas student in a foreign country is part of the lifelong education. Adaptation process for overseas students appears from the very beginning upon arriving to the host country. Having an increasing level of success at adaptation process gives rise to continuous success at school and professional school life. Hence, the more level of adaptation of overseas students to the new culture and the society, the more level of success they have. Intercultural adaptation is an intercultural learning, facilitating understanding the learning experience, having self-knowledge, being aware of the others and having values and global view (Gill, 2007). A study conducted in Cyprus on international students' intercultural experiences identifies impediments on interactional barriers, affectionate, strategies to survive and strategies to improve (Georgiou and Savvidou, 2014). Similarly, language and study problems are the identified two difficulties faced by overseas students in the Australian context (Samuelowicz, 1987). In addition to this, it is found that international students in the American context face higher levels of discrimination and homesickness than the domestic students. The higher level of discrimination they are exposed to, the higher level of homesickness they feel (Poyrazli and Lopez, 2007). Feelings of depression, anxiety and withdrawn as well as finding hard to focus to the topics are the reported symptoms of homesickness. Intense homesickness, the most problematic case, can give rise to disorders on mood and anxiety, mental and physical health problems which may increase cases of withdrawal from the school (Thurber and Walton, 2012). Stress related diseases among the international students are higher than the domestic students (Ebbin and Blankenship, 1986). Thus, student mobility to an unfamiliar context leads to pedagogical adaptation and culture shock, which affectively, behaviorally and cognitively affects students in the unfamiliar context (Zhou, Jindal-Snape, Topping and Todman, 2008). Additionally, international students' maturation, individual development and their intercultural adaptation to different environment, educational context, culture and society are considered complex which affect the nature, development and change of students through time (Gu, Schweisfurth and Day, 2010). On the other hand, another American based study reveals that frequencies of overseas students suffering from stress related diagnoses are higher than domestic students and they also suffer from language based difficulties, different beliefs on health, lack of knowledge and stress at the acceptance process (Ebbin and Blakenship, 1988). Overseas students should have grown up, be mature enough, develop themselves as well as adapt recent context and/or changes they face through time. Analysis of the current study reveals impediments on maturation, internalization, adaptation and mobility in relation to feelings and affection, changes, irregularities and barriers.
Having difficulty in comprehending the local language, tuition fee and affections felt due to isolation are identified in an Australian context where international students face throughout their academic lives (Robertson, Line, Jones and Thomas, 2000). Globalization of higher education should be discussed deeply by the scholars and education managers (Obeng-Odoom, 2012). Learning and growing in an overseas context brings complexities with it. Such kind of transitional experiences as well as intercultural adaptation affect the natural change of the overseas students and contribute a lot to their change process as well as development through time. They are mostly affected by complex set of focuses regarding having mastery in language, interacting socially, developing personally and having academic outcomes. Such kind of focus points has contributed to the management of intercultural adaptation and re-establishment of identity in the new context. Similarly, student adaptation, identity change and student success have a positive relationship with the personal, pedagogical and psychological factors as well as organizational culture and social culture. Therefore, overseas students' development, change and success have positive relationship with the degree of support given and with the degree of contact with the local environment (Gu, Schweisfurth and Day, 2010). Such kind of deep discussion leads to a managerial model to establish and such kind of proposed model is based on managing accommodation, transportation and safety; managing studentship; managing students' health; managing students' welfare and managing being worldwide.
The proposed managerial model on managing accommodation, transportation and safety: Initially, the proposed managerial model has been suggested to include managing accommodation and transportation on behalf of students. There is not an established transportation system in NC. Accommodation is an impediment for international students and may decrease the quality of higher education (Obeng-Odoom, 2012). Similarly, physical facilities, Internet and phone are channels for servicing (Sousa, Amorim, Pinto and Magalhães, 2016). Students are all customers for a business and they deserve the best quality in getting service. In a research conducted in an Australian context, it is found that international students in the university accommodation feel security physically and feel less threat to their social security. Therefore, university accommodations are suggested to improve by the governments and by the universities (Paltridge, Mayson and Schapper, 2010). University students in NC require not suffering from this since universities ask for some amount of money to transportation, but they do not offer regular buses and/or offer irregular service in terms of transportation. Similarly, student safety is another issue to be considered since student safety is a systematic problem especially in overseas contexts. Overseas students abroad constitute an international student industry and it has a big share. It is sometimes impossible to convince the higher education providers as well as educational planners to discuss the international student-safety frankly (Nyland, Mewett and Marginson, 2010). Higher education providers are required to examine the reason/s of irregularities and take the necessary steps to solve the problems in terms of transportation, accommodation and student-safety since these issues are the basic needs the overseas students require upon the new context. The more level of success the higher education providers as well as educational planners get from transportation, accommodation and safety issues, the more level of student satisfaction and success they will see. The level of being prepared to such kind of matters means to have the highest quality of life and joy of life of the students. Since homesickness is an important problem to solve for overseas students, depression, anxiety, withdrawn behavior, as well as difficulty in focusing the main points are worse for the students being healthy, satisfied as well as having a fruitful educational life (Thurber and Walton, 2012). Educational planners should not ignore student accommodation issue since all of the dormitories and/or houses/flats should have the similar kind of offers and quality offered to the students. Students pay well to the dormitories but they still face impediments in terms of Internet usage, health issues, regulation based issues and/or food issues. All of the dormitories need to be hired for the name of the universities, and they should serve similar qualities to each student.
The proposed managerial model on managing studentship: Most of the participants agree that there are many overseas registering to the universities work effectively, but they do not study. They just earn money. Overseas students in NC are either undergraduate or graduate students. Most of them are highly donated with foreign language skills and/or experienced in their field of study/work, which are relevant and appealing points for most of the work owners. Such kind of overseas students are skilled migrates for the NC. Additionally, international work experience has contributed to the work place to be able compete globally. Such kind of appealing and relevant points give rise to the country to reposition its place in the world economy (Gribble and Blackmore, 2012). However, Turkey has managed economy of NC. There is not any kind of competition brought among the companies in NC. Most of the work-place-owners only need to earn their money in a way. Most of them do not consider rights of the overseas students even the students are highly skilled since they know about the struggles the overseas students face in NC. Therefore, politicians at the government should be aware of the fact that most of the overseas students who require work to earn their living in NC are qualified enough to earn much money, but the work-place owners do not pay them well since there is not any kind of competition exist among companies throughout the country. Work-place conditions for the overseas students are not as it should be. On the other hand, overseas students are required to accept poor working conditions, but numbers of overseas students accepting such kind of poor employment conditions are very high (Nyland, Mewett, Marginson, Ramia, Sawir and Smith, 2009). Students who would like to work part time, they should be able to work under some conditions and participate in their studies regularly. Thus, they should be able to work part-time under their student visa. They should pay their tax to gain student visa. Their irregular working conditions and irregularity in work-force facilitates work owners gain unfair profits and earn a lot from cheap labor. Students do not earn much money, but 164 Proposing a Managerial Model to Higher Education Sector: Lifelong Educational Experiences of Overseas Students on Impediments work place owners do not pay taxes for overseas. Therefore, local workers cannot find job in the areas overseas students work. Higher education providers and governmental authorities planning education are required to provide official and regular rules arranging overseas students' working conditions. Such kind of rules should regulate overseas students' working conditions in a way that they attend their classes regularly and work part-time under some regulations. Those who are non-attendant to the classes regularly should be reported by the university authorities for making deep search about the issue and, if necessary for deporting purposes. Those who would like to earn money should work under some circumstances and limited hours. Unless the student does not attend to the summer term at school and if the student desire to work full-time, summer term can be an exempt. International students become immigrants of a country since they develop the country's economy due to the highly skills they have. Such kind of strategy has influence on shaping migration and policies adapted for international students. Australia and Malaysia are two examples having both brain drain and brain gain, which have obtained various strategies to international student migration in order to increase the number of skilled migrants and to sustain economic development (Ziguras and Law, 2006). Therefore, governmental policies are required to establish a work permit system and to establish an entry recording system. Those who would like work part-time during the school time and full-time during the summer holidays should have a work permit from the governmental authorities to be stamped by the owners of each work place.
Similarly, those entering NC should be registered to the entry recording system and should submit the record of their entry to the university while registering. Such kind of system requires governmental authorities, safety authorities and providers of higher education to cooperate essentially. The proposed managerial model on managing students' health: Overseas see health conditions as an impediment in NC. They believe that they suffer from emotional as well as stress based problems. Such kind of problems significantly affect negative their well-being and academic performances. A well and purposeful support by the advisors also decreases the amount of emotional and stress related problems with the overseas students and decrease the amount spent at the counseling services (Hyun, Quinn, Madon and Lustig, 2007). Stress itself influences health and illnesses due to the changes and discontinuities overseas students experience in their lives (Dearmond, 1988). Higher education providers are requested to manage their counseling services and advisory services successfully. A purposeful advisory system will decrease the amount of questions and problems the overseas students have. Similarly, a well-planned counseling service within each university will decrease the number of students feeling emotional and stress related problems. Therefore, overseas students will feel relaxed because they will get immediate response to their questions. The overseas students also agree that environment is not clean since garbage is not collected regularly; there is air pollution, which smells really bad from time to time; there is drug residue on the fresh fruits and vegetables which is announced at the local newspaper and TV channels regularly; and overseas students are not offered food at places where overseas students accommodate, which gives rise to eat outside regularly. Managers at the municipalities and at the Ministry of Health are strongly suggested to be in charge of the health issue throughout the country since both local people, tourists and the overseas students from all over the world deserve to live in a clean country and buy everything not containing any drug residue. Community health and neighborhood sustainability can be improved by maintaining strong cooperation with urban planners and health professionals (Paine and Thompson, 2017). Governance of the drugs causing residue should be under the Ministry of Health and producers should be offered these kinds of drugs in a very limited way and the controls of their products should be carried out in a more strict way. Similarly, overseas students are not offered a health insurance by their universities. They need to pay money to get help from the health system. Also, most of the overseas students and doctors have got language as an impediment. They cannot communicate well in English, which is an international language most of the students know, to solve the health problem. It is also emphasized that most of the doctors, especially at the state hospitals, even do not cure the overseas students but ask them to come their afternoon sessions at the private hospital the doctor also works for, which means to pay extra money to the state hospital doctor at the private hospital. The foundation of strong advisory system, a well-managed counseling service, the health insurance, the language problem with the doctors and the irregularities at the health system in NC are the identified barriers for the overseas students which need to get close attention by the higher education providers, education and health system planners and politicians. The proposed managerial model on managing students' welfare: Teaching staff in universities in NC mostly has a tendency to arrange classes according to the work-schedules of the students especially when the group is small. Observing that most of the students need to work to finance their studies and make their and their families living, some of the teaching staff has a tendency to arrange the lesson time due to the work-schedules of the students. This kind of tendency is beneficial for the students, but there is a danger in this since most of the students need to finance themselves. Their financing themselves means that they need to work. It is suggested that their work-conditions are well organized with a regulation. Therefore, they can be able follow their studies easily and comfortably. They need to be free enough to contribute their academic skills. It is observed that married families with a child and/or children are increasing day-by-day in NC, they choose to live in NC and number of married couples with children is increasing sharply. Quality of human factors contributes to human satisfaction, which is the primary driver for intentional organizational outcomes (Bodet, 2006). Politicians, education planners and higher education providers need to make sure that no one is being left behind. Especially, children need to live under healthy conditions, are fed enough and take the necessary education. It is strongly suggested to identify the overseas students who have children with them, identify their needs and meet their most important needs, such as health, education and food based needs.
The proposed managerial model on managing being worldwide: Having lower levels of English language proficiency as well as graduating and working within the same university has been considered as an impediment since they provide a cycle, but may not guarantee quality. Getting higher level of English language proficiency is a kind of guarantee of international development for the overseas students, especially who desire to work internationally. Others desiring not to work internationally still may need to have higher level of English proficiency in order to find better professional opportunities. The overseas students' proficiency in English language entering university in Australia has been under consideration since overseas students are officially compulsory to fulfill such kind of requirement (Coley, 1999). A study confirms that international young students with lower levels of English proficiency studying in the US context have higher level of perceived discrimination than the local students have (Poyrazli and Lopez, 2007). It seems important to improve the level of English language proficiency the overseas students have. The higher education providers are highly suggested to search for the reasons why overseas students English language proficiency are not very high and take the necessary steps regarding the issue. On the other hand, graduating and working at the same university has found to be an impediment. In order to overcome this, academicians' exchange program has been strongly suggested to establish among universities in NC. This kind of system would promote cooperation among the universities, contribute to their professional development, manage their research activities and be familiar with the teaching system at other universities (Erden, 2014) and/or prevent teaching staff to arrange classes according to the working times of the students. Such kind of system for having highly improved English language proficiency and academicians' exchange program would also increase the quality of the teaching and researching activities mainly, which would make the universities in NC to be recognized world-wide since each student from each country would represent their university world-wide. Being worldwide requires being qualified effectively. The customers relate factors impeding quality with the restricted size of resources, the excessive workload, the insufficient trainings or the lack of orientation. Additionally, the quality initiatives has impacted quality of service which has positive relationship with how the senior managers approach to the quality of service operations as well as how senior managers approach to the middle and first line managers (Soltani, Liao, Singh and Wang, 2010). Similarly, service quality indicators are called the provision of the service, efficiency of the staff, impression, amount of money, perceptible in touch, easiness of the advanced payment, safety and quality in keeping information secret, using technology and having reliable technology (Ganguli and Roy, 2013). Quality of the service requires direct control over service delivery, which strongly depends on providing high quality performance (Iwaarden and Valk, 2013). Overseas students are offered educational services primarily required to be qualified enough. Satisfaction has been primarily influenced by physical environment and word of mouth communications (Alexandria, Zahariadis, Tsorbatzoudis and Grouios, 2004).
To conclude, overseas students grow, mature and learn in a foreign context. There are series of complexities they experience and need to overcome successfully. Dealing and overcoming such kind of complexities lead them to grow, learn and find their identity through their maturation process. Also, they learn to develop themselves. They face difficulties basically regarding educational environment, different culture and community they are immersed in. Personal, pedagogical and psychological adaptation gives rise to have support, cooperation and contact with the necessary sectors to organize and manage appropriately since higher education providers and education planners are required to cooperate with various sectors to overcome the impediments the overseas students' experience.