Effect of Technology Enhanced Conceptual Change Texts on Students’ Understanding of Buoyant Force

In this study, the effect of technology enhanced conceptual change texts on elementary school students’ understanding of buoyant force was investigated. The conceptual change texts (written forms) used in this study are proven for effectiveness and are enriched by using technology support in this study. These texts were tried out on two groups. A pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design and one control group (n=20) and one experimental group (n=20) were used. Experimental group were given the technology enhanced conceptual change texts, whereas the control group was taught in the traditional instruction. Data were collected five open-ended questions concerning buoyancy. When the results of the study were examined as to the conceptual understanding attained in the two groups, it was found that experimental group’s conceptual understanding was higher than that of traditional instruction group. It is believed that these texts about “buoyant force,” an often misunderstood subject in science education, are very useful class materials that can enable students to learn meaningfully.


Introduction
It is very important to properly identify the misconceptions in science education like in other domains. In a review of the literature many studies can be seen, where it has been observed that students enter the learning environment with many misconceptions about topics in physics such as mechanics, optics, electricity, and others [e.g., [1][2][3][4]. The topic of buoyant force, too, is one that encompasses both invisible and abstract conceptions and about what students have misconceptions.
Students' daily lives and experiences, their systems of belief and learning environments, their efforts to grasp concepts using their as yet immature mental skills and other factors conflict with the nature of science itself as well as with the process of how scientific knowledge emerges. In this process, students may attach incorrect meanings to scientific fact [44]. Different researchers use different terms of descriptions, such as misconceptions, preconceptions [45], alternative conceptions [46], children's scientific intuitions [47], children's science [48], common sense concepts [49] and spontaneous knowledge [50].
Using conceptual change approach is an effective teaching strategy to overcome misconceptions that it can be used throughout the teaching-learning process mainly because of its practical aspects.
The "Conceptual Change Approach" was set forth by Posner, Strike, Hewson and Gertzog [5]. This approach represents a perspective that is grounded on Piaget and Zeitgeist's views yet it has been improved by Posner and his colleagues.
The Conceptual Change Approach developed by Posner et al. [5] is based on four conditions: 1. Dissatisfaction: The student must be dissatisfied with the concept he knows; that is, he must realize that it is inadequate. 2. Intelligibility: The new concept must be understandable enough for the student. 3. Plausibility: The student must find the new view/concept logical and be able to picture it in his/her mind. 4. Fruitfulness: The new concept must be efficient; in other words, the student must be able to solve similar problems with this new concept.
One of the conceptual change approach strategy is conceptual change texts. Texts that are used to introduce theories that will convince students that they have misconceptions about certain scientific facts for the purpose of making these misconceptions conform to scientific concepts are called "conceptual change texts" [6]. Conceptual change texts specify students' misconceptions, clarify their reasons, and explain why they are incorrect by using concrete examples [7].
Like in conceptual change text instruction, in technology-enhanced student-centered learning 982 Effect of Technology Enhanced Conceptual Change Texts on Students' Understanding of Buoyant Force environments, a deeper understanding of cognitive requirements and associated learning tasks are necessary [8]. Technology-enhanced learning environments often facilitate the understanding of abstract concepts by concrete experience [9]. Today's learning approaches have focused on students' interest to enable their retention. Computer assisted instruction is widely seen as an important educational tool in achieving this goal [10].
Visuals promote a student's ability to organize and process information [11]. Technology provides visuals and opportunities for teachers to meet the needs of students with various learning styles [12].
Blumenfeld et al. [13] stated these contributions that technology can make to the learning process: enhancing interest and motivation, providing access to information, allowing active, manipulable representations, structuring the process with tactical and strategic support diagnosing and correcting errors and managing complexity and aiding production.
Student engagement is critical to student motivation during the learning process. Numerous factors influence student motivation including teacher motivation and skills, visually and effective use of technology [14]. Computer enhanced conceptual change texts are believed to provide these factors.
In the last ten years, some development and improvement efforts have been attempted in the Turkish education system. The Science and Technology Curriculum in Turkey emphasizes that students should be active learners if what is taught is to be meaningful and retained. The reason the technology, prepared on the basis of the Curriculum, was made the center of the activity is so that students could be prompted into active participation in class. The program recommended by Turkish Ministry of National Education aimed to identify instructional objectives that enhance students' problem solving skills. The goal was to have students learn by experiencing and the result of the teaching was reviewed in terms of effectiveness. It is considered that both conceptual change text and technology-supported learning can achieve these objectives especially buoyant force topics which include abstract concepts.
The topic of buoyancy is a familiar realm that students have had experience with in many aspects of their lives, one which they find interesting; it is a subject that forms the basis of courses of primary school education [39]. In addition, a review of the literature shows that students have many misconceptions about the subject of buoyancy [e.g, 2,40,41,42,43]. Studies on buoyancy reveal that students have various misconceptions, such as "buoyancy increases as the amount of liquid increases," "buoyancy depends on the size of an object" and "gases do not exert a buoyant force".
This study aimed to use both conceptual change approach and technology-supported learning combined with the acquisition of a significant positive impact on student meaningful learning. There have been numerous studies to investigate the effect of conceptual change text on students' understanding and alternative conceptions [e.g., 15-20, 35, 36, 39, 44]. Furthermore, there are numerous studies about computer-aided instruction [e.g., [21][22][23][24][25]. However, studies in which conceptual change text is combined with technology are limited [26]. The core of this research is the implementation of a technology enhanced conceptual change text on misconceptions in buoyancy. Furthermore, the contribution of this research to the field of science education is to provide information instructors on the beliefs of students' buoyancy concepts, so that instructors may know how to target misconceptions more effectively.

Materials and Methods
A pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group and one control group (n=20) and one experimental group (n=20) were used. The research was carried out with two groups, one study group and one control group. In the study group, the technology enhanced conceptual chance text group, buoyant force concepts to be taught were introduced by using conceptual change texts. In the control group, this topic was taught using traditional teaching methods.

Research Group
The research was conducted in an elementary school located in the province of Istanbul, Turkey. The research group was formed 8 th grade students that their ages change from 13 to 15. The two classes of the school where the research took place were grouped into the study and control groups without prejudice.

Measure Instrument
The five open-ended questions was prepared on the subjects of buoyancy was developed to define the students' misconceptions and measure their conceptual achievement. In developing the questionnaire, care was taken to maintain content validity in line with the concepts recommended by the Turkish Ministry of Education (2013) for the Elementary School instruction program. To test the content and face validity, the questionnaire was reviewed by three physics teachers from two different elementary schools (with more than 10 years of experience) and two faculty members specialized in physics instruction. Also, before testing for validity and reliability, a pilot run was implemented with 5 students to see whether there was anything the students could not understand. The question below is an example from the open-ended questionnaire ( Table 1): Table 1. Example of a Test Item on the Open-ended Questionnaire Q1: The weight of a tennis ball is measured with the dynamometer in two different mediums. What can you tell about the weight of the ball whose weight was calculated as 50 Newton in an airless environment in an environment with air?

Materials
The students may have had two conceptual change texts designed to eliminate the misconceptions. These texts were developed by the researchers. These texts are about buoyancy in liquids and buoyancy in gases. The conceptual change texts were developed according to the Conceptual Change Approach introduced by Posner et al. [5] that is based on the conditions of dissatisfaction, intelligibility, plausibility and fruitfulness.
After the texts were prepared, two physics instructors with more than 10 years of professional experience and two faculty members specialized in physics education were enlisted to offer their views. In line with the opinions of the specialists, it was established that the prepared texts were appropriate to the academic level of the students and their knowledge. A pilot study was then launched. During the pilot study, the students were asked if there was anything in the texts that they could not understand; no question was raised during the implementation of the texts.
Videos for technology enhanced conceptual change texts prepared by the researchers. For explanation parts in the text to provide meaningful learning; videos are adjusted in the way to reflect the scope of the text thoroughly. For this aim, researchers consulted experts. With this aim, two physics instructors with more than 10 years of professional experience and two faculty members specialized in physics education were asked to offer their views.

Procedure
The research was conducted in the spring semester of the 2014-2015 academic year. The duration of the study was a total of two lessons. In two groups, an open-ended questionnaires pretest and posttest was administered before and after the implementation. The study experiment was initiated immediately after the pretesting. The same researcher (the first researcher) taught both of the groups. Both groups were instructed for an equal length of time. At the beginning of teaching open-ended questions was applied to students.
The instruction using the conceptual changes texts started by handing out to the students the worksheets which contained the first tier of the conceptual change texts. Once the worksheets were distributed, the students were told that they were to follow the instructions on the sheets. After each student received a sheet, a volunteer was called upon to read the text out loud. The objective of this was to encourage the participation of the students in the class. After the text was read, the video was watched. The videos and presentations of conceptual change along with worksheets are correlated in a design package. The videos were prepared by researchers with the aim of visualizasyon. They included introduction of the texts questions' answers and students' misconceptions and what are the correct concepts. The researcher acted as a guide throughout the process and, instead of correcting the students' mistakes, led the students to finding the right answers by themselves. After the topic was covered, the researcher collected the students' worksheets for a review. At the end of every section, the sample questions prepared by the researcher were answered together with the students.
In the control group, before each class started, the students were asked a question to motivate them. The researcher conducted the lessons here in this group, but only by using the method of lecturing. It was the teacher who played an active role over the course of the session. At the end of every topic, the sample questions prepared by the researcher were answered together with the students.
Open-ended questions as a posttest were dispersed again to both groups.

Data Analysis
In the analysis of the open-ended questions in the questionnaire, the students' responses were defined thematically. Content analysis of the data was performed by two researchers.

Results
In this part, the conceptual change texts' features and implementation process is presented. One of those texts is presented with explanations. Additionally, misconceptions and the effect of the texts over students' concept changes are presented.

The Technology Enhanced Conceptual Change Texts Instrument Design
This study presents two examples of technology enhanced conceptual change texts instruction sample that primary science teachers will benefit from throughout the teaching/learning process. The conceptual change texts (written forms) used in this study are proven for effectiveness [27] and are enriched by using technology support in this study.
The conceptual change text designed is made up of five parts and has been planned in accordance with the conditions of dissatisfaction, intelligibility, plausibility and fruitfulness in the conceptual change approach developed by Posner et al [5]. It is recommended that students be given those parts separately so that they cannot read the answer in the next part and change their answers accordingly.
The teacher starts the teaching-learning process by handing out worksheets that include the first step of the conceptual change texts. Subsequently, the students are told to follow the instructions carefully. Since the purpose of this exercise is to diagnose and overcome the misconceptions the students have, it is of the utmost importance that the teacher recommends that the students study individually, not in pairs or in groups with their friends. After distributing the texts, the teacher may ask a volunteer to read the text aloud.
Additionally, the students will hear what their friends think about the subject matter, and they will all have a chance to correct their friends' mistakes if any are made. Throughout this period, the teacher must be a guide. He/She must not correct students' mistakes directly, but encourage them to discover the reasons for their mistakes by offering clues.
The first part of the texts aims to identify any possible misconceptions students may have. This allows a teacher to understand how a student pictures the concept in his/her mind. The aim of this chapter is to create an inconsistency that is, dissatisfaction.

2
In the 1, balls in different sizes are balanced in an environment with air. When the air in the bell-jar is dismissed, the balls look line in the 2.  During the implementation, a discussion environment is supplied in the classroom and students are ensured to grasp the problem situation thoroughly.

What could cause this situation? Please answer the question by explaining your reasons
Second part features common misconceptions and answers that are scientifically wrong.
The most frequent answer about this is "As the density of the big balloon is bigger than the small balloon, it is lower" misconception. What about you? What do you think? Now, read the next text very carefully.

Figure 2. Second part of the text
After students give the problem a second thought, the scientific truths concerning the subject are explained. That explanation must be very clear and intelligible. In this section, arrangement should be made as taking into consideration Posner et al.'s [5] intelligibility and plausibility principle. The video associated with the text is watched by students after this third part of the text is read. By this means, students, who learns both visually and auditory, comprehend the concepts. Supporting conceptual change texts with the technology interfere with just read the text without understanding.

Let's see if your answer is correct
Air lifts things in it with buoyancy like liquids. However, the buoyancy of the air is as much as the weight of the air equal to the size of things. So, for the air to be able to lift a thing, the density of the thing should be less than the density of the air. For this, in the balloons wanted to be lifted in the air: * Either are filled with a gas like hidrojen, helium whose density is lesser than the air * Or the air is expanded by heating (the heated air is expanded and its density is lessened).

Buoyancy of Air
F buoyancy =V disp. d gas .g is calculated with this.
The reason of observing the shape given above is bigger buoyancy is on the thing with a bigger size and weight. As this force is omitted when the air is dismissed, the thing with a bigger size is lowered.  If the weight of a thing is bigger than the buoyancy of the air, the thing is lowered. (Gobject >Fbuoyancy)  If the buoyancy of the air is equal to the weight of a thing, the thing is hanged in the air.. (Gobject = Fbuoyancy)  If the weight of a thing is lesser than the buoyancy of the air, the thing gets higher. (Gobject <Fbuoyancy) We see some balloons rising in the air when they are left free. This situation means that the air implements buoyancy on the balloon. In the fourth part, when students perceive the difference between misconceptions and scientifically true explanations, they are asked to express their own opinions. The aim in this part is to measure how much awareness has been raised among students and see if they still have some question marks in their minds or not.

Findings Obtained from the Paper-and-pencil Questionnaire
In order to find out students' perceptions of concepts and events regarding buoyancy, the questions in the questionnaire were analyzed in detail and can be seen underneath the related category.
The misconceptions found in the document analysis that could see in a comparison of the pre-and post-tests are summarized in Table 2.
When the conceptual change frequency of the students from before the instruction to after the instruction are considered in Table 2, it is seen that the biggest change was in the experimental group. It was observed that just one misconception did not change.

Conclusions and Discussion
In this study, the researchers presented technology enhanced two conceptual change texts instruction sample that can be used to overcome some common misconceptions regarding buoyancy. These materials were tested using two small groups of students, and included qualitative data based on only the students' statements. The main limitations of the study were that it tried in just two lessons and this was not a long-term study.
There also were a number of other alternative conceptions about buoyancy identified in this study. The pretest results of the research showed that all of the students had some misconceptions or difficulty with understanding. In addition, it was also found that two groups displayed similar misconceptions. After the instruction, it was seen that some of the misconceptions the students had were still present. It was however observed that the number of misconceptions had been reduced or eliminated altogether in two groups. After the instruction, it was seen that none of the students formed new misconceptions.
It was determined that the effectiveness of conceptual change in misconceptions was the same in both groups. This situation shows that promoting conceptual change for some concepts is difficult [52,53]. This result is parallel of the literature [30]. Furthermore, unexpected results such as misconceptions labelled 10 that the control group appeared to perform better in the post-test were found. However, the experimental group' conceptual change is higher than control group. In light of these results, it can be said that the technology enhanced conceptual change texts, were more successful in overcoming the students' misconceptions than the traditionally designed instruction.
The reason why the scores of technology enhanced conceptual change approach were higher than traditional approach could be that students were involved in activities that helped them activate their prior knowledge and struggle with their misconceptions. These activities also provide evidence that students' initial conceptions are insufficient. The important part in this approachwas the intensive teacher-student interaction. Such a student centered environment provides opportunities for greater involvement, thereby giving students more chances to gain insights and self-efficacy, and students are allowed to focus on learning and understanding [51].
It can be said that the researcher observed that of technology enhanced conceptual change group had more motivation and interested the activities.
Technology enhanced conceptual change approach group' students could became dissatisfied with their existing conceptions. They could have accepted the new concept in an easier way when they experienced dissatisfaction about their existing concept. Moreover, in the conceptual change approach, students can use what they learn from the texts in new situations they face, which is different from context based approach. This could have led students understand the concepts meaningfully.
When the effects of the conceptual change approach on conceptual change is compared with traditional instruction methods, it has been found in many studies that this approach has more positive impacts [e.g., 15,28,29,30]. Furthermore, several efforts, in the science education, have demonstrated alternative roles for technology in teaching and learning [e.g., [31][32][33]. McCluskey [34] stated that technology has enormous potential for enhancing educational practice. These findings are similar to current research. Özmen [35] also reported that the studies related to comparison between computer-assisted instruction and traditional instruction shows that technology-based instruction strategies are more effective than the traditional ones.
Ozkan and Sezgin Selcuk [36] prepared two conceptual change texts within the principles of Posner et al. [5]. Conceptual change texts, which were developed about "sound" topic, were implemented on primary and secondary school students. In this study, students' positively changing conceptual understanding has been reached and as the result, it is determined to be an effective method of teaching conceptual change texts. In this study, students were positive change in conceptual understanding has been found and the result was determined to be an effective method of teaching conceptual change texts.
In literature some researchers stated that computer-assisted instruction in comparison to the conventional methods of teaching can enhance transfer learners' alternative conceptions and enhance understanding of scientific conceptions [37,38].
With Technology now available for the use of teachers with their students in the classroom, interactive learning environments may provide a significant potential for meeting the needs of students with learning styles and for engaging students during the learning process.
It can be recommended that researchers should comply with the four conditions stated by Posner et al. [5] in order to make these conceptual change texts effective teaching tools. In addition, considering that there may be some students in class who have difficulty understanding what they read, the use of the material should definitely accompany classroom discussions.
The results of this research provided further evidence to support the findings in a growing body of literature indicating that students hold alternative conceptions on a variety of buoyancy concepts. In future studies, the same learning approach effectiveness on different learning outputs (attitude towards to course, learning motivation and learning retention etc.) can be examined.
Depending on the results of this study, such studies can be carried out as long term studies like one semester and after the interviews, the data may be compared each other.