China OBOR in Perspective of High-speed Railway (HSR) —Research on OBOR Economic Expansion Strategy of China

This paper aims to depict the economic expansion strategy [1] deployments for OBOR home and abroad as completely and digitally as possible in the following 3 aspects: inner/outer regions, financing sector and China HSR; further makes analyses and explanations on the above 3 strategic layouts, e.g., Xinjiang and Fujian main hubs, HSR relations between AIIB and OBOR, China HSR cooperation with the countries and regions along the ways of OBOR in where China views HSR as the key to acquiring and exploiting varied resources such as energy, mineral resources, high-tech, financing, infrastructure and agriculture, etc., HSR falls within one of the core benefits of China; visualizes a close loop framework of OBOR, overcapacity production industries, HSR line construction status quo as well as the near future development sketch map, etc. via figures and tables; and furnishes the OBOR economic expansion strategy with 5 valuable suggestions finally. The aim of OBOR is to transfer the domestic excess capacity, excess foreign exchange reserves and excess manpower with the following competitive advantages, e.g., capacity, cost, differentiation and resources acquirement/ exploration to the outside world.


Brief Introduction
China started the 'Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road' (One Belt and One Road, OBOR) economic expansion strategy in 2013. Now China steps on Arthur Thompson growth strategy route, identifies and makes use of its advantageous areas in capacity, capital, technology, cost, manpower, etc. in order to digest excess capacity production as well as find the potential market home and abroad, in particular, the high-speed railway (HSR) infrastructure market. The goal of this paper attempts to show the OBOR strategy from the angle of all-round deployments in geography, financing and high-speed railway (HSR).

Definition of OBOR
The OBOR strategy encompasses a kind of economic expansion strategy that China pursues. China has become the world's 2 nd largest economic entity with over $10-trillion-dollar GDP [2] and the world's largest trading entity with imports and exports of $ 4.16 trillion US dollars. [3] The rise of China must undergo the economic expansion strategy for long-term or short-term periods, because only if the growth strategy, by nature, enables China to constantly expand Chinese economies of scale, can China turn out to be a big country from a less competitive one.
China first widely pushes its own OBOR economic expansion strategy that is composed of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) and 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road (21 ST CMSR) sub-strategies, namely: OBOR = SREB + 21 ST CMSR, Hereinafter referred to as the OBOR economic expansion strategy in this article. Among them, the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) strategy is to cover the areas from the Southeast Asia, Central Asia and Middle East countries which they assimilate finally together as a regional economic entity to lead to Europe, forming a trend of Eurasian Economic Integration. Whereas, the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road(21 ST CMSR)strategy is to connect China with Asia, Africa and Europe continents in where OBOR can eventually form a closed loop on both land and sea routes that serve as the trading channels and economic corridors. [4] The SREB refers to the Silk Road Economic Belt. In September of 2013, China President Xi Jinping proposed to jointly construct the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) at Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan, it is a new regional economic development idea derived from the concept of the ancient Silk Road which was ever a land passage on where Envoy Zhang Qian (the Western Han Dynasty, 202 BC to AD 9, viz. 2,217 years ago) went on mission to the western regions from Changan (now Shanxi Xi'an) as starting point, to the Guanzhong Plain, Hexi Corridor, Tarim Basin and Central Asian areas such as Transoxiana and Greater Iran between the Syr Darya River and Oxus River, and finally reached the Mediterranean countries.
The 21 st CMSR involves the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road. In October of 2013, While China President Xi Jinping paid a visit to the ASEAN countries and proposed this program. Ever since the Qin and Han Dynasty (221 BC to AD 221, viz. 2,236 years ago) opened the China ancient Maritime Silk Road on where it has always been an important bridge between the East and West economic and cultural exchanges, and since ancient times, in particular, the Southeast Asian regions have always played an important hub role on SREB. The 21 st CMSR strategic partners include not only ASEAN, point leading line, line leading plane, but also enhance exchanges in the countries and regions along the lines of OBOR, it will communicate with ASEAN, South Asia, West Asia, North Africa, Europe and other major economic market chains so as to work out the expansion strategy facing the South China sea, Pacific and India Oceans strategically cooperated economic belt as well as to develop a long-term goal of integrating economy and trade into Asia, Europe and Africa. Preliminarily estimating, there would be 27 countries (maybe involved in 65 ones around the world) along the ways of OBOR with the total population of about 4.4billion, accounting for 63% of the world's population; the total economy about $21 trillion US dollars, taking up about 29% of the total global economy.

Arthur Thompson Theoretical Framework of Economic Expansion Strategy
According to Arthur Thompson's strategic concepts, he argues that to acquire the competitive advantages is to take advantage of economic expansion strategy successfully, making it relies on the following strategic actions: cost, differentiation or resources/capacity-oriented ones; any successful action can be divided into 3 phases, viz., the first phase Inception, second phase Benefit and third phase Loss; there are 6 types of successful actions as follows:  To take steps to catch up with or surpass the rivalry strengths;  To adopt measures to make use of the rivalry weaknesses;  To attack the fronts from a multi-access;  To conduct summative actions;  To engage in guerrilla actions;  To pursue preemption actions. The First Phase-Inception in which China initiates the OBOR economic expansion strategy successfully (e.g., AIIB establishment, that is, the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank, a regional multilateral bank created and proposed by China in October of 2014); The Second Phase-Benefit in which China shall benefit from the scope of competitive advantages in infrastructure, energy resources, capacity, foreign exchange reserves, manpower, and so on.
The Third Phase-Loss in which the rivalry shall gobble up the OBOR competitive advantages through simulation, copy or attack.
Based on Arthur Thompson's theory, China utilizes an economic expansion strategy to obtain the globally competitive advantages via a creative OBOR economic expansion strategy that is hard to be defeated by the competitors. OBOR adopts the multi-way to win the global market, for instance, the multi-channel access to oil/gas resources. OBOR takes actions to catch up with and challenge competitors. At the same time, China can not only provide equal or even better products, but also compete at the low prices, e.g., to help the countries along the ways of OBOR with building high-speed railway, highway, digging the canal, and also to provide them with infrastructure construction investment. The aim of OBOR is to transfer the domestic excess capacity, excess foreign exchange reserves and excess manpower in the following competitive advantages such as capacity, cost, differentiation and resources acquirement/ exploration to the outside world.

The East Meeting the West in OBOR Economic
Growth Strategy

Tai Ji (The Great Ultimate) Element
Chinese believe in Tai Ji, an ancient philosophy in China, which argues that "Yin and Yang are the Tao", Tao consists of the heaven Tao, earth Tao and man Tao, which says that all things have two aspects of Yin and Yang, for example, heaven and earth, day and night, mountains and rivers, man and woman, rigid and flexible, etc. and both sides change constantly, possess some ties relevantly between them. Of which the man Tao mainly refers to thought, thought decides behavior and attitude. Tai Ji advocates that people should respect their own ideas, respect the laws of nature and learn to control their emotions.
Thus, Chinese like fuzzy, softness, China does not pursue the American boxing to KO (knockout) anybody, the American boxing focuses on strength style, straightness, strikeout, and so on, the best shot is to KO (knockout) opponents, then everything is clear-cut; but China tries to resolve all the movements of opponents. Therefore, Chinese like Tai Ji boxing, too, and in fact, Tai Ji boxing is indeed cleverer than American boxing. OBOR applies well Tai Ji idea to the present situation and believes Rome was not built in a day. If China thought that the situation is in favor, then China would have won right away, it is out of the question, because OBOR is a process of integrating hearts and minds of the peoples along the countries of OBOR, to integrate peoples is much slower than to build high-speed railway and highway, lay oil/gas pipelines or erect power stations, etc. Only China reins the hearts and minds of peoples, can OBOR move in a right orientation.

Feelings of the World
The OBOR strategic thinking contains the feelings of the world 'All serves me, I serve all, too' rather than definitely taking a country's selfish interests into considerations. After the 30-year-reform, opening up and rapid development, China's economy has become an indispensable link in the global resources and capital markets. Initiating OBOR is not only to more effectively integrate global resources and capital, but also to more effectively give full play in industry and capital advantages so that the countries along the ways of OBOR can achieve common development and prosperity.
Mr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, a famous American geopolitical strategist, restated that Thucydides Trap and said, "China and the United States is about to fall into the trap of Thucydides. This phenomenon derives from the ancient Greek and Roman, since then people began to talk about that all emerging countries finally would inevitably fall into a trap of challenging the old imperial. China provides the countries along the OBOR with money, technology, equipment, etc. to engage in infrastructure construction such as high-speed railway, highway, oil and gas pipelines, power stations, etc.), which enable peoples of the countries along the OBOR to enjoy the convenience and progress of public infrastructure, it can either solve China's excess capacity, foreign exchange reserves and labor or pull the domestic demand of the countries along the OBOR, and also avoid the zero sum game, achieve mutual benefits and smart win-win situations between China and the countries along the OBOR. This means that not all of the rise of great powers must fall into the trap of Thucydides; the zero sum game is no longer necessarily a unique choice among great powers. Therefore, OBOR is not only beneficial to China, but also conducive to China's strategic choice. OBOR consists of both Arthur Thompson growth strategy and the thinking elements of oriental management; OBOR is a typical combination of the east and west thinking.

Domestic Context of OBOR
On the basis of Arthur Thompson theory, China overcapacity production means a sort of advantage; in the meantime, its transfer brooks no delay! Source: http://xianhuo.hexun.com/2014-01-15/161451500.html Figure 3. China overcapacity percentage distribution OBOR serves as an important, long-term national development economic expansion strategy which is to solve several strategic problems such as China excess capacity market, resources acquisition, strategic depth, strengthening trade development, national security and trade dominance, etc. China excess capacity causes plenty of problems on economic operations, through the OBOR, it is a very good means to open up new export market. China has both excess capacity and excess foreign exchange assets; whereas, the emerging markets and less developed countries still lack the construction of infrastructure, China makes full use of foreign exchange reserves as driving global growth capital, at the same time, the China capital output drives excess capacity to be digested abroad.

Deployment for OBOR at Home
The deployment for SREB: 6 Provinces and Autonomous Regions in Northwest China, including Xinjiang autonomous region, Qinghai province, Gansu province, Shaanxi province, Ningxia autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; 1Municipality, 4 Provinces and Autonomous Regions in Southwest China involve Chongqing municipality, Sichuan province, Yunnan province, Tibet and Guangxi autonomous regions.
The deployment for 21 st CMSR: 8 Coastal Municipalities and Provinces in Southeast China encompass Shanghai municipality, Tianjin municipality, Jiangsu province, Zhejiang province, Fujian province, Guangdong province, Hainan province and Shandong province.
The deployment for Integrating 4 Provinces and Autonomous Regions into SREB and 21 st CMSR: 4 Provinces and autonomous regions integrated locations pertain to Heilongjiang province, Henan province, Hubei province and Liaoning province.

Deployment for OBOR Abroad
The Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB)strategy is to cover the areas from the Southeast Asia, Central Asia and Middle East countries which they assimilate finally together as a regional economic entity to lead to Europe, forming a trend of Eurasian Economic Integration. Whereas, the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road(21 ST CMSR)strategy is to connect China with Asia, Africa and Europe continents in where OBOR can eventually form a closed loop on both land and sea routes that serve as the trading channels and economic corridors. [5]

Analyses and Explanations of
Deployment for OBOR Economic Expansion Strategy 23 provinces ， municipalities and autonomous regions engage in an overall layout for the OBOR economic expansion strategy, of which Xinjiang and Fujian become the main hubs, there are the reasons analyzed as follows:

The Xinjiang Main Hub
It is Pakistan's Gwadar port from where China imports oil at the shortest distance in India Ocean. This port is situated near the Persian Gulf, if China loaded and unloaded oil and gas with the pipelines to transport to Xinjiang, it might save tens of thousands of kilometers of the voyage. Thus, China's oil route can simply bypass 12,000 km of the Malacca Strait, directly from the Gwadar port on board through a high-speed railway (HSR) or pipelines there will cover only about 2,400 km into Kashgar in Xinjiang. [6] Besides, China and Pakistan have reached an agreement on a pipeline from Gwadar port to Iran, which means that China's oil and gas will be fully delivered through the pipelines rather than tankers from the Middle East. If Gwadar Port has been put into use, the next step for the Sino-Pakistan economic corridor shall be to conduct the large-scale construction projects such as high-speed rail, oil transmission pipeline, highways, electric power, communications, etc.
Xinjiang can be one of core areas in OBOR, the energy industry has determined its path of development in Xinjiang, namely: Three Bases and One Passageway. Three bases refer to a large oil/gas production, processing and reserve base; a large-scale coal, coal power and coal chemical base and a large-scale wind power base; One Passageway encompasses one national energy resources passageway on land.
There is an area of 1.66 million km 2 in Xinjiang, accounting for about 1/6 of China, except for the ocean diversity of surface topography, Xinjiang boasts its richer underground resources, of which the coal reserves reach 37.7% of the total China; the oil/gas reserves contain 30 billion tons, taking up more than 25% of the total China [7]. In addition, the wind/solar energy is the most promising clean energy in Xinjiang, and also available in the forefront of China.
As such, Xinjiang is China's coal, oil, natural gas important strategic substitution areas and one key energy passageway as well.

The Fujian Main Hub
According to Mr. Lin Jialai, a CPPCC (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) member, put forth a proposal at the 2015 National Congress of the CPPCC: Establishing a set of goals of achieving an economic integration to promote the Haixi economic development and resonance between both sides of the Taiwan Straits. And also, he submitted 5 proposals to the 2015 CPPCC session, one of them was recommended to promote the economic integration between Fujian and Taiwan, promote the Haixi economic development first through the construction of a Xiamen-Kinmen bridge across the sea. His 5 proposals include also the following tens of recommendations: Fujian and Taiwan residents traveling to and fro border free; Fujian and Taiwan import and export goods mutual exemption of tariffs; Fujian and Taiwan double-sided vehicle license plate customs clearance free; to construct the Xiamen-Kinmen bridge; to allow Xiamen to declare the Taiwan city group construction; to build the subsea tunnel from the Pingtan Island straight through Taiwan Hsinchu; to establish the cross-strait Buddhism and Buddhist art cultural base; to erect a sister city relationship between Taipei and Fuzhou, Kaohsiung and Xiamen; to allow the Fujian and Taiwan universities and vocational institutes to enroll students mutually; to strengthen medical cooperation between Fujian and Taiwan and allow patients to freely choose medical services; to specially approve Xiamen to set up the Xiamen Stock Exchange and to found the emergency relief organization between Fujian and Taiwan, etc. in a bit to urge the economic and cultural exchanges between Fujian and Taiwan. The Haixi Economic Zone refers to the west coast of Taiwan Straits, Fujian Province as the main body around its neighboring areas, its north and south parts connect both the Pearl and Yangtze River Delta Economic Zones, the east part links Taiwan Island, the west part links up Jiangxi vast hinterland. Generally speaking, Fujian characterizes in the world-class regional economic complex conducive to the return of Taiwan to the mainland.

Deployment for Financing Source of OBOR Economic Expansion Strategy
According to Arthur Thompson theory, China takes advantage of its capital via erecting financial institutions as follows: AIIB refers to the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank, a regional multilateral bank created and proposed by China in October of 2014, the main business is to aid in the construction of infrastructure of countries amidst Asia-Pacific regions, it will be headquarters-based in Beijing with legal fund $100 billion US dollars, preliminary funds paid in $50 million US dollars by China, accounting for 50%. Apart from China, there have been altogether 57 countries to be willing to join AIIB as of April    funding and drive the regional economic integration in Asia. They shall be conducive to expand global investment needs and support the world economic recovery; conducive to adopt the infrastructure projects to promote the economic growth, development of private economy and improve employment in Asia. They shall supply those high savings rate countries along the ways of OBOR with a platform for guiding their deposits to be invested directly in infrastructure construction, efficiently and effectively allocating capital, and ultimately promoting the rapid development of financial market in the Asian regions.

China High-speed Railway, HSR
Three are a number of cooperative domains in the OBOR economic expansion strategy. The countries along the lines of OBOR Asian economic system are able to engage in the cooperative development in the following fields: high-speed railway (HSR), nuclear power, military manufacturing, transportation, post and telecommunications, textile, food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, agricultural products processing, production of consumer goods, machinery manufacturing and other industries in where to be invested, and the development of cooperation will also be carried out in agriculture, desert control, solar energy, environmental protection, etc.
According to Arthur Thompson theory, China takes the preemption action to give full play of its HSR capacity home and abroad, because China's high-speed railway operation mileage soared from 6,552 km in 2009 to 11,028 km in 2013 with an increase of 40.6% and an average annual rate of 10.2%. Meanwhile, it is also the longest operating mileage all over the world. Source: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA4MDczNDkwNg==&mid=200634 561&idx=3&sn=52acaef810636fe1d15c74d2330b0198

Domestic Deployment of HSR
As stipulated in China railway provisions, the high-speed railway (HSR) refers to the design of running at more than 250 km/h (including reserves), and the early operating at more than 200 km/h passenger dedicated line (PDL). In 2004, China high-speed railway construction began from China railway and long-term program for HSR, of which the first real line was the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity HSR put into operation in August 1 st , 2008 at 350 km / h. As of Dec. 28 th , 2014, China HSR operated for a total mileage of over 16,000 km, basically molded the "Four Vertical and Four Horizontal" trunks. China HSR operating mileage takes up about 50% of the world HRS mileage in which China is ranked 1 st .

Four Vertical and Horizontal Passenger Dedicated Lines (PDL) and HSRs
The four vertical PDLs and HSRs consist of Jing (Beijing) -Hu (Shanghai) HSR, Beijing-Guangzhou-Shenzhen HSR, Jing (Beijing)-Ha HSR, Hang-Fu-Shen PDL (along the southeastern coasts of China); the four horizontal PDLs and HSRs compose Xu-Lan PDL (including Xu-Lian PDL), Hu (Shanghai)-Kun (Kunming) HSR, Qing-Tai PDL, Hu (Shanghai)-Han-Rong HSR. [10] The "four vertical and four horizontal" unnecessarily arrive at up to the PDL and HSR level, a part of them is ranked as the 1 st class railroads, whereas the PDL level routes may not well be included within the "four vertical and four horizontal" network.

The HSR Network of Four Vertical PDLs and HSRs
Jing-Hu (Beijing-Shanghai) HSR As of the end of 2012, the Jing-Hu (Beijing-Shanghai) HSR traffic situation as follows: Through the following major train stations: Beijing South -Tianjin South -Ji'nan West -Xuzhou East -Bengbu South -Nanjing South -Shanghai Hongqiao. A total length of about 1,318 km, the design speed of 350km/h, and a reserved space for up to 380km/h. Jing-Hu (Beijing-Shanghai) HSR officially went into operations on June 30 th , 2011, multiple units running at the highest speed of 300km/h, the shortest running time between Beijing and Shanghai has been reduced to 4 hours 48 minutes. [11] In addition, there is Bengbu -Hefei branch HSR line (namely He-Beng PDL) that is an important part of the Beijing-Fu PDL with a design speed of 350 km/h, passing through the Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Hebei, Shandong, Anhui as well as Jiangsu four provinces, and connecting the Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Sea two economic zones.

HSR Linking China Mainland with Taiwan
Based on Arthur Thompson theory, China pursues a preemption action to deploy the HSR lines between China mainland and Taiwan. China Ministry of Railway ever proposed the construction of two HSRs linking mainland with Taiwan.

Kunming-Taiwan HSR (Kunming -Xiamen Section, Called Kun-Xia HSR)
Kunming -Guiyang -Guilin -Chenzhou -Ganzhou -Longyan -Xiamen -Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou Xiaocuo port keep reserved for cross-sea tunnel outlet to Taiwan. (The Xiamen-Kaohsiung section is the same as that of Beijing-Taiwan HSR will not be implemented until both sides of the Taiwan Straits reach a common agreement).

Shaping the HSR Network of Four Vertical and Four Horizontal PDLs and HSRs
China has been a good momentum of HSR development; it undoubtedly will also reinforce the confidence in promoting China HSR overseas.
Along with the taking shape of the "four vertical and four horizontal" fast railway network as the main framework, China HSR is going abroad. On Jan. 29 th 2015, Mr. Sheng Guangzu, general manager of China Railway Corporation (CRC) at the annual working conference revealed that 2015 will be to expand the overseas market for high-speed railway construction as the focus, and vigorously promote the railway walking out of China, and further enhance the international competitiveness of China HSR. In short, "the railway goes out of China to achieve a new breakthrough, the total international level of the China Railway Corporation (CRC) will be significantly improved." CRC intends to take advantage of the below aspects of management, technology, resources as well as a leading role at the enterprise level so as to expedite to build cooperation platform at the enterprise level, forming a coordination mechanism to avoid vicious competition. But to what the results will it bring, it is difficult to draw conclusions.
CRC informed of that as of the end of 2014, China's high-speed railway operating mileage exceeded 16,000 km, 2015 will break through 18,000 km, [15] the "four vertical and four horizontal" fast railway network as the backbone of the HSR network has started construction and most of the sections have opened to traffic, leaving a small amount of them to be finished by the end of 2015.
CRC also said that as the HSR capacity continued to improve so as to significantly speed up the whole society flow, logistics flow, significantly shorten the travel time of passengers and that the total cost of social logistics has been reduced effectively.
After having opening the HSR network, people travel around in a substantially compressed time. For instance, after the opening to traffic of Guiyang-Guangzhou PDL, the train running time with 20 hours has been shortened to 4 hours; Lan-Xin PDL, i.e., Lanzhou to Urumqi train running time from 18 hours 30 minutes to 9 hours. With the sustained and rapid growth of traffic volume, to save the social time costs via HSR will accomplish significantly. And it can also effectively alleviate the long-term tension of freight. Since the Chang-Huai section within Shanghai-Kunming HSR has been opened to traffic, it is not only conducive to the separate traffic operation of passenger and freight in Shanghai-Kunming railway channel to alleviate the pressure of passenger carriage, but also lift the annual cargo capacity 140 million tons. And the released cargo capacity laid a solid foundation for launching both the Nanjing East-Zhuzhou North Cross Railway Bureau Freight Express train and fast freight train 120 km/h. Relying on the Hu-Kun, Xiang-Pu, Jing-Kowloon, Gan-Long railway trunks, it accelerated the formation of Shanghai, Ningbo, Xiamen and Shenzhen HSR-Sea route transport network.
In addition, as the role of HSR in the comprehensive transportation system continued to improve, HSR sped up the whole flow in society and logistics flow significantly, reduced costs effectively, improved business efficiency and increased the quality of economic development. According to statistics, China has opened to traffic and operation and left a space of annual cargo capacity of 230 million tons for the transport of goods. Compared with 2007, the 2014 the national railway freight volume increased by 681.54 million tons, up 21.8%. [16] HSR can not only bring the direct impact of the above, accelerate industrial restructuring and upgrading, reduce social logistics costs, but also optimize the industrial structure adjustment.
As such, Mr. Yang Chuantang, Communications Minister, for the first time at the annual CRC meeting praised, "The railway makes an important contribution to the steady growth, promoting reform and structural adjustment. And the railway development plan will be an important chapter in the 13 th Five-Year National Communications Plan under being drafted."

Establishing Coordination Mechanism at Enterprise Level
Before, China HSR was expected to obtain an overall construction + equipment project to go to sea in Mexico, unexpectedly this project changed and its bid aborted finally. China Railway Construction (601186), China South Railway (601766), etc. these companies recently restart bidding for Mexico.
Prior to going to sea, the domestic enterprises also have to take the Baotuan spirit into considerations, no longer repeat the overseas vicious competition situations between China North Railway and South Railway as well as amongst other central enterprises. Mr. Sheng Guangzu, general manager of CRC said, "China Railway Corporation will give full play to the below advantages, e.g., management, technology and resources and the enterprise level, China will accelerate the formation of the "going out" inter enterprise information sharing and coordination mechanism in which the railway survey and design, construction, equipment manufacturing, signaling and communication enterprises do participate, well co-ordinate the domestic resources and foreign markets so as to achieve the mutual benefits, win-win results, and enhance the competitiveness of the whole industry chain in China HSR.
This coordination mechanism comes timely, but there are also railway insiders said, "China Railway Corporation initiates the communication platform, the early intention is to coordinate, yet the effect is still difficult to forecast. Before, the Ministry of Railways was able to dictate to organize the 18 related companies to work on the overseas railway projects. Today, however, China Railway Corporation itself has become one of the central enterprises, CRC is parallel to China Railway (601390), China Railway Construction Corporation, China South Railway, China North Railway (601299) etc., the coordination amidst them seems more difficult than in the past.
Apart from the coordination of platform, CRC also intends to urge the construction of the railway interconnectivity with the neighboring countries. Recently it is to focus on Sino-Laos, Sino-Thailand railway projects, while actively promoting the Hungarian-Serbia railway, Russia Moscow-Kazan HSR, Tanzania-Zambia railway projects, and strives to complete the goal as scheduled.
In addition, CRC also intends to integrate railway international container transportation business, strengthen the domestic and international business network and construct the cross-border railway logistics.

China Differential Philosophy of Trading HSR for Local Resources
According to Arthur Thompson theory of differentiation, China adheres to a differential principle that to build any cross-border HSR line shall supply HSR projects with capital, technology, equipment to build them, after the completion of construction, the countries along the HSR line will get involved in the operations. In this process, China will negotiate with relevant countries and replace the local resources with the construction costs of HSR. [17] As of the end of 2013, China HSR operation mileage reached 11,028 km, the HSR scale under way 12,000 km all over the world, China has become a country with the longest operating mileage and largest scale and has formed a preliminary network of HSR. According to the statistics of International Union of railways, as of Nov.1 st , 2013, the total HSR operating mileage of the rest of the world arrived at 11，605 km, a scale under way 4，883 km, planning to build 12，570 km, [18] China HSR physical volume was equal to that of the rest of the world. Once China HSR network has been built, the traditional railways will release a huge logistics capacity, the two major bottlenecks of passenger flow and freight logistics will be eased. The HSR construction will pull the demands for basic industries such as steel, cement, trains, etc., when China's real estate and other fixed assets investment are declining, the HSR will play a vital role of pulling the essential industries. In 2014, China's HSR operating mileage was equivalent to the total sum of the rest of the world, and also ranked 1 st all over the world.

Eurasian HSR
China has long been aware of the importance of developing Central Asian resources and promoting the development of the Central Asian regions, and has begun to plan for the construction of Central Asian and European railways many years ago. Whether or not it is in perspective of the commercial interests or strategic considerations, the construction of a high-speed railway across the Eurasian continent irresistibly attracts China. Compared with the conventional railway, the HSR can transport large quantities of goods and materials in a very short period of time. This will provide China with great convenience to import crude oil and minerals from Central Asia, while China's exports of goods will be faster and more convenient to arrive in the Middle East and European markets.
The China National Development and Reform Commission has planned for involving multiple railway of the Eurasian Continental Bridge and the new Silk Road, of which there will be to construct the Korla-Nagel railway, General Temple (near Urumqi)-Hami-Ejin (Inner Mongolia), two lines towards the East can further reach the coastal areas of eastern China. And the Yinchuan-Xi'an's rapid railway project proposal has been approved; there has a PDL directly from Yinchuan to Xi'an, and even Zhengzhou afterwards. Furthermore, to leave for Europe from the east to the west of China, people can either take the northern line Hami-General Temple or ride the Long-Hai line and Lan-Xin line, or catch the Korla-Golmud line. Experts involved in China HSR project said, "China is negotiating with the 17 countries on the construction of the Asian and European high-speed railway network." There have been the plans to build three HSR lines throughout the next decade, linking Asia with Europe. By then, the HSR train shall drive at more than 200 miles per hour from London to Beijing for only two days, even taking shorter time than the domestic train running time within China which couldn't be imagined in the past. These 3 planned HSR lines shall be the one extends northward through Russia to Germany and joins the European railway system; another one extends southward to connect the Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar and Malaysia, Singapore, etc.; the 3 rd one will connect China and the United Kingdom, India as well as Pakistan, respectively. China, Iran, Pakistan and India are negotiating for laying the HSR infrastructure projects, while the Southeast Asian route has been started in Yunnan province. In terms of engineering standards, China hopes that all lines would be consistent with the domestic high-speed railway criteria, the Vietnamese party has expressed its agreement, but other countries are still under negotiation. [19]

Pan-Asia HSR
Pan-Asia HSR refers to a HSR construction project connecting China Yunnan province with the Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, etc., which comprises three HSR lines: namely, the east Sino-Vietnam one, west Sino-Myanmar one and mid Sino-Laotian-Thai one.
At present, China HSR going out strategy is divided into four directions, the first is the Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe railway which has been built from Chongqing via Urumqi, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Iran and Turkey to Europe; the second is the railway from Central Asia via Iran and Turkey to Europe, the third is the Sino-Pakistan railway from Kashgar to Gwadar Port; The fourth is the Pan-Asian railway from China Yunnan via Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia to Singapore.
In reality, apart from the Chongqing-Xin-European railway, the biggest possibility of being completed first may well be the Pan Asian Railway before other three HSR lines, and Pan Asia railway is expected to be broken through from Sino-Thailand route, while the east Sino-Vietnam and west Sino-Myanmar are ground to a halt, the midline of Sino-Laos-Thailand turns out to be more and more possible. China is promoting the all-round interoperability and infrastructure construction within the Greater Mekong sub regions, accelerating the development of regional railway union, economic corridor and other hardware construction; jointly planning the future direction of the Greater Mekong sub regional economic cooperation, on the basis of the strategic framework for the next new decade, building a more open sub regional cooperation, of which it is undoubtedly to focus on the regional railway union and cooperation of other aspects of the hardware construction.
China will participate in the construction of two sections of double track railway in Thailand with a total length of 133 km, a total investment of 350-400 billion baht (about RMB 71-82 billion RMB Yuan.) [20] Those tow railway projects are expected to connect Vientiane via the Sino-Laotian railway, which will link the Yuxi-Mohan railway (located in China Yunnan province, recently obtained the approval from the National Development and Reform Commission.) Therefore, once the Sino-Thailand railway cooperation has been implemented, which means that the Pan-Asian Railway sections outside China under planning shall have made a significant progress, which will then lay an important foundation for the subsequent interconnectivity of Sino-Laos-Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore HSR, and those railway equipment enterprises are expected to get more development opportunities.

Central Asia HSR
The Central Asia HSR begins with China Urumqi via Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Iran and Turkey to Europe, including Berlin, Paris and London.
To build an HSR network linking the western China with the Central Asian countries is being planned and may eventually connect the European railway network. After the completion, the Sino-Central Asian railway shall operate at speed up to 200 km / h, linking China Urumqi and Central Asian countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, etc. and the Central Asian HSR may well eventually be connected with the European Railway network. The Central Asia HSR network plans to erect 3 railway lines or spend 10 years to complete them, and three HSR lines shall be incorporated into the Eurasian transportation within the forthcoming10 years.
There are two main objectives of the construction of the Sino-Central Asian HSR network: one is to promote the economic development of the western regions of China, another one is to facilitate the transport of natural resources, which is expected to be completed in the next decade, the HSR program will be estimated that there will be millions of people to remove to the West China.
Source: http://www.homemom.ca/album/photo.php?id=7847 The goal of the Sino-Central Asian HSR may eventually be connected with the European railway network, when passengers from the London King's Cross station will ride for only 48 hours to reach Beijing. Within the next 10 years, China high-speed railway MU (Multiple Units) can operate at a speed of up to 350 km/h in Eurasian continents. The 2 nd program of China and other countries building a Eurasian railway network is to pass through Russia into Germany and then connect the European railway network, the 3 rd program is to pass through Vietnam into Thailand and then connect Myanmar, Malaysia and Singapore with the Sino-South Asian HSR. After the grand programs have been completed, passengers will be able to cover the 5,070-mile journey from London to Beijing for only 48 hours and the 6,750-mile one from London to Singapore for only 72 hours. [21] At present, China, Iran, Pakistan and India are holding discussions on the HSR pavement. China and Russia have reached a consensus on the HSR line across Siberia. With the introduction of fast and high-speed railway transportation, people will build mines, factories and business centers in the West China. In fact，to promote the HSR program is not just China, the India government is also to welcome and support the HSR project in Central Asia.

Asian-American HSR
Asia-America HSR pertains to a forward high-speed railway linking Asia and America continents, setting off from the northeast of China straight ahead the north, arriving in the Bering Strait via Siberia, by means of constructing a tunnel across the Pacific, reaching Alaska from where getting to Canada, eventually arriving in the United States with a total length of 12,000 km. [22] 9.5.1. The Construction Plan China intends to cooperate with Russia, Canada and the United States for the construction of an HSR line across the Bering Strait with over 10,000 km in length, connecting the two continents of Asia and America. There should be a principle that to build the cross-border HSR line, China shall supply HSR with the capital, technology, equipment to build, after the completion of construction, the countries along the HSR line will get involved in the operations. In this process, China will negotiate with relevant countries and replace the local resources with the construction costs of HSR.

The HSR Function
Building a railway across the Bering Strait needs to dig about 200 km of the undersea tunnel. Preliminarily estimating, the whole line shall total about 13,000 km, if built, it will eventually connect Beijing, New York and even Washington D.C. It will no longer have to fly from China to the United States, and then to ride the HSR line can watch the tourist attractions along the way of varied countries, and in accordance with a designed speed of 350 km, and Chinese travelers are expected to arrive in the United States for less than 2 days. [23] Source: http://liuxue.zjchuguo.com/news-4008.html

Pacific-Atlantic Ocean HSR
The Atlantic-Pacific Ocean railway will be a huge and complex project, which is of importance for china's economic growth strategy.
On July 16 th , 2014, China, Brazil and Peru carried out the Pacific and Atlantic Railway (i.e., The Two Oceans Railway) Cooperation and issued a joint statement. Brasilia's president Humala said, "Peru is willing to work together with China and Brazil to build the two oceans railway for the benefit of the peoples of the three countries." The Two Oceans Railway refers to a railway construction project that passes through the South American continent, connecting both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. The South America's Two Oceans Railway is from the east coast of Peru to the west coast of Brazil, about 5,000 km with at least $10 billion US dollars. [24] Once built, it will be the first railway across the South American continent in history of Latin America, and become the backbone of the network of Latin America. Some Latin American strategists almost dream of the grand target of constructing the Two Oceans Railway for ages. The construction of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean railway is not proposed today. According to the BRIC countries during the summit meeting in accordance with the proposed scheme, China, Brazil and Peru will organize a working group to carry out the overall cooperation, including planning, design, construction, operation, etc.

Analysis and Explanations for China HSR Abroad
The Asian Times article said, "But it is not easy to build a railway, because China's construction of HSR at least faces the following several aspects of the challenges: The one is a huge amount of money that cannot be raised. The funds needed to build the Eurasian high-speed railway will be an astronomical figure, not the government of China may well be loaded alone. Even if the countries and regions along the ways of OBOR shall be willing to provide part of the funding for the Eurasian railway, but still cannot meet the giant needs. Another one is the railway operations will be a problem. For example, how to manage and operate the transnational high-speed railway system will be a great challenge for the Eurasian railway crossing over a dozen countries. If the countries along the ways of OBOR cannot agree on the Eurasian railway operations, it won't mention the follow-up cooperation. The 3 rd one is the technical problems that still cannot be solved. Eurasia continent is the largest one in the world, of where the geological conditions might be the most complex along the Eurasian railway full of either alpine valleys or deep rivers and lakes, to build such a high-speed railway through so much complex geological environments in technology is to face plenty of enormous challenges. [25]

Suggestions for OBOR Economic Expansion Strategy
Strengthening the Policy Communication The countries along the ways of OBOR may communicate on the economic development strategy; while differences reserved so as to seek common ground, in line with the principle of consultation, it is to jointly work out the plans and measures to promote regional cooperation, and open "green lights" for the regional economic integration at levels of policy and law.

Enhancing Interconnectivity of the HSR Silk Road
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is negotiating a traffic facilitation agreement that shall be signed and implemented as soon as possible; transport channels will be opened from the Pacific Ocean to Baltic Sea in the near future. China is willing to work with all parties to actively explore the feasibility of improving cross-border transportation infrastructure, and gradually form a transportation network linking East, West and South Asia so as to furnish the economic development of all countries and personnel exchanges with convenience.

Setting up China HSR Standards
The competition of China HSR standards is the most important challenge during the future international process. After having received China HSR standards, China incurred the "de-standardize" in Mexico, which reflected the deep interests behind the HSR standards and the Chinese standards may not well go abroad. In 2015, China Railway Corporation will actively promote the establishment of technical standard system for railway industry, accelerate the internationalization process in HSR technical standards, perfect railway intellectual property management mechanism and improve the Chinese standards of MU intellectual property layout. In the field of HSR equipment, China will accelerate the speed of 350 km China standard MU research and development, make sure to complete the following tasks, e.g., the prototype assembly, type test, the use of assessment in 2015. At the same time, China will speed up the development of 250-km Chinese standard MU and form the Chinese standard MU series products.

Strengthening the Circulation of RMB
China, Russia and other countries have not only had good cooperation in local currency settlements and made gratifying achievements, but accumulated rich experiences. It is necessary to promote these good practices. If all the countries achieve the currency exchange and settlements under current and capital accounts, it can greatly reduce the cost of circulation, enhance the ability to resist financial risks and improve the international competitiveness of the local economy.

Increasing People Intercommunication
The diplomatic relations between country and country lie in the intimacy between people and people. To do a good job in the above-said fields of cooperation, the peoples of all countries must support and strengthen the friendly exchanges among them, only if we enhance mutual understanding and traditional friendship, and can we lay a solid foundation for public opinion and social foundation for the developing the regional cooperation.

Conclusions
To sum up, this article does a panorama research on China OBOR and all-round deployments for the next decade.
Firstly, OBOR fits in Arthur Thompson growth strategy well. China OBOR benefits from Arthur Thompson growth strategy theory such as competitive advantages, preemption action, differentiation action, etc.; in the meantime, OBOR is a typical combination of the east and west thinking.
Secondly, OBOR might eventually form a closed loop on both land and sea routes in the globe; Thirdly there are 23 provinces, municipalities directly under central government and autonomous regions that have started a comprehensive OBOR deployment; Fourthly, China possesses 4 financial institutions (AIIB, SRF, SCONDB and BRICDB) to furnish the countries and regions along the way of OBOR with capital and money for infrastructure construction (HSR, highway, energy resources development, etc.); Finally, there have already been four vertical and horizontal PDA and HSR network at home, and China works out five international HSR line network (Eurasian HSR, Central Asia HSR, Pan-Asia HSR, Asia-America HSR, Atlantic-Pacific Ocean HSR) abroad as well.
But there are still main problems left to be resolved, for instance, how and when does China strengthen the policy communication, enhance interconnectivity of the HSR Silk Road, benchmark China HSR, increase people intercommunication together with the relevant countries and regions efficiently and effectively?