Apartment Planning and Neighborhood Systems in Asia Urban Forces and Patterns for the Mushroom Growth for Apartments

Everyone has a picture in their mind for a perfect home . It is a building type, which is constantly in use; it is inhabited 24 hours a day and 12 months a year. It is a place, which is independent of age factor; people of all age groups live here from the working man, to the school going kid, to the housewife, to a newly married couple, as well as the college going girl. On the other hand a home, which incorporates all kind of activities for example cooking, dinning, sleeping, working, studying, kids playing, to entertaining of guests, watching television, listening to music, washing and bathing as well as storing space. Above all if these is the emotional activity of love and intimacy between married couples, family members etc. Hence a home is a building type, which satisfies a wide range of functions, as well as accommodates its users, which are of varying age groups with different requirements. People from different c lasses, either from a lower income group or a very high-income group, spend almost 50% of their income into making and maintaining his house. Providing psychological pleasing spaces: Home good or poor, has a deep and lasting effect on all of us. First we find a shelter to satisfy our needs. This shelter, in turn affects the way we feel and act. Home is our microenvironment. It is just one part of our total environment; house has a great effect on one’s life-style and one’s personal development. Whether one lives alone or with other persons, one interacts with house. Ones house affect the way one behaves and feel. At the same time, ones style f living affects ones home.


Introduction
This paper revolves around the core theme of urban spines alone residential neighborhood, located in mega city Karachi of Pakistan. The set of sites are located in the heart of the city Karachi on M. A. Jinnah Road which is a densely populated area. The solo green space which is the site, is surrounded by concrete monster like buildings. This is a four ac re land full of thirty three huge, well sculptured trees located near the junction of the busiest areas like Saddar, Garden, Eidh Gah and Jubilee. This site was acting as lungs for the surrounding residents. The population within one kilo meter of the site is almost 6,000 people and the residing neighbor belongs to diverse ethnicity. This whole population is apartment dwellers, and these apartments are not very well designed, they are dark, devoid of sunlight and fresh air. The trees present on the site were not ordinary once they were extremely rear, and most of them were half a century old, beautiful and precious. They can never be grown their ever again due to exhausting pollution and over population. In 2009 this site has been completely bulldozed so that it could be replaced by a humongous concrete block.
The area is too congested and the residents were in desperate need a breather there. But yet another pair of lungs was brutally destroyed by a developer who chopped off all the trees.
Can one continue killing all the trees in Karachi and hope that we will still be left with room to breathe? If we continued this massacre at this rate, we are going to end up living in a dustbowl with concrete high -rise all around and not even a single plant in sight. Architecture of residential unit lack experimentation and research for improvement, the new technology is being avoided to use, since the constructor feels a threat of failure, our society avoids using new systems and techniques. Our job as an architect to educate client and coordinate with engineers, and go beyond designing good space, and encourage new techniques of construction.
Circulation: Minimum walking area and maximum provision of views in that walk for the person walking to go from one place to another, presence of pleasant spaces to 227 give the dweller an opportunity to enjoy the home. Avoiding t h e use of boring spaces and monotony in planning.
Redefining the concept of intelligence for Pakistan: The question arises: Being in Pakistan do we actually have the money to built intelligent building? Do we need intelligent architecture in Pakistan? The answer is we need intelligent architecture more than any other place. Because the problem is, we don't have money; the architecture in Pakistan is just restricted to the rich people. No architect design for the poor.
Secondly we need to consider recycling water, reusing gray water for watering plants and flushing the waste away. Reusing materials: recycles material Using solar energy Wind energy: to generate electricity on a smaller scale. Since we have a deficiency of water and electricity, intelligence is used here to solve our problems. That is economics and essential requirements. Those are wind, water, fire and earth. In terms of ventilation in building, water for cleanliness and drinking, fire for cooking and earth for planting and greenery.
Hierarchy from public to private: The planning should incorporate the innate quality of human being of very private activity as well as public activities. Hence the home should be planed such, to house and allow the private activity to take place in a comfortable environment, as well as the pubic interaction that is family interaction area should also be planned in an area where there is a presence of a small function.

Materials and Methods
A builder once stated his personal philosophy about the apartment: "I am a manufacturer of apartment. I give the people what they want within the limits of what they are willing to spend. I always try to stay ahead of my competition. The apartment is a product, like a suit of clothes or a piece of furniture." But the truth is, an apartment cannot be compared to a suit of clothes or a piece o f furniture, which is much temporary then a house and is used by either a single person or a two, and it performs a just one function.
Like any home, the apartment is the background for a series of emotional experiences. It should be a r e la x i n g haven from the tension of earning a living, from noise and worry and strain. It should provide beauty, convenience, security, and privacy for the family living in it . A home is a centre of social life; a place of health, comfort and happiness of the entire family in all the stages and condition of life. Hence in order to merit the tit le of HOM E, it must provide adequately for the following life activity of a typical karachiets family.

Cooking
In an apartment 10% of the space is dedicated for the cooking of the food, this space should be well ventilated. Food is cooked thrice a day usually.

Dining
Morning tea kitchen or dining School children hurried meals kitchen Family meals parties' dining room Small drawing room

Rest and Relaxation
Conversation lounge or dining room, News and other light reading, TV lounge or dining room Afternoon tea living room or dining room. Sleeping bed rooms. Study Children's home work dining room or living room.

Doing Work
Brought home from office bedroom Serious reading bedroom. Child-play Confined -as in the case of babies dining room or living room. Free -as in the case of grown up children roof terrace of play area in compound. Storage. Over hang storage space usually known as dochati used commonly in apartment Cupboards: wall cupboards for cloths in bedrooms. Balconies small size balconies are also usually used as storage spaces.

Concentration
Thinking balcony or dining. Praying bedroom or drawing room. Recreation listening to music drawing or living room watching television TV lounge or living room. Toileting: General make up bedroom Bath room one or mo re it's a small room 10% of the apartment next to the kitchen to sharing the plumbing and ventilation shaft, or can be planned next to the bedroom. W C next to the bathroom, or can be inside the bathroom. Drying cloths terrace or balcony. Entering and leaving apartment. An apartment is a place which can be locked up by one door, or maximum two.

Balcony
The balcony or a terrace is a very useful space in an apartment. Beside the regular good weather lounging, the balcony is useful as a place to put children cycles and toys, a place to keeps some pats like a parrot on occasion, a place where plants and flowers can grow. It acts as an extension of the room and hence gives an effect of more space. It also serves as a transition from indoor to outdoor. Here the balconies are made really tight and are usually closed to be used as a storage space, or used as drying cloths space. It is considered as a place to collect dust and dirt, specially the apartments with ac it is considered as an unnecessary space. It can be used as a very pleasant space but unfortunately our builders and constructors designed such tight balconies that it cannot be used I a proper way.

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Apartment Planning and Neighborhood Systems in Asia Urban Forces and Patterns for the Mushroom Growth for Apartments

Kitchen
The kitchen is the most important thing in the whole house, because, on the cleanliness and the quality of the food that is prepared therein. The mistress or the maid standing in the center of the small kitchen can reach the various apparatus arranges round the walls on tops and tables and in rows of cabinets provided with trays, drawers and shelves.
It requires the chulla range to be installed as a higher level which allows easy draught of air to b low across for ventilation.
Although a dining area may be provided elsewhere, eating space in the kitchen is desirable for easy housekeeping. It can be used for breakfast, for child feeding, for snacks, and also can double as a place to serve.
The kitchen is one area that must appeal to the women, and rightfully. The apartment kitchen has progressed from the small, sterile laboratory to the more spacious "living room" kitchen.

Dining Space
Primarily dining space can be planned as a part of another room such as a living room or kitchen, or it may be a separate space such that is dining room. Unless eating space in the kitchen is of sufficient size, the kitchen cannot be considered as a substitute for a dining room.
A square space is scarcely suited for dining. The floor should have a very smooth and non absorbent surface capable of being easily washed. In an apartment dining room serves many useful purpose. It is the place where children can do the home work, and mother can cut the vegetable. Hence it is desirable that it should be well-lighted and ventilated and should command a good aspect.

Bathroom
The bathroom, like the kitchen, has developed from a mechanically functional room into a warm decorative space with emphasis on efficiency. Within a limited space there is a bathtub or install shower, a basin, a water closet, a cabinet accessories and fittings. All these elements contribute to the overall decorative effects.
The bathroom is one place where privacy is mandatory. Because bathroom is often placed back to back for plumbing economy, they should be treated for sound control. Since there are a lot of elements in a small space, the problem is to keep the total design simple and unified. Besides fixtures and the accessories mentioned, there are such elements as mirror, corner shelf at suitable p lace for keeping a soapbox, a towel rack, hooks or a set of pegs for clothing to complete the bathroom.
In the case when the bathroom is attached to every bedroom in a luxury apartment, the door should be carefully arranged that when open, it should screen the place where actual bath is taken.
There should be a presence of a ventilator or a small window at a height of six and a half feet with frosted glass shatters, for admitting light and maintaining privacy.

Living Room
Living room as the name says it all is the most liven in room in an apartment and is considered the most important. Living room has many varied activities, some quite, some not so quiet. They may include normal lounging, conversation, reading, study, entertaining, music, and sometime dining. In laying out this room and determining its size, fenestration, and wall space, these living functions are the foremost consideration mostly in apartment drawing room and living rooms are the same. But in recent apartment a separate small drawing room is designed which is used as a reception rooms for guest and for holding social functions.
Essentially a living room is the room of relaxation; it should be well ventilated and lighted with large windows. The living room, like a stage set of a play, is always in full view to everyone entering the apartment. It is human and natural that woman of the apartment should want this room to be as impressive as possible, even though broadly used the term "Housing" is synonymous with human settlement and is defined as the sum-total of physical facilities essential to the development of a harmonious, healthy and happy community life.
House is a place where people live. It is valuable in more ways than one. Firstly it provides protection to its residents, prom weather natural calamities and violence. It meets the need of human being. It also provides privacy, becomes a center o f attachment and affect ion in family living, which is then referred to as a home.
Karachi Development Authority defines medium-rise apartment building as ground plus four. Beyond that level by law requires in higher apartment block provision of an Elevator. Middle-rise apartment are generally preferred to the high-rise housing. It enables families to be close to the ground, so that the mother can keep an eye on children playing out-door. It enables elderly to step out for a bit of recreation without having to climb too many stairs.
This research project focuses on the designing aspect in Karachi apartment homes, which is a builder oriented field. It is severely neglected in terms of aesthetics and architectural qualities. I will be studying the changes in different area in Karachi in the apartment house, for my theses which is an apartment building.
As cost of land rises, and the pressure on urban land in close proximity to work place increases, it is imperative to achieve the great utility out of each square meter built up space. Hence going vertical is the desired form of building, but this has to be done in a more appropriate way then it is happening in present, in Karachi.
Low rise development is more appropriate in our part of region. It is much cheaper in construction, since the cost of the structure is lesser then the high rise, and it enables saving in stairs, lifts and long corridor.

Satisfying Needs and Values
House can help to satisfy many of our needs and values. In fact house can be adapted to improve nearly every aspect of life.
The basic element whose presence in a residential space can improve the psychological environment of the place: Provision of safety. Primarily people need to feel secure at home.
Use of sunlight. Human mind has biological response to sunlight. The vitamin D from sunlight improves ones sense of well being. Providing reference to nature. Flowers presence of greenery and views and vistas to outside environment. Use of soothing colors. Biologically some colors such as red are alarming and blue and greens are soothing. But many colors have specific cultural meaning, which is regional response. Incorporating curved gesture. The corners sharpness if softened it will affect the brain in better way. Providing a place to congregate and share feelings. A space encourages communication and understanding. Provide for privacy: a place to create, a place for intimacy and passion. Provide a place to dream, pray, reflect or meditate. A place of peace, comfort and relaxationa soft place to relax ones bones. A place to sleep. Provide for the need of the environment to reflect ones status or the status that one wishes to project. One needs to be seen as stylish and unique individual.
Provide for the need of environment project their values. A well deigned residential which has psychologically pleasing environment achieves the following objectives.
Keeps one family together physically and emotionally. Increases the sheer amount of physical comfort. Improves communication and understanding among residents.
Improves individual productivity and efficiency. Increases group productivity and efficiency. Encourages intimacy and trust between couples. Promotes health. Defines every person's position in the family. Promotes economics self-discipline. Promotes self-determination Sculpt self-concept. Promote bliss and variety and mystery and beauty. Home in its most profound form is an attachment to a particular setting, a particular environment… it is a point of departure from which we orient ourselves." (Relph) 1976. Hence it is a starting pint of all activities of the day, and it is a place where we go back to. Therefore the day begins from a home and eventually culminates at the home.

Sociological Aspect a Home
Scientific study of human social behavior, as the study of humans in their collective aspect, sociology is concerned with all group activities -, social, educational and religious.
Sociology tries to determine the laws governing human behavior in social contexts; it is sometimes distinguished as a general social science from the special social sciences.
In the house design the most important thing is to consider the sociological aspect of the life of people occupying the house. To understand the role of the husband, wife, children, grand parent, servant and guests. The most important governing aspect for a better designed residential space is the complete analysis of the routine of every individual of the family.
There are many social problems regarding the design of a residential space, for example positioning of the kitchen and bathrooms, poorly designed air circulation system can cause serious problems in ventilating the cooking smoke, and constant unhygienic smell in the air. The axis o f the private rooms in the view o f the servant and the guest is also a major issue in our culture. The most important cultural zones in a house are divided into three categories, family, guest and servant. As the category of the person change the attitude of behavior change, the way one talks, the way one treats and the way one behaves with these three different categories are totally different, so does the architecture changes for all three. The presence of an elderly also makes a difference in the living style of a family.
Privacy is a very important factor, utter privacy means freedom from being seen or heard by others and freedom from seeing or hearing others.

Guest and Visitors Classifications
Visitors are the people coming to visit for a short time, or may be for couple of houses. There are different categories of visitors, but the two major types in which the visitors are divided are formal and informal visitors. Formal mean knows only to one member of the family, which informal means known to the entire family. The categories of the guests are kin, friends, family friends, acquaintance, work mates and rishta people the most important category in our culture, in a house where there is a presence of young single person, these visitors are always invited. This is the reason for a present of a most forma l guest entertaining space which is commonly known as a drawing room.
The forma l guest is taken to the drawing room and if they accompany a female they may then be intermingled with the female o f the family, s o that she can be entertained, or in some cases there is a segregation so the female can be taken to the family lounge, if the formal visitor is relatively stranger to the family, although in some cases women does not observe perdah, but they don't encourage intermingling with the visitors they don't know personally.
Meals and snacks are served by the servant, in case of the rista people visitors, then by the girl whom they are interested in. or other female of the family in a tray or a trolley, to the door of the room where e she knocks or calls out slowly to the men of the family to co me and take snacks.
Informal family friends and guests could be taken in the family lounge and children's friends could be taken into their rooms.
Spaces which are used by the forma l visitors are kept clean and furnished in the best possible way. The internal and external l windows are usually closed and are kept covers by curtains. The decoration and ornamentation reflects one's life style and cultural background. It also 230 Apartment Planning and Neighborhood Systems in Asia Urban Forces and Patterns for the Mushroom Growth for Apartments enhances the memory of one's older generation's culture by preserving their belongings, and photographs or their achievements memory that can be a degree. This also adds in visual surprises.

Hassan Square, 1972, Karachi Gulshan-e -Iqbal, Triq Hassan
Program: low rise apartment complex, 240 units with on the plot next to university road. Every unit with 3 bedrooms with attached bath a living room lobby, kitchen and store balcony Figure 1   The complex should have twenty shops which have accessed by both ends outsiders as well as insiders. Provision of adequate parking space; for twenty cars of the out sides, and hundred cars of the residents in the complex.

Positive Aspect of the Plan
The complex is very c lose to work place and university, the transport system is available, all utilitarian objects are readily available. Security system is reliable and the architecture supports the security system. A lot of space for children plays around, and the mother can easily keep an eye on the child. Parks and mosques are nearby. The unit is open and spacious.

Negative Aspects of the Plan
Three feet by eight feet balconies shown in Figure 1. which result in a very odd shape there shapes cannot be used to keep plants since it's too narrow and it fails to fulfill the requirement of a good balcony and three not-very-well-used balconies are planned. 13"x 23 " A big living room is designed which creates problem is maintaining; if the spaces where divided it would have been better. The resident has tried to break down the scale of space by dividing it into two usable spaces. 6.6"x 7.3" again a dimension too huge for a store room provided here, which is much larger than the total % of space required for store design in comparison with the total size of the house. Then there is no proper dining space hence quite a lot resident have tried to break down the wall of store and made it into a dining space. To satisfy the program of attached bath very odd shaped bathrooms are designed a bathroom of 3" X 6.7" which again results in an odd space.
Over the plan of the unit is successful one as compared to the other apartment in Karachi. It is spacious and well Ventilated. Three walls of the apartments are open for balconies and windows.
The overall complex achieves a homely environment provide safety and encouraging communal activities as shown in Figure 3, 4 and 5. The residents are satisfied and happy. Most of them don't want to leave the area and the home for a long time.

Crystal Hill Apartments Akbar Jameel (Arc Vision)
Concept: since the living room has been a problem it becomes too long and out of scale hence splitting the level l into two, to provide a division in space as well as separate TV area and dining and living as shown in Figure 6. Positive aspects: the living room provides good entertainment space. The bed rooms have their own baths. The apartment meats the level of a bungalow feeling since there is a terrace all around it's close to the ground and the level change adds to its special meaning.
Negative aspects: long circulation routes, closed Vertical staircases as well as lengthy corridor provided no visual pleasure except for few plants. No preplanned system for Ac installation.
Program: 150 apartments fifty apartment of 4 bedrooms, 100 apartments of 3 bedrooms. Provision of adequate parking, servant quarters security rooms, recreational facilities Figure 7 8, and 9.
As shown in Figure 7 and 8 obviously source of inspiration for such narrow streets linking the housing unit is the traditional street scale and pattern found in many Indian cities; where narrow paths become spaces squares offers sense of neighborhood.

Conclusions
The cultural aspects in a house were discussed in Figure  10 and 12.  Whenever a group of human being comes to live together and settle down at some place then usually their needs requirements eating habits, clothing style information and knowledge level, thoughts happiness and hatred become one because of this unity, their understanding of good or bad also develops. They have the same desire to change of the combined desires on the change brought about by this combines desire to basically the civilization of that group or nation as shown in Figure 11 and 12. In the light of the about definition culture thus encompasses the thinking and action of a group of people in the form of a nation it has always been and still is a source of identity for the nation.
As the culture is also composed of ideas abs craft it therefore produ8ces products of architecture which becomes the outcome of the culture values and social needs of that group thus culture ad architecture are interrelated architecture is the true representation of human culture.
Building a house is a cultural phenomenon its form and organization are greatly influenced by the cultural environment or setting to which it belong. In the early recorded time the house becomes more then shelter for primitive man and almost fro m the beginning function was much more than a physical or utilitarian concept religious ceremonies has almost always preceded and accompanied its foundations and erecting. If provision of shelter is primary function of the house then its secondary purpose is the creation of an environment best suited to the way of life of inhibiters a social unit of space".
Hence a house is a building type which manifests the complex interaction of many factors. Which can broadly be taken as social, cultural, ritual, economic and physical shelter, no doubt, is a basic need but as soon as the shelter is erected, it becomes private and owned by a family. This gives rise to privacy and territoriality, interrelating and resulting in the creation and reflection of culture.
The concept of the neighborhood unit, crystallized from the prevailing social and intellectual attitudes of the early 1900s, is an early diagrammatic planning model for residential development in metropolitan areas. It was designed by Perry to act as a framework for urban planners attempting to design functional, self-contained and desirable neighborhoods in the early 20th century in industrializing cities. It continues to be utilized (albeit in progressive and adapted ways,), as a means of ordering and organizing new residential communities in a way which satisfies contemporary "social, administrative and service requirements for satisfactory urban existence".