Kinetics of Nonbranched-Chain Processes of the Free-Radical Addition in the Binary Reaction Systems with Saturated and Unsaturated Components that Compete for Interaction with the Resulting 1 : 1 Adduct Radicals

Five reaction schemes are suggested for the initiated nonbranched-chain addition of free radicals to the multiple bonds of the unsaturated compounds. The proposed schemes include the reaction competing with chain propagation reactions through a reactive free radical. The chain evolution stage in these schemes involves three or four types of free radicals. One of them is relatively low-reactive and inhibits the chain process by shortening of the kinetic chain length. Based on the suggested schemes, nine rate equations (containing one to three parameters to be determined directly) are deduced using quasi-steady-state treatment. These equations provide good fits for the nonmonotonic (peaking) dependences of the formation rates of the molecular products (1:1 adducts) on the concentration of the unsaturated component in binary systems consisting of a saturated component (hydrocarbon, alcohol, etc.) and an unsaturated component (olefin, allyl alcohol, formaldehyde, or dioxygen). The unsaturated compound in these systems is both a reactant and an autoinhibitor generating low-reactive free radicals. A similar kinetic description is applicable to the nonbranched-chain process of the free-radical hydrogen oxidation, in which the oxygen with the increase of its concentration begins to act as an oxidation autoingibitor (or an antioxidant). The energetics of the key radical-molecule reactions is considered.


Introduction
In a binary system consisting of a saturated component and an unsaturated one, the abstraction of the most labile atom from a saturated molecule by some initiator converts this molecule into a saturated free radical (addend) capable of adding to the double bond of an unsaturated molecule to yield a saturated 1:1 adduct radical.At a sufficiently high concentration of the unsaturated component in the system, this primary adduct radical can add to another unsaturated molecule under certain conditions to yield a secondary, 1:2 adduct radical, and so on, resulting in telomerization.Under other conditions and at other relative reactivities of the components, the concentration of the saturated component can exceed the concentration of the unsaturated component so greatly that the most likely reaction for the primary adduct radical will be the abstraction of the least strongly bonded atom from a saturated molecule rather than addition.This reaction will yield a 1:1 adduct molecule as the ultimate product (it proceeds via a nonbranched-chain mechanism since it regenerates the saturated free radical carrying the chain).This reaction may compete with the parallel reaction between the 1:1 adduct radical and an unsaturated molecule.Even at a low concentration of the unsaturated component, this parallel reaction can proceed more efficiently owing to the formation, from the unsaturated molecule, of a free radical stabilized by the delocalization of the unpaired p-electron over, e.g., a system of conjugate bonds.This comparatively nonreactive radical does not participate in further chain propagation and inhibits the chain process, being consumed through reactions with the same radical and with the saturated addend radical.If the adduct radical abstracts some labile atom from an unsaturated molecule, it will again turn into the 1:1 adduct molecule, this time via a nonchain mechanism.The 1:1 adduct radical (which is the heaviest and the largest among the free radicals that result from the addition of one addend radical to the double bond of the molecule) may have an increased energy owing to the energy liberated in the transformation of a C=O, C=C, or O=O double bond into an ordinary bond (30-130 kJ mol -1 for the gas phase under standard conditions [1][2][3][4]).Therefore, it can decompose or react with one of the surrounding molecules in the place of its formation without diffusing in the solution and, hence, without participating in radical-radical chain termination reactions.Which of the two reactions of the adduct radical, the reaction with the saturated component or the reaction with the unsaturated component, dominates the kinetics of the process will depend on the reactivity and concentration ratios of the components in the binary system.In the processes of this kind, in which an addend radical and a low-reactivity, inhibiting radical are involved in three types of quadratic-law chain termination reactions, the formation rate of the 1:1 adduct as a function of the concentration of the unsaturated component has a maximum (which usually occurs at a low concentration of this component).
Earlier [5,6], there were attempts to describe such peaking dependences fragmentarily, assuming that the saturated or unsaturated component is in excess, in terms of the direct and inverse proportionalities, respectively, that result from the simplification of a particular case of the kinetic equation set up by the quasi-steady-state treatment of binary copolymerization involving fairly long chains [5].This specific equation is based on an irrational function, whose plot is a monotonic curve representing the dependence of the product formation rate on the concentration of the unsaturated component.This curve comes out of the origin of coordinates, is convex upward, and has an asymptote parallel to the abscissa axis.Replacing the component concentrations with the corresponding mole fractions generates a peak in this irrational function and thereby makes it suitable to describe the experimental data [7].However, this circumstance cannot serve as a sufficient validation criterion for the mechanism examined, because the new property imparted to the function by the above artificial transformation does not follow from the solution of the set of algebraic equations that are set up for the reaction scheme accepted for the process in a closed system and express the equality of the steady-state formation and disappearance rates of the reactive intermediates.
This publication presents a comprehensive review of the nonbranched-chain kinetic models developed for particular types of additions of saturated free radicals to multiple bonds [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].It covers free radical additions to olefins [10,11], their derivatives [8,9], formaldehyde (first compound in the aldehyde homological series) [8,9,12], and oxygen [13,14] (which can add an unsaturated radical as well) yielding various 1:1 molecular adducts, whose formation rates as a function of the unsaturated compound concentration pass through a maximum (free radical chain additions to the С=N bond have not been studied adequately).In the kinetic description of these nontelomerization chain processes, the reaction between the 1:1 adduct radical and the unsaturated molecule, which is in competition with chain propagation through a reactive free radical ( • PCl2, С2Н5ĊНОН, etc.), is included for the first time in the chain propagation stage.This reaction yields a low-reactive radical (such as СН2=С(СН3)ĊН2 or НĊ=О) and thus leads to chain termination because this radical does not continue the chain and thereby inhibits the chain process [8].We will consider kinetic variants for the case of comparable component concentrations with an excess of the saturated component [10,11] and the case of an overwhelming excess of the saturated component over the unsaturated component [8,9,12].
Based on the reaction schemes suggested for the kinetic description of the addition process, we have derived kinetic equations with one to three parameters to be determined directly.Reducing the number of unknown parameters in a kinetic equation will allow one to decrease the narrowness of the correlation of these parameters and to avoid a sharp buildup of the statistical error in the nonlinear estimation of these parameters in the case of a limited number of experimental data points [15].The rate constant of the addition of a free radical to the double bond of the unsaturated molecule, estimated as a kinetic parameter, can be compared to its reference value if the latter is known.This provides a clear criterion to validate the mathematical description against experimental data.The kinetic equations were set up using the quasi-steady-state treatment.This method is the most suitable for processes that include eight to ten or more reactions and four to six different free radicals and are described by curves based on no more than three to seven experimental points.In order to reduce the exponent of the 2k5[ R ]/dt = 0 equation to unity [8], we used the following condition for the early stages of the process: k6 = ).The kinetic equations thus obtained fit the peaking rate curves well throughout the range of unsaturated component concentrations in the binary systems.Our mathematical simulation was based on experimental data obtained for γ-radiation-induced addition reactions for which the initiation rate V1 is known.The analysis of stable liquid-phase products was carried out by the gas chromatographic method.

Addition to Olefins and Their Derivatives
When reacting with olefins not inclined to free-radical polymerization, the free radicals originating from inefficient saturated telogens, such as alcohols [17] and amines [18], usually add to the least substituted carbon atom at the double bond, primarily yielding a free 1:1 adduct radical.This radical accumulates an energy of 90-130 kJ mol -1 , which is released upon the transformation of the C=C bond to an ordinary bond (according to the data reported for the addition of nonbranched C1-C4 alkyl radicals to propene and of similar C1 and C2 radicals to 1-butene in the gas phase under standard conditions [1][2][3][4]).Such adduct radicals, which do not decompose readily for structural reasons, can abstract the most labile atom from a neighbor molecule of the saturated or unsaturated component of the binary reaction system, thus turning into a 1:1 adduct molecule.The consecutive and parallel reactions involved in this free-radical nonbranched-chain addition process are presented below (Scheme 1).In the case of comparable component concentrations with a nonoverwhelming excess of the saturated component, extra reaction (1b) (k1b  0) is included in the initiation stage [10,11].In the case of an overwhelming excess of the saturated component reaction (1b) is ignored (k1b = 0) [8,9,12].
The initiation reaction 1 is either the decomposition of a chemical initiator [5,17,18] or a reaction induced by light [5,17,18] or ionizing radiation [19][20][21][22][23].The overall rate of chain initiation (reactions 1, 1a, and 1b) is determined by the rate of the rate-limiting step (k1b > k1a).The reaction between the free radical The rates of the formation (V, mol dm -3 s -1 ) of the 1:1 adducts R3A (via a chain mechanism) and R3B (via a nonchain mechanism) in reactions 3 and 4 are given by the equations   where V1 is the rate of the initiation reaction 1; l = [R1A] and x = [R2B] are the molar concentrations of the initial components, with l > x; k2 is the rate constant of the addition of the  1 R radical from the saturated component R1А to the unsaturated molecule R2В (reaction 2); and  = k1a/k1b and  Earlier mathematical simulation [8] demonstrated that replacing the adduct radical R3 with the radical R2 [5] in the reaction between identical radicals and in the reaction involving R1 gives rise to a peak in the curve of the 1:1 adduct formation rate as a function of the concentration of the unsaturated component.Reaction 1b, which is in competition with reaction 1a, is responsible for the maximum in the curve described by Eq. ( 2), and reaction 4, which is in competition with reaction (3), is responsible for the maximum in the curve defined by Eq. (1).
The number of unknown kinetic parameters to be determined directly (k2, , and ) can be reduced by introducing the condition   , which is suggested by the chemical analogy between the competing reactions pairs 1a-1b and 3-4.For example, the ratios of the rate constants of the reactions of • OН, СН3О 2 PO H with methanol to the rate constants of the reactions of the same radicals with ethanol in aqueous solution at room temperature are 0.4-0.5 [25,26].For the same purpose, the rate constant of reaction 2 in the kinetic equation can be replaced with its analytical expression ( where lm and xm are the component concentrations l and x at the points of maximum of the function.Provided that V1 is known, the only parameter in Eq. (3a) to be determined directly is .If V1 is known only for the saturated component R1A, then, for the binary system containing comparable R1A and R2B concentrations, it is better to use the quantity 1 λV , where λ = l/(l + x) is the mole fraction of R1A, in place of V1 in Eqs.(3) and (3a).
The two variable concentrations in the kinetic equation (3) l and xcan be reduced to one variable by replacing them with the corresponding mole fractions.Substituting the expression derived from the rate extremum condition, into this transformed equation for the binary system containing comparable component concentrations, we obtain (Аdduct 1:1) (1 ) where 1 -χ = l/(l + x) and χ = x/(l + x) are the mole fractions of the components R1A and R2В (0 < χ <1), respectively, and χm is the χ value at the point of maximum.
The overall formation rate of the 1:1 adducts R3A and R3B is a sophisticated function of the formation and disappearance rates of the radicals The application of the above rate equations to particular single nonbranched-chain additions is illustrated in Fig. 1.Curve 1 represents the results of simulation in terms of Eq. (3b) for the observed 1:1 adduct formation rate as a function of the mole fraction of the unsaturated component in the phosphorus trichloride-methylpropene1 reaction system at 303 K [19].In this simulation, the 60 Co γ-radiation dose rate was set at P = 0.01 Gy s -1 and the initiation yield was taken to be G( • PCl2) = 2.8 particles per 100 eV (1.60 × 10 -17 J) of the energy absorbed by the solution [19].The product of reaction 3 is Cl2PCH2C(Cl)(CH3)CH3 (two isomers), V1 = 4.65 × 10 -9 mol dm -3 s -1 at χ = 0, and 2k5 = 3.2 × 10 8 dm 3 mol -1 s -1 .This leads to α = (2.5 ± 0.4) × 10 3 , and the rate constant of reaction 2 derived from this α value is k2 = (1.1 ± 0.2) × 10 4 dm 3 mol -1 s -1 .Note that, if the R2-B bond dissociation energy for the unsaturated component of the binary system is approximately equal to or above, not below, the R1-A bond dissociation energy for the saturated component, than the rate of reaction 4 relative to the rate of the parallel reaction 3 (chain propagation through the reactive free radical 1 R  ) will be sufficiently high for adequate description of R3A and R3B adduct formation in terms of Eqs. ( 1)-(3b) only at high temperatures [20].In the phosphorus trichloride-propene system, the difference between the R2-B (B = H) and R1-A (A = Hal) bond dissociation energies in the gas phase under standard conditions [1] is as small as 5 kJ mol -1 , while in the tetrachloromethane-methylpropene (or cyclohexene) and bromoethane-2-methyl-2-butene systems, this difference is 20.9 (37.7) and ~24 kJ mol -1 , respectively.

Excess of the Saturated Component
If the concentration of the saturated component exceeds the concentration of the unsaturated component in the binary system, reaction 1b can be neglected.If this is the case (k1b = 0), then, in the numerators of the rate equations for reactions 3 and 4 (Eqs.( 1) and ( 2)), l/(l + x) = 1 and the overall rate equation for the formation of the 1:1 adducts R3A and R3B will appear as where the parameters are designated in the same way as in Eqs.
Note that, if it is necessary to supplement Scheme 1 for k1b = 0 with the formation of R1B via the possible nonchain reaction 2a (which is considered in the Section 1.1), the parameter k2a should be included in the denominator of Eq. ( 4) to obtain The analytical expression for k2 in the case of k2a  0 is identical to the expression for k2 for Eq. ( 4).The equation for the rate V2a(R1B) can be derived by replacing k2 with k2a in the numerator of Eq. ( 4) containing k2a in its denominator.

Addition to Formaldehyde
Free radicals add to the carbon atom at the double bond of the carbonyl group of dissolved free (unsolvated, monomer) formaldehyde.The concentration of free formaldehyde in the solution at room temperature is a fraction of a percent of the total formaldehyde concentration, which includes formaldehyde chemically bound to the solvent [27].The concentration of free formaldehyde exponentially increases with increasing temperature [28].The energy released as a result of this addition, when the C=O bond is converted into an ordinary bond, is 30 to 60 kJ mol -1 (according to the data on the addition of С1-С4 alkyl radicals in the gas phase under standard conditions 1-4).The resulting free 1:1 adduct radicals can both abstract hydrogen atoms from the nearest-neighbor molecules of the solvent or unsolvated formaldehyde and, due to its structure, decompose by a monomolecular mechanism including isomerization [9,12].

Addition of Free 1-Hydroxyalklyl Radicals with Two
or More Carbon Atoms Free 1-hydroxyalkyl radicals (which result from the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group in molecules of saturated aliphatic alcohols but methanol under the action of chemical initiators [29,30], light [17,31], or ionizing radiation [32,33]) add at the double bond of free formaldehyde dissolved in the alcohol, forming 1,2-alkanediols [8,9,12,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], carbonyl compounds, and methanol [8,33] via the chaining mechanism.(The yields of the latter two products in the temperature range of 303 to 448 K are one order of magnitude lower.)In these processes, the determining role in the reactivity of the alcohols can be played by the desolvation of formaldehyde in alcohol-formaldehyde solutions, which depends both on the temperature and on the polarity of the solvent [28,33].For the -radiolysis of 1(or 2)-propanol-formaldehyde system at a constant temperature, the dependences of the radiation-chemical yields of 1,2-alkanediols and carbonyl compounds as a function of the formaldehyde concentration show maxima and are symbatic [8,32].For a constant total formaldehyde concentration of 1 mol dm -3 , the dependence of the 1,2-alkanediol yields as a function of temperature for 303-473 K shows a maximum, whereas the yields of carbonyl compounds and methanol increase monotonically [33] (along with the concentration of free formaldehyde [28]).In addition to the above products, the nonchain mechanism in the -radiolysis of the solutions of formaldehyde in ethanol and 1-and 2-propanol gives ethanediol, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen in low radiation-chemical yields (which, however, exceed the yields of the same products in the -radiolysis of individual alcohols) [8,9,33].The available experimental data can be described in terms of the following scheme of reactions: In these reactions, I is an initiator, e.g., a peroxide [29,30]; 0 R  , some reactive radical (initiator radical); R, an alkyl; ROH, a saturated aliphatic alcohol, either primary or secondary, beginning from ethanol; CH2O, the unsaturated moleculefree formaldehyde; • СН2ОН, the 1-hydroxymetyl fragment radical; • R(-H)OH, the reactive 1-hydroxyalkyl radical (adduct radical), beginning from 1-hydroxyethyl; • СНО, the low-reactive formyl radical (inhibitor); R0H, the molecular product; R(-H)(OH)СН2ОН, 1,2-alkanediol; R(-2H)HO, an aldehyde in the case of a primary alcohol and an R'R"CO ketone in the case of a secondary alcohol; R(-H)(ОH)R(-H)ОH, a vicinal alkanediol; R(-H)(OH)CHO, a hydroxyaldehyde.The chain evolution stage of Scheme 2 includes consecutive reaction pairs 2-3, 2-3a, and 3a-3b; parallel (competing) reaction pairs 3-3a, 3-3b, 3-4, and 3a-4; and consecutive-parallel reactions 2 and 4. Scheme 2 does not include the same types of radical-molecule reactions as were considered in Section 1.1 for Scheme 1.In addition, it seems unlikely that free adduct radicals will add to formaldehyde at higher temperatures the reaction of adding is unlikely because this would result in an ether bond.The addition of hydroxymethyl radicals to formaldehyde, which is in competition with reaction 3b, is not included as well, because there is no chain formation of ethanediol at 303-448 K [33].At the same time, small amounts of ethanediol can form via the dimerization of a small fraction of hydroxymethyl radicals, but this cannot have any appreciable effect on the overall process kinetics.The addition of free formyl radicals to formaldehyde cannot proceed at a significant rate, as is indicated by the fact that there is no chain formation of glycol aldehyde in the systems examined [33].
The mechanism of the decomposition of the free adduct radical via reaction 3a, which includes the formation of an intramolecular НО bond and isomerization, can be represented as follows [8,9,12]: The probability of the occurrence of reaction 3a should increase with increasing temperature.This is indicated by experimental data presented above [8,9,12].The decomposition of the hydroxyalkoxyl radical.R(-H)(ОH)СН2О • (reaction 3a) is likely endothermic.The endothermic nature of reaction 3a is indirectly indicated by the fact that the decomposition of simple C2C4 alkoxyl radicals RО • in the gas phase is accompanied by heat absorption: ). Reaction 3b, subsequent to reaction 3a, is exothermic, and its heat for C2C3 alcohols in the gas phase is 298 As follows from the above scheme of the process, reactions 3a and 3b, in which the formation and consumption of the highly reactive free radical hydroxymethyl take place (at equal rates under steady-state conditions), can be represented as a single bimolecular reaction 3a,b occurring in a "cage" of solvent molecules.The free formyl radical resulting from reaction 4, which is in competition with reactions 3 and 3a, is comparatively low-reactive because its spin density can be partially delocalized from the carbon atom via the double bond toward the oxygen atom, which possesses a higher electron affinity [1].For example, in contrast to the methyl and alkoxyl π-radicals, the formyl σ-radical can be stabilized in glassy alcohols at 77 K [37].In the gas phase, the dissociation energy of the C-H bond in formyl radicals is half that for acetyl radicals and is about 5 times lower than the dissociation energy of the Сα-Н bond in saturated C1-C3 alcohols [1].
As distinct from reactions 3 and 3a,b, reaction 4 leads to an inefficient consumption of hydroxyalkoxyl adduct radicals, without regenerating the initial 1-hydroxyalkyl addend radicals.Reaction 4 together with reaction 6 (mutual annihilation of free formyl and chain-carrier 1-hydroxyalkyl radicals) causes the inhibition of the nonbranched-chain process.For the disproportionation of the free radicals, the heats of reactions 57 for C1C3 alcohols in the gas phase vary in the range of 298 The rates of the chain formation of 1,2-alkanediols in reaction 3 (and their nonchain formation in reaction 4), carbonyl compounds in reaction 3a, and methanol in reaction 3b are given by the following equations: where V1 is the initiation rate, l is the molar concentration of the saturated alcohol at a given total concentration of formaldehyde 2 dissolved in it, x is the molar concentration of free formaldehyde (l >> x), k2 is the rate constant of reaction 2 (addition of 1-hydroxyalkyl free radical to free formaldehyde), and α = k3/k4 and β = k3а/k4 (mol dm -3 ) are the ratios of the rate constants of the competing (parallel) reactions.Estimates of 2k5 were reported by Silaev et al. [39,40].From the extremum condition for the reaction 3a rate function, 3a / 0 V х    , we derived the following analytical expression: Figure 2 illustrates the use of Eqs. ( 5) and ( 6) for describing the experimental dependences of the formation rates of 1,2-butanediol (curve 1) in reactions 3 and 4 and 2 The alcohol concentration in alcohol-formaldehyde solutions at any temperature can be estimated by the method suggested in [38,39].The data necessary for estimating the concentration of free formaldehyde using the total formaldehyde concentration in the solution are reported by Silaev et al. [28,39].
propanal (curve 2) in reaction 3a on the concentration of free formaldehyde in the 1-propanol-formaldehyde reacting system at a total formaldehyde concentration of 2.0 to 9.5 mol dm -3 and temperature of 413 K [8,9,41].The concentration dependence of the propanal formation rate was described using the estimates of kinetic parameters obtained for the same dependence of the 1,2-butanediol formation rate.We considered these data more reliable for the reason that the carbonyl compounds forming in the alcohol-formaldehyde systems can react with the alcohol and this reaction depends considerably on the temperature and acidity of the medium [27].The mathematical modeling of the process was carried out using a 137 Cs γ-radiation dose rate of P = 0.8 Gy s -1 [32,41], a total initiation yield of G(CH3СН2ĊНОН) = 9.0 particles per 100 eV [8,9] (V1 = 4.07  10 -7 mol dm -3 s -1 ), and 2k5 = 4.7  10 9 dm 3 mol -1 s -1 ).The following values of the parameters were obtained: α = 0.36 ± 0.07, β = 0.25 ± 0.05 mol dm -3 , and k2 = (6.0 ± 1.4)  10 3 dm 3 mol -1 s -1 .Note that, as compared to the yields of 1,2-propanediol in the γ-radiolysis of the ethanol-formaldehyde system, the yields of 2,3-butanediol in the γ-radiolysis of the ethanol-acetaldehyde system are one order of magnitude lower [41].Using data from [8,9], it can be demonstrated that, at 433 K, the double bond of 2-propen-1-ol accepts the 1-hydroxyethyl radical 3.4 times more efficiently than the double bond of formaldehyde [42].

Addition of the Hydroxymethyl Radical
The addition of hydroxymethyl radicals to the carbon atom at the double bond of free formaldehyde molecules in methanol, initiated by the free-radical mechanism, results in the chain formation of ethanediol [34].In this case, reaction 3a in Scheme 2 is the reverse of reaction 2, the 1-hydroxyalkyl radical • R(-H)OH is the hydroxymethyl radical • СН2ОН, so reaction 3b is eliminated(k3b = 0), and reaction 5 yields an additional amount of ethanediol via the dimerization of chain-carrier hydroxymethyl radicals (their disproportionation can practically be ignored [43]).The scheme of these reactions is presented in [35].
The rate equation for ethanediol formation by the chain mechanism in reaction 3 and by the nonchain mechanism in reactions 4 and 5 in the methanol-formaldehyde system has a complicated form 3 as compared to Eq. ( 1) for the formation rate of the other 1,2-alkanediols [12]: )] where f = k2x 2 + (αl + β + x) 2kV .If the rate of ethanediol formation by the dimerization mechanism in reaction 5 is ignored for the reason that it is small as compared to the total rate of ethanediol formation in reactions 3 and 4, Eq. ( 7) will be identical to Eq. ( 5).After the numerator and denominator on the right-hand side of Eq. ( 5) are divided by k-2 ≡ k3a, one can replace k2 in this equation with K2 = k2/k-2, which is the equilibrium constant for the reverse of reaction 2. Ignoring the reverse of reaction 2 (k3a = 0, β = 0) makes Eq. ( 5) identical to Eq. ( 4) in Scheme 1 (see the Section 1).In this case, the rate constant k2 is effective.

Addition to Oxygen
The addition of a free radical or an atom to one of the two multiply bonded atoms of the oxygen molecule yields a peroxyl free radical and thus initiates oxidation, which is the basic process of chemical evolution.The peroxyl free radical then abstracts the most labile atom from a molecule of the compound being oxidized or decomposes to turn into a molecule of an oxidation product.The only reaction that can compete with these two reactions at the chain evolution stage is the addition of the peroxyl radical to the oxygen molecule (provided that the oxygen concentration is sufficiently high).This reaction yields a secondary, tetraoxyalkyl, 1:2 adduct radical, which is the heaviest and the largest among the reactants.It is less reactive than the primary, 1:1 peroxyl adduct radical and, as a consequence, does not participate in further chain propagation.At moderate temperatures, the reaction proceeds via a nonbranched-chain mechanism.

Addition of Hydrocarbon Free Radicals
Usually, the convex curve of the hydrocarbon (RH) autooxidation rate as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen ascends up to some limit and then flattens out [6].When this is the case, the oxidation kinetics is satisfactorily describable in terms of the conventional reaction scheme 2,5,6,16,44,45, which involves two types of free radicals.These are the hydrocarbon radical R • (addend radical) and the addition product 2

RO
 (1:1 adduct radical).However, the existing mechanisms are inapplicable to the cases in which the rate of initiated oxidation as a function of the oxygen concentration has a maximum (Figs. 3, 4) [46,47].Such dependences can be described in terms of the competition kinetics of free-radical chain addition, whose reaction scheme involves not only the above two types of free radicals, but also the inhibiting the chain process [13,14].

Scheme 3
Chain initiation As follows from the above scheme of the process, consecutive reactions 3a and 3b (whose rates are equal within the quasi-steady-state treatment), in which the highly reactive fragment, oxyl radical RО • (or • ОН) forms and then disappears, respectively, can be represented as a single, combined bimolecular reaction 3a,b occurring in a "cage" of solvent molecules.Likewise, the alternative (parenthesized) pathways of reactions 3 and 3b, which involve the alkoxyl radical RО • , can formally be treated as having equal rates.For simple alkyl C1-C4 radicals R, the pathway of reaction 3 leading to the alkyl hydroperoxide RO2H is endothermic (ΔН˚298 = 30-80 kJ mol -1 ) and the alternative pathway yielding the alcohol ROH is exothermic (ΔН˚298= -120 to -190 kJ mol -1 ), while the parallel reaction 3a, which yields a carbonyl compound and the alkoxyl radical RО • or the hydroxyl radical • ОН, is exothermic in both cases (ΔН˚298 = -80 to -130 kJ mol -1 ), as also is reaction 3b (ΔН˚298 = -10 to -120 kJ mol -1 ), consecutive to reaction 3a, according to thermochemical data for the gas phase [2][3][4].In reaction 4, which is competing with (parallel to) reactions 3 and 3a (chain propagation through the reactive radical R • ), the resulting low-reactive radical that does not participate in further chain propagation and inhibits the chain process is supposed to be the alkyltetraoxyl 1:2 radical adduct 4,5  radical (taking into account the principle of detailed balance for the various reaction pathways).The latter process is likely accompanied by chemiluminescence typical of hydrocarbon oxidation [52].These reactions regenerate oxygen as O2 molecules (including singlet oxygen7 [52,59]) and, partially, as O3 molecules and yield the carbonyl compound R(-2H)HO (possibly in the triplet excited state [52]).Depending on the decomposition pathway, the other possible products are the alcohol ROH, the ether ROR, and the alkyl peroxide RO2R.
It is likely that the isomerization and decomposition of the 4 RO  radical via reactions 6 and 7 can take place through the 4 It is hypothesized that raising the oxygen concentration in the o-xylene-oxygen system can lead to the formation of an RO • ···O2 intermediate complex [46] similar to the ROO • ···(-bond)RH complex between the alkylperoxyl 1:1 adduct radical and an unsaturated hydrocarbon suggested in this work.The electronic structure of the -complexes is considered elsewhere [48]. 5Thermochemical data are available for some polyoxyl free radicals (the enthalpy of formation of the methyltetraoxyl radical without the energy of the possible intramolecular hydrogen bond Н ) and polyoxides (ΔНf˚298(СН3О4Н) = -21.0 9 kJ mol -1 ) [49].These data were obtained using the group contribution approach.Some physicochemical and geometric parameters were calculated for the methyl hydrotetraoxide molecule as a model compound 50-52.The IR spectra of dimethyl tetraoxide with isotopically labeled groups in Ar-O2 matrices were also reported [53].For reliable determination of the number of oxygen atoms in an oxygen-containing species, it is necessary to use IR and EPR spectroscopy in combination with the isotope tracer method [53].
breaking of a C-C bond to yield carbonyl compounds, alcohols, ethers, and organic peroxides containing fewer carbon atoms than the initial hydrocarbon, as in the case of the alkylperoxyl radical The equations describing the formation rates of molecular products at the chain propagation and termination stages of the above reaction scheme, set up using the quasi-steady-state treatment, appear as follows: where V1 is the initiation rate, l = [RH] and x = [O2] are the molar concentrations of the starting components (l >> x), α = k3/k4 and β = k3a/k4 (mol dm -3 ) are the ratios of the rate constants of the competing (parallel) reactions, The ratios of the rates of the competing reactions are V3/V4 = αl/x and V3a/V4 = β/x, and the chain length is  = (V3 + V3a)/V1.Eq. ( 9) is identical to Eq. ( 6).Eqs (8a) and (9a) were obtained by replacing the rate constant k2 in Eqs. ( 8) and ( 9) with its analytical expression (for reducing the number of unknown parameters to be determined directly).
For αl >> β (V3 >> V3a), when the total yield of alkyl hydroperoxides and alcohols having the same number of carbon atoms as the initial compound far exceeds the yield carbonyl compounds, as in the case of the oxidation of some hydrocarbons, the parameter β in Eqs. ( 8) and (8a) can be neglected (β = 0) and these equations become identical to Eqs. ( 3) and (3a) with the corresponding analytical expression for k2.
In the alternative kinetic model of oxidation, whose chain termination stage involves, in place of R • (Scheme 3),  radicals, the dependences of the chain formation rates of the products on the oxygen concentration x derived by the same method have no maximum: ) 2 ( . In the kinetic model of oxidation that does not include the competing reaction 4 (k4 = 0) and involves the radicals R • and 2

RO
 (the latter instead of 4 RO  in Scheme 3) in reactions 5-7, the reaction rate functions V3 and V3a obtained in the same way are fractional rational functions in the form of a0x/(b0x + c0), where a0, b0, and c0 are coefficients having no extremum.For a similar kinetic model in which reactions 3a,b and 4 appearing in the above scheme are missing (k3a = k4 = 0), Walling [5], using the quasi-steady-state treatment in the long kinetic chain approximation, when it can be assumed that V2 = V3, without using the substitution k6 = ) and are variants of the conventional model [2,5,6,16,44,45], the last two lead to an oxidation rate versus oxygen concentration curve that emanates from the origin of coordinates, is convex upward, and has an asymptote parallel to the abscissa axis.Such monotonic dependences are observed when the oxygen solubility in the liquid is limited under given experimental conditions and the oxygen concentration attained8 is [O2]top ≤ xm.Unlike the conventional model, the above kinetic model of free-radical nonbranched-chain oxidation, which includes the pairs of competing reactions 3-4 and 3a-4 (Scheme 3), allows us to describe the nonmonotonic (peaking) dependence of the oxidation rate on the oxygen concentration (Fig. 3).In this oxidation model, as the oxygen concentration in the binary system is increased, oxygen begins to act as an oxidation autoinhibitor or an antioxidant via the further oxidation of the alkylperoxyl 1:1 adduct  and R • and cause shortening of the kinetic chains).The optimum oxygen concentration xm, at which the oxidation rate is the highest, can be calculated using kinetic equations (8a) and (9a) and Eq.(3a) with β = 0 or the corresponding analytical expression for k2.In the familiar monograph Chain Reactions by Semenov [60], it is noted that raising the oxygen concentration when it is already sufficient usually slows down the oxidation process by shortening the chains.The existence of the upper (second) ignition limit in oxidation is due to chain termination in the bulk through triple collisions between an active species of the chain reaction and two oxygen molecules (at sufficiently high oxygen partial pressures).In the gas phase at atmospheric pressure, the number of triple collisions is roughly estimated to be 10 3 times smaller than the number of binary collisions (and the probability of a reaction taking place depends on the specificity of the action of the third particle).

Addition of the Hydrogen Atom
A number of experimental findings concerning the autoinhibiting effect of an increasing oxygen concentration at modest temperatures on hydrogen oxidation both in the gas phase [47,64,65] (Fig. 4) and in the liquid phase [63] (Fig. 3, curve 2), considered in our earlier work [66], can also be explained in terms of the competition kinetics of free radical addition [14,67].water resulting from the photochemical oxidation of hydrogen in the hydrogen-oxygen system as a function of the oxygen concentration x (light wavelength of 171.9-172.5 nm, total pressure of 10 5 Pa, room temperature [64]).(3,4) Hydrogen peroxide formation rate V(Н2О2) (dashed curves) as a function of the rate V(Н2О2) at which molecular oxygen is passed through a gas-discharge tube filled with (3, ) atomic and (4, □) molecular hydrogen.
Atomic hydrogen was obtained from molecular hydrogen in the gas-discharge tube before the measurements (total pressure of 25-77 Pa, temperature of 77 K [47]).The symbols represent experimental data.

Scheme 4
Nonbranched-chain oxidation of hydrogen and changes in enthalpy (ΔН˚298, kJ mol -1 ) for elementary reactions 9   9 According to Francisco and Williams [49], the enthalpy of formation HO radical with a helical structure were carried out using the G2(MP2) method [68].The stabilization energies of HO were calculated in the same work to be 64.5  0.1, 69.5  0.8, and 88.5  0.8 kJ mol -1 , respectively.The types of the O4 molecular dimers, their IR spectra, and higher oxygen oligomers were reported [69,70].The structure and IR spectrum of the hypothetical cyclotetraoxygen molecule O4, a species with a high energy density, were calculated by the CCSD method, and its enthalpy of formation was estimated [71].The photochemical properties of O4 and the van der Waals nature of the О2-О2 bond were investigated [72,73].The most stable geometry of the dimer is two O2 molecules parallel to one another.The O4 molecule was identified by NR mass spectrometry [74].from reaction 2 possesses an increased energy due to the energy released the conversion of the О=О multiple bond into an НО-О • ordinary bond.Therefore, before its possible decomposition, it can interact with a hydrogen or oxygen molecule as the third body via parallel (competing) reactions 3 and 4, respectively.The hydroxyl radical НО • that appears and disappears in consecutive parallel reactions 3 (first variant) and 3 possesses additional energy owing to the exothermicity of the first variant of reaction 3, whose heat is distributed between the two products.As a consequence, this radical has a sufficiently high reactivity not to accumulate in the system during these reactions, whose rates are equal (V3 = V3) under quasi-steady-state conditions, according to the above scheme.Parallel reactions 3 (second, parenthesized variant) and 3 regenerate hydrogen atoms.It is assumed [56,57] that the hydrotetraoxyl radical  4 HO (first reported in [79,80]) resulting from endothermic reaction 4, which is responsible for the peak in the experimental rate curve (Fig. 2, curve 3), is closed into a five-membered [ОО─Н···ОО] • cycle due to weak intramolecular hydrogen bonding [54,81].This structure imparts additional stability to this radical and makes it least reactive.
The 

4
HO radical was discovered by Staehelin et al. [82]  in a pulsed radiolysis study of ozone degradation in water; its UV spectrum with an absorption maximum at 260 nm ( HO radical can stem from the fact that its mean lifetime in water at 294 K, which is (3.6 ± 0.4) × 10 -5 s (as estimated [66] from the value of 1/k for the reaction ), is 3.9 times longer than that of the linear HO radical [68,83] estimated in the same way [66] for the same conditions [84], (9.1 ± 0.9) × 10 -6 s.MP2/6-311++G** calculations using the Gaussian-98 program confirmed that the cyclic structure of  4 HO [85] is energetically more favorable than the helical structure [68] (the difference in energy is 4.8-7.3kJ mol -1 , depending on the computational method and the basis set). 10For example, with the MP2(full)/6-31G(d) method, the difference between the full energies of the cyclic and acyclic HO can exist in both forms, but the cyclic structure is obviously dominant (87%, Keq = 6.5) [85].
Reaction 4 and, to a much lesser degree, reaction 6 inhibit the chain process, because they lead to inefficient consumption of its main participants - 2 HO and Н • .The hydrogen molecule that results from reaction 5 in the gas bulk possesses an excess energy, and, to acquire stability within the approximation used in this work, it should have time for deactivation via collision with a particle M capable of accepting the excess energy [87].To simplify the form of the kinetic equations, it was assumed that the rate of the bimolecular deactivation of the molecule substantially exceeds the rate of its monomolecular decomposition, which is the reverse of reaction 5 [2].
Reactions 6 and 7 (taking into account the principle of detailed balance for the various pathways) regenerate hydrogen and oxygen (in the form of О2( ) molecules, including the singlet states with 70, which are deactivated by collisions, and in the form of O3) and yield hydrogen peroxide or water via a nonchain mechanism, presumably through the intermediate formation 10 There were calculations for the two conformers (cis and trans) of the  4 HO radical [86] using large scale ab initio methods and density functional techniques with extended basis sets.Both conformers have a nearly planar geometry with respect to the four oxygen atoms and present an unusually long central O-O bond.The most stable conformer of  4 HO radical is the cis one, which is computed to be endothermic with respect to of the unstable hydrogen tetraoxide molecule H2O4 [88]. 11 Ozone does not interact with molecular hydrogen.At moderate temperatures, it decomposes fairly slowly, particularly in the presence of О2(   g X 3 ) 70.The reaction of ozone with Н • atoms, which is not impossible, results in their replacement with НО • radicals.The relative contributions from reactions 6 and 7 to the process kinetics can be roughly estimated from the corresponding enthalpy increments (Scheme 4).
When there is no excess hydrogen in the hydrogen-oxygen system and the homomolecular dimer O4 [71][72][73][74]89,90], which exists at low concentrations (depending on the pressure and temperature) in equilibrium with O2 [70], can directly capture the Н • atom to yield the heteronuclear cluster  4 HO , 12 which is more stable than O4 [70] and cannot abstract a hydrogen atom from the hydrogen molecule, nonchain hydrogen oxidation will occur to give molecular oxidation products via the disproportionation of free radicals.
The low-reactive hydrotetraoxyl radical  4 HO [82], which presumably has a high energy density [71], may be an intermediate in the efficient absorption and conversion of biologically hazardous UV radiation energy the Earth upper atmosphere.The potential energy surface for the atmospheric reaction HO • + О3, in which the adduct  4 HO ( 2 А) was considered as an intermediate, was calculated by the DMBE method [91].From this standpoint, the following reactions are possible in the upper troposphere, as well as in the lower and middle stratosphere, where most of the ozone layer is situated (altitude of 16-30 km, temperature of 217-227 K, pressure of 1.0  10 4 -1.2  10 3 Pa [92] ) and 11 The planar, six-atom, cyclic, hydrogen-bonded dimer (HO  was calculated using quantum chemical methods (B3LYP density functional theory) [88].The hydrogen bond energy is 47.7 and 49.4 kJ mol -1 at 298 K for the triplet and singlet states of the dimer, respectively. 12It is impossible to make a sharp distinction between the two-step bimolecular interaction of three species via the equilibrium formation of the labile intermediate O4 and the elementary termolecular reaction О2 + О2 + Н ) is observed at altitudes of 30-80 and 40-130 km, respectively [93].
Staehelin et al. [82] pointed out that, in natural systems in which the concentrations of intermediates are often very low, kinetic chains in chain reactions can be very long in the absence of scavengers since the rates of the chain termination reactions decrease with decreasing concentrations of the intermediates according to a quadratic law, whereas the rates of the chain propagation reactions decrease according to a linear law.
The kinetic description of the noncatalytic oxidation of hydrogen, including in an inert medium [87], in terms of the simplified scheme of free-radical nonbranched-chain reactions (Scheme 4), which considers only quadratic-law chain termination and ignores the surface effects [47], at moderate temperatures and pressures, in the absence of transitions to unsteady-state critical regimes, and at a substantial excess of the hydrogen concentration over the oxygen concentration was obtained by means of quasi-steady-state treatment, as in the previous studies on the kinetics of the branched-chain free-radical oxidation of hydrogen [76], even though the applicability of this method in the latter case under unsteady states conditions was insufficiently substantiated.The method was used with the following condition: 13 k6 = The equation for the rate of the chain formation of hydrogen peroxide and water, V3(H2O2; H2O) = V3(H2O), via reactions 3 and 3 is identical to Eq. (3, 3a) with the corresponding analytical expression for k2.The ratio of the rates of the competing reactions is V3/V4 = αl/x, and the chain length is  = V3/V1.The rates of nonchain formation of hydrogen peroxide and water via reactions ( 6) and ( 7)quadratic-law chain terminationare identical to Eqs. (11) and (12) provided that β = 0.In these equations, l and x are the molar concentrations hydrogen and oxygen (l >> x), lm and xm are the respective concentrations at the maximum point of the function, V1 is the rate of initiation (reaction 1), α = k3/k4, the rate constant (hydrogen atom recombination), which is considered as bimolecular within the given approximation. 14 In the case of nonchain hydrogen oxidation via the above 13 For example, the ratio of the rate constants of the bimolecular disproportionation and dimerization of free radicals at room temperature is k(HO • + HO2 • )/2k(2HO • )2k(2HO2 • ) 0.5 = 2.8 in the atmosphere [92] and k(H • + HO • )/2k(2H • )2k(2HO • ) 0.5 = 1.5 in water [94].These values that are fairly close to unity. 14This rate constant in the case of the pulsed radiolysis of ammonia-oxygen (+ argon) gaseous mixtures at a total pressure of 10 5 Pa and a temperature of 349 K was calculated to be 1.6 × 10 8 dm 3 mol -1 s -1 [65] (a similar value of this constant for the gas phase was reported in an earlier publication [95]).Pagsberg et al. [65] found that the dependence of the yield of the intermediate НО • on the oxygen concentration has a maximum close to 5 × 10 -4 mol dm -3 .In the computer simulation of the process, they considered the strongly exothermic reaction НО2  11) and ( 12) with β = 0, (αl + x) replaced with 1, and х 2 replaced with х.Note that, if in Scheme 4 chain initiation via reaction 1 is due to the interaction between molecular hydrogen and molecular oxygen yielding the hydroxyl radical НО • in stead of Н • atoms and if this radical reacts with an oxygen molecule (reaction 4) to form the hydrotrioxyl radical V V x f  (12a) [96] in which k2 is replaced with its analytical expression derived from Eq. ( 8) with β = 0 everywhere), the dependence of the hydrogen peroxide formation rate (minus the rate 22 HO V = 5.19  10 -8 mol dm -3 s -1 of the primary formation of hydrogen peroxide after completion of the reactions in spurs) on the initial concentration of dissolved oxygen during the -radiolysis of water saturated with hydrogen (7  10 -4 mol dm -3 ) at 296 K [63].These data were calculated in the present work from the initial slopes of hydrogen peroxide buildup versus dose curves for a 60 Co -radiation dose rate of Р = 0.67 Gy s -1 and absorbed doses of D  22.5-304.0Gy.The following values of the primary radiation-chemical yield G (species per 100 eV of energy absorbed) for water -radiolysis products in the bulk of solution at pH 4-9 and room temperature were used (taking into account that V = GP and V1 = GHP): 22 HO G = 0.75 and GH = 0.6 (initiation yield; see Conclusions) [94]; V1 = 4.15  10 -8 mol dm -3 s -1 ; 2k5 = 2.0 × 10 10 dm 3 mol -1 s -1 94.As can be seen from Fig. 3, the best description of the data with an increase in the oxygen concentration in water is attained when the rate V7 of the formation of hydrogen peroxide via the nonchain mechanism in the chain termination reaction 7 (curve 1, α = (8.5  2)  10 -2 ) is taken into account in addition to the rate V3 of the chain formation of this product via the propagation reaction 3 (dashed curve 2, α = 0.11  0.026).The rate constant of addition reaction 2 determined from α is substantially underestimated: k2 = 1.34  10 7 (vs 2.0  10 10 [94]) dm 3 mol -1 s -1 .The difference can be due to the fact that the radiation-chemical specifics of the process were not considered in the kinetic description of the experimental data.These include oxygen consumption via reactions that are not involved in the hydrogen oxidation scheme [66,97,98] and reverse reactions resulting in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by intermediate products of water radiolysis ( aq e  , Н • , НО • ), with the major role played by the hydrated electron aq e  [94].

2
V k (descending branch of a peaked curve) can be transformed into Eqs.( 15) and ( 16), respectively, which express the simple, inversely proportional dependences of reaction rates on x and provide tentative estimates of α and β: 15 The stabilization energy of the low-reactive free radicals СН2=С(СН3)ĊН2, СН2=СНĊНОН, and НĊ=O in the standard state in the gas phase is -52.0, -42.1, and -24.3 kJ mol -1 , respectively [4,99].
For radiation-chemical processes, the rates V in the kinetic equations should be replaced with radiation-chemical yields G using the necessary unit conversion factors and the relationships V = GP and V1 = 1G( 1 R  )P, where P is the dose rate, 1 is the electron fraction of the saturated component R1A in the reaction system [100], and the initial yield of the chain-carrier free radicals (addends)initiation yield [39,94].
The optimum concentration of the unsaturated component in the system maximizing the process rate, xm, can be calculated using rate equations (3a), (4a), (8a), and (9a) or the corresponding analytical expressions for k2 provided that the other parameters involved in these equations are known.This opens up the way to intensification of some technological processes that are based on the addition of free radicals to С=С, С=О, and О=О bonds and occur via a nonbranched-chain mechanism through the formation of a 1:1 adduct.

Conclusions
The above data concerning the competition kinetics of the nonbranched-chain addition of saturated free radicals to the multiple bonds of olefins (and its derivatives), formaldehyde, and oxygen molecules make it possible to describe, using rate equations (1)-(9a), obtained by quasi-steady-state treatment, the peaking experimental dependences of the formation rates of molecular 1:1 adducts on the initial concentration of the unsaturated compound over the entire range of its variation in binary systems consisting of saturated and unsaturated components (Figs.1-3).The proposed addition mechanism involves the reaction of a free 1:1 adduct radical with an unsaturated molecule yielding a low-reactive free radical (the reaction 4 competing with the chain propagation reactions in Schemes 1-4).In such reaction systems, the unsaturated compound is both a reactant and an autoinhibitor, specifically, a source of low-reactive free radicals shortening kinetic chains.The progressive inhibition of the nonbranched-chain processes, which takes place as the concentration of the unsaturated compound is raised (after the maximum process rate is reached), can be an element of the self-regulation of the natural processes that returns them to the stable steady state.
A similar description is applicable to the nonbranched-chain free-radical hydrogen oxidation in water at 296 K [63] (Fig. 3, curve 2).Using the hydrogen oxidation mechanism considered here, it has been demonstrated that, in the Earth's upper atmosphere, the decomposition of O3 in its reaction with the НО • radical can occur via the addition of the latter to the ozone molecule, yielding the 4 HO  radical, which is capable of efficiently absorbing UV radiation [82].

2 R
. The kinetic equations thus obtained fit the peaking rate curves well throughout the range of unsaturated component concentrations in the binary systems.Our mathematical simulation was based on experimental data obtained for γ-radiation-induced addition reactions for which the initiation rate V1 is known.The analysis of stable liquid-phase products was carried out by the gas chromatographic method.

 2 R 1 R 3 R 1 R 1 R 2 R
, which results from reactions 1b and 4, and the saturated molecule R1А is energetically unfavorable because it implies the formation of the free radical  1 R , which is less stable than the initial one.The addition reaction 2 may be accompanied by the abstraction reaction 2a.product R1B via a nonchain mechanism.Reaction 2a does not regenerate the addend radical  and is not necessary for a kinetic description of the process, because the rate ratio of reactions 2 and 2a, V2/V2a = k2/k2a , is independent of the concentration of the unsaturated component R2B in the system.The inhibition of the nonbranched-chain addition process is due to reaction 4, in which the adduct radical  is spent in an inefficient way, since this reaction, unlike reaction 3, does not regenerate  .The inhibiting effect is also due to the loss of chain carriers  through their collisions with low-reactive unsaturated radicals  , but to a much lesser extent.

2 RO
.The only difference between the kinetic model of oxidation represented by Scheme 3 and the kinetic model of the chain addition of 1-hydroxyalkyl radicals to the free (unsolvated) form of formaldehyde in nonmethanolic alcohol-formaldehyde systems[8,9] (Scheme 2, Section 2.1) is that in the former does not include the formation of the molecular 1:1 adduct via reaction 4.The decomposition of the initiator I in reaction 1 yields a reactive 0 R  radical, which turns into the ultimate product R0H via reaction 1a, generating an alkyl radical R • , which participates in chain propagation.In reaction 2, the addition of the free radical R • to the oxygen molecule yields a reactive alkylperoxyl 1:1 adduct radical 2 RO  [45], which possesses increased energy owing to the energy released upon the conversion of the O=O bond into the ordinary bond RО-О • (for addition in the gas phase under standard conditions, this energy is 115-130 kJ mol -1 for C1-C4 alkyl radicals [1,2,4]and 73 kJ mol -1 for the allyl radical[4]).Because of this, the adduct radical can decompose (reaction 3a) or react with some neighbor molecule (reaction 3 or 4) on the spot, without diffusing in the solution and, accordingly, without entering into any chain termination reaction.In reaction 3, the interaction between the radical adduct 2 RO  and the hydrocarbon molecule RH yields, via a chain mechanism, the alkyl hydroperoxide RO2H (this reaction regenerates the chain carrier R • and, under certain conditions, can be viewed as being reversible[2]) or the alcohol ROH (this is followed by the regeneration of R • via reaction 3b).The latter (alternative) pathway of reaction 3 consists of four steps, namely, the breaking of old bonds and the formation of two new bonds in the reacting structures.In reaction 3a, the isomerization and decomposition of the alkylperoxyl radical adduct  with O-O and C-O or C-H bond breaking take place[6,44], yielding the carbonyl compound R(-Н)НО or R(-2Н)НО.Reaction 3b produces the alcohol ROH or water and regenerates the free radical R • (here, R and R are radicals having a smaller number of carbon atoms than R).
largest weight and size.This radical is possibly stabilized by a weak intramolecular H•••O hydrogen bond[54] shaping it into a six-membered cyclic structure6  (seven-membered cyclic structure in the case of aromatic and certain branched acyclic hydrocarbons)[56,57]: Reaction 4 in the case of the methylperoxyl radical 32 CH O  adding to the oxygen molecule to yield the methyltetraoxyl radical 34 CH O  takes place in the gas phase, with heat absorption equal to 110.0 ± 18.6 kJ mol -1 [49] (without the energy of the possible formation of a hydrogen bond taken into account).The exothermic reactions 6 and 7, in which the radical R • or constant of the addition of the alkyl radical R • to the oxygen molecule (reaction 2) as determined by solving the quadratic equation following from the rate function extremum condition 3,3a /0 Vx    , lm and xm are the values of l and x at the maximum point of the function, f = k2x 2 + (αl + β + x) from this work), found that V2 = V3 is an irrational function of x: x c x d  where a1, b1, c1, and d1 are coefficients.Again, this function has no maximum with respect to the concentration of any of the two components.Thus, of the three kinetic models of oxidation mathematically analyzed above, which involve the radicals R • and 2 RO  in three types of quadratic-law chain termination reactions (reactions 5-7

4 HO
 = 320 ±15 m 2 mol -1 ) was reported.The spectrum of the  radical is similar to that of ozone, but the is almost two times larger[82].The assumption about the cyclic structure of the  4 their zero-point energies (ZPE) values taken into account (which reduces the energy difference by 1.1 kJ mol -1 ) is -5.1 kJ mol -1 and the entropy of the acyclic-to-cyclic 6 kJ mol -1 K -1 .Therefore, under standard conditions,  4 ∂x = 0, and 2k5 is the rate constant of reaction 5

3 HO 3 HO
(which was obtained in the gas phase by neutralization reionization (NR) mass spectrometry[83]  and has a lifetime of >10 -6 s at 298 K) and chain termination takes place via reactions 5-7 involving the НО • and , the expressions for the water chain formation rates derived in the same way will appear as a rational function of the oxygen concentration x without a maximum: V3(Н2О) 7 (which was derived from Eqs. 3a and 12, respectively, the latter in the form of42  71   m Scheme 5 Initiation 1.

1 R 3 R
to olefins (or formaldehyde) and dioxygen, respectively.Reaction 4a leads to non-productive loss of  adduct radicals.